Chapter 18

In addition two special recommendations are made, with view to control immigration and lessen the hardships of the debarred: (1) To enlighten aliens as to the provisions of our laws, so that they may not in ignorance sever their home ties and sacrifice their small possessions in an ineffectual attempt to enter the United States. To this end the laws and regulations should be translated into the various tongues and distributed widely. This might not prevail as against the influence and promises of transportation agents, but it would relieve this country of responsibility for needless distress and suffering. (2) An international conference of immigration experts.

APPENDIX C

WORK OF LEADING DENOMINATIONS FOR THE FOREIGN POPULATION

The following facts and figures, received from the leading Home Mission Boards, give some idea of the work which is now being done for the evangelization of the foreign peoples in the United States. We should be glad if the reports were more complete. They do not represent all of the work that is being done, because a considerable part of this work is carried on by the local churches in all of the denominations, and this work is seldom reported and does not enter into the statistics of the Home Mission Boards.

It is hoped that each Board will provide a supplementary chapter, setting forth in detail its work among the foreign population--a work abounding in incident and hopefulness. There is no more encouraging home mission work, and wherever earnest effort has been made, the response has been most gratifying. Write to your Home Mission Board for full information. Where a special chapter is not furnished for a supplemental study, the Boards will send the information and literature that will enable the leader of the study class to show what is being done, with a detail impossible in the general treatment of the subject.

It is significant, in this connection, that all the Boards are calling especial attention to the needs of this work among the foreign peoples and urging large advance in plans for evangelization.

MISSION WORK OF THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN 1906 AMONG THE FOREIGN POPULATION

+-----------------------+-------------------------- | No. of charges | Members and probationers | receiving | in charge receiving Nationality | missionary aid | missionary aid ----------------------+-----------------------+-------------------------- Welsh 4 185 Swedish 135 12,076 Norwegian and Danish 85 4,236 German 265 19,184 French 8 350 Chinese 11 298 Japanese 30 1,666 Bohemian and Hungarian 11 1,666 Italian 18 1,014 Portuguese 3 86 Finnish 9 93 Foreign Populations 3 .... --- ------ 582 39,557

Including the charges not now receiving missionary aid, the total number of missions, or charges, among the foreign peoples was 971, not including Spanish work, and the total membership, including probationers, was 92,082 in 1906. The work is extended all over the country.

The Woman's Home Missionary Society supports Immigrant Homes in New York City, and in Boston, Mass., in which immigrants may find protection and counsel as well as a safe lodging. In Philadelphia, Pa., work is also done for incoming strangers, and lodgings provided in case of need. Missionaries are stationed at each of these points. Much work is done for foreigners by this Society through its three large city missions, and its numerous Deaconess Homes.

MISSION WORK OF THE PRESBYTERIAN HOME MISSION BOARD IN 1906 AMONG THE FOREIGN POPULATION

Nationality No. of Churches and Stations Membership

Armenian 3 183 Bohemian 30 1,529 Chinese 10 438 Danes and Norwegians 1 101 Dutch 12 1,365 French 9 508 German 156 13,446 Hungarian (Magyar) 15 1,035 --- ------ Total 236 18,605

Italian 32 955 Japanese 3 50 Korean 1 40 Russian 1 .... Slavic 8 337 Syrian 2 15 Welsh 7 414 --- ------ Total 290 20,415

The Annual Report for 1906 says: In addition to the above it is doubtless true that there are many churches, and even individuals, carrying on religious work among foreigners which has not been reported to the Board. Two facts warrant special attention. One is that the proper carrying on of the work of giving the gospel to these foreign-speaking peoples necessarily includes and is closely allied with other needs--such as schools; literature in their own tongue, including tracts, papers, and the Bible; colporteur visitation; Bible reading, and so forth. It is not sufficient simply to open a church or hall where a meeting can be held and expect the people to come. A great deal of preparatory work must be done.

MISSION WORK OF THE AMERICAN BAPTIST HOME MISSION SOCIETY IN 1906, AMONG THE FOREIGN POPULATION

Nationality No. of Field Members of Mission Fields

Bohemians 6 196 Chinese 12 209 Danes 20 484 Finns 13 175 French Canadian 29 650 Germans 148 5,196 Hungarians 3 42 Italians 25 391 Japanese 2 68 Jews 2 .... --- ------ 260 7,411

Lettish 2 31 Mexicans in U. S 18 113 Norwegians 50 1,095 Poles 6 82 Portuguese 2 42 Russians 2 71 Slavs 5 77 Swedes 205 7,623 Syrians 1 .... --- ------ 551 16,545

FOREIGN PEOPLES IN BAPTIST CHURCHES, THE RESULTS OF HOME MISSION WORK

Churches Memb'ship

Germans, 1906 266 26,274 Dane-Norwegian, 1903 90 5,530 Swedes, 1903 331 22,625

The number of missionaries among the foreign populations was 312. The Women's Societies maintained a number of workers, including the efficient missionaries at Ellis Island. The Home Mission Society is supporting Italian missionaries in twenty cities. Aside from organized effort, Chinese Sunday-schools are conducted by many local churches, which do not report to any central organization. There is a considerable work done also by the city mission societies, which work independently in part. In some places, local churches also maintain missions among the Italians, Hungarians, and Slavs.

MISSION WORK OF THE CONGREGATIONAL HOME MISSIONARY SOCIETY IN 1906

Total number of Missionaries 215 German Missions 73 Scandinavian Missions 89 Bohemian " 20 Polish " 5 French " 7 Spanish Missions 10 Finnish " 6 Danish " 2 Armenian " 6 Greek " 1 Chinese and Japanese 22

STATEMENTS SHOWING NUMBER OF CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES FOR FOREIGN SPEAKING PEOPLES, WITH THEIR TOTAL MEMBERSHIP

Churches Members Average to a Church

Germans 170 8,000 47 Scandinavians 95 7,495 79 Slavs 12 636 58 All other Nationalities, (including Italians, French, Greek, Armenian, Chinese, Welsh, etc) 102 8,222 78 --- ------ --- 379 24,353 262

WORK OF THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH AMONG THE FOREIGN POPULATION

The Domestic Section of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States carries on work to a limited extent among the Swedes. There is a general missionary in the East, who has charge of this work in the three dioceses of Rhode Island, New York, and Massachusetts, and one in the northwest. In the eastern dioceses named there were in 1906 fifteen Swedish missions and parishes, with 1,897 communicants, ministered to by five clergymen. The western general missionary visited Sweden during the past year for the purpose of finding suitable university students for the ministry in this country. There are missions in Duluth and at other points. The Annual Report says: "Of all the work under the care of the general missionary, none is more important than the mission to Scandinavian immigrants arriving at Ellis Island, New York, for it acts as a special feeder to the church. The Scandinavian immigrants outnumber those from any other Protestant country."

What further work is done for the foreign peoples is carried on by the local parishes, such as Grace Church, Trinity, Saint George's, and Saint Bartholomew's in New York, which work among the Italians and other nationalities, and equip their missions in a manner worthy of imitation.

LUTHERAN WORK IN THE UNITED STATES

Large numbers of the immigrants are Lutherans. The resources of the Lutheran church in America to care for her people are thus stated by the Rev. J. N. Lenker, D.D., in the _Lutheran World_, the church organ:

For the Germans, 5,000 pastors, 8,000 churches, and 1,200,000 communicant members.

For the Scandinavians, 1,800 pastors, 14,300 churches, and 500,000 communicant members.

For the Finns, three synods, 58 pastors, 187 churches, and 22,149 communicant members.

For the Slovaks, about 200 organizations with a growing number of pastors and a very loyal constituency.

For the Letts and Esthonians, 21 organized congregations and preaching stations, divided into the eastern and western districts.

For the Icelanders, one synod, 10 pastors, 37 organized congregations, 3,785 communicant members.

For the Poles, Bohemians, and Magyars, work is done by the various German synods, the late statistics of which are not at hand. Besides congregations in these languages, many understand German and are served by German pastors.

The whole Lutheran Church of America, including the Swedish Mission Friends with 33,000 members and the German Evangelical Synod with 222,000 members, the constituents of which are nearly all Lutherans, making in all 8,956 pastors, 15,135 churches, and 2,123,639 communicant members are the results of immigrant mission work or mission work in foreign languages or languages other than English.

ANALYSIS OF THE IMMIGRATION FOR 1905, WITH REGARD TO RELIGIOUS AFFILIATIONS AND EASE OF ASSIMILATION[102]

First class and the easiest to assimilate are

English 50,865 Reformed Scotch 16,144 Reformed Germans 82,360 Luth. and Cath. Scandinavians 62,284 Lutheran Irish 54,266 Catholic. Finns 17,012 Lutheran Letts, et al. 18,604 Lutheran Slovaks 52,368 Lutheran ------- Total 353,903

Second class and the second easiest to assimilate:

Magyars 46,030 Ref. and Cath. Bohemians, etc 11,757 Ref. and Cath. French 11,021 Ref. and Cath. Ruthenians 14,473 Catholic ------ Total 83,281

Third class and the most difficult to evangelize and Americanize and the class that makes the new problem difficult:

Poles 102,137 Catholic Italians 226,320 Catholic Hebrews 129,910 Israelites ------- Total 458,367

APPENDIX D

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bernheimer, Charles S., Editor. The Russian Jew in the United States. B. F. Buck & Co., New York $1.50. Written mostly by Jews; replete with facts gathered in the various centers--New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Boston. Should be read by those who would understand this remarkable people.

Brandenburg, Broughton. Imported Americans. F. A. Stokes, New York. $1.60. Description of experiences while making personal investigations in New York, Italy, and the steerage, of immigration problems.

Crowell, Katherine R. Coming Americans. Willett Press, New York. Paper, 25 cents; Cloth, 35 cents. A book for Juniors, putting in attractive form for children and teachers of children the leading features of immigration.

Gordon, W. Evans. The Alien Immigrant. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. $1.50. Describes the Hebrews in European countries, with chapter on situation in the United States.

Hall, Prescott F. Immigration. Henry Holt & Co., New York. $1.50. The latest volume of comprehensive character, taking the restrictive position. The author is secretary of the Immigration Restriction League.

Holt, Hamilton. Undistinguished Americans. James Pott & Co., New York. $1.50. Biographical and readable.

Lord, Eliot, et al. The Italian in America. B. F. Buck & Co., New York. $1.50. Makes an exceedingly favorable showing for the Italians; somewhat one-sided but valuable.

Mayo-Smith, Richmond. Emigration and Immigration. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. $1.50. An exceedingly valuable and scholarly work.

McLanahan, Samuel. Our People of Foreign Speech. Fleming H. Revell Company, New York. 50 cents, net. A handbook containing many valuable facts in compact form.

Riis, Jacob. How the Other Half Lives. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. $1.25, net. Descriptive of the conditions in which the foreign population struggles for existence.

Roberts, Peter. Anthracite Coal Communities. The Macmillan Company, New York. $3.50. A study of the anthracite regions and the Slavs, similar in character to Dr. Warne's book.

Sinclair, Upton. The Jungle. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York. $1.50. A work based on personal investigation and living among the Slavs who labor in the stockyards in Chicago; vivid narrative. This book discloses the treatment of the alien that makes him a menace to America.

Strong, Josiah. Our Country. Baker & Taylor Company, New York. 60 cents. The points made in the chapter on Immigration are as pertinent now as when the book was issued in 1881.

Strong, Josiah. The Twentieth Century City. Baker & Taylor Company, New York. Paper, 25 cents; Cloth, 50 cents. Has the breadth of view and effectiveness which belong to the author.

Warne, F. Julian. The Slav Invasion. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, Pa. $1.00, net. Study at first hand of conditions in Pennsylvania mining regions and the Slav population.

Whelpley, J. D. The Problem of the Immigrant. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. $4.20. Dealing with the emigration and immigration laws of all nations.

Wood, Robert A. Americans in Process. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. $1.50. A series of papers by Robert A. Wood, and other workers in the South End House in Boston, Mass.

INDEX

Abuses, of immigration privileges and laws, 42, 43, 63-69, 78-84, 92, 93

Adams, Representative, of Pennsylvania, 74, 97

Admission, see _Immigrants_

Africans, 124

Alabama, 113

Albany, New York, 22

Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, 3

Alien, admission, 53-64; advance in numbers and distribution, 15-50, 102-117; characterized, 236, 237, 258; ideas imported, 241; loss of religious faith, 271; opinion of America, 272; protection, 65-68; restriction, 68-84

Aliens, classes excluded, 77, 78; total since American Revolution, 28

America, duty to guard its own genius, 232; mission, 10, 269; must be kept Christian, 271; unique mission field, 269

American, Christians, duty of, 10, 11, 44-47; fair play, 73; ideals to be preserved, 11, 46, 47, 91, 238, 239, 262; institutions, 232, 261; liberty, 117; Protestantism, 16, 47, 254, 255, 288; teacher in Syria, 39; Tract Society, 50; type of nationality, 11, 45, 46, 92, 238, 240

Americanization of immigrants, 10, 14, 46, 113, 126, 176, 242; children promoting, 205, 223, 259, 260

Anderson, Herbert, 268

Antwerp, 99

Appeal, right of, by excluded, 77, 78

Ardan, Ivan, 181, 182

Armenians, 124

Asia, immigrants from, 20, 21, 113

Assimilation of foreign peoples, 270, 271; aid to, 293

Assisted immigration, 43, 77, 93, 101

Associated Charities of Boston, 96

Atchison, Rena M., 194, 247

Attila, 27

Australians, as immigrants, 22

Austria, 81, 82

Austria-Hungary, 92, 165; immigrants from, 21, 25, 72

Baldwin, Mrs. S. L., 72, 73

Baltimore, 53

Barrows, Dr. S. J., 142

Battery, the, 54, 62, 108

Belgians, as immigrants, 21

Belgium, 29

Berlin, 199

Betts, Mrs. Lillian W., 151, 152, 204

Bible, 34, 167, 174, 283, 288

"Birds of passage," 71, 135

Blackwell's Island, 139

Board of Special Inquiry, 62

Bohemians, as immigrants, 21, 165-170; city centers, 166; freethinking tendencies, 168, 169; Protestant in spirit, 165-168; religious work among, 285

Booth, General William, 194

Bosnians, 183

Boston, 24, 53, 83, 198; Italian Society, 111

Boyesen, Professor, 28, 89, 90, 234

Brandenburg, Broughton, 41, 65-68, 82, 97, 98, 101

Bremen, 82, 99

Brooklyn, 148

Brooks, Phillips, 232

Bryce, James, 200

Buffalo, 172

Bulgarians, as immigrants, 21, 183

Bureau of Information, 110

Burlington, Iowa, 20

Calvin, 172

Cambridge, Massachusetts, 24

Canada, 27; ingress from, 53, 77, 92

Canadians, as immigrants, 21

Carr, Mr. 138

Carroll, Dr. H. K., 174

Castle Garden, 28

Celtic peoples, 123

Chandler, ex-Senator, 214

Chattanooga, Immigration Bureau in, 113

Chicago, 36, 166-172, 176, 187, 198

Childhood, the blighting of, 225, 226

Children, condition of, in great cities, 221, 222; number of, at work, 224, 226

Chinese, as immigrants, 21, 40, 72, 73; converts, 73, 89, 269; exclusion act, 70, 73; Sunday-schools for, 289

Chivers, Dr. E. E., 267

Chopin, 172

Christ, 44, 277

Christian attitude toward immigrants, 44-47, 270; coöperation and federation, 286; optimism, 8, 117, 262

Christianity, converts to, 73; its first impression for newcomers, 277, 278

Churches, duty and opportunity of, 270, 282, 286; abandoning lower New York, 278; must be missionary, 270; saving themselves through saving immigrants, 285; work for foreigners, 289

Cincinnati, 23

Citizenship, how degraded, 214

City, the, bad government of, 200; conditions of tenement-house life in, 201, 210; demoralizing influences, 209, 214; environment offered immigrants, 196, 201-206; foreignization of, 198, 199, 217; isolation of foreigners in, 205; nerve and storm center, 193; overcrowding, 203, 206; political evils, 214

City College, many Jewish pupils in, 189

Civil War, effect on immigration, 26, 31

Claghorn, Kate H., 97, 259

Cleveland, Ohio, 24, 166, 169, 172

Cleveland, President, 96

Colonies, foreign, in America, 196, 198, 200, 217

Colonists distinguished from immigrants, 45, 46

Columbia University, 13

Columbus, Christopher, 188

Commissioner-General of Immigration, 25, 76-78, 83, 92, 93; of the Port, 77

Coney Island, 150

Congestion of foreign elements in cities, 195

Congress, acts of, 70

Connecticut, 173, 174, 180

Consumption, statistics of, 220; foreign element largely its victims, 220

Contract labor exclusion, 77, 82, 92; violation, 82, 83

Convicts, excluded, 77

Cook, Joseph, 52

Coolies, Chinese, excluded, 70

Coöperation, interdenominational, 286; of Home Mission Boards, 288

Copernicus, 172

Crime, conditions favorable to increase of, 209, 224; foreigners led into by environment and example, 209

Croatians, 124, 183

Czechs, see _Bohemians_

Dalmatians, as immigrants, 183

Danes, as immigrants, 21

Debarred, see _Excluded_

Democracy, influence of upon aliens, 296, 298

Denmark, immigrants from, 23

Detroit, 21, 172

Discrimination needed as to immigrants, 127

Diseases guarded against, 57, 59, 60, 74, 77, 78, 93

Distribution of immigrants, 102-117; New York state, 105, 107; New Zealand methods, 116; North Atlantic section, 105; Ohio, 107; Pennsylvania, 105, 107; railroads assisting, 116; societies aiding, 107-113; South Central states, 105; West Virginia, 107; Western section, 105

Dublin, 199

Dutch, as immigrants, 21

Eastern invasion, the, 157-192

Edison, Thomas A., 247

Educational policy affected by immigration, 246

Ellis Island, 18, 19, 35, 37, 54, 55, 59-62, 74, 83, 99, 100, 108; missionary workers at, 274; results of personal efforts at, 275

Emerson, Ralph W., 247

English, as immigrants, 19, 21, 126; language, influence of, 259, 260

Environment, evil effects of upon children, 243

Europe, American ideas working in, 33, 34; immigrants from, 20, 23, 98, 123-192

Evangelization of immigrants, 10, 16, 46, 47; accessibility, 294; illustration of, 283; most potent factor in Americanizing, 270; need for extension of, 277; personal responsibility for, 290; sporadic, not systematic, 281

Evasion of immigration laws, 78-83

Excluded classes, 74-78, 100, 101

Federation of Jewish Charities, 102

Financial panics, effect on immigration, 26, 31

Finns, as immigrants, 21

Fiume, 82, 99

Forbes, James, 139

Foreign-born, distribution of, 107

Four State Immigration League, 113

France, 34

Franklin, Benjamin, 69

Freethinkers, their societies among immigrants, 168, 169, 180, 285

French-American College, the, 280

French, as immigrants, 21

French-Canadians, Roman Catholic convention of, 257

Fung Yuet Mow, 269

Gardner, Representative, of Massachusetts, 95

Genoa, 99, 132

Germans, as immigrants, 19, 21, 35, 126

Germany, immigrants from, 25, 33, 81

Goodchild, Rev. F. M., 33, 292

Grant, Ulysses S., 247

Great Britain, immigrants from, 25, 43, 128

Greece, 92

Greek Catholic Church, 182, 184; Orthodox or Russian State Church, 182

Greeks, as immigrants, 21, 37, 41

Hall, Prescott F., 45, 70, 129

Hamburg, 82, 99

Havre, 99

Hebrew, see _Jewish_, _Jews_