Chapter 19
Herzegovinians, as immigrants, 183
Hewes, F. W., 107
Home Missions, at Ellis Island, 274; demand for extension of in New York, 287; opportunities of, for local churches, 279; personal work, 274, 290, 291; results of abroad, 269; settlement influences by residence, 292, 293
Honolulu, 53
Huguenot colonial stock, 240
Hungarians, as immigrants, 33, 128, 177-179; cafés, as social centers, 178, 179; fair degree of education, 177; open to mission work, 178
Hungary, 19, 128
Huns, 27, 165
Hunter, Robert, 194, 200
Huss, John, 166, 170
Iberic peoples, 123
Idiots, excluded, 77, 78
Illiteracy, amount of among immigrants, 22, 24, 125; test proposed, 95, 96
Immigrants, admission, 53-64; "assisted," 43, 93; approachable, 273, 282; attracted to the city, 195; debarred, 70, 71, 77, 78; diseased, 57, 60, 74, 77, 78, 93, 94; illiteracy among, 22, 23, see also _Illiteracy_; "manifest," 55, 56, 61; nationality, 21, 22; "natural," 31-42; ports and routes of entry, 53, 77; "solicited," 42, 43, 80-82, 93; smuggling of, 81, 92; religious census and conditions, 251, 271; value of first impression upon, 273; views of America, 272; women among, 18, 61, 76
Immigration, annual volume, 17-22; Bureau of, 76, 77, 92, 104; causes of, 29-31; Christian view of, 8; classes, 31-43; Conference of 1905, 90, 91; divine mission in, 270; economic fallacies of, 245; effect upon educational policy, 246; inspectors and officers, 59-61, 76, 77; laws, see _Laws, immigration_; new development of, 121-155; numbers since 1820, 25-27; process by the steerage and Ellis Island described, 55-62; Restrictive League, 96; "runner," 80-82; steamship and railroad arrangements, 55, 57, 62
Indianapolis, 22
Indians, North American, 45
Industrial Commission, 31
Insane, excluded, 77, 78
Insanity, low proportion among Italians and Jews, 140
Institutional church, need of, 286, 288
Ireland, 27, 43, immigrants from, 25, 31, 72, 128; potato famine, 25
Irish, as immigrants, 19, 21, 38, 39, 89, 126; compared with the Italians, 136, 137
Italian, Benevolent Institute, 147; Chamber of Commerce, 145; Hospital, 147; Immigration Department, 138; Savings Bank, 147
Italians, as immigrants, 19, 34, 36, 37, 110, 130; distribution, 135, 136; family coöperation, 207; generally peaceable character, 141, 142, 208; illiteracy, 22, 134; in New York, 139, 145, 206; number entering, 19, 134, 135; parallel drawn with Irish, 136, 137; societies for mutual aid, 50, 110, 145, 147; spirit of converts, 284; thrift, 139-147, 207; women homemakers, 206;
Italy, 92, 131-133; government action and aid, 79, 111; immigrants from, 25, 31, 72, 79, 107; Royal Department of Emigration, 111; sections compared, 131-134
Ives, Mr., 294
Japanese, as immigrants, 40; Robinson Crusoe, 40
Jefferson, President, 68
Jerome of Prague, 166
Jersey City, 22
Jewish children as pupils, 189
Jews, as immigrants, 21, 95, 96, 113, 128, 185-190; Austria-Hungarian, 21, 186; German, 185; good qualities, 190; number of in New York, 186, 198; Roumanian, 186; Russian, 11, 12, 21, 185-190
_John G. Carlisle_, ferryboat, 53
Joseph II, Emperor, of Austria, 167
Juvenile Court, Jewish children in, 190
Kansas City, 22
Kosciusko, 172
Kossuth, a Slovak, 175
Labor, immigration of skilled and unskilled, 23, 24
Latin races, as immigrants, 113, 131
Lawrence, Kansas, 20
Laws, immigration, 58, 64; Bill of 1906, 95; problems, 87-119; protective, 65-68; restrictive, 68-84; summaries and recommendations, 309-313
Lee, Dr. S. H., 136, 152
Legislation, see _Laws, immigration_
Letts, the, as immigrants, 179, 180
Liberty, American, as a working leaven, 33, 34; statue of, 57, 278
Lieber, Francis, 194
Lincoln, Abraham, 247
Lithuanians, as immigrants, 23, 36, 179, 180; illiteracy, 23
Liverpool, 99
Lodge, Senator, 96
London, 99
Long Island, as a field for Italians, 149
Longfellow, 247
Louisiana, 113
Louisville, 23
Luther, 172
Lynn, Massachusetts, 24
Machinery, effect on immigration, 43
Madison, President, 68
Mafia, the, 130, 141
Magna Charta, 34
Magyars, as immigrants, 21, 177-179; illiteracy, 23; see also _Hungarians_
"Manifest" for immigrant, 55, 56, 61
Marine Hospital Service, 59
Marseilles, 99
Mashek, Nan, 166
Massachusetts, 142, 173
Mayo-Smith, Richmond, 52, 231, 238, 248
McLanahan, Samuel, 121
McMillan, Margaret, 225
Mexicans, as immigrants, 21
Mexico, ingress through, 92, 93
Michigan, 172
Milwaukee, 170, 172
Minneapolis, 21
Mission workers for immigrants, 274
Mississippi, 113, 183
Mitchell, Max, 102
Mongolic peoples, 124
Montenegrins, as immigrants, 21, 183
Moravians, as immigrants, 164
Music, love of by Bohemians, 169; by Italians, 144
Naples, 99, 199
National Civic Federation, 90; Slavonic Society, 176
Naturalization, illegal methods, 93, 196, 214-215; reading test desirable, 249
New Amsterdam, 45
New England, 45, 148, 173, 179; how it can remain Christian, 270, 271
New Haven, 23
New Jersey, 148, 173, 178
New Orleans, 183
New York, Bible Society, 50; State, 69, 70, 105, 107, 178, 213
New York City, 30-39, 53, 54, 62, 63, 110, 112, 139, 145, 165, 166, 169, 172, 176-189, 198, 200, 220; chief port of entry for immigrants, 53; child life and labor in, 220, 221; consumption in, 220; cosmopolitan character, 198, 199; foreign peoples in, 139, 145, 150, 166, 172, 178, 179, 186-189, 195-226
Norway, 27; immigrants from, 23, 25, 126
Occupations, of various races, 23, 24
Odessa, 99
Ogg, Frederick A., 92, 93, 99, 100
Ohio, 172
Optimism, 8, 29, 262
Ottawa, Illinois, 20
Padrones, 82, 92, 111
Parochial schools among aliens, 246, 256
Pauperism in the United States, 218; contrasted with poverty, 217; foreign percentage of, 219; increased by immigration, 219
Pennsylvania, 160-163, 172, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 213
People's Forum in Cooper Institute, 250
Persecution, affecting immigration, 29, 30, 91
Philadelphia, 38, 53, 172, 176, 179, 187
Pittsburg, 82, 172, 174, 176
Poles, as immigrants, 22, 35, 75, 76, 170-174; clannish, 173; illiteracy, 22, 173; independence, 173
Polish, Catholics, 174; girl, story of, 212; Jew, "sweater," 210; National Alliance, 170
Ports, for examination abroad, 98, 99; of entry, 53
Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 20
Poughkeepsie, New York, 20
Poverty in the United States, 218; defined, 217
Presbyterian Slavistic Union, 176
Protestantism, as related to immigrants, 9, 39, 47, 202, 166-174, 177-188, 216, 224, 251; could change conditions as to child labor, 225, 226; ought to save immigrants from moral degeneracy, 255; vast opportunity to evangelize and Americanize, 267-299
Providence, Rhode Island, 21
Public Schools, attacks upon to be resisted, 248; duty to elevate, 248; foreign children in, 198, 223, 248; power to Americanize, 234, 248, 256
Publicity, value of, 83, 90
Quarantine, 56, 62
Railroads and immigrants, 62, 63
Reich, Emil, 131
Religious census of immigrants in 1900, 251
Removal Bureau, for directing Jewish emigrants, 111
Reports, Commissioner-General, 25, 143
Riis, Jacob, 194, 216
Roman Catholic Church, as related to immigrants, 133, 151, 152, 167, 168, 172-174, 177-184, 247, 248, 251, 256, 257, 271, 297; efforts to get public money for parochial schools, 246; some lessons to be learned from, 279
Roosevelt, President, 51, 73, 88, 92, 96, 179
Rossi, Adolpho, 138, 147
Rotterdam, 99
Roumanians, as immigrants, 19, 21; see also _Jews_
Rovinanek, Mr., 174, 175
Russia, 34, 128; immigrants from, 25, 81, 217
Russian empire, 19; Jews, 11, 19, 112; persecution, 29, 30
Saint Louis, 145, 198
Saint Nazaire, 99
Saloon, evil effects of, 216, 217
Sampson, Sidney, 260
San Francisco, 41, 53, 73, 148
Saratoga Springs, New York, 20
Sargent, Commissioner-General, 28, 103, 158, 203
Scandinavians, 27; agricultural tendency, 127; useful immigrants, 19, 21, 126, 217; small illiteracy, 23
Schauffler, Dr. A. F, 30, 195
Schauffler, Dr. H. A., 293
Scotch, as immigrants, 21, 126; small illiteracy, 23
Scotland, 27
Secretary of Commerce and Labor, 77, 78
Seelye, ex-President of Amherst, 255
Servian immigrants, 21
Settlement service by religion and residence, 292, 293
Sioux Falls, Iowa, 20
Slavic home missionaries, 293, 294; peoples, 124
Slavs, as immigrants, 21, 79, 107, 113, 127, 128, 157-192; defined, 159, 160; displacing other peoples, 160, 162; illiteracy, 23, 164; largely unskilled, 164; migration of recent date, 160; mostly mine and factory workers, 164; native workers among, 285
Slovaks, as immigrants, 174-176; from agricultural class, 175; organizations among, 176; tinware workers, 176
Slovenians, as immigrants, 183
Slums, peril of the children in, 220-224; poverty and pauperism of, 217-219
Socialism, bred in the slums, 202
Societies in aid of immigrants by races, 110-112
Society for Italian immigrants, 50, 110, 111
Solicitation, as affecting immigration, 42, 43, 80-82, 93
South American immigrants, 21
South Carolina, 113
South, the New, as a field for immigrants, 113
Southampton, 99
Spahr, Dr. Charles B., 260
Spanish immigrants, 21, 217
Special Inquiry Board, 77
Speranza, Gino C., 88, 145
"Stairs of Separation," 62, 63
Standards of living, lowered through immigration, 244
States and countries as a scale of immigration, 24, 25, 27, 28
Statistics of immigration, aliens since Revolution, 28; arrivals by years from 1820 to 1905, 305; child labor in New York City, and in United States, 226, 227; countries by totals, 127-129; debarred during fourteen years, and by race or people, 77, 303; distribution by states, 105-107; entries at ports and through Canada, 53; estimated immigration for 1905-6, 20; illiteracy, 21-23, 134, 164; increase of immigrants for 1905, 25; inflow since 1820, 25-27; insanity, 140; Italians, by years, locality, and occupation, 134, 135, 143; Jews, chiefly Russian, 185, 186, 198; labor skilled and unskilled, 23, 24, 134, 164; mendicancy, 140; money sent from United States to aid immigrants, 31; present annual race totals illustrated, 20-23; race, sex, and age of immigrants for 1905, 306; religious divisions for 1900, 251; savings and investments of Italians, 145, 146; Slavs for 1905, 159, see also, for distribution and occupation, 165-183; tendency among Italians to forsake Roman Catholic Church, 271
Steamships for immigrants, 55, 57; overcrowding, 65; rate cutting, 79; steerage abuses and reforms, 65-68; unkind treatment, 57, 58, 67; unsanitary arrangements, 65-67; violation of laws, 78-84
Stettin, 99
Strong, Dr. Josiah, 9-16, 193, 194, 256, 257
Sunday laws and observance, as affected by immigration, 72, 237, 241, 252-254; Sunday-schools, among immigrants, 284, 294
Sweat-shop, description of system, 209, 210; reproach to Christian civilization, 210; victims of, 210-213
Sweden, 27; immigrants from, 23, 25, 33, 37, 38, 126
Swiss, as immigrants, 21, 28
Switzerland, 27, 43
Syrian immigrants, 23, 39
Tariff, effect on immigration, 44
Temperance, large measure of, among Chinese, Italians, and Jews, 73, 141, 190
Tenement-houses, description of life in, 204-208; evils of, 201; exorbitant rents, 202; model block of suggested, 288; responsibility of landlords, 202; unsanitary conditions of, 211
Tent campaign, winning Italians, 282
Teutonic peoples, 123
Texas, 113
Thompson, Dr. Charles L., 117, 268
Training schools, needed in work among aliens, 286
Trieste, 99
Tuoti, Mr. G., 145
Turks, as immigrants, 21; illiteracy, 23
Tymkevich, Paul, 158
United Hebrew Charities, 111, 219, 277
United Kingdom, see _Great Britain_
United States, agencies of helpful to immigrants, 50, 54, 57-63, 111, 274; "assisted" immigration to, 43, 93; attraction of, 29-42; Immigration Investigating Commission, 112, 113; Industrial Commission on Immigration, 141; legislation as to immigrants, see _Laws, immigration_; money from relatives in, to aid immigrants, 31; national songs, 34; Post-office, an immigration agency, 33; see also _Commissioner-General of Immigration, Ports of entry_
Venice, 199
Vincennes, Indiana, 20
Virginia, 45, 175
Vote, foreign, peril of, 249
Walker, General Francis A., 232
Ward, Robert D., 194
Warne, F. J., 157, 158, 162, 246
Warsaw, 199
Washington, city of, 24; President, 68
Watchorn, Commissioner Robert, 30, 82
Welsh, as immigrants, 21, 126
Whelpley, J. D., 16, 70, 79, 94, 101
Wisconsin, 167
Women immigrants, 18, 35, 38, 39, 57, 61, 67, 75, 76, 304; special inspection for, 61, 76
Work of leading denominations for foreign population, 314-320
Yiddish language, 198
Young people, as creators of public sentiment, 197; opportunity of for Christian service, 10
Ziska, General, 166
* * * * *
~The Forward Mission Study Courses~
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"Anywhere, _provided it be_ FORWARD."--_David Livingstone_
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_Prepared under the auspices of the
YOUNG PEOPLE'S MISSIONARY MOVEMENT_
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE:--Harry Wade Hicks, S. Earl Taylor, John W. Wood, F. P. Haggard, T. H. P. Sailer.
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The Forward Mission Study Courses are an outgrowth of a conference of leaders in Young People's Mission Work, held in New York City, December, 1901. To meet the need that was manifested at that conference for Mission Study Text-books suitable for young people, two of the delegates, Professor Amos R. Wells, of the United Society of Christian Endeavor, and Mr. S. Earl Taylor, Chairman of the General Missionary Committee of the Epworth League, projected the Forward Mission Study Courses. These courses have been officially adopted by the Young People's Missionary Movement, and are now under the immediate direction of the Executive Committee of the Movement, which consists of the young people's secretaries, or other official representatives of twelve of the leading missionary boards of the United States and Canada.
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~1. The Price of Africa.~ (Biographical.) By S. Earl Taylor.
~2. Into All the World.~ A General Survey of Missions. By Amos R. Wells.
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~4. Child Life in Mission Lands.~ A Course of Study for Junior Societies. By Ralph E. Diffendorfer.
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~6. Heroes of the Cross in America.~ Home Missions. (Biographical.) By Don O. Shelton.
~7. Daybreak in the Dark Continent.~ A Study of Africa. By Wilson S. Naylor.
~8. The Christian Conquest of India.~ A Study of India. By Bishop James M. Thoburn.
~9. Aliens or Americans?~ A Study of Immigration. By Rev. Howard B. Grose, Ph.D.
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~Via Christi.~ A Study of Missions before Carey. By Louise Manning Hodgkins.
~Lux Christi.~ A Study of Missions in India. By Caroline Atwater Mason.
~Rex Christus.~ A Study of Missions in China. By Rev. Arthur H. Smith, D.D.
~Dux Christus.~ A Study of Missions in Japan. By Rev. W. E. Griffis, D.D.
~Christus Liberator.~ A Study of Missions in Africa. By Ellen C. Parsons.
~Christus Redemptor.~ A Study of the Island World. By Helen Barrett Montgomery.
* * * * *
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES:
[1] J. D. Whelpley, _The Problem of the Immigrant_, 2.
[2] Entrance Port for Immigrants at New York.
[3] The total immigration into the United States for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1906, was 1,100,735.
[4] For table showing immigration for each year from 1820 to 1905, see Appendix A.
[5] Now known as the Battery. See footnote 1, p. 54.
[6] _City Mission Monthly_, April, 1902.
[7] Those who are interested in this feature can trace--by examining the table in the Appendix which gives the immigration by years since 1820--the relation between prosperity and immigration. The effect of the panics of 1837, 1843, 1873, 1893, and the depression caused by the Civil War, will be seen clearly in the immigration totals. This subject is treated in _Immigration_, 17 ff.
[8] Published in _Baptist Home Mission Monthly_ for July, 1906.
[9] Hamilton Holt, _Undistinguished Americans._
[10] The Swedish _krone_ (kro-ne) has a value of about 27 cents.
[11] Broughton Brandenburg, _Imported Americans_, 37.
[12] Prescott F. Hall, _Immigration_, 3, 4.
[13] The park and piers at the southern end of New York City, formerly known as Castle Garden.
[14] Samuel E. Moffett, _Review of Reviews_, July, 1903.
[15] It is good to know that the reception conditions, so far as the Government is concerned, have been made as favorable as present accommodations will allow, and enlargement is already projected. Since the Federal Government finally took charge of immigration in 1882, great improvement has been made in method and administration. The inspection is humane, prompt, and on the whole kindly, although entrance examinations are as much dreaded by the average immigrant as by the average student. Commissioner Watchorn, an admirable man for his place, insists upon kindness, and want of it in an employee is cause for dismissal. Ellis Island affords an excellent example of carefully adjusted details and thorough system, whereby with least possible friction thousands of aliens are examined in a day, and pronounced fit or unfit to enter the country. The process is too rapid, however, to give each case the attention which the best interests of the country demand.
[16] Under the Act of 1903, this manifest has to state: The full name, age and sex; whether married or single; the calling or occupation; whether able to read or write; the nationality; the race; the last residence; the seaport landing in the United States; the final destination, if any, beyond the port of landing; whether having a ticket through to such final destination; whether the alien has paid his own passage or whether it has been paid by any other person or by any corporation, society, municipality, or government, and if so, by whom; whether in possession of thirty dollars, and if less, how much; whether going to join a relative or friend and if so, what relative or friend, and his name and complete address; whether ever before in the United States, and if so, when and where; whether ever in prison or almshouse or an institution or hospital for the care and treatment of the insane or supported by charity; whether a polygamist; whether an anarchist; whether coming by reason of any offer, solicitation, promise, or agreement, expressed or implied, to perform labor in the United States, and what is the alien's condition of health, mental and physical, and whether deformed or crippled, and if so, for how long and from what cause.
[17] Broughton Brandenburg, _Imported Americans_, 208.
[18] This imaginary sketch adheres in every detail to the facts. The medical examiners and inspectors become exceedingly expert in detecting disease, disability, or deception. If an overcoat is carried over the shoulder, they look for a false or stiff arm. The gait and general appearance indicate health or want of it to them, and all who do not appear normal are turned aside for further examination, which is thorough. The women have a special inspection by the matrons, who have to be both expert and alert to detect and reject the unworthy. The chief difficulty lies in too small a force to handle such large numbers, which have reached as high as 45,000 in five days.
[19] The present regulations were passed in 1882, and if lived up to, as by trustworthy testimony they are not, would prevent serious overcrowding, although the conditions as to air, sanitation, and morals would still be most unsatisfactory. For protective laws, see Appendix B.
[20] Broughton Brandenburg, _Imported Americans_, chap. XIV.
[21] This Act of 1824 required of vessel-masters a report giving name, birthplace, age, and occupation of each immigrant, and a bond to secure the city against public charges.
[22] _Immigration_, chap. X.