Part 40
Netherlands: Right to renounce citizenship, 55
New Brunswick, New Jersey: Naturalization court, 227 Study, 227-254
New Hampshire: Naturalization denials, 93
New Jersey: Naturalization cases, 92-100 Naturalization denials, 126
New Mexico: Naturalization denials, 126
New York: Assembly, 29, 401 Immigration commissioner, 164 Naturalization laws, 71, 73
New York City: Delays in naturalization courts, 163 Foreign-born vote, 347-354 Merchants Association, 413 Naturalization in, 20 Courts, 227 Study, 227-254, Division offices, 89
Nicaragua: Naturalization treaties, 56
Nonpartisan League, 397-401
North Carolina: Declaration of intention cases, 97 Naturalization denials, 126
North Dakota: Immigrants Political privilege, 5
Norwegians: Immigrants, 19, 25 Jus Sanguinis, 45 Naturalization treaties, 56 Naturalized, 206
Norwich, Connecticut: Naturalization court, 227 Study, 227-254
O
Occupation: Petitioners, 250-252, 434
Oregon: Alien suffrage, 5, 217 Naturalization denials, 126
Organization of Brewery Workers and Miners, 402
Owen, Robert, 378
P
Paterson, New Jersey: Naturalization courts, 227 Study, 227-254
Pennsylvania: Naturalization laws, 70 Declaration of intention cases, 97
Persia: Jus Sanguinis, 44
“Personal equation” In naturalization, 143-196
Peru: Naturalization treaties, 56
Petitioners: Naturalization Married, 247, 304 Statistics on, 225-254, 429-434 Types, 289-291
Petitions: Naturalization Compared with declaration of intention, 218-224 Examination of, 225-254 Filed, 201
Philadelphia: Naturalization division, 89
Piggott, F. I., 47
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Naturalization division, 89
Pleydell, A. C., 374
Polish: Vote in Cleveland, 358
Political: Admission, 1 Americanization, 37-39 Clubs, 33-37 Corruption, 2, 24-25, 341-345 Frauds, 29 Immigrant influence, 339-340 Indifference, 320 Interest In England, 24 Issue, 23 Participation Immigrants, 2-3, 21-25, 296-334, 335-376 Parties, 21-25, 31, 354, 377, 380-391, 393 Rights, 5
Political society: Roots of, 42-43
Politicians: Interest in humanity, 33-35 Interest in immigrants, 31-33 Labor vote, 335
Population: Foreign born, 2 Grand Rapids, Michigan, 367 Increase, 5
Port Huron, Michigan: Women registered, 368
Portland, Oregon: Naturalization courts, 227 Study, 227-254
Porto Ricans: Naturalization, 94
Portuguese: Immigrants, 198 Jus Sanguinis, 45 Jus Solis, 45 Naturalization treaties, 56
Presidents of United States: Naturalization discussion, 77-80
Progressive, 354
Publications: English _Better Times_, 422 _Outlook_, 345 _Popular Science_, 348 German, 388 Socialist Appeal to Reason, 381 Foreign language, 381 Milwaukee _Leader_, 380 _National Rip-Saw_, 381 New York _Call_, 380
Purdy, Milton D., 81
R
Race: Comparison Old and new, 204-217 Distribution By age at arrival, 244-247 By citizenship, 228-232 By denials, 223-236 Interval comparisons, 236-241, 243 Naturalization restrictions, 92-96, 264-265
Radicalism: Movement Foreign born, 377-409
Registration (War), 267-273
Republican: German, 24-25
Residence: Factor Earning power, 215-217 Naturalization, 124-126, 126-135, 208-214 Stability, 247-250
Rhode Island: Naturalization denials, 126
Ripley, George, 379
Robinson, Helen Ring, 326
Rochester, New York: Naturalization court, 227 Study, 227-254
Rome: Classification of alien, 4
Romen, A., 59
Roosevelt, Theodore, viii, 80
Ross, Edward A., 212
Rumanian: Immigrants, 197 Jus Sanguinis, 44
Russians: Expatriation rights, 54 Immigrants, 19-20, 197, 231 Jus Sanguinis, 45 Jus Solis, 45 Vote in New York City, 352-353
S
St. Louis, Missouri: Naturalization division offices, 89, 107
St. Paul, Minnesota: Naturalization division, offices, 89
Saginaw, Michigan: Women registrants, 368
Sailors: Naturalization, 77, 228
Salvador: Naturalization treaties, 56
San Francisco, California: Naturalization division offices, 89
Scandinavian: Immigrants, 197, 205 Socialist, 384
Schools, Public: Citizenship enrollment, 321-323 Factor in reaching women, 328-329 Relation with Bureau of Naturalization, 204
Scotch: Naturalized, 206
Seattle, Washington: Naturalization, 227 Court Study, 227-254 Division, 89
Serbian: Jus Sanguinis, 44 Right to renounce citizenship, 55
Seward, William H., 25
Sex: Citizenship relation, 62-63
Single Tax, 377, 393
Skidmore, Thomas, 379
Slavs: Socialist, 384
Slovaks: Socialist, 384
Socialism: Definition, 379-380 History, 401-402 Influence, German, 387-390 Influence, Jewish, 390-391 Members, 381-382 Press, 380-381 Racial composites, 383-385 Vote, 385-387 War effects, 391-393 Work with labor, 402
Social workers, 195
Soldiers: Alien, 257 Naturalization of, 5, 217
South Carolina: Naturalization denials, 126 Naturalization laws, 70
South Dakota: Immigrants (Unnaturalized) Political privilege, 5, 217
Sovereigns of industry, 402
Spanish: Jus Sanguinis, 45 Jus Solis, 45
Speek, Peter A., 395
Stokes, Elizabeth King, xxiv
Sturges, Merton A., 422-425
Suffrage: Alien, 5, 217-218 Rights In American colonies, 73 Women, 303-304, 314-315
Swedish: Immigrants, 19, 25 Naturalization, 205-206 Jus Sanguinis, 45 Jus Solis, 45 Naturalization treaties, 56
Switzerland: Jus Sanguinis, 45 Jus Solis, 45 Right to renounce citizenship, 55
Syria: Naturalization of, 205
T
Taylor, Graham, 371
Texas: Immigrants Political privileges, 5, 217
Thiesing, I. H., 59
Thompson, F. B., 193
Traverse City, Michigan: Women registered, 368
Troy, New York: Naturalization court, 227 Study, 227-254
Turkey: Expatriation rights Denial, 54 Jus Sanguinis, 45 Jus Solis, 45
U
United States Census, 288
United States Department of War: Report of, 256, 267-269, 271-276, 278-280, 282, 285
United States Immigration Commission, 207-209, 211, 215-216, 220
Uruguay: Naturalization treaties, 55
Utah: Naturalization denials, 126
V
Van Buren, Martin, 70
Van Deusen, A. C., 81
Vermont: Naturalization denials, 126
Virginia: Naturalization laws, 71-73
Voll, John A., viii
Votes: Foreign born, 33 Action of, 335-376 Derivative, 302, 317-318 Influence on politics, 2 Socialist, 385-387
W
Warne, Frank J., 18, 19, 20
Wars: Civil, 15, 20, 76 Mexican, 16 Revolutionary, 15 Spanish, 16, 92 World, 6, 13, 14, 16, 32, 40, 61, 68, 177, 195, 227, 255, 299, 354, 384, 391-393 1812, 15, 57, 76
Washington, D. C.: Naturalization division, 89
Washington, George, 73
Waterman, T. T., xxiii
Weatherly, Ulysses G., 11, 13, 286
Weiss, Andrew, 47
Welsh: Naturalized, 206
Whitehouse, Visa Boardman, 325
White Plains, New York: Naturalization court, 227 Study, 227-254
Williams, Talcott, viii
Wilson, William B., 183
Wisconsin: Comparison of declaration to petitions, 223 Naturalization denial, 126
Wise, I. M., 375
Witness: Deposition, 133-135 Incompetent, 126-133
Women: Citizenship, 62-63 Foreign born In politics, 296-334 Registered in Michigan, 368 Without country, 38, 63, 64
Worcester, Massachusetts: Naturalization court, 227 Study, 227-254
Working Men’s Party, 402
THE END
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Edwin M. Borchard, _The Diplomatic Protection of Citizens Abroad_, p. 33 _et seq._
[2] Letters from Attorneys-General of Arkansas and Missouri, as late as October, 1921, state that no change has been made. The Attorney-General of Alabama points out that a careful reading of the state constitution “discloses that only foreigners who had declared their intention of becoming citizens prior to the adoption of the constitution of 1901 were entitled to register and vote, and that such person lost this right if he did not become a citizen at the time that he was entitled to become such under the laws of the United States.”
[3] This is subject, of course, to the universal exceptions regarding alien enemies in time of war; also to such other exceptions as special statutes in certain states regarding the holding of real property and other matters.
[4] See Kate Holladay Claghorn, _The Immigrant’s Day in Court_ (_in preparation_).
[5] John Graham Brooks, _As Others See Us_, 1909.
[6] _Proceedings of the American Sociological Society_, vol. v, p. 57, etc., paper on “The Racial Element in Social Assimilation.”
[7] See report of Commissioner-General of Immigration, 1920.
[8] Gustavus Myers, _History of Tammany Hall_, p. 128 _et seq._
[9] Gustavus Myers, _History of Tammany Hall_, p. 118.
[10] John I. Davenport, _The Wig and the Jimmy_, pp. 12-13.
[11] John I. Davenport, _The Wig and the Jimmy_, pp. 17-18.
[12] William Bennet Munro, _Government of American Cities_, Macmillan, 1912, p. 167 _et seq._
[13] These activities are well summarized by John Daniels in his Americanization Study volume entitled _America via the Neighborhood_, New York, Harper & Brothers, 1920, p. 383 _et seq._
[14] Joshua vi, vii.
[15] Joshua vii: 24, 25.
[16] F. T. Piggott, _Nationality_, London, 1906, and E. M. Borchard, _Diplomatic Protection of Citizens Abroad_, New York, 1916.
[17] United States _vs._ Wong Kim Ark, 169 U. S., 649.
[18] Fourteenth Amendment--1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
[19] Cockburn, _Nationality_, p. 7.
[20] See Murray _vs._ The Charming Betsey, 2 Cranch, 64; Inglis _vs._ Sailors’ Snug Harbor, 3 Pet, 99; M‘Creery _vs._ Somerville, 9 Wheat, 354; see also Instruction of Marcy, Secretary of State, to Mason (1854), quoted in _Moor’s Digest of International Law_, iii, p. 276.
[21] Revised Statutes, sec. 1993. See House Document 326, Fifty-ninth Congress, Second Session.
[22] See discussion of this question by Borchard--_The Diplomatic Protection of Citizens Abroad_, p. 583 _et seq._, and footnotes.
[23] See Department of State, Circular notice, January 9, 1914.
[24] In former times, even the American-born child of parents of Turkish birth has gone to that country at his peril. This was under the old conditions; what the postwar reconstruction will effect in this regard remains to be seen.
[25] See Hall, _International Law_, 7th ed., p. 247.
[26] See Hall, _International Law_, p. 246.
[27] These treaties may be found in Malloy’s _Treaties_, 1910-13; also see Edwin M. Borchard, _The Diplomatic Protection of Citizens Abroad_, p. 548 _et seq._
[28] Edwin M. Borchard, _The Diplomatic Protection of Citizens Abroad_, p. 549.
[29] Hall, _International Law_, 7th ed., p. 241.
[30] See _Dr. jur. A Romen, Reichs und Staatsangehorigkeitsgesetz, Güttentag Sammlung_, No. 111.
[31] A notable discussion of the Delbrück Law is to be found in an article by T. H. Thiesing, “Dual Allegiance in the German Law of Nationality and American Citizenship.” _Yale Review_, 27:4 (February, 1919). See also R. Flournoy in _American Journal of International Law_, 8:480 (July, 1914), and the _Meyer Reichs-und-Staatsangehorigkeitsgesetz vom 22 Juli, 1913_. Berlin, 1913, p. 168-E.; also Edwin M. Borchard, _The Diplomatic Protection of Citizens Abroad_, p. 576; also Hall, _International Law_, revision by A. Pearce Higgins, pp. 245-246.
[32] The status of declarants in this and other relationships is fully discussed by Edwin M. Borchard, in _The Diplomatic Protection of Citizens Abroad_, pp. 501 _et seq._ and 568 _et seq._, with elaborate footnotes citing authorities and precedents.
[33] See Edwin M. Borchard, _The Diplomatic Protection of Citizens Abroad_, pp. 19, 591.
[34] See chap. vi, p. 148 _et seq._
[35] 21 Wallace, 162.
[36] Butchers’ Benevolent Association _vs._ Crescent City Live Stock Company, 16 Wallace, 36.
[37] McClain, _Constitutional Law in the United States_, p. 276.
[38] See Willoughby on the Constitution, i, p. 272.
[39] See _in re_ Wehlitz, 16 Wisconsin, 443.
[40] United States _vs._ Cruikshank, 92 U. S., 542.
[41] This exception is said to have been included principally to allow eligibility to Alexander Hamilton, who was born in the West Indies, under the British flag.
[42] 13 George II, chap. 7--Ruffhead’s _Statutes-at-Large_, vi, p. 384.
[43] See Channing’s _History of the United States_, vol. ii, pp. 413-416; also A. H. Carpenter, “Naturalization in England and the Colonies,” _American Historical Review_, vol. ix, p. 288.
[44] _Constitution of the United States_, art. i, sec. 8, 4.
[45] _United States Statutes-at-Large_, vol. i, pp. 103-104.
[46] _United States Statutes-at-Large_, vol. i, pp. 414-441.
[47] _United States Statutes-at-Large_, vol. ii, pp. 153-155.
[48] _United States Statutes-at-Large_, vol. ii, pp. 292-293.
[49] _Ibid._, p. 811.
[50] _Ibid._, vol. iii, p. 53.
[51] _Ibid._, vol. iii, p. 259.
[52] _Ibid._, vol. iv, p. 69.
[53] _Ibid._, vol. iv, p. 310.
[54] _Ibid._, vol. ix, p. 240.
[55] _United States Statutes-at-Large_, vol. xii, p. 597.
[56] _Ibid._, vol. xix, p. 2.
[57] _Ibid._, vol. xvii, p. 268, and vol. xxviii, p. 124.
[58] _Ibid._, vol. xxxii, pt. 1, p. 1222.
[59] Extracts from this report may be found in the _Report of the President’s Commission on Naturalization_, Fifty-ninth Congress, First Session, House Document 46.
[60] The report of this commission is available as House Document 46, Fifty-ninth Congress, First Session.
[61] With the creation of the Department of Labor, in 1913, out of the former Department of Commerce and Labor--Commerce becoming a separate department--the Naturalization Service became a Bureau of that department, headed by a Commissioner responsible to the Secretary of Labor.
[62] Act of June 29, 1906 (34 _United States Statutes-at-Large_, pt. i, p. 596), as amended by Act of March 4, 1909 (35 _Stat._, pt. i, p. 1102), as further amended by Act of June 25, 1910 (36 _Stat._, pt. i, p. 830), as further amended by Act of March 4, 1913 (37 _Stat._, pt. i, p. 736), as further amended by Act of May 9, 1918 (Public No. 144, Sixty-fifth Congress, Second Session).
[63] The Oath of Allegiance usually imposed in these proceedings reads as follows:
_I hereby declare on oath, that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty, and particularly to [name of sovereign of country] of whom I have heretofore been a subject; that I will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of America against all enemies, foreign and domestic, and that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same._
[64] The division offices are located in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Chicago, St. Louis, St. Paul, Denver, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington, D. C., the last named being a division field headquarters, with a chief examiner in charge, as well as the site of the general headquarters of the Naturalization Bureau itself.
[65] That is to say, has been extant for at least two years, and, presumably, whether it has not expired by reason of having been extant for more than seven years--in which event it would be invalid by expiration.
[66] See Van Dyne, _Naturalization_, pp. 42-50; Moore, _Digest of International Law_, vol. iii, p. 329.
[67] _In re_ Lopez, unreported; Supreme Court, District of Columbia, December 13, 1915. _In re_ Fernandez, unreported; same court, September 24, 1913.
[68] See chapter ix, on Military Naturalization.
[69] See p. 237, this volume.
[70] Compiled from the reports of the Commissioner of Immigration.
[71] District Court for Washington County, Colorado: _In re_ William Wallace Mackey (1914). Unreported.
[72] _In re_ Friedl, 202 Fed., 300.
[73] By July 1, 1919, this total number of declarations unexamined had grown to 1,011,676. (See _Commissioner’s Annual Report_ for fiscal year ending June 30, 1919, p. 25.)
[74] See bill (H. R. 9949) of Representative Johnson of Washington, Sixty-sixth Congress, First Session. October 15, 1919.
[75] _Report of Commissioner of Naturalization_, 1917, p. 75.
[76] Mexico appears to be the only other country in which any such preliminary declaration and extended period of probation is required.
[77] _In re_ Boovris, 205 Fed., 401.
[78] _In re_ William Phillips (1913), Court of Common Pleas for Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. Unreported.
[79] See _ex parte_ Sauer, in note to 81 Fed., 355 (District Court, Uvalde County, Texas, 1891). See also United States _vs._ Olsen 196 Fed., 562.
[80] These efforts of the Bureau to augment its scope and authority are discussed in this volume, p. 180 _et seq._
[81] See H. R. 9949, introduced by Mr. Johnson of Washington, Sixty-sixth Congress, First Session.
[82] United States _vs._ Gerstein.
[83] Art. I, sec. 8, par. 4.
[84] See _Report of the President’s Commission on Naturalization_, 1905, Fifty-first Congress, First Session, House Document 46.
[85] The words “approximately” and “entitled” are appropriate here, because by no means all of the judges empowered to naturalize exercise the function, and the list is constantly changing by reason of death, retirement, readjustment of work in large courts, etc.
[86] See United States _vs._ Hill, 120 U. S., 169; Hill _vs._ United States, 40 Fed., 441; United States _vs._ McMillan, 165 U. S., 504; _in re_ Halladjian, 174 Fed., 834.
[87] The text here quoted is from the law as it now stands; it differs very slightly in verbiage, but not in meaning, from the law as it read when quoted in the New York Immigration Commission’s report.
[88] _Report of the Commissioner_ for fiscal year ending June 30, 1916.
[89] _Report of the Commissioner_ for fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, p. 33.
[90] Compare S. 4792, July 2, 1918, and S. 5001, October 21, 1918, Senate bills, Sixty-fifth Congress, Second Session.
[91] The Secretary’s letter is given in full in the _Annual Report of the Commissioner of Naturalization_ for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1918--though it bears a date more than two months later than that of the report itself.
[92] Sixty-sixth Congress, First Session, H. R. 6176; Calendar No. 43 (Senate), Report No. 52, June 23, 1919.--Calendar Day, June 26, p. 179.
[93] H. R. 9949 (Committee print); Sixty-sixth Congress, First Session, October 15, 1919.
[94] _Report of Commissioner of Naturalization_, 1917, p. 27.
[95] _Report of the Commissioner of Naturalization_, 1918-19, pp. 30-31.
[96] That was the year (1918-19) of the emergency appropriation of $400,000, referred to heretofore in this chapter, p. 181, for dealing with persons technically alien enemies, but nevertheless individually loyal, which was used for the establishment of a new and hoped-to-be-permanent division in the Bureau, under a “Director of Citizenship.”
[97] See F. V. Thompson, _Schooling of the Immigrant_.
[98] Chap. viii, p. 225 _et seq._
[99] _Report of Commissioner-General of Immigration_, 1919, p. 24.
[100] _Ibid._, p. 25.
[101] Grace Abbott, _The Immigrant and the Community_, 1917, pp. 248-249.
[102] Chap. viii, p. 236 _et seq._
[103] _Abstracts_, vol. i, p. 485.
[104] See Table VIII in this volume, p. 207.
[105] Edward A. Ross, _The Old World and the New_, 1914.
[106] John B. Clark, _A Documentary History of American Industrial Society_, 1910, vol. i, p. 52.
[107] John R. Commons, _Races and Immigrants in America_, 1907, pp. 191-192.
[108] Edward A. Ross, _The Old World and the New_, 1914, p. 266.
[109] See Table X, p. 211.
[110] _Report of Immigration Commission_, vol. i, p. 488.
[111] Compiled from _Report of the Immigration Commission_, vol. i, pp. 379, 385, 397.
[112] Since that time, however, all, except Arkansas and Missouri, either have entirely withdrawn the privilege by constitutional amendment or statute, or are in process of withdrawing it.
[113] Compiled from _Reports of the Commissioner of Naturalization_, 1908-1918.
[114] See p. 109.
[115] See p. 231.
[116] See chap. v, p. 108.
[117] See chap. ix, p. 255, _et seq._
[118] The full tables regarding marital condition and number and nativity of children will be found (Tables LVI and LVII, respectively) in the Appendix.
[119] New York (boroughs of Manhattan, Bronx and Queens), Cleveland, Cincinnati, Bridgeport, Paterson, Portland (Oregon), and Rochester (New York).
[120] _Report of the Provost Marshal General_, 1917, p. 21.
[121] _Ibid._, p. 53, Table 26.
[122] _Annual Report of the Commissioner of Naturalization_, June 30, 1918, pp. 3, 31.
[123] _Annual Report of the Commissioner of Naturalization_, June 30, 1918, pp. 30-31.
[124] _Annual Report of the Commissioner of Naturalization_, June 30, 1918, p. 33.
[125] Section 2, Act of August 1, 1894 (_United States Statutes-at-Large_, 216).
[126] Section 12, Act of March 2, 1899 (30 _United States Statutes-at-Large_, 979).
[127] Speech of Jacob E. Meeker, M.C., of Missouri, July 12, 1918. Reprint from _Congressional Record_; Government Printing Office, 1918.
[128] _Second Report of the Provost Marshal General to the Secretary of War_, 1918, p. 89.
[129] _Second Report of the Provost Marshal General to the Secretary of War_, on the Operations of the Selective Service System to December 20, 1918, p. 88.
[130] _Second Report of the Provost Marshal General_, 1918, p. 95
[131] A complete and current index of declarants in the Naturalization Bureau at Washington would have made this a simple matter--but such an index never was up-to-date, and even the attempt to keep it at all was abandoned altogether in 1915-16, as the Commissioner acknowledged in his report for that year.
[132] _Second Report of the Provost Marshal General_, 1918, p. 96.
[133] _Second Report of the Provost Marshal General_, 1918, p. 102, Table 30.
[134] _Second Report of the Provost Marshal General_, 1918. p. 102.
[135] _Ibid._, pp. 104, 105.
[136] _Second Report of the Provost Marshal General_, 1918, pp. 101, 102.
[137] _Second Report of the Provost Marshal General to the Secretary of War_, on the Operations of the Selective Service System to December 20, 1918. pp. 96-97.
[138] _Second Report of the Provost Marshal General_, 1918, p. 107.
[139] _Second Report of the Provost Marshal General_, 1918, p. 102.
[140] Scott Nearing in New York _Call_, April 24, 1919.
[141] _Second Report of the Provost Marshal General_, 1918, p. 206; Appendix table 77-A, p. 462.
[142] _Second Report of the Provost Marshal General_, 1918, p. 206, Table 77.
[143] _Second Report of the Provost Marshal General_, 1918, p. 86.
[144] _Ibid._
[145] _Report of the Commissioner of Immigration_, 1917, p. 1.
[146] _Proceedings of the American Sociological Society_, 1910, vol. v., p. 57 _et seq._
[147] _Report of the Commissioner of Naturalization_, 1919, pp. 21, 22.
[148] _Report of the Commissioner of Naturalization_, 1919, p. 37.
[149] See chap. iii on Citizenship, p. 40 _et seq._