Part 3

The brawn, brain, and inventive genius of the immigrants and their descendants have made the United States a world leader in science and industry. In reading about this pageant of achievement, which is unique in human history, you will also learn something about the =diverse racial origins= of those who laid the gifts on the “altar of America.” Here they are—IMMIGRANTS! SONS OF IMMIGRANTS! AND SONS OF SONS OF IMMIGRANTS!—men and women who have thrilled the worlds of science and industry, the arts and crafts, and social progress and government. The _italics_ indicate the racial origin of each individual or a major racial group from which he is descended, although it should be kept in mind that a person’s ancestors frequently include many racial strains. The achievements listed are suggestive rather than exhaustive.

_Medicine_

Use of cocaine as local anaesthetic first introduced by Carl Koller, _German Jew_ ... ether first demonstrated to the world in surgical operation by William Morton, _Scot_ ... first successful operation on human heart performed by Daniel H. Williams, _Negro_.

Schick Diphtheria Test devised by Dr. Bela Schick, _Hungarian Jew_ ... pioneer work in antiseptics by Henry Banga, _Swiss_, and many lives saved during World War through contributions to aseptic surgery of Alexis Carrel, _French_ ... preventive compound for cholera and typhoid fever discovered by F. G. Novy, _Slovak_ ... apparatus for electric blood transfusion perfected by D. J. Calicchio, _Italian_.

Charles and William Mayo, _Irish_, have made surgery almost as reliable a science as bookkeeping ... Charles McBurney, _Scotch-Irish_, discovered McBurney’s Point as a sign for the necessity of operating for appendicitis.

Discovery that the disease pellagra was due to faulty diet made by Joseph Goldberger, _German Jew_ ... typhus and typhoid fever distinguished by Alfred Stillé, _Swede_ ... human blood classified in different types by Karl Landsteiner, _Austrian Jew_ ... research work in combatting syphilis and yellow fever by Hideyo Noguchi, _Japanese_.

Expert on infantile paralysis and meningitis is Simon Flexner, _German Jew_ ... first removal of human ovary by Ephraim MacDowell, _Scot_ ... one of the famous authorities on plastic surgery is V. Kazanjian, _Armenian_ ... world authority on venereal disease is Vecki Victor, _Yugoslav_ ... Edward Trudeau, _French_, began sanatorium treatment for tuberculosis ... Clifford Beers, _English-Netherlander_, founder of mental hygiene movement.

Discovery that mosquitoes carried yellow fever made by Walter Reed, _English_ ... malaria driven out of Panama by General William C. Gorgas, _Scotch-Irish-Netherlander_ ... first hospital in colonies founded by Dr. Thomas Bond, _Welsh_.

_Physics_

Our great electrical wizards have been: Joseph Henry, _Scotch-Irish_, who helped to invent the telegraph ... Charles Steinmetz, _German-Polish_, mathematical genius and electrical scientist, who had one of the world’s most inventive minds ... Thomas Edison, _Scot-Netherlander_, who invented electric light bulb and phonograph ... Michael Pupin, _Yugoslav_, who perfected tuning-in mechanism of radio.... Nicola Tesla, _Yugoslav_, who made extensive use of electrical power possible ... Vladimir Karapetoff, _Armenian_, inventor of electrical devices.

Most distinguished physicist on light rays is Albert A. Michelson, _German Jew_ ... on x-rays, Arthur H. Compton, _English_ ... on cosmic rays, Robert Millikan, _Scotch-Irish_ ... outstanding investigator of Röentgen ray is Mihran Kassabian, _Armenian_ ... through work on electrotechnics, expansion of telephonic and telegraphic communication made possible by E. F. W. Alexanderson, _Swede_ ... John Kruesi, _Swiss_, helped Edison develop electric incandescent lamp, dynamo, and phonograph.

_Astronomy_

First observatory put up by Ephraim Williams, _Welsh_ ... many of our early-day almanacs based on astronomical studies and computations of David Rittenhouse, _German-Welsh_ ... Lick Observatory, California, and Yerkes Observatory, Wisconsin, founded by James Lick and Charles Yerkes, _Germans_ ... for pictures of many of the stars, Dorothy Klumpke, _German_, achieved much fame ... famous mathematician and everyday almanac maker was Benjamin Banneker, _Negro_, who also helped L’Enfant, _French_, to lay out Washington, D. C.

_Chemistry_

Ephedrin, drug used as base for cold remedies, discovered by K. K. Chen, _Chinese_ ... adrenalin and diastase, discovered by Jokichi Takamine, _Japanese_ ... grape sugar changed into tartaric acid by Mooshegh Vaygoony, _Armenian_ ... George Washington Carver, _Negro_, made 145 products from peanut, 100 products from sweet potato, and 60 products from the pecan ... fermented milk product of high curative values discovered by H. M. Dadoorian, _Armenian_.

_Exploration_

A pilot on one of Columbus’ ships was Pedro Alonzo, _Negro_ ... first explorers in New Mexico led by Estévanico, _Moroccan_ ... first settlers of Alabama, who accompanied De Soto in 1540, were Robles, _Negro_, and Feryada, _Greek_ ... first reliable map of Virginia and Maryland made by Augustine Herrman, _Czech_.

Lewis, _Welsh_, and Clark, _English_, led the famous expedition to the Northwest ... 1903 Ziegler Expedition to the North Pole led by Anthony Fiala, _Czech_ ... North Pole discovered by Robert Peary, _French-English_, accompanied by Matthew Henson, _Negro_ ... first to fly across South Pole was Richard Byrd, _English_.

_Other Sciences_

First of American geologists was William McClure, _Scot_ ... the great naturalist, John J. Audubon, _French-Spanish_, taught us about birds of America ... many inspired to study natural sciences by Louis Agassiz, _French_ ... Henry D. Thoreau, _Huguenot_, was great naturalist and writer ... famous anthropologists are Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, _German Jews_, and Ales Hrdlicka, _Czech_.

International authority on zoology and botany is Leonhard Steiniger, _Norwegian_ ... expert on function of cell and fertilization is Ernest Just, _Negro_ ... first botanical garden in world founded near Philadelphia by John Bartram, _Welsh_, early in 18th century ... public garden, established in Georgia by General Oglethorpe, _English_, served as our first agricultural experiment station ... scientific breeding of plants demonstrated by Luther Burbank, _English-French-Netherlander-Scot_.

_Philosophers_

Famous philosophers: Wm. James, _Welsh-English_ ... John Dewey, _Irish_ ... Santayana, _Spaniard_ ... Jiddu Krishnamurti, _Hindu_.

_Agriculture_

First vineyard in our country was set out by Jean Jacques Dufour, _Swiss_ ... oranges, olives, dates, and grapes were brought to California by Fray Junipero Serra, _Spaniard_ ... fig cuttings were imported by Denotovitch of Fresno, _Yugoslav_ ... wild strawberry developed into large table variety by Johann Schwerdkopf, _German_, who came to Long Island before Revolutionary War.

Alfalfa seed, known as Lucerne, brought to Minnesota and developed by Wendelin Grimm, _German_, in 1858 ... hardy alfalfa for prairies of northwest, brought from Siberia and Turkestan by Niels Hansen, _Dane_ ... mower and reaper invented by Cyrus McCormick, _Scotch-Irish_.

Simple tests to determine whether soil needs nitrogen, phosphates, or potash devised by George Hoffer, _German_ ... pasteurization introduced by Julius Moldenhawar, _Dane_ ... orange that will stay on tree for months after ripening propagated by Lue Gim Gong, _Chinese_ ... honey industry revolutionized by Frank Jaeger, _Yugoslav_.

Early cooperative creamery at Clark’s Grove, Minn., organized under leadership of Hans Jensen, _Dane_ ... first to find trichina spiralis in hogs and hookworm in cats was Joseph Leidy, _German_ ... International Institute of Agriculture established by David Lubin, _Polish-Jew_.

Our Gifts to Industry and Commerce

_Inventions_

First clock in America constructed to strike the hours built by Benjamin Banneker, _Negro_, in 1790 ... early flour-milling machinery by Oliver Evans, _Welsh_ ... iron comb, made by a _Negro_ to help cotton pickers, gave Eli Whitney, _English_, idea for his cotton gin ... screw propeller and revolving turret on battleship invented by John Ericsson, _Swede_ ... first patent to a _Negro_ granted to Henry Blair for corn harvester in 1834 ... comb-making machine built by Nathaniel Jones, _Welsh_.

First zipper fastener invented by Gideon Sundbäck, _Swede_ ... green coloring matter used in our paper dollar invented by Dr. Seropian, _Armenian_ ... machine for lasting shoes built by Jan Matzeliger, _Haitian_, in 1852 ... self-starter automobile clutch invented by Victor Bendix, _Swede_; also developed four-wheel brakes and carburetor ... steam-boiler furnace, electrical air-brakes, and incubator invented by Granville T. Woods, _Negro_ ... inventor of carborundum was E. G. Acheson, _English_.

Sewing machine invented by Elias Howe, _English_, in 1846 ... lubricating cup, used on locomotives and marine engines, invented by Elijah J. McCoy, _Negro_ ... discovery of artificial rubber by Father Nieuland of Notre Dame, _Belgian_, broke the British hold on rubber ... induction motors invented by Nicolas Tesla, _Yugoslav_ ... co-discoverer of process for making luminous paints was John Sochocky, _Ukrainian_ ... fireproof stairs and library bookstacks invented by Neils Poulson, _Dane_ ... Stilson wrench invented by Daniel Stilson, _Swede_, in 1875.

Bakelite, a substitute used for ivory and bone in making toilet articles, invented by Leo Baekeland, _Belgian_. He discovered velox, a paper used by photographers, and made several other discoveries through experimenting with the electrolytic cell ... one of our earliest elevators was built by Dr. Nils Collins, _Swede_, a Philadelphia pastor ... the condensor used in radios and electric motors is the result of work done by Alexander Georgiev, _Bulgarian_ ... numerous inventions of a wide and varied nature in connection with steam turbines were developed by Oscar Junggren and by Carl Söderburg, _Swedes_ ... huge machines used for knitting are the invention of Ladislaus Robaczynski, _Armenian_ ... outstanding typewriter designer is Carl Gabrielson, _Swede_.

Airbrake invented by George Westinghouse, _English-Netherlander_ ... “scientific divining rod” used in electro-magnetic method of locating metal ore, petroleum, and other minerals devised by Hans Lundberg and Karl Sundberg, _Swedes_ ... in inventing telephone transmitter and motion-picture projector, Edison, _Scot-Netherlander_, helped by Emile Berliner, _German Jew_ ... accuracy gauges from which precision machinery is made, invented by Carl Johannson, _Swede_ ... process for making artificial stone invented by Michael Tymofiev, _Ukrainian_ ... pioneer in radio work and sound motion pictures was Lee De Forest, _French-English_.

_Transportation_

First steamboat built and taken down Ohio and Mississippi by Nicholas Roosevelt, _Netherlander_ ... first elevated railroad in New York City was built by José Francisco de Navarro, a _Spaniard_, in 1878 ... first demonstration of steam railroad in practice by John Stevens, _English_, in 1825 ... the Clermont, our first commercially successful steamboat, built by Robert Fulton, _Irish_ ... greatest of clipper ships, Rainbow and Sea Witch, built by John Griffith, _Welsh_ ... wagons and automobiles produced by Studebaker Brothers, _German_.

Inventor of modern suspension bridge was John Roebling, _German_, who built beautiful Brooklyn Bridge ... the Niagara cantilever bridge, for heavy railroad traffic, invented by Charles Schneider, _German_ ... the Northwest opened up by railroad builder James J. Hill, _Scotch-Irish_ ... transatlantic flier, Charles Lindbergh, and airship commander, Charles Rosendahl, _Swedes_.

_Manufacturing_

Window glass manufactured by Caspar Wistar, _German_, in 1739 ... decorative stoves and glass of highly prized nature manufactured in 18th century by Heinrich Stiegel, _German_ ... the New England cotton mills established by Samuel Slater, _English_ ... first to unite all processes for manufacturing finished cloth in one factory was Patrick Jackson, _Irish_ ... art of making gunpowder perfected by Eleuthere Dupont, _French_.

Great steel works of Pittsburgh founded by Andrew Carnegie, _Scot_, assisted by William Jones, _Welsh_ ... iron and steel industries of Pueblo, Colorado, established by Daniel Jones, _Welsh_ ... famous pioneer organ builder, Matthias Moller, a _Dane_ ... pianos and other instruments by Steinway, Knabe, Weber, Wurlitzer, Gemünder, _Germans_ ... steel manufactured by Charles Schwab, _German_ ... sugar produced by Havemeyer, _German_ ... food products by Heinz and Fleischmann, _Germans_ ... world-noted cymbals made by Zildijian, _Armenian_ ... airplane builders are Igor Sigorsky, _Russian_; Bellanca, _Italian_; Douglas, _Scot_; Boeing, _German_; and Curtiss, _English-German_.

_Communication_

The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell, _Scot_ ... the telegraph was invention of Joseph Henry and Samuel Morse, _Scotch-Irish_ ... steam-cylinder printing press, making possible our great daily newspapers, was brain child of Robert Hoe, _English_ ... Erie Canal built by DeWitt Clinton, _Irish-Netherlander_ ... long distance telephone and wireless telegraphy made possible by Michael Pupin, _Yugoslav_ ... inventor of wireless switch was Fritz Lowenstein, _German Jew_ ... new device for transmitting radio photographs by Arthur Korn, _German Jew_ ... loud speaker invented by Peter Jensen, _Dane_ ... Zworykin, _Russian_, pioneered in television ... first printing press imported to California by Agustin Zamorana, _Spaniard_.

_Commerce_

One of the largest cotton gins owned by Scott Bond, _Negro_ ... our leading industrialists include Astor, Vanderbilt, and Rockefeller, _Germans_ ... Julius Rosenwald, Chicago mail-order executive, _German Jew_ ... Alfred Knudsen, _Dane_, automobile manufacturing executive.

Leading rug merchants are Karaghuesian, Gulbenkian, Kelekian, and Pushman, _Armenians_ ... leading linen and lace merchants are Mallouk, Kassab, Bardwill, Jabara, Mamary, and Boutross, _Syrians_ ... largest raiser of orchids and specialist in cacti is J. A. Manda, _Yugoslav_ ... first American circus opened in Baraboo, Wisconsin, in 1854, by Ringling Brothers, _German_ ... Virginia tobacco trade founded by Augustine Herrman, _Czech_ ... gas first introduced in 1830 by Edward Jones, _Welsh_, in Boston.

_Mining_

First oil well drilled at Titusville, Pa., by Edwin Drake, _English_, in 1859.... In Texas, oil was first struck by Anthony F. Lucas, _Yugoslav_ ... coal in Pennsylvania first discovered by William Jones, _Welsh_ ... pioneer miner of Colorado was Vaso Chakovic, _Yugoslav_ ... first California gold found on ranch of John Sutter, _German-Swiss_ ... eminent mining industrialists include Simon and Daniel Guggenheim, _Swiss Jews_, and Adolph Lewisohn, _German Jew_.

_Banking_

Leading bankers include: J. Pierpont Morgan, _Welsh_ ... Nathan Straus, Felix Warburg, Jacob Schiff, Otto Kahn, and James Speyer, _German Jews_ ... Charles G. Dawes, _English_ ... Amadeo Gianini, _Italian_ ... and Jesse Jones, _Welsh_.

_Building_

First American iron sea-going steamship built in 1859 by José Francisco de Navarro, _Spaniard_, who also laid foundation of cement business in this country ... Panama Canal built by General Goethals, _Netherlander_ ... George Washington Bridge built by Othmar Ammann, _Swiss_ ... Manhattan Bridge in New York and Interstate Bridge connecting Philadelphia and Camden built by Leon Moisseff, _Russian_.

Hetch Hetchy water system from Sierra Nevada to San Francisco built by Michael O’Shaughnessy, _Irish_ ... Ralph Modjeski, _Polish Jew_, chairman, Board of Engineers, San Francisco-Oakland Bridge ... Peter Demyanoff, _Russian_, railroad builder.

Our Gifts to the Arts and Crafts

_Literature_

Outstanding novelists have been James Fenimore Cooper, _English-Swedish_; Oliver W. Holmes, _English-Netherlander_; Mark Twain, _English_; Wm. Dean Howells, _Welsh-Irish-English-German_; Mary Wilkins-Freeman, _English_; Nathaniel Hawthorne, _Irish_; Theodore Dreiser, _German_; James W. Johnson, _Negro_; Frank Norris, _English_; Booth Tarkington, _English_; Fannie Hurst, Edna Ferber, and Ludwig Lewisohn, _German Jews_; Jacob Riis, _Dane_; Louis Adamic, _Yugoslav_.

Our leading poets include, Longfellow, Lowell, and Whittier, _English_; Edgar A. Poe, _Scotch-Irish-English_; Walt Whitman, _English-Netherlander_; Sidney Lanier, _French_; Eugene Field, _English_; Robert Frost, _Scotch-English_; Edwin Markham, _English_; James W. Riley, _Netherlander-English_; Carl Sandburg, _Swede_; Edna St. Vincent Millay, _English-French_; Joaquin Miller and Joyce Kilmer, _Germans_; Louis Untermeyer, _German Jew_, and Arthur Guitermann, _Austrian Jew_; Christopher Morley, _Irish_; Phillis Wheatley and Paul Dunbar, _Negroes_.

Pioneer heroism immortalized by O. E. Rölvaag, _Norwegian_.... Good literature circulated in humble homes by P. F. Collier, _Irish_ ... historian, writer, and lecturer, William Hendrik van Loon, _Netherlander_.

_Music_

Father of our orchestras and founder of Handel and Haydn Society was Gottlieb Graupner, _German_ ... first organ builder and maker of spinets was Gustaf Hesselius, _Swede_ ... our first important composer was Ernst Bloch, _Swiss Jew_.

“Carry Me Back to Old Virginny” composed by James Bland, _Negro_ ... “Johnny Comes Marching Home” composed by Patrick Gilmore, _Irish_ ... “Old Folks at Home,” by Stephen Foster, _Scotch-Irish_ ... an _Italian_, Campanini, was first director and leader of Metropolitan ... Gatti Casazza, _Italian_, famous director of Metropolitan ... organizer of Flonzaley Quartet was Alfred Pochon, _Swiss_.

Famous composers include: Victor Herbert, _Irish_; Edward MacDowell, _Scot_; John Philip Sousa, _Portuguese_; Percy Grainger, _Australian_; Eugene Goosens, _English_; Howard Hanson, _Swede_; William Grant Still, _Negro_; Daniel Protheroe, _Welsh_; Sigmond Romberg, _German Jew_; George Gershwin and Irving Berlin, _Russian Jews_; Alma Glück, _Roumanian_; Rudolf Friml, _Czech_.

Outstanding conductors include Gabrilowitch, _Russian Jew_; Walter and Klemperer, _German_; Koussevitsky and Smallens, _Russian Jews_; Stokowski, _Polish_; Ormany and Rapee, _Hungarians_; Ganz, _Swiss_; Koshetz, _Ukrainian_; Zilotti, _Russian_; Busch, _Dane_; Kindler, _Netherlander_; Damrosch, _German_; Rodzinsky, _Yugoslav_; Victor Kolar, _Czech_.

Leading violin players of world-wide fame are: Elman, Heifetz, Zimbalist, _Russian Jews_; and Yehudi Menuhin, _Roumanian Jew_; Ysaye, _Belgian_; Dvonc, _Czech_; Prydatkevich, _Ukrainian_.

Famous pianists include Rachmaninoff, _Russian_; Iturbi, _Spaniard_; Honti, _Hungarian_.

Leading flutist is Callimahos, _Greek_; noted zylophonist is Y. Hiraoka, _Japanese_.

Among the great concert artists are Sophie Braslau, _Russian Jew_; Lotte Lehmann, _German_; Rosa Raisa, _Italian Jew_; Schumann-Heink, _Austrian_; John Charles Thomas, _Welsh_, and Paul Robeson, Jules Bledsoe, Marian Anderson, Roland Hayes, _Negroes_.

_Art_

Father of American painting was Benjamin West, _English_ ... portraits of Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison by Charles Gilbert Stuart, _Scot_ ... “Washington Crossing the Delaware,” by Emmanuel Lutze, _German_ ... famous portraits by John Copley, _Irish_ ... famous etchings by Joseph Pennell, _English-Irish_ ... “Artist’s Mother” by James McNeil Whistler, _Scotch-Irish_.

“Swing Low, Sweet Chariot” by Malvin Johnson, _Negro_ ... “Return of Prodigal Son” by Henry Mosler, _German Jew_ ... “Gassed” and portraits by John S. Sargent, _English-Italian_ ... “Autumn Oaks” by George Inness, _Scot_ ... “Conquerors”—building of Panama Canal—by Jonas Lie, _Norwegian_ ... “Resurrection of Lazarus” by Henry O. Tanner, _Negro_ ... “Still Life” by Yasu Kuniyoshi, _Japanese_.

First modernist in America was Arthur Davies, _Welsh_ ... corrupt Tweed ring in New York City smashed by cartoons of Thomas Nast, _German_ ... leader in landscape painting, Frederick Detwiller, _Swiss_ ... master of miniatures, Malthe Hasselriis, _Dane_ ... famous frescoes in National Capitol by Brumidi, _Italian_ ... illustrator of folk tales and fairy stories, Willie Pogany, _Hungarian_ ... journalistic cartoons by Harrison Fisher, _Czech_.

_Sculpture_

“Puritan,” “Shaw Memorial,” and other statues by Saint-Gaudens, _Irish-French_ ... “Memory” and “Lincoln” statues by Daniel Chester French, _English_ ... work on Stone Mountain, Georgia, and Mt. Rushmore, South Dakota by Gutzon Borglum, _Dane_ ... “Pioneer Mother” at Kansas City by Phimester Proctor, _Canadian_ ... “The Sower” on the Nebraska State Capitol by Lee Lawrie, _German_ ... statues of Indians by Ivan Mestrovic, _Yugoslav_ ... McKinley monument by Haig Patigian, _Armenian_.

_Italian_ sculptors who helped adorn National Capitol were: Franzoni, bronze clock with statue of Storia on top ... Valperti, emblematic eagle ... Amateis, bronze doors ... Causici, Statue of Liberty Proclaiming Peace ... Trentanove, “Pere Marquette” statue ... Vincenti, Indian chief, Be-she-ke.

_Architecture_

Skyscraper developed by Louis Henry Sullivan, _Irish-French-German_ ... Fanueil Hall, Boston, designed by John Smibert, _Scot_ ... Vieux Carrè, New Orleans, laid out by Adrien de Pauger, _French_ ... foremost architect in stone was Henry Richardson, _English_ ... Frank Lloyd Wright, _Welsh_, harmonized buildings with surroundings ... St. Patrick’s Cathedral, New York City, built by Joseph Zvak, _Czech_ ... prominent naval architect is Wm. Hovgaard, _Dane_.

City planning by Eliel Saarinen, _Finn_ ... Bertram Goodhue, _Scot-English_, developed and refined Gothic in public buildings ... Folger Library and Pan-American Building in Washington by Paul Cret, _Belgian_ ... banks and office buildings by Stephen Voorhees, _Netherlander_ ... church architecture by Ralph Cram, _German_, and Charles Maginnis, _Irish_.

_Motion Pictures_

Outstanding motion-picture stars: Antonio Moreno, _Spaniard_ ... Luise Rainer, _Austrian_ ... Charles Laughton and Ronald Colman, _English_ ... Francis Lederer, _Czech_ ... Jean Hersholt, _Dane_ ... Pola Negri, _Pole_ ... Anna Sten, _Ukrainian_ ... Laura La Plante, _Yugoslav_.

Leading producers: Mayer, Lasky, Warner, _Russian Jews_, and Goldwyn, _Polish Jew_ ... pioneers of industry were D. W. Griffith, _Welsh_, Zukor and Fox, _Hungarian Jews_, and Loew, _German Jew_ ... technique of cinematography modernized by Vorkepic, _Yugoslav_.

_Theatre_

Pioneer of modern American theatre, Augustin Daly, _Irish_ ... geniuses of the theatre include Belasco, _Portuguese Jew_; Frohmans, Shuberts, Selwyn, Warfield, Hammerstein, _German Jews_, and Nazimova, _Russian Jew_ ... John Drew, _Irish_ ... Richard Mansfield, Julia Marlowe, and Barrymores, _English_ ... Paul Robeson, _Negro_ ... the magician, Houdini, _Hungarian_.

_Journalism_

New York Weekly Journal founded by Peter Zenger, _German_, in 1733 ... New York Tribune founded by Horace Greeley, _Scotch-Irish_ ... publisher of St. Louis Post-Dispatch and New York World was Joseph Pulitzer, _Hungarian Jew_ ... first great newspaper syndicate established by S. S. McClure, _Irish_ ... magazine, famous as a militant muckraker founded by P. F. Collier, _Irish_.

First modern newspaper, the New York Morning Herald, founded in 1835 by James G. Bennett, _Scot_ ... New York Times founded by Henry Raymond, _Scot_, and George Jones, _Welsh_ ... chain of newspapers founded by James Scripps, _English_ ... chain of newspapers founded by Wm. Randolph Hearst, _Scotch-English_ ... editor of a ladies’ magazine, Edward Bok, _Netherlander_.

Our Gifts to Social Progress and Government