chapter I.

[521] The best treatment of this matter known to me is in Bernays’ _Phokion_ pp 78-85. See Diodorus XVIII 18, Plutarch _Phoc_ 28.

[522] According to Plut _Cleomenes_ 18, Sparta was very helpless before that king’s reforms. The Aetolians in a raid carried off 50000 slaves, and an old Spartan declared that this was a relief.

[523] Freeman’s _Federal Government_ chapter V.

[524] II 62.

[525] See Strabo VIII 8 § 1 p 388, and cf Plut _Philopoemen_ 13.

[526] Polyb IV 73. Theocritus had spoken of ἱππήλατος Ἆλις (XXII 156). Keeping horses was a mark of wealth.

[527] Theocritus XXII 157 Ἀρκαδία τ’ εὔμαλος Ἀχαιῶν τε πτολίεθρα. Polyb IX 17, and IV 3 (Messenia).

[528] Eubulus fragm 12, 34, 39, 53, 66, Kock. Also other references in Athenaeus X pp 417 foll.

[529] Polyb XX 6. Otherwise Mahaffy in _Gk Life and Thought_ chapter XIII.

[530] _FHG_ II pp 254-64, formerly attributed to Dicaearchus. Cited by E Meyer _Kleine Schriften_ p 137.

[531] II 62.

[532] IV 38.

[533] IV 73, 75.

[534] XXIII 1 § 11.

[535] In the famous case of the siege of Rhodes in 305-4 BC (Diodorus XX 84, 100) freedom seems to have been a _reward_, as has been pointed out by A Croiset.

[536] IV 20, 21. Compare Vergil _Buc_ X 32-3 _soli cantare periti Arcades_, VII 4-5.

[537] In a fragment cited by Athenaeus p 272 _a_, cf 264 _c_. In Hultsch’s text Polyb XII 6.

[538] Cited by Diodorus II 39, and by Arrian _Indica_ 10 §§ 8, 9.

[539] Calderini _la manomissione_ etc chapter V.

[540] See table in Collitz _Dialectinschriften_ II pp 635-42.

[541] παραμονά, παραμένειν.

[542] In 432 acts of manumission given in Wescher and Foucart _Inscriptions de Delphes_ 1863, I could not find one case of a rustic slave.

[543] Ar _Pol_ II 3 § 4, cf saying of Diogenes in Stob _flor_ LXII 47. Menander fragm 760 K εἷς ἐστι δοῦλος οἰκίας ὁ δεσπότης.

[544] See above, chapter XIII p 64.

[545] So Jove _Poenulus_ 944-5.

[546] _Casina_ 97 foll, _Poenulus_ 170-1, _Mostellaria_ 1-83.

[547] _Mercator_ 65 foll.

[548] _Mercator_ _passim_.

[549] _Trinummus_ 508-61.

[550] _Vidularia_ 31-2.

[551] _Vidularia_ 21-55, text is fragmentary.

[552] But not excluding it, since slaves were hired.

[553] _Hautontimorumenos_ 62-74.

[554] _Hautont_ 93-117.

[555] _Hautont_ 142-4.

[556] _Phormio_ 362-5, cf _Adelphoe_ 949.

[557] _Hecyra_ 224-6.

[558] _Adelphoe_ 45-6, cf 95, 401, 517-20, 845-9.

[559] _Adelphoe_ 541-2.

[560] Collitz I No. 345, Dittenberger 238-9. Mommsen’s notes in Hermes XVII.

[561] καὶ τὴν χώραν μᾶλλον ἐξεργασθήσεσθαι.

[562] That this neglect was not a new thing seems shewn by the saying of Alexander that the Thessalians deserved no consideration, ὅτι τὴν ἀρίστην κεκτημένοι οὐ γεωργοῦσι. Plut _apophth Alex_ 22.

[563] Livy XXXIV 51 §§ 4-6.

[564] Plutarch _Aratus_ 5-8.

[565] Plut _Dion_ 27, 37, 48.

[566] Plut _Timoleon_ 23, 36.

[567] Plut _Aratus_ 9, 12, 14.

[568] Plut _Philopoemen_ 3, 4.

[569] In fact became an αὐτουργός.

[570] _Bevölkerung der Griechisch-Römischen Welt_ pp 156-8.

[571] Diodorus XVIII 70 § 1.

[572] Livy XXXIV 50, Plut _Flamininus_ 13.

[573] Polyb XXXIX 8 §§ 1-5.

[574] Only in Appian _civ_ I 8 § 2. The provision is ascribed by Suet _Jul_ 42 to Julius Caesar. The two writers were contemporary. Whence did Appian get his story?

[575] Case of Persia.

[576] Cases of Messana, Syracuse, etc.

[577] Case of Carthage.

[578] Livy II 23 etc.

[579] Referred to in Iwan Müller’s _Handbuch_ IV ii 2, ed 3 pp 533 foll, article by H Blümner.

[580] That the household as a vigorous unit outlived the _gens_ is I think clear. I guess that this was because production for the supply of life-needs was more closely correlated with the former. Labour was more easily divorced from the clan-system than property was.

[581] Cic _Cato mai_ § 56, Liv III 26, Dionys X 8, 17, Plin _NH_ XVIII 20, Valer Max IV 7. The discrepancies in the versions do not concern us here.

[582] Liv III 13 §§ 8-10, Dionys X 8.

[583] Liv III 27 § 1.

[584] Liv X 36 § 17, Dionys VI 3, etc.

[585] Liv II 22 §§ 5-7.

[586] Varro _sat Men_ fr 59 and title of his satire _Marcipor_. Quintilian I 4 § 26, Festus p 306 L = 257 M _Marcipor Oppii_ in title of Plaut _Stichus_. Sallust _hist_ fr III 99 Maurenbrecher. Inscriptions CIL I 1076, 1034, 1386, Dessau 7822-3. For Pliny see below.

[587] Argument as in Luke’s gospel 17 §§ 7-9.

[588] Cic _Cato mai_ §§ 55-6, etc.

[589] Dionys XIX 15.

[590] Preserved in a fragment of Dion Cassius, fr 40 § 27.

[591] Columella I 4 § 2, Pliny _NH_ XVIII §§ 27-8, cf Valer Max IV 4 § 4.

[592] Livy _epit_ XVIII.

[593] Valer Max IV 4 § 6. The version given in Seneca _ad Helv_ 12 § 5 is much the same, but ends characteristically _fuitne tanti servum non habere, ut colonus eius populus Romanus esset?_ Here _colonus_ = tenant farmer.

[594] _colendum locari._

[595] Plin _NH_ XVIII § 39.

[596] Polyb I 31 § 4.

[597] Cato 5 § 4 (of duties of _vilicus_) _operarium mercennarium politorem diutius eundem ne habeat die_.

[598] How far we can infer this from references to slaves such as Livy XXIII 32 § 15 (215 BC), XXV 1 § 4 (213 BC), XXVI 35 § 5 (210 BC), is not quite certain. The Licinian law to check the grabbing of state domain land certainly does not prove it, for that land was probably for the most part pasture.

[599] Liv XXVIII 11 § 9.

[600] Weissenborn’s note on the passage.

[601] Liv XXII 57 § 11, and index to Livy under _volones_.

[602] Liv XXIII 49 §§ 1-4, XXIV 18 § 11, XXV 1 § 4, 3 § 8-4 § 11.

[603] Liv XXI 63 §§ 3, 4, Cic II _in Verr_ V § 45.

[604] Liv XXVI 36.

[605] Liv XXIX 16 §§ 1-3.

[606] Liv XXXI 13.

[607] See Rudorff _gromatische Institutionen_ pp 287-8.

[608] Liv XXXIII 42 § 3.

[609] _lex agraria_, line 31, in Bruns’ _fontes_ or Wordsworth’s _Specimens_.

[610] Appian _civ_ I 7 § 5. But the account given in this passage of the spread of _latifundia_ and slave-gangs is too loose to be of much value. In particular, the assertion that slave-breeding was already common and lucrative is not to be believed. Appian was misled by the experience of his own day. See Sallust _Iug_ 41 § 8 _interea parentes aut parvi liberi militum, uti quisque potentiori confinis erat, sedibus pellebantur_.

[611] The urban artisans engaged in the sedentary trades do not concern us here. See Weissenborn on Liv VIII 20 § 4 _opificum vulgus et sellularii_.

[612] Dionys III 31, IV 9, 13, etc.

[613] Dionys VI 79, a passage much coloured by later notions.

[614] Liv VII 4, 5. A slightly different and shorter version in Cic _de off_ III § 112.

[615] Cic _pro Sex Roscio_ § 46 recognizes this familiarity.

[616] Sallust _Catil_ 4 § 1.

[617] Cic _pro Sex Roscio_ §§ 39-51.

[618] Cic _pro Sex Roscio_ §§ 50-1.

[619] Livy VI 12 § 5, cf VII 25 § 8.

[620] Dionys XVII [XVIII] 4. L Postumius Megellus was consul 305, 294, 291 BC. The story relates to his third consulship. His earlier career may be followed in Liv IX 44, X 26 § 15, 32 § 1, 37, 46 § 16.

[621] Liv _epit_ XI.

[622] See the precept of Mago cited by Pliny _NH_ XVIII § 35.

[623] That is, on those possessed of a certain minimum of property, which was lowered in course of time. Originally reckoned on land only, thus reckoning only those settled on farms (_adsidui_). See Mommsen _Staatsrecht_ index. The rise in the census numbers between 131 and 125 BC is explained by Greenidge _History_ p 150 as due to the increase of _adsidui_ through effect of Gracchan legislation.

[624] See Greenidge _History_ pp 60-1, 424-5.

[625] See Cato’s opinion cited by Cic _de off_ II § 89, Columella VI _praef_ §§ 3-5, Plin _NH_ XVIII §§ 29, 30.

[626] Cic _in Catil_ II § 18.

[627] Cic _in Catil_ II § 20, cf _de lege agr_ II § 78 _fundos quorum subsidio familiarum magnitudines sustentare possint_.

[628] _familiis magnis._

[629] Livy VI 12 § 5, cf VII 25 § 8.

[630] Cairnes _The Slave Power_ ch III. [1862, second edn. 1863.]

[631] Cic _de republ_ III § 16.

[632] But see the oratorical picture of the bad steward, Cic II _in Verrem_ III § 119. That remarkable passage still leaves my questions unanswered, for the comparison with Verres is superficial and only serves a temporary purpose.

[633] Varro I 2 § 17, 17 §§ 5, 7.

[634] Cato 2 § 7, cf Martial XI 70.

[635] As Cato 5 § 2 says, _dominus inpune ne Sinat esse_.

[636] Foreshadowed in Xenophon _memor_ II 8.

[637] Compare the case of the _mercennarius_ and Regulus referred to above.

[638] Columella I _praef_ §§ 3, 12, 13, 20, XII _praef_ §§ 8-10.

[639] Pliny _NH_ XVIII §§ 41-3 (of earlier times), XIV §§ 48-50 (speculations), XVIII §§ 273-4.

[640] M Weber _Römische Agrargeschichte_ pp 242 foll.

[641] Sueton _Aug_ 32, _Tib_ 8, cf Seneca the elder _contr_ X 4 § 18. Later, Spart _Hadr_ 18. In law, Digest XXXIX 4 § 12².

[642] Even a _valetudinarium_ is provided. See Columella XI 1 § 18, XII 1 § 6, 3 §§ 7, 8.

[643] Columella I 7.

[644] Weber _op cit_ pp 244-5. See the chapter on Columella for this interpretation. It can hardly be considered certain, but it is not vital to the argument.

[645] Varro I 17 § 2, cf Colum I 3 § 12.

[646] Varro I 17 §§ 3-6.

[647] Plato _Laws_ 777 _d_, Arist _Pol_ VII 10 § 13, [Ar] _Oec_ I 5 § 6.

[648] Livy XXXIII 36 § 1.

[649] Livy XXXIX 29 §§ 8, 9, cf 41 § 6.

[650] Diodorus book XXXIV, and other authorities enumerated in my _Roman Republic_ § 683.

[651] Strabo XIV 1 § 38 [p 646], Diodorus XXXIV 2 § 26.

[652] Diodorus XXXVI.

[653] According to Appian _civ_ I 116 § 2 he was at first joined by some free rustics. The same seems to have been the case in Sicily and Asia.

[654] Sallust _Catil_ 44 §§ 5, 6, 56 § 5.

[655] Tacitus _ann_ IV 27.

[656] Tacitus _ann_ III 53-5.

[657] Text edited by Keil 1895.

[658] Plutarch _Cato maior_ 27.

[659] Jordan’s edition of his remains, p 77, Plut _Cat mai_ 23.

[660] Pliny _NH_ XVIII §§ 29, 30, and Cicero _de off_ II § 89, Columella VI _praef_ §§ 3-5.

[661] Jordan _op cit_ p 43. Plutarch _Cat mai_ 4.

[662] Plut _Cat mai_ 3-5, 20-1.

[663] Cato _agr_ 3 § 1, Pliny _NH_ XVIII § 32.

[664] Cato _agr_ 4.

[665] Cato _agr_ 56-7.

[666] Cato _agr_ 16, 136-7, 146.

[667] In 147 the _emptor_ of a season’s lambs seems to be bound to provide a _pastor_, who is held as a pledge to secure the final settlement.

[668] Cato _agr praef_.

[669] Cato _agr_ 10 § 1, 11 § 1.

[670] 2 § 7 _patrem familias vendacem non emacem esse oportet_.

[671] Cato _agr_ 1.

[672] Mommsen in _Hermes_ XV p 408.

[673] _praef_ § 2, 1 § 4. According to a speaker in Seneca _controv_ VII 6 § 17 Cato’s later wife was _coloni sui filiam ... ingenuam_. Plut _Cat mai_ 24 makes her πελάτιν, that is daughter of a client. There seems to be no real contradiction. The _cliens_ might be his patron’s tenant.

[674] 2 § 7 _boves vetulos ... servum senem, servum morbosum ... vendat_. Cf Plut _Cat mai_ 5, Martial XI 70, Juvenal X 268-70. In Terence _Hautont_ 142-4 the Old Man, on taking to farming, sells off all his household slaves save such as are able to pay for their keep _opere rustico faciundo_. His motive for giving up domestic comfort and taking to hard manual labour on the land is to punish himself. So _ibid_ 65-74 he appears as neglecting to keep his farm-hands at work.

[675] Plut _Cat mai_ 21.

[676] Pliny _NH_ XVIII § 35.

[677] Polyb XXXII 13 §§ 10, 11.

[678] Plut _Cat mai_ 21, 25, 4.

[679] Jordan _op cit_ p 43.

[680] Cf Plin _epist_ III 19 § 5.

[681] Plut _Cat mai_ 21, 4.

[682] Plut _Cat mai_ 20.

[683] Pliny even refers to his precepts as _oracula_.

[684] Cato _agr_ 1 § 3 _operariorum copia siet_.

[685] Cato _agr_ 4 _operas facilius locabis, operarios facilius conduces_.

[686] Cato _agr_ 5, 83, 143.

[687] Cato _agr_ 2 § 1.

[688] Cato _agr_ 13 § 1 _duo custodes liberi ... tertius servus_ ... etc.

[689] Ibid 66 _ubi factores vectibus prement_.

[690] Ibid 64 § 1.

[691] Ibid 144.

[692] Ibid 144-5.

[693] Ibid 146.

[694] Ibid 149 § 2.

[695] Ibid 150.

[696] Ibid 66-7.

[697] Ibid 56.

[698] Ibid 10 § 1, 11 § 1.

[699] It is to be noted that _bubulci_ are to be indulgently treated, in order to encourage them to tend the valued oxen with care. 5 § 6.

[700] Ibid 56 _compeditis ... ubi vineam fodere coeperint_. Cf Columella I 9 § 4.

[701] Ibid 14.

[702] Ibid 16, 38.

[703] Ibid 136. In 5 § 4 the _politor_ appears as a hired wage-earner, apparently paid by the job. In Varro III 2 § 5 we find _fundo ... polito cultura_. See Nonius p 66 M for _politiones = agrorum cultus diligentes_. Greenidge _hist_ p 79 regards the _politores_ as métayer tenants, why, I do not know.

[704] Ibid 7 § 2, 21 § 5.

[705] Ibid 5, especially § 4 _operarium, mercennarium, politorem diutius eundem ne habeat die_. This is taken by Wallon II pp 100, 345, to mean that these hired men are to be paid off at the end of their stipulated term. Keil thinks they are to be dischargeable at a day’s notice. _eundem_ seems to imply that it was convenient to change your hired men often.

[706] Ibid 2 § 2, and § 4 _viam publicam muniri_.

[707] The account given in Greenidge’s _History of Rome_ deserves special reference here. On pp 266-7 he well points out that it was not the Gracchan aim to revive the free labourer but the peasant proprietor.

[708] This is known from the _lex agraria_ of which a large part is preserved. See text in Bruns’ _Fontes_ or Wordsworth’s _Specimens_. Translated and explained in Dr E G Hardy’s _Six Roman Laws_.

[709] Perhaps some inference may be drawn from Sallust _Iug_ 73 § 6 _plebes sic accensa uti opifices agrestesque omnes, quorum res fidesque in manibus sitae erant, relictis operibus frequentarent Marium_ ... etc, though this refers directly to political support, not to the recruiting of troops.

[710] See the important paper by Dr E G Hardy _Journ Phil_ 1913.

[711] _Monum Ancyr_ III 22 [cap XVI].

[712] Varro _RR_ I 2 §§ 3, 6. I find since writing this that Heisterbergk _Entstehung des Colonats_ p 57 treats this utterance, rightly, as rhetorical.

[713] See Mr Storr-Best’s translation, Introduction pp xxvii-xxx.

[714] _RR_ I 4 § 5. Surely in 49 Varro was in Spain.

[715] As in _RR_ II _praef_ § 6.

[716] The wild hill-pastures are referred to by Varro _RR_ II 1 § 16 as still leased to _publicani_ to whom the _scriptura_ or registration fees had to be paid. I have given further references in my _Roman Republic_ § 1351. See M Weber _Römische Agrargeschichte_ pp 135 foll.

[717] _RR_ I 18.

[718] _RR_ I 17.

[719] _RR_ I 6-16.

[720] [_genus_] _vocale_, _semivocale_, _mutum_.

[721] These are specimens only. Others would be hired freemen, asses, and (near a river) barges.

[722] _ipsi_ suggests peasant owners.

[723] _pauperculi cum sua progenie._

[724] _mercennariis ... conducticiis liberorum operis._

[725] _obaerarios_ or _obaeratos_, who work off a debt by labour for a creditor.

[726] _de quibus universis._ This seems to refer to all human workers.

[727] _gravia loca._ Cf I 12 § 2.

[728] _operarios parandos esse_, not _conducendos_, for these are clearly slaves. Cf I 16 § 4.

[729] The text here is damaged. I give the apparent meaning.

[730] _qui praesint_, a very general expression.

[731] That is, obedience.

[732] _offensiones domesticas._ Varro may have in mind the Syrians in the Sicilian slave-wars and the Thracians and Gauls under Spartacus.

[733] _peculium._

[734] Here also the text is doubtful.

[735] _RR_ II 3 § 7 _in lege locationis fundi excipi solet ne colonus capra natum in fundo pascat_.

[736] _RR_ I 2 § 17 _leges colonicas_ ... etc.

[737] Caesar _BC_ I 34, 56.

[738] _servis libertis colonis suis._

[739] _colonis pastoribusque._

[740] As a creditor on a debtor.

[741] _RR_ I 16 § 4 _itaque in hoc genus coloni potius anniversarios habent vicinos, quibus imperent, medicos fullones fabros, quam in villa suos habeant_.

[742] _RR_ II _praef_ § 5, cf I 2 § 13 foll, and Columella VI _praef_ §§ 1, 2.

[743] They evidently own slaves, though not special craftsmen, and are distinct from the _pauperculi_ of I 17 § 2.

[744] _RR_ II _praef_ §§ 3, 4.

[745] _RR_ III 16 §§ 10, 11.

[746] _RR_ II 10 §§ 4, 5.

[747] _RR_ I 22 § 1. Basket work is often referred to in scenes of country life. Cf Verg _buc_ II 71-2, _georg_ I 266.

[748] _RR_ III 3 § 4, 17 § 6.

[749] Cf Cato 56, Columella I 9 § 4.

[750] _RR_ I 18 §§ 2, 6.

[751] _valetudini tempestati inertiae indiligentiae._

[752] In _RR_ III 2 § 5 _cum villa non sit sine fundo magno et eo polito cultura_ the reference is quite general.

[753] This is well illustrated by the words of Cicero _de republ_ V § 5.

[754] As in his opinion the younger Cato did.

[755] See _pro Murena_ § 62, where _disputandi causa_ is opposed to _ita vivendi_.

[756] See _Brutus_ § 257, _de orat_ I §§ 83, 263, II § 40, _de finibus_ V § 52, _Tusc disp_ I § 34, III § 77, V § 104. The _messores_ whose rustic brogue is referred to in _de orat_ III § 46 surely are free Italians.

[757] From lack of the _ingenuae artes_ and _liberales doctrinae_ etc.

[758] _de offic_ I § 150 _inliberales autem et sordidi quaestus mercennariorum omnium quorum operae non quorum artes emuntur: est enim in illis ipsa merces auctoramentum servitutis_.

[759] The _operae_ often referred to.

[760] The _familiae publicanorum_. The _publicani_ complained loudly when their slave-staff was in danger from the violence of others. Cf _de imperio Pompei_ § 16.

[761] Cf the famous case of Clodius and Milo.

[762] Cf _pro Rosc com_ §§ 32, 49, 54, _pro Tullio_ § 21.

[763] For a discussion of these see Greenidge in the Appendix to _The legal procedure of Cicero’s time_.

[764] _pro Tullio_ §§ 7-12.

[765] _pro Tullio_ §§ 14-22.

[766] § 17 _mittit ad procuratorem litteras et ad vilicum_.

[767] To conduct of this kind Cicero makes a general reference in _Paradoxa_ VI § 46 _expulsiones vicinorum ... latrocinia in agris_.

[768] _pro Caecina_ §§ 10-19.

[769] _pro Caecina_ § 1 _in agro locisque desertis_.

[770] _pro Vareno_ fragm 5, _pro Cluentio_ § 161, cf _pro Tullio_ § 8.

[771] _in toga candida_ fragm 11 _alter pecore omni vendito et saltibus prope addictis pastores retinet, ex quibus ait se cum velit subito fugitivorum bellum excitaturum_. For the _fugitivi_ in Sicily cf II _in Verrem_ II § 27, III § 66, IV § 112, V _passim_, and the famous inscription of Popilius, Wilmanns 797 and Wordsworth _specimens_ pp 221, 475, CIL I 551, referring to first Sicilian slave-war.

[772] _Brutus_ § 85.

[773] _pro Roscio Amer_ §§ 39-51.

[774] _pro Caecina_ §§ 58, 63.

[775] Thus in _pro Cluentio_ § 163 a disreputable tool is _mercennarius Oppianici_.

[776] _de officiis_ I § 151 _quorum ordini conveniunt_.

[777] _de officiis_ I § 41.

[778] II _in Verrem_ I § 147, IV § 77.

[779] Thus of orators, _Brutus_ § 297, _de orat_ I §§ 83, 263, cf II § 40. Also _opifex_ in _Tusc disp_ V § 34.

[780] _de orat_ I § 249 _si mandandum aliquid procuratori de agri cultura aut imperandum vilico est_.

[781] _pro Tullio_ § 17 _mittit ad procuratorem litteras et ad vilicum_.

[782] Cicero’s own estate at Arpinum seems to have been let in _praediola_ to tenants. See _ad Att_ XIII 9 § 2.

[783] _pro Caecina_ §§ 17, 57, 94.

[784] _pro Caecina_ § 57, cf 63. So in § 58 the word _familia_ is shewn not to be limited to slaves personally owned by the litigant referred to.

[785] II _in Verrem_ III §§ 53-5, and _passim_. These _arationes_ paid _decumae_.

[786] _pro Cluentio_ §§ 175, 182.

[787] _de orat_ II § 287.

[788] _de republ_ V § 5, where the perfect ruler is a sort of blend of _dispensator_ and _vilicus_.

[789] _pro Plancio_ § 62.

[790] II _in Verrem_ III § 119.

[791] _pro Rabirio_ §§ 10-17.

[792] _hanc condicionem ... quam servi, si libertatis spem propositam non haberent, ferre nullo modo possent._

[793] _Philippic_ VIII § 32.

[794] Cic _ad fam_ XVI 16 § 1 _eum indignum illa fortuna nobis amicum quam servum esse maluisti_.

[795] _pro Roscio Amer_ § 120 _homines paene operarios_.

[796] II _in Verrem_ III § 27.

[797] _quid, qui singulis iugis arant, qui ab opere ipsi non recedunt_ ... etc.

[798] The infamous henchman of Verres.

[799] Diodorus fragm XXXIV 2 § 48, XXXVI 5 § 6.

[800] _de lege agr_ II §§ 80-3.

[801] See Beloch _Campanien_ pp 304-6.

[802] _de lege agr_ II § 84 _agros desertos a plebe atque a cultura hominum liberorum esse non oportere_.

[803] _genus ... optimorum et aratorum et militum ... illi miseri, nati in illis agris et educati, glaebis subigendis exercitati_ ... etc.

[804] _de lege agr_ II §§ 88-9 _locus comportandis condendisque fructibus, ut aratores cultu agrorum defessi urbis domiciliis uterentur ... receptaculum aratorum, nundinas rusticorum, cellam atque horreum Campani agri_ ... etc.

[805] _de lege agr_ II § 82 _deinde ad paucos opibus et copiis adfluentis totum agrum Campanum perferri videbitis_.

[806] See above, chap XXV p 183.

[807] Sallust _Cat_ 4 § 1.

[808] Sallust _Cat_ 37 § 7 _iuventus, quae in agris manuum mercede inopiam toleraverat_ ... etc.

[809] Sallust _Iug_ 73 § 6 _opifices agrestesque omnes, quorum res fidesque in manibus sitae erant_ ... etc.

[810] Two notorious instances are Pompey and M Brutus.

[811] Horace _Odes_ II 15, III 6, etc.

[812] Horace _Odes_ IV 5, 15, etc.

[813] A picture forestalled by Lucretius III 1053-75.

[814] Already illustrated in the case of Cato noted above.

[815] See Cic _de legibus_ III § 30. Cf Horace _epodes_ IV.

[816] See Rostowzew, _Röm Colonat_, for detailed inquiry into Eastern phenomena, Egyptian in particular. For the case of China see reference to Macgowan [Appendix D 6]. A very interesting account of the system in Hindustan in the 17th century, with criticism of its grave abuses, may be found in the _Travels in the Mogul empire_ by François Bernier, ed 2 by V A Smith, Oxford 1914, pages 226-38. I believe the legal phrase is ‘Eminent Domain.’

[817] In Greenidge, _History_ pp 292-3, there are some good remarks on the process.

[818] Frontinus grom I p 35, Columella III 3 § 11, and Heisterbergk’s remarks cited below. See Index, _Italian land and taxation_.

[819] Tacitus _ann_ II 59 _seposuit Aegyptum hist_ I 11 _domi retinere_. This need not be taken to mean that he treated it strictly as part of his private estate, as Mommsen thought. See on the controversy a note of E Meyer _Kl Schr_ p 479.

[820] See M Weber _Agrargeschichte_ pp 243 foll.

[821] The estates of Atticus in Epirus are a leading case of this. Horace _epist_ I 12 refers to those of Agrippa in Sicily. Such cases have nothing to do with emigration of working farmers, in which I do not believe. Surely Greenidge _History_ p 270 is right in saying that the Gracchan scheme of colonization was commercial rather than agricultural. Also the municipalities, beside their estates in Italy, held lands in the Provinces. See Tyrrell and Purser on Cic _ad fam_ XIII 7 and 11. In general, Seneca _epist_ 87 § 7, 89 § 20, Florus II 7 § 3.

[822] We may perhaps carry this back into the time of the Republic. See the references to the royal domains of Macedon, Livy XLV 18 § 3, and with others Cic _de lege agr_ II § 50.

[823] See the chapter on the African inscriptions.

[824] For the cases of India and China see references to Sir A Fraser and Macgowan [Appendix D 6].

[825] Tacitus _ann_ XIV 27 records the failure of Nero’s colonization of veterans singly in Italy, who mostly returned to the scenes of their service. He strangely regrets the abandonment of the old plan of settling them in whole legions. It is to be remembered that in the later Empire the army was more and more recruited from the barbarians.

[826] The γῆ κληρουχική, assigned in κλῆροι to soldiers.

[827] See Herodotus II 165-7, cf 141, Strabo XV 1 § 40 (p 704), § 34 (p 701), § 54 (p 710), cf Diodorus II 40-1, Arrian _Indica_ 10 §§ 8, 9. The references to slave-traffic in the _Periplus maris Erythraei_ do not really imply existence of a slave-system in India. See Rapson _Ancient India_ p 97. Much of interest in Sir J D Rees, _The real India_, on the Land-system etc. In _The early history of India_ by V A Smith the existence of slavery in India is maintained.

[828] See Dionysius II 28, cf 8, 9.

[829] The _operae_ referred to in the African inscriptions.

[830] It is possible to see a beginning of this system in the tenancy-on-shares (the _colonia partiaria_) which we find not only in Italy but in Africa as a recognized plan.

[831] This is the view of Rostowzew _Röm Colonat_ p 397.

[832] Hor _Sat_ II 7 23, _Epist_ II 1 139-40.

[833] Hor _Odes_ I 12.

[834] _Odes_ II 15, 18, _Sat_ II 6 6-15.

[835] _Odes_ III 6.

[836] _Odes_ III 5. See above pp 139-40.

[837] _Odes_ III 1 _redemptor cum famulis_.

[838] _Odes_ II 3, _Epist_ II 2 177-8.

[839] _Odes_ I 1, II 16, III 16.

[840] _Odes_ I 1 _patrios ... agros_, Epode II 3 _paterna rura bobus exercet suis_.

[841] _Epode_ IV 13 _arat Falerni mille fundi iugera_, etc.

[842] _Odes_ III 16 _quicquid arat impiger Apulus_.

[843] _Epode_ II 39 foll.

[844] A fact recognized by Horace himself in lines 14-16 of _Odes_ III 4, and _Sat_ I 5 lines 77 foll.

[845] _Odes_ I 35 _pauper ... ruris colonus_, II 14 _inopes coloni_. _Sat_ II 2 115, where the fact of expulsion in favour of a military pensioner is judiciously ignored. See below.

[846] These _coloni_ of course owned their farms; that is, were _domini_. _Odes_ III 4 lines 37-8, _Sat_ II 6 55-6.

[847] _Odes_ I 1 _mercator ... indocilis pauperiem pati_, cf III 2.

[848] So Cicero’s estate at Arpinum is spoken of _ad Att_ XIII 9 § 2 as _praediola_ and was perhaps let in the same way.

[849] Cf Seneca _epist_ 47 § 14, 86 § 14.

[850] The ownership of the slaves is another matter, for in letting farms the _dominus_ often supplied the slaves. See Index, _instrumentum_.

[851] I find that Mr Warde Fowler, _The death of Turnus_ p 105, also takes this view. But he understands _pater_ to imply that the man brought up a family, which I do not. I agree that it gives the idea of headship of a household.

[852] _Italische Landeskunde_ II p 615.

[853] The description of such an _agellus_ in Plin _epist_ I 24 illustrates the wants of a literary landowner excellently.

[854] Tibullus II 1 51 _agricola adsiduo ... satiatus aratro_.

[855] Tibullus II 6 25-6.

[856] Ovid _fasti_ I 207, III 779-82, IV 693-4.

[857] Ovid _metam_ I 135-6, Manilius I 73-4.

[858] Vitruvius II 1.

[859] I cannot accept Prof. Richmond’s view (Inaugural lecture 1919 p 25) of the _Georgics_ as ‘concerned with every side of husbandry.’

[860] Whether Vergil suffered two expulsions, and what is the chronological order of eclogues I and IX, are questions that do not affect my inquiry.

[861] Pliny _epist_ III 10 § 7.

[862] _Aen_ VII 641-817, IX 603-13.

[863] e.g. _Aen_ VI 613.

[864] Ellis on Catullus XXIII 1.

[865] See page 217.

[866] Sueton _Vespas_ I.

[867] Keightley includes Mago, whether rightly or not I am not sure. Conington’s Introduction treats this matter fully.

[868] The futility of addressing rustic readers in polished literary language (_diserte_) is commented on by Palladius [4th cent AD] in his opening sentences. He has been thought to have in view Columella, who by the by is Vergil’s great admirer. I cannot accept the views of Daubeny in his _Lectures_ pp 3-5. It is possible that the use of fire in improving land may be a bit of Vergil’s own advice, but I doubt it. See Daubeny pp 91-4, _georg_ I 84 foll.

[869] E Meyer _Kl Schr_ p 488 describing the hopeless task of Augustus in attempting the moral and physical regeneration of Italy makes the general remark ‘Nur an die höheren Stände, nur an die Elite, konnte Augustus sich wenden.’ This is a true picture of the situation as a whole. To have to begin building at the top was fatal.

[870] Most clearly stated in Columella I 7.

[871] For _coloni_ of Cicero’s time see II _in Verr_ III § 55, _pro Caecina_ § 94, _pro Cluent_ §§ 175, 182. The references in Horace are given below. That letting to tenants was practised about 100 BC or earlier, appears certain from the reference to Saserna’s opinion on this policy in Columella I 7 § 4.

[872] Velleius II 88, and many passages in Seneca and other authors.

[873] Dion Cass LII 27-8.

[874] Compare Suet _Aug_ 41 for the Emperor’s actual policy. It seems that the influx of specie captured at Alexandria sent the rate of interest down and the price of land up.

[875] This is admirably dealt with in Sellar’s _Virgil_, and need not be reproduced here.

[876] Mr T R Glover, _Virgil_ p 14, reminds us that the poet’s father is said to have done some business in timber at one time.

[877] When Cicero _de orat_ III § 46 credits _messores_ with a rustic brogue he can hardly be thinking of foreign slaves.

[878] As in Lucan VII 402 _vincto fossore_.

[879] Varro _RR_ II 10.

[880] See Varro _RR_ II 2 § 20, 5 § 18, 7 § 16, even for treatment of _homines_ 10 § 10. Written books of prescriptions were provided.

[881] _Georg_ III 515-30.

[882] _tristis_ suggests the owner. A slave was not likely to care.

[883] In Sellar’s _Virgil_ chapter VI § 5 there is an excellent treatment of this episode, with a discussion of V’s relation to Lucretius and a most apposite quotation from G Sand.

[884] Varro II 5 § 4, Columella VI _praef_ § 7, Plin _NH_ VIII § 180.

[885] The _molle atque facetum_ attributed to V by Horace is I think rightly explained by Quintilian VI 3 § 20, and amounts to easy and fastidious taste, of course the result of careful revision, his practice of which is attested in the Suetonian biography.

[886] So Tibullus II 1 41-2.

[887] Cf Cic _de off_ I §§ 41, 150, passages in which the growth of the technical sense is seen.

[888] See the interesting story of the bee-farm in Varro _RR_ III 16 §§ 10, 11.

[889] Pliny _NH_ XIX §§ 50-1.

[890] II 412-3 _laudato ingentia rura, exiguum colito_. Not found in surviving text of Cato.

[891] II 532.

[892] I 125-8, II 336-42.

[893] II 136-76.

[894] Dionys _Hal_ I 36-7, Strabo VI 4 § 1, p 286, Varro _RR_ I 2 §§ 1-7.

[895] Horace _Odes_ IV 5, 15, published about 14 BC. So Martial V 4 declares that Domitian has made Rome _pudica_.

[896] Sueton _Aug_ 32 (cf _Tib_ 8), and the elder Seneca _contr_ X 4 § 18. Even in the second century AD, Spart _Hadr_ 18 § 9 _ergastula servorum et liberorum tulit_. Perhaps the _ergastula_ in Columella I 3 § 12 refer to the same practice.

[897] H Blümner in Müller’s _Handbuch_ IV 2 2 p 543 says that Varro does not refer to the _Kolonat als Pacht_. But that sense seems clearly implied in I 2 § 17, II 3 § 4 _in lege locationis fundi_. In I 16 § 4 it surely includes tenants, even if the application is more general. In II _praef_ § 5 _colonus_ is simply = _arator_, opposed to _pastor_.

[898] Columella I 7.

[899] Pliny _epist_ III 19, IX 37.

[900] This reminds us of Varro’s words, speaking (I 17 § 2) of free workers ... _cum ipsi colunt, ut plerique pauperculi cum sua progenie_.

[901] Cf Tibullus II 1 23 _turbaque vernarum saturi bona signa coloni_.

[902] See above, p 216.

[903] Hor _epist_ I 14 39, cf II 2 184-6.

[904] Hor _Sat_ I 3 99 foll, where _animalia_ seems to mean little more than _homines_.

[905] Hor _Sat_ II 6 55-6, _Odes_ III 4 37-40.

[906] The one reference to the assignations [_G_ II 198] only speaks of the misfortune of Mantua, not of his own.

[907] Hor _Epist_ I 16 69-72.

[908] Hor _Sat_ I 1 28, 32.

[909] For the story of the φιάλη (freedman’s offering) sent yearly by Maecenas to Augustus as a recognition of his restoration of Roman freedom, see Gardthausen _Augustus_ VII 7 and notes.

[910] _Monum Ancyr_ ed Mommsen, I 16-9, III 22-8.

[911] Tacitus _ann_ XIV 53.

[912] Gardthausen _Augustus_ VII 7, pp 768-9. He quotes Schol ad Juvenal V 3 (Maecenas) _ad quem sectio bonorum Favoni pertinuerat_.

[913] Varro _RR_ I 17, a notable chapter.

[914] Livy VI 12, VII 25.

[915] Plin _NH_ XXXVII §§ 201-3.

[916] _Augustus_ VI 3, p 547.

[917] Macrob _Sat_ I 11 § 22.

[918] Dion Cass XLVIII 6 § 3.

[919] The words of Donatus (after Suetonius) in his life of Vergil. Reifferscheid’s Suetonius p 59.

[920] Keightley (1846) says the same.

[921] With much respect and regret, I cannot accept the views of Prof Conway in his inaugural lecture of 1903.

[922] The absence of reference to Cicero has of course been noted. But this was general in the Augustan age.

[923] Seneca _epist_ 86 § 15.

[924] Seneca _controversiae_ II 1 § 26.

[925] Seneca _excerpt contr_ V 5

[926] Compare the reference to unruly _servorum agmina_ in Calabria, Tac _ann_ XII 65, in the time of Claudius.

[927] Seneca _excerpt contr_ VI 2.

[928] Seneca _contr_ II 1 § 5.

[929] Seneca _contr_ VII 6 § 18.

[930] Seneca _contr_ X 4 § 18 _solitudines suas isti beati ingenuorum ergastulis excolunt_. See above p 233 and below on Columella p 263.

[931] Seneca _contr_ VII 6 § 17, cf Plut _Cat mai_ 24.

[932] Val Max IV 4 § 6.

[933] Val Max IV 3 § 5, cf 4 § 7, 8 § 1.

[934] Val Max VII 5 § 2.

[935] Phaedr IV 5, II 8.

[936] Such as Polybius the influential freedman of Claudius, to whom Seneca addressed a _consolatio_.

[937] _Epist_ 77 § 7 is a notable passage.

[938] Cf _de benef_ III 26.

[939] As by the younger Pliny _paneg_ 42 on Trajan.

[940] _de benef_ V 18 § 2, 19 § 1, VII 4 § 4.

[941] _de clement_ I 18, _nat quaest_ I 16 § 1.

[942] _de benef_ III 22 § 1, cf Athenaeus 276 b.

[943] _de benef_ V 19 § 9, _epist_ 12 § 3.

[944] _de constant_ (ad Serenum) 5 § 1.

[945] _epist_ 47 § 14.

[946] _epist_ 90 § 27, _artificem vides vitae_ etc.

[947] _epist_ 65 § 6.

[948] _epist_ 88 § 21. The contrast of _liberalis_ and _sordidus_ often occurs.

[949] _epist_ 90 § 15.

[950] _epist_ 44 § 3 _aquam traxit et rigando horto locavit manus_.

[951] _epist_ 114 § 26 _quot millia colonorum arent fodiant_ ... etc.

[952] _epist_ 123 § 2 _non habet panem meus pistor: sed habet vilicus, sed habet atriensis, sed habet colonus_. _atriensis_ = head of domestics, porter or butler.

[953] _de benef_ VI 4 § 4 _colonum suum non tenet, quamvis tabellis manentibus, qui segetem eius proculcavit, qui succidit arbusta, non quia recepit quod pepigerat sed quia ne reciperet effecit. Sic debitori suo creditor saepe damnatur, ubi plus ex alia causa abstulit quam ex crediti petit._

[954] The _pactum_ implied in _pepigerat_.

[955] _de benef_ VII 5 §§ 2, 3, _conduxi domum a te; in hac aliquid tuum est, aliquid meum; res tua est, usus rei tuae meus est. itaque nec fructus tanges colono tuo prohibente, quamvis in tua possessione nascantur ... nec conductum meum, quamquam sis dominus, intrabis, nec servum tuum, mercennarium meum, abduces_ ... etc. See the chapter on the Jurists of the Digest.

[956] _epist_ 90 § 39 _licet itaque nunc conetur reparare quod perdidit, licet agros agris adiciat vicinum vel pretio pellens vel iniuria, licet in provinciarum spatium rura dilatet et possessionem vocet per sua longam peregrinationem_ ... etc. For _iniuria_ cf Columella I 3 §§ 6, 7. The violent expulsion of poor farmers by the rich is an old topic. Cf Sallust _Iug_ 41 § 8, Appian _civ_ I 7 § 5 and see index.

[957] _epist_ 87 § 7 _quia in omnibus provinciis arat ... quia tantum suburbani agri possidet quantum invidiose in desertis Apuliae possideret_.

[958] _de ira_ III 29 § 1.

[959] Lucan VII 387-439.

[960] _vincto fossore coluntur Hesperiae vegetes._

[961] I 158-82.

[962] _longa sub ignotis extendere rura colonis._ Cf Seneca _de vita beata_ 17 § 2 _cur trans mare possides? cur plura quam nosti?_ and Petron 37.

[963] VI 152 _o famuli turpes, servum pecus_.

[964] Calpurn _ecl_ IV 118.

[965] Petron § 37 _fundos habet qua milvi volant_. A proverbial phrase, cf Persius IV 26 _dives arat ... quantum non milvus oberret_, Juvenal IX 55.

[966] Petron § 53.

[967] _edicta aedilium._

[968] _saltuariorum testamenta._ They were evidently slaves and could only make wills by leave of their owner. See Dig XXXIII 7 § 12⁴.

[969] Many times referred to in the book.

[970] I 3 §§ 8-13.

[971] Cf Plin _epist_ III 19 § 2 _pulchritudo iungendi_, and Mayor’s note. Petron § 77.

[972] I 3 §§ 6, 7, where he even refers to a very disobliging neighbour of his own estate.

[973] I 1 § 20 _longinqua ne dicam transmarina rura_ ... etc.

[974] I _praef_ §§ 13-15, XII _praef_ §§ 8-10.

[975] I _praef_ § 12.

[976] I 7 _passim_.

[977] If we are to hold that _opus_ here refers only to work on the particular farm hired by the tenant, I presume it includes improvements, as in Digest XIX 2 § 24³.

[978] _remissionem petere non audet._

[979] _felicissimum fundum esse qui colonos indigenas haberet et tamquam in paterna possessione natos iam inde a cunabulis longa familiaritate retineret._

[980] _urbanum colonum, qui per familiam mavult agrum quam per se colere._

[981] _rusticos et eosdem adsiduos colonos._

[982] _in his regionibus quae gravitate caeli solique sterilitate vastantur._ Cf I 5 § 5, _gravibus_, and Varro I 17 § 2.

[983] By H. Blümner in Müller’s _Handbuch_. So also Gummerus in _Klio_ 1906 pp 85-6.

[984] _domini praesentia cariturum._

[985] Dig XXXIII 7 § 25¹, XIX 2 § 24, § 25³.

[986] M Weber _Röm Agrargeschichte_ p 244. Of course _opus_ is a general term, not technical as _operae_ (= labour units) often is. See Vinogradoff _Growth of the Manor_ note 94 on p 110. From Horace _epist_ I 1 21 _opus debentibus_ I can get no help.

[987] See below, in the chapter on the African inscriptions.

[988] Caesar _civ_ I 34, 56.

[989] Wallon, _Esclavage_ II 99, 100, refers to the long leasing of municipal estates, held in virtual perpetuity so long as the rent was paid. He cites Gaius III 145. So too estates of temples, and later of the _fiscus_.

[990] Wallon II 120, cf Digest XXXIII 7 § 19, an opinion of Paulus. It seems to be a sort of _métayer_ system. See index.

[991] But such as the _imbecilli cultores_ of Plin _epist_ III 19 § 6.

[992] See case referred to by Paulus in Digest XXXI § 86¹.

[993] I _praef_ § 12 _ex mercennariis aliquem_. In II 2 § 12 _operarum vilitas_, and IV 6 § 3 _operarum paenuria_, III 21 § 10 _plures operas quantocumque pretio conducere_, the hands hired may be slaves.

[994] Of course not necessarily agricultural, in fact generally not. See my article in _Journal of Roman Studies_ 1918, and Index under _Emigration_.

[995] Very different from the small farmers of old time, who were owners.

[996] See for instance Digest XXXIII 7 § 18⁴, and § 20¹, opinions of Scaevola.

[997] I 8 and XI 1.

[998] I 8 §§ 1-3, XI 1 §§ 3, 4, 7.

[999] I 8 §§ 3, 4, where he says that a man who learns how to do things _ab subiecto_ is not fitted _opus exigere_. XI 1 §§ 9-13 is not inconsistent with this, but lays more stress on the necessity of training the _vilicus_.

[1000] I 8 § 5 _contubernalis mulier_. She is to be _vilica_, cf XII 1 §§ 1, 2. Apuleius _met_ VIII 22.

[1001] _eidemque actori_ = him in his capacity of _actor_. Cf XI 1 §§ 13, 19. See Index, _actor_.

[1002] I 8 §§ 6, 7, XI 1 §§ 22-3.

[1003] _nisi ut addiscat aliquam culturam._ He is in a sense _colonus_, and hence his sphere of duty is called _colonia_ in XI 1 § 23. In I 4 §§ 4, 5 the value of experiments is recognized.

[1004] I 8 § 8, XI 1 §§ 20-1.

[1005] I 8 § 9, XI 1 § 21.

[1006] I 8 § 10 _animi, quantum servile patitur ingenium, virtutibus instructus_.

[1007] I 8 § 10, XI 1 § 25.

[1008] I 8 § 11 _operis exactio, ut iusta reddantur, ut vilicus semper se repraesentet_, XI 1 §§ 25-6.

[1009] _magistri singulorum officiorum_, XI 1 § 27.

[1010] I 8 § 12, XI 1 § 23.

[1011] I 8 § 13, XI 1 § 24.

[1012] I 8 §§ 13-4, XI 1 §§ 27-30.

[1013] In XI 1 §§ 4 foll this notion is, with citation of Xenophon, repudiated, and the need of training a steward emphasized.

[1014] In XI 1 § 4 he cites a saying of Cato, _male agitur cum domino quem vilicus docet_.

[1015] I 8 § 15.

[1016] I 8 § 16 _ut ergastuli mancipia recognoscant_ ... etc. In XI 1 § 22 this appears as part of the steward’s daily duty.

[1017] I 8 §§ 17-8 _quanto et pluribus subiecti, ut vilicis ut operum magistris ut ergastulariis, magis obnoxii perpetiendis iniuriis, et rursus saevitia atque avaritia laesi magis timendi sunt_.

[1018] _an ex sua constitutione iusta percipiant._ _sua_ = the scale allowed by himself as _dominus_.

[1019] I 8 § 19.

[1020] _multum confert augendo patrimonio._

[1021] I 9 §§ 1-6. Cf XI 1 §§ 8, 9.

[1022] _mediastinus._

[1023] Cf Dig XXXIII 7 § 8 pr.

[1024] _vineta plurimum per alligatos excoluntur._

[1025] _ne confundantur opera familiae, sic ut omnes omnia exequantur._

[1026] I 9 §§ 7, 8.

[1027] VI 2 § 15 _pecoris operarii_ (the very word also used = labourer), 3 § 3 _iumentis iusta operum reddentibus_.

[1028] XI 1 § 18 _more optimi pastoris ... idem quod ille diligens opilio_.

[1029] _valetudinarium_ XI 1 § 18, XII 1 § 6, 3 §§ 7, 8.

[1030] IV 3 § 1 _quosdam emacitas in armentis, quosdam exercet in comparandis mancipiis; de tuendis nulla cura tangit_. Cf I 4 § 7.

[1031] XII 3 especially §§ 1, 8, cf _praef_ § 9. He refers to Xenophon.

[1032] VIII 11 § 2 _tamquam servitio liberatae_, also 12 and 15 § 7 _parere cunctantur in servitute_.

[1033] I 6 § 3 _vinctis quam saluberrimum subterraneum ergastulum, plurimis idque angustis illustratum fenestris atque a terra sic editis ne manu contingi possint_. Cf XI 1 §§ 22.

[1034] I 6 § 19 _rusticis balneis_.

[1035] I 3 § 12 [our land-grabbers scorn moderation and buy up _fines gentium_ so vast that they cannot even ride round them] _sed proculcandos pecudibus et vastandos feris derelinquunt, aut occupatos nexu civium et ergastulis tenent_. Schneider explains _nexu_ etc as = _civibus ob aes alienum nexis_. Surely at this date it cannot be used in the strictly technical sense. See p 269.

[1036] Like the _obaerarii_ or _obaerati_ of Varro I 17 § 2. See on that passage p 180.

[1037] _suppressio._ See Index.

[1038] VIII 2 § 7 _anus sedula_ may serve as _custos vagantium_.

[1039] VI _praef_ § 4.

[1040] I 8 § 5, 7 § 7, but in XII 3 § 6 for instance _actores_ are not = _vilici_. Schneider.

[1041] See Cic _de oratore_ I § 249, _pro Tullio_ § 17.

[1042] I 6 § 23.

[1043] I 6 § 7 _procuratori supra ianuam ob easdem causas: et is tamen vilicum observet ex vicino_. Cf Plin _epist_ III 19 § 2.

[1044] In Columella’s time. At a later date this could hardly be said, as the position of _coloni_ became worse.

[1045] III 13 §§ 12, 13. Cf Dig XLIII 24 § 15¹.

[1046] A good instance in Pliny _NH_ XIV 49, 50.

[1047] III 21 § 10 (of hurry resulting from want of forethought) _cogitque plures operas quantocumque pretio conducere_.

[1048] III 3 § 8.

[1049] I _praef_ §§ 1, 2, II 1. Cf III 3 § 4 with Varro I 44 § 1.

[1050] I 3 § 9 _nec dubium quin mimis reddat laxus ager non recte cultus quam angustus eximie_, IV 3 § 6.

[1051] For milk-delivery see Calpurnius _ecl_ IV 25-6 _et lac venale per urbem non tacitus porta_. For cheese Verg _G_ III 402.

[1052] VI _praef_ §§ 3-5.

[1053] Also bee-keeping.

[1054] VIII 10 §§ 3, 4.

[1055] _quia nec parvo conducuntur qui mandant_ ... etc.

[1056] II 9 §§ 14, 16.

[1057] _siligo_, II 6 § 2, 9 § 13.

[1058] I 6 §§ 9-17.

[1059] II 20 § 6 _frumenta, si in annos reconduntur, ... sin protinus usui destinantur_ ... etc.

[1060] I 2 § 3.

[1061] As Plutarch _C Gracc_ 7 says εὐθεῖαι γὰρ ἤγοντο διὰ τῶν χωρίων ἀτρεμεῖs.

[1062] I 5 §§ 6, 7.

[1063] I 3 §§ 3, 4.

[1064] II 13 § 7 _consummatio operarum_.

[1065] II 21 § 10.

[1066] I _praef_ § 12, XI 1 § 12.

[1067] I _praef_ § 17 (of the non-urban population in old times) _qui rura colerent administrarentve opera colonorum_. The last three words are not in some MSS.

[1068] I 4 § 4, Verg _G_ I 51-3.

[1069] So the Greeks often refer to Homer as The Poet.

[1070] _verissimo vati velut oraculo._

[1071] Verg _G_ IV 116 foll.

[1072] Quintil X 1 §§ 46-131, especially §§ 85-6.

[1073] See Tacitus _Germ_ 41 on the exceptionally favourable treatment of the Hermunduri, with Schweitzer-Sidler’s notes.

[1074] Seneca _ad Helviam_ 7 § 7 refers to the colonies sent out to the provinces in earlier times, and is rhetorically exaggerated.

[1075] Cf Nissen _Italische Landeskunde_ vol II pp 128-30.

[1076] A notable utterance on this topic is Seneca _ad Helviam_ 6 §§ 2, 3. See Mayor’s notes on Juvenal III 58 foll.

[1077] See Tacitus _Germ_ 29 for interesting matter bearing on these points.

[1078] The numerous references need not be given here. They can be found in H. Schiller’s _Geschichte der Römischen Kaiserzeit_.

[1079] Schiller I 515, 534. See Hyginus gromat I p 133, Frontinus _ibid_ pp 53-4, and the rescript of Domitian in Girard, _textes_ part I ch 4 § 5. Suetonius _Dom_ 9.

[1080] Domitian also made ordinances forbidding new vineyards in Italy and enjoining the destruction of those in the Provinces. But these were not carried out. Schiller I 533. Suet _Dom_ 7, 14, Stat _silv_ IV 3 11-12.

[1081] Schiller I 540.

[1082] Plin _paneg_ 26-8.

[1083] Schiller I 566, 623, 630, 656.

[1084] Schiller I 566.

[1085] Capitolinus _M Aurel_ II § 7. The text is in some doubt.

[1086] Schiller I 651.

[1087] Schiller I 566. Plin _epist_ VI 19 depicts the situation fully. The aim was to make them feel Italy their _patria_. See the jealousy of rich Provincials shewn by senators, Tac _Ann_ XI 23.

[1088] Schiller I 656.

[1089] The remarkable community of Lamasba is referred to below in a note after chapter XXXVII.

[1090] The _locus classicus_ on emigrant Romans is Cic _pro Fonteio_ §§ 11-13, which belongs to 69 BC. Cf Sallust _Iug_ 21, 26, 47.

[1091] That is, allottees of land distributed _viritim_.

[1092] Inscription, Dessau 1334, CIL VIII 15454.

[1093] Dessau 6790.

[1094] [Victor] _de viris illustribus_ 73 § 1, cf § 5.

[1095] Cf Appian _civ_ I 29 § 2.

[1096] _Bellum Afr_ 32, 35, 56, Dion Cass XLIII 4 § 2.

[1097] For details of his life see Mayor on Pliny _epp_ III 11. Cf Ritter and Preller _hist Philos_, Champagny _Les Césars_ IV 1 § 1.

[1098] Preserved by Stobaeus _flor_ LVI 18. It is in Greek, the classic language of Philosophy, as the _Meditations_ of Marcus Aurelius, etc.

[1099] πόρος, a means of livelihood.

[1100] ἢ δημοσίαν ἢ ἰδιωτικήν.

[1101] αὐτουργικοὶ καὶ φιλόπονοι ὄντες.

[1102] εἴ γε μὴν ἅμα φιλοσοφεῖ τις καὶ γεωργεῖ.

[1103] τοῦ καθῆσθαι ἐν πόλει τὸ ζῆν ἐν χωρίῳ.

[1104] σύν γε τῷ καλοκαγαθίας μὴ ὀλιγωρεῖν.

[1105] These are stock instances of happiness in rustic life. For references see notes in Frazer’s _Pausanias_ VIII 24 § 13, X 24 § 1.

[1106] σοφιστάς.

[1107] χαλεπώτατον.

[1108] He was in command of the fleet at Misenum in 79 AD when the great eruption of Vesuvius took place. He persisted in approaching it, and met his death. The family belonged to the colony of Novum Comum in Transpadane Gaul, now part of Italy.

[1109] _NH_ XVIII 1-5.

[1110] _NH_ XVIII 7, 18, 20.

[1111] _NH_ XVIII 19, 21, 36.

[1112] _NH_ XVIII 35.

[1113] _NH_ XVIII 27-8.

[1114] _NH_ XVIII 32.

[1115] _NH_ XVIII 35.

[1116] _NH_ VIII 180. In Aelian _var hist_ this is recorded (V 14) as an old rule in Attica.

[1117] _NH_ XVIII 36.

[1118] _NH_ XIX 60 _octo iugerum operis palari iustum est_ is a good instance. This verb _palare_ = to dig should be added to dictionaries.

[1119] _NH_ XVIII 37-8.

[1120] _agros ... coemendo colendoque in gloriam._

[1121] So Tiberius in Tac _ann_ III 54.

[1122] Tac _hist_ III 8 _Aegyptus, claustra annonae_.

[1123] _NH_ XVIII 15 foll.

[1124] _ibid_ 17 _nec e latifundiis singulorum contingebat arcentium vicinos_.

[1125] _NH_ XVIII 24.

[1126] _NH_ XIX 50-1.

[1127] _NH_ XVIII 12.

[1128] _NH_ XVIII 11, 26.

[1129] _NH_ XIV 49, 50.

[1130] _NH_ XIV 48.

[1131] Such as the _agricola strenuus_ depicted in the letter of Marcus to Fronto (p 29 Naber), who has _omnia ad usum magis quam ad voluptatem_.

[1132] _NH_ XVIII 273-4. Aristotle _Politics_ I 11.

[1133] _NH_ XVIII 174.

[1134] _NH_ XVIII 178 ... _transverso monte_.

[1135] _certe sine hoc animali montanae gentes sarculis arant._

[1136] _NH_ XXXIII 26-7.

[1137] _aliter apud antiquos singuli Marcipores Luciporesve dominorum gentiles omnem victum in promiscuo habebant._

[1138] _NH_ XVIII 36 _coli rura ab ergastulis pessimum est, et quicquid agitur a desperantibus_.

[1139] _NH_ XXXVII 201-3.

[1140] _principatum naturae optinet ... viris feminis ducibus militibus servitiis_ ... etc.

[1141] _servorum exercitio._

[1142] _NH_ XVIII 11.

[1143] _NH_ VIII 180 _tamquam colono suo interempto_.

[1144] _NH_ XVIII 167 _coloni vice fungens_.

[1145] _NH_ XVIII 38 _praeterquam subole suo colono aut pascendis alioqui colente domino aliquas messis colligere non expedit, si computetur impendium operae_.

[1146] In _NH_ XVIII 120 he cites Vergil as giving a piece of advice based on the usage of the Po country. Pliny as a Transpadane may have been prejudiced in Vergil’s favour and possibly jealous of the Spanish Columella.

[1147] In _NH_ XVIII 170 he cites Verg _G_ I 53, calling it _oraculum illud_, but with a textual slip.

[1148] _NH_ XVIII 70.

[1149] The passing mention in _Annals_ XVI 13 of the great mortality among the _servitia_ and _ingenua plebes_ in the plague of 65 AD is a good specimen. The two classes are often thus spoken of together. Cf Sueton _Claud_ 22, _Nero_ 22.

[1150] _Annals_ III 54.

[1151] This policy bore fruit in the possibility of forming reserves in the next period. See Spart _Severus_ 8 § 5, 23 § 2.

[1152] _Annals_ IV 27.

[1153] _Annals_ IV 6 _infecunditati terrarum_.

[1154] _Annals_ VI 16, 17. Caesar’s law is described as _de modo credendi possidendique intra Italiam_. Nipperdey holds that it cannot be the law of BC 49, but must be an unknown law, not of temporary effect. See his note.

[1155] Nipperdey’s restoration of this sentence with the help of Suet _Tib_ 48 seems to me quite certain.

[1156] _si debitor populo in duplum praediis cavisset._ The precedent of Augustus is mentioned in Sueton _Aug_ 41.

[1157] See Cicero _in Catil_ II § 18.

[1158] See the case of Sittius in Cic _pro Sulla_ §§ 56-9. Such financial opportunities were evidently few in the later Empire.

[1159] _trepidique patres_ (_neque enim quisquam tali culpa vacuus_) ... etc.

[1160] _Germ_ 26.

[1161] See Schweitzer-Sidler’s notes, and cf the remarks of Caesar _BG_ IV 1, VI 22.

[1162] See Pliny _NH_ XVIII 259 and Conington’s notes on Verg _G_ I 71-83. Varro I 44 § 3.

[1163] _Germ_ 24.

[1164] _servos condicionis huius per commercia tradunt, ut se quoque pudore victoriae exsolvant._

[1165] _Germ_ 25 _frumenti modum dominus aut pecoris aut vestis ut colono iniungit, et servus hactenus paret_. The _colonus_ here is clearly a tenant, his German analogue a serf.

[1166] _Agricola_ 28.

[1167] _per commercia venumdatos et in nostram usque ripam mutatione ementium adductos._

[1168] CIL VIII 18587, Ephem epigr VII 788, where it is annotated by Mommsen and others.

[1169] Mentioned in two routes of the _Itinerarium Antoninum_.

[1170] Cf Gaius II 7, 21, and below, note on p 351.

[1171] Cf Digest VIII 6 § 7, XLIII 20 §§ 2, 5.

[1172] See Marquardt _Stvw_ 1, index under _Lamasba_.

[1173] Were they perhaps _veterani_? That there were a number of these settled in Africa is attested by Cod Th XI 1 § 28 (400), cf XII 1 § 45 (358).

[1174] Written 97 AD, under Nerva.

[1175] _de aquis_ 75. Formerly this offence was punished by confiscating the land so watered, _ibid_ 97.

[1176] _de aquis_ 6.

[1177] _de aquis_ 9.

[1178] _de aquis_ 107-10. But according to Digest XLIII 20 § 1³⁹⁻⁴³ (Ulpian) the grant was sometimes not _personis_ but _praediis_, and so perpetual.

[1179] _de aquis_ 105, 116-8.

[1180] _de aquis_ 120, 124-8.

[1181] _impotentia possessorum._

[1182] _holitores_ as in Horace _epist_ I 18 36. Later called _hortulani_ as in Apuleius _metam_ IX 31-2, 39-42. Girard, _textes_ part III ch 4 § 1 e, gives an interesting case of a _colonus hortorum olitoriorum_ between Rome and Ostia, belonging to a _collegium_. The man is probably a freedman.

[1183] _de aquis_ 112-5.

[1184] _de aquis_ 11, cf also 92.

[1185] Wilmanns _exempla_ 2844-8.

[1186] _Hermes_ XIX pp 393-416.

[1187] Plin _epist_ VII 18.

[1188] Mommsen _op cit_ p 410. See index under _instrumentum_.

[1189] Whether we have in Columella a direct reference to this method is a question I have discussed in the chapter on that author. However answered, it does not affect the present passage. See the chapter on the African inscriptions.

[1190] See the case cited in the chapter on Pliny the younger.

[1191] By H Blümner in Müller’s _Handbuch_ ed 3, IV ii 2 p 544.

[1192] Mommsen _op cit_ p 416. See the chapter on evidence from the Digest.

[1193] Mommsen _op cit_ p 412.

[1194] Digest XXXIII 7 § 20¹ _non fide dominica sed mercede_. _ibid_ § 12³ _qui quasi colonus in agro erat_.

[1195] Dig XXXIII 7 § 20³ _praedia ut instructa sunt cum dotibus et reliquis colonorum et vilicorum et mancipiis et pecore omni legavit et peculiis et cum actore_. Cf also XL 7 § 40⁵.

[1196] Dig XXXIII 7 § 20⁴.

[1197] But that _uxor_ was sometimes loosely used of a slave’s _contubernalis_ is true. Wallon II 207, cf Paulus _Sent_ III 6 §§ 38, 40, Dig XXXIII 7 § 12⁷,³³.

[1198] Mommsen _op cit_ p 409.

[1199] Columella I 9 § 4.

[1200] Plut _de defectu oraculorum_ 8.

[1201] oratio VII, _Euboicus seu venator_.

[1202] A contemporary of the younger Pliny, flourished about 100 AD.

[1203] I think Nero is meant here.

[1204] Mahaffy, _Silver Age_ p 329, thinks Carystos is meant, though it might be Chalcis.

[1205] ἀφορμῆς. This passage seems openly to recognize the ruinous competition of slave labour under capitalists, which the single artisan was unable to face. The admission is so far as I know very rare in ancient writers. That Dion’s mind was greatly exercised on the subject of slavery in general, is shewn by Orations X, XIV, XV, and many scattered references elsewhere.

[1206] See the chapter on Musonius.

[1207] As in Archbishop Trench’s charming _Lectures on Plutarch_ pp 10, 77 foll.

[1208] Matt 21 §§ 28-30. I cannot feel sure of this general inference.

[1209] Matt 21 §§ 33-41, Mar 12 §§ 1-9, Luk 20 §§ 9-16.

[1210] I Cor 9 §§ 7-10, I Tim 5 § 18, II Tim 2 § 6.

[1211] Luk 12 §§ 16-9, etc.

[1212] οἰκονόμος, Luk 12 §§ 42-8, 16 §§ 1-12, I Cor 4 § 2.

[1213] [Aristotle] _Econ_ 1 5 § 3 δούλῳ δὲ μισθὸς τροφή.

[1214] James 5 § 4.

[1215] Rom 4 § 4.

[1216] Matt 20 §§ 1-16. Abp Trench, _Notes on the Parables_, has cleared away a mass of perverse interpretations.

[1217] Matt 6 § 12, Luk 7 § 41, 16 § 5.

[1218] Matt 25 §§ 14-30, Luk 19 §§ 12-26.

[1219] Acts 1 § 18, 4 §§ 34-7.

[1220] Often referred to. See Friedländer’s index under _Nomentanus_, and cf VIII 61, IX 18, 97.

[1221] I 55, X 48.

[1222] III 47 etc. Cf VII 31, XII 72.

[1223] II 11 _nihil colonus vilicusque decoxit_. This may imply that the _vilicus_ was a _servus quasi colonus_ liable to a rent and in arrears. See notes pp 299, 311. But I do not venture to draw this inference.

[1224] VII 31.

[1225] X 87. Cf Juv IV 25-6, Digest XXXII § 99, XXXIII 7 § 12¹²,¹³, etc.

[1226] XII 59.

[1227] IV 66.

[1228] VI 73, X 92.

[1229] IX 2 _haud sua desertus rura sodalis arat_.

[1230] XII 57.

[1231] V 35, X 14, etc.

[1232] Plin _NH_ XVIII § 35.

[1233] IX 35.

[1234] See Juv XIV 267-302 on the risks faced by speculators in sea-borne commerce.

[1235] III 58.

[1236] III 47.

[1237] _dona matrum_ ‘presents from their mothers.’ Eggs, I think. Cf VII 31 and Juv XI 70-1. The conjecture _ova matrum_ (Paley) is good.

[1238] The story of the Usipian deserters who found their way back into Roman hands by way of the slave-market is a curious episode of 83 AD. Tac _Agr_ 28. See the chapter on Tacitus.

[1239] VII 80.

[1240] X 30, of a charming seaside _villa_ at Formiae. _o ianitores vilicique felices, dominis parantur ista, serviunt vobis._ In Dig XXXIII 7 § 15² we hear of _mulier villae custos perpetua_.

[1241] The note of Mommsen, _Hermes_ XIX 412, deals with the case of _servi quasi coloni_ farming parcels of land, recognized in the writings of jurists. It seems that they farmed either at their own risk or for owner’s account [_fide dominica_]. In the former case they could have a tenant’s agreement like the free _coloni_. In the latter they were only _vilici_ and therefore part of the _instrumentum_. Here I think we may see beginnings of the unfree colonate. But Mommsen does not touch the point of manumission. It seems to me that an agreement with a slave must at first have been revocable at the pleasure of the _dominus_, and its growth into a binding lease was probably connected in many instances with manumission.

[1242] I 55 _hoc petit, esse sui nec magni ruris arator, sordidaque in parvis otia rebus amat_. And often.

[1243] VII 36, XI 34.

[1244] I 85, X 85. Cf Pliny _epist_ VIII 17.

[1245] X 61, XI 48. The title _de sepulchro violato_, Dig XLVII 12, will illustrate this.

[1246] The form HNS (_heredem non sequitur_) is common in sepulchral inscriptions.

[1247] X 92.

[1248] Juv XIV 161-71.

[1249] XI 86-9.

[1250] XIV 179-81.

[1251] XIV 159-63.

[1252] II 73-4.

[1253] XIV 70-2.

[1254] VIII 245 foll. For the error in this tradition see Madvig, _kleine philologische Schriften_ No 10.

[1255] III 223-9.

[1256] VI 287-95, cf XI 77-131.

[1257] XVI 32-4. See Hardy on Plin _epist_ X 86 B, Shuckburgh on Sueton _Aug_ 27, Tac _hist_ III 24 _vos, nisi vincitis, pagani_. This use is common in the Digest.

[1258] VI 1-18, XV 147-58.

[1259] X 356-66.

[1260] VII 188-9, IX 54-5, etc.

[1261] IX 59-62.

[1262] VII 188-9, case of Quintilian.

[1263] XIV 86-95, 140 foll, 274-5. Cf X 225-6 etc.

[1264] XIV 140-55, XVI 36-9. Cf Seneca _epist_ 90 § 39.

[1265] XI 151 foll.

[1266] VI 149-52, IX 59-62.

[1267] I 107-8.

[1268] X 356.

[1269] III 223-9, _bidentis amans_.

[1270] Mart XIV 49 _exercet melius vinea fossa viros_.

[1271] See his use of _ingenuus_ = not fit for hard work, III 46, X 47, following Ovid, and cf the lines to a slave IX 92.

[1272] Juv XI 77-81.

[1273] See _epist_ IV 10, VII 16, 32, VIII 16.

[1274] Cf Martial I 101, VI 29.

[1275] An important limitation, on which see Wallon III 55.

[1276] VII 11, 14.

[1277] VI 3.

[1278] VI 19.

[1279] _si paenitet te Italicorum praediorum._

[1280] III 19.

[1281] _sub eodem procuratore ac paene isdem actoribus habere._ The _actores_ seem to be = _vilici_, under the newer name. _procurator_ a much more important person. See _paneg_ 36 for the two as grades in the imperial private service. Cf chapter on Columella p 264.

[1282] _atriensium, topiariorum, fabrorum, atque etiam venatorii instrumenti._

[1283] _sed haec felicitas terrae inbecillis cultoribus fatigatur._ No doubt lack of sufficient capital is meant.

[1284] See Digest XX 2 §§ 4, 7, for _pignora_ on farms.

[1285] _reliqua colonorum._

[1286] _sunt ergo instruendi eo pluris quod frugi mancipiis: nam nec ipse usquam vinctos habeo nec ibi quisquam._ I take _instruendi_ as referring to _agri_ just above. The slaves are a normal part of _instrumentum fundi_.

[1287] _hac paenuria colonorum._ Not the tenants’ poverty. Cf VII 30 § 3.

[1288] _sum quidem prope totus in praediis._

[1289] Daubeny, _Lectures_ p 147, regards this great variation as normal in modern experience, and vineyards as the least lucrative kind of husbandry.

[1290] VIII 15, IX 28, IV 6, X 8 § 5.

[1291] II 4 § 3.

[1292] _querellae rusticorum_, V 14 § 8, VII 30 § 3, IX 36 § 6.

[1293] _remissiones_, IX 37 § 2, X 8 § 5.

[1294] As de Coulanges remarks pp 17-8, Pliny does not propose to get rid of them, but to keep them as partiary tenants. They would be in his debt. He uses the expression _aeris alieni_ IX 37 § 2. He would have to find _instrumentum_ for them.

[1295] IX 20 § 2.

[1296] IX 16.

[1297] IX 20 § 2 _obrepere urbanis qui nunc rusticis praesunt_.

[1298] IX 37.

[1299] _necessitas locandorum praediorum plures annos ordinatura._

[1300] _priore lustro._ The _lustrum_ or _quinquennium_ was the common term of leases, and recognized in law books. Cf Digest XII 1 § 4¹, XIX 2 § 24, etc.

[1301] _ut qui iam putent se non sibi parcere._

[1302] _si non nummo sed partibus locem, ac deinde ex meis aliquos operis exactores custodes fructibus ponam._ His new tenants would be _coloni partiarii_.

[1303] VIII 2.

[1304] V 6 § 12.

[1305] VIII 17.

[1306] VI 25.

[1307] _interceptusne sit a suis an cum suis dubium._

[1308] Cf Juvenal X 19-22.

[1309] Fronto, when appointed to govern Asia, one of the most peaceful Provinces, at once looked out for a military officer to deal with _latrones_. Fronto p 169 Naber.

[1310] Paul _Ephes_ 6 §§ 5 foll, _Coloss_ 3 §§ 22 foll, I Pet 2 §§ 18 foll.

[1311] X 29, 30, with Hardy’s notes.

[1312] The first reference to a practice that was common later.

[1313] _cum haberent condicionis suae conscientiam._

[1314] On the other hand we hear of free citizens trying to shirk army service earlier than this. Cf Sueton _Aug_ 24, _Tib_ 8.

[1315] Capitolinus _Marcus_ 21 §§ 6, 7.

[1316] VII 18.

[1317] _actori publico mancipavi._ See chapter on the _alimenta_ of Trajan’s time. References to municipal benefactions are very numerous in the Digest.

[1318] As we have seen above, the tenant _coloni_ employed slave labour. Whether they worked with their own hands, or confined themselves to direction, probably varied in various cases.

[1319] Sueton _Julius_ 26, 28.

[1320] _Aug_ 21 _sub lege ... ne in vicina regione servirent neve intra tricesimum annum liberarentur_. See Shuckburgh’s note.

[1321] _Aug_ 32, _Tiber_ 8.

[1322] _Aug_ 16.

[1323] _Aug_ 24.

[1324] _Aug_ 42 _quod earum [frumentationum] fiducia cultura agrorum cessaret_.

[1325] _Aug_ 41 _usum eius (pecuniae) gratuitum iis qui cavere in duplum possent_.

[1326] _Claud_ 25.

[1327] _Nero_ 31.

[1328] _Vesp_ 1.

[1329] _mancipem operarum quae ex Umbria in Sabinos ad culturam agrorum quotannis commeare soleant._

[1330] _Vesp_ 4 _ad mangonicos quaestus_. Hence his nickname _mulio_, for which as a sign of indigence cf Gellius XV 4.

[1331] _Domit_ 7, 9. See p 272.

[1332] Fronto p 144 Naber, cf Seneca _epist_ 44 § 3.

[1333] Sueton _fragm_ p 24 Reifferscheid, Gellius III 3.

[1334] Gellius V 3.

[1335] Gellius II 18.

[1336] Madaura was in the Numidian part of the Province, near the Gaetulian border. See the _Apologia_ 24. Oea, referred to below, was in the eastern strip, on the coast.

[1337] Juvenal VII 148-9 _nutricula causidicorum Africa_.

[1338] F Norden _Apuleius von Madaura und das Römische Privatrecht_ (Teubner 1912).

[1339] _Metamorphoses_ VIII 24. See Norden’s remarks pp 83-4.

[1340] See for instance _Metam_ IV 9, VI 31, VII 4, 9.

[1341] _Metam_ IX 39-42.

[1342] It seems certain that the convenience of humble rustics was little regarded by the upper classes. Even Marcus Aurelius (in Fronto p 35 Naber) confesses to the reckless scattering of a flock of sheep and to having been taken for a mounted brigand.

[1343] _Metam_ IX 35-8. This is a case of _periculum mortis ab hominis potentis crudelitate aut odio_, referred to Digest XXXIX 6 § 3 [Paulus] as a risk like that of war or brigandage.

[1344] _cuncta facile faciens in civitate._

[1345] Norden pp 161-3.

[1346] _cum alioquin pauperes etiam liberali legum praesidio de insolentia locupletium consueverint vindicari._

[1347] Fierce dogs seem to have been a marked feature of country life. See VIII 17, IX 2.

[1348] _hortulanus_, see IV 3, IX 31-2, 39-42.

[1349] See V 17, VII 15, VIII 17, 29, 31. Cf Norden pp 88-9.

[1350] IX 32. Cf the case of small farmers in Africa, _Apol_ 17, 23.

[1351] See IV 30, VIII 26. Cf Norden p 89, and pp 84-5 on metaphorical use of the legal term _postliminium_, which occurs also in Rutilius _de reditu_ I 214.

[1352] Norden pp 26-7.

[1353] _Apologia_ 17.

[1354] _an ipse mutuarias operas cum vicinis tuis cambies._

[1355] Because of the strict rules of the laws passed to check manumission. Gaius I §§ 42-7. Norden p 86.

[1356] _Apol_ 23.

[1357] _triduo exarabas_, to mark the smallness of the _agellus_.

[1358] _Apol_ 93.

[1359] _Apol_ 47 XV _liberi homines populus est, totidem servi familia, totidem vincti ergastulum_. See Norden p 87. _ergastulum_ = the inmates of a lock-up, regarded as a body. See quotations from Columella p 263 and Pliny p 285, Mayor on Juvenal XIV 24, and cf Lucan II 95. So _operae_ is used = ‘hands.’

[1360] _viliconum_, _Apol_ 87. Cf _Metam_ VIII 22.

[1361] Norden p 81.

[1362] _Metam_ IX 12.

[1363] Herodian II 4 § 6.

[1364] δεσπότης.

[1365] Vopisc _Aurel_ 48 § 2.

[1366] Vopisc _Probus_ 16 § 6.

[1367] Trebell _Claud_ 9 §§ 4, 5. _Scythicis_ is an emendation. _senibus_ MSS.

[1368] _familias captivas._

[1369] Vopisc _Aurel_ 39 § 7.

[1370] Lamprid _Alex_ 55 §§ 2, 3, cf Trebell _Gallien_ 9 § 5.

[1371] Vopisc _Probus_ 18 §§ 1, 2. See Zosimus I 71 and No V of the _Panegyrici_ cap 18 for other versions, in which the raiders are called Franks.

[1372] Even the extreme license of the soldiery, in deposing and murdering their own nominee, occurs repeatedly, and was no doubt one of the chief evils that prompted the reforms of Diocletian.

[1373] O Seeck, _Untergang der antiken Welt_ book II ch 6.

[1374] See index under the word.

[1375] See chapter on evidence of the Digest.

[1376] See chapter on the African inscriptions.

[1377] This matter is ably treated at length by Seeck _op cit_ vol I pp 578-83. That they were distinct from _coloni_ and _servi_ is clear from the later constitutions in Cod Theod V 17, 18 (9, 10), XII 19, and Cod Just XI 48 § 13.

[1378] We shall find some reference to them later in the Codes.

[1379] Herodian VII 4 §§ 3-6.

[1380] τοὺς ἐκ τῶν ἀγρῶν οἰκέτας.

[1381] πεισθέντες κελεύουσι τοῖς δεσπόταις.

[1382] φύσει γὰρ πολυάνθρωπος οὖσα ἡ Λιβύη πολλοὺς εἶχε τοὺς τὴν γῆν γεωργοῦντας.

[1383] ὑπερμαχόμενοι τῶν δεσποτῶν.

[1384] Capitolinus _Maximin_ 13 § 4, 14 § 1.

[1385] _per rusticanam plebem deinde et quosdam milites interemptus est._

[1386] Frontin gromat p 53.

[1387] _non exiguum populum plebeium._

[1388] _legere tironem ex vico._

[1389] This evidence has come to hand since Heisterbergk wrote (1876) _Die Entstehung des Colonats_.

[1390] _op cit_ pp 116-8.

[1391] Dion Cass _epit_ LXXVI 10. For this story Dion is a contemporary witness.

[1392] The special treatises on these documents are fully mentioned in Girard’s _Textes de droit Romain_, ed 4, 1913. An essay on the _Colons du saltus Burunitanus_ in Esmein’s _Mélanges_ (1886) is still of great value.

[1393] Text in Girard’s _Textes de droit Romain_ part III chapter 6.

[1394] We seem to have the names of two former owners, Varianus and Mancia. For the retention of names of former owners see Dittenberger in _Orientis Graeci inscriptiones selectae_ No 669 note 18. Rostowzew _Gesch des Röm colonates_ ch 4 rejects this view and makes the _lex Manciana_ an imperial law.

[1395] Pliny _epist_ III 19 § 7. Digest XIX 2 § 19², XXXII § 91¹, XXXIII 7 _passim_.

[1396] Dig XIX 2 § 3, and Monro’s note.

[1397] So Cuq, Seeck, Schulten, rightly I think. But in practice I believe the chance seldom occurred.

[1398] Text in Girard, part I chapter 4 § 10.

[1399] This significant hint seems to have been almost normal in such petitions. A good instance is the petition of Scaptoparene (see index, _Inscriptions_).

[1400] It is perhaps worth noting that under Commodus the transport of corn from Africa was specially provided for by the creation of a _classis Africana_ for that purpose. See Lamprid _Commodus_ 17 §§ 7, 8.

[1401] De Coulanges pp 10 foll deals with this point at length, but I think he pushes his conclusions too far.

[1402] Cf the Aragueni (see index, _Inscriptions_) παροίκων καὶ γεωργῶν τῶν ὑμετέρων.

[1403] Dig I 19 § 3¹ is of a later date, but refers to a protective rescript of Antoninus Pius. Cf XLIX 14 § 47¹, L 6 § 6¹¹. See Schulten in _Hermes_ XLI pp 11-16.

[1404] CIL VIII 14428.

[1405] _[domum rev]ertamur ubi libere morari possimus._

[1406] Seneca _ad Helviam_ 7 § 7 _ubicumque vicit Romanus habitat_.

[1407] Text in Girard, part III chapter 6.

[1408] From comparing the remains of the next inscription (5) it appears that the emperor is Hadrian.

[1409] Cf _agrum rudem provincialem_ in Hyginus, Gromat I 203. In the later empire we find legislation to promote such cultivation. See cod Th V 11 § 8 (365 AD), § 12 (388-392), 14 § 30 (386).

[1410] Dig XLI 3 § 33¹. Of course the _dominus_ could possess _per colonum_. See Buckland, _Elementary Principles_ § 38 p 77.

[1411] _quae venibunt a possessoribus._

[1412] For _aridi fructus_ cf Digest XLIX 14 § 50.

[1413] _in cuius conductione agrum occupaverit._

[1414] _rationi_ (_bus fisci_) gives the sense. But _rationi_ simply may be correct, cf Digest II 14 § 42, etc.

[1415] Girard cites Rostowzew’s opinion that the right to occupy abandoned land as well as old wastes was an extension of the _lex Manciana_ by the _lex Hadriana_.

[1416] See Dig XIX 2 §§ 15³, 24², 25³, 51ᵖʳ, 54¹.

[1417] Later legislation to prevent this neglect of poorer land. Cod Th V 14 § 34 (394 AD), X 3 § 4 (383), XI 1 § 4 (337), etc.

[1418] Prof Buckland writes to me that he believes these squatters were to be owners, not _coloni_, owners in the only sense possible in non-Italic soil, paying _tributum_. The words _frui possidere_ used to describe their right are the technical words for provincial ownership. Cf Gaius II 7.

[1419] In _Hermes_ XXIX pp 215, 224.

[1420] Girard, part III chapter 6.

[1421] _lege Manciana condicione saltus Neroniani vicini nobis._

[1422] It is tempting to identify these with the six mentioned in Nos (2) and (4) above.

[1423] For the vast extent of imperial estates, particularly in Africa, see Hirschfeld, _der Grundbesitz der Römischen Kaiser_, in his _Kleine Schriften_.

[1424] De Coulanges seems hardly to recognize how small was the amount of _operae_, a few days in the year. But in his tenth chapter he shews how vastly the system was extended (so many days a week) in the early Middle Age.

[1425] Mommsen in _Hermes_ XV pp 391-6.

[1426] Such as the _lex coloniae Genetivae Iuliae_ of 44 BC, and the _leges_ of Salpensa and Malaca of 81-4 AD. Girard, and Bruns’ _Fontes_.

[1427] Esmein p 309 well refers to the passages in Lachmann’s _Feldmesser_, Frontinus p 53 and Siculus Flaccus p 164. Cf Hirschfeld l.c. p 558.

[1428] Colum I 6 §§ 7, 8.

[1429] Colum I 7.

[1430] _conductor_ and _coloni_ are both bound by the statute for the _fundus_ or _saltus_. In theory both are tenants of the emperor, in practice the _conductor_ has the upper hand, as Cuq points out.

[1431] Compare Dig XIX 2 § 15⁴ with § 25⁶.

[1432] _quasi societatis iure._ Of course not a real _socius_. See Index, _colonia partiaria_, and Vinogradoff, _Growth of the Manor_ note 91 on p 109.

[1433] See Dig I 19 § 3¹, an opinion of Callistratus, a jurist of the time of Severus. That in some sense or other the _coloni_ were tenants of the emperor seems certain. See CIL VIII 8425 (Pertinax), 8426 (Caracalla), also 8702, 8777. And Esmein pp 313-5.

[1434] This becomes an important subject of legislation in the Theodosian code. See Cod Th V 11 § 8, 14 § 30.

[1435] See de Coulanges pp 140-4, where this view is more strongly expressed.

[1436] _Die Entstehung des Colonats_ pp 70 foll, citing especially Frontinus Gromat I p 35 and Columella III 3 § 11.

[1437] This is very nearly the view of Wallon III 264 ‘le Colonat à l’origine ne fut pas un droit mais un fait.’ Ib 266.

[1438] I have made some reference to it below in the chapter on the _Digest_.

[1439] This is fully treated by Seeck, bk III c 5.

[1440] In the Ain el Djemala inscription we have them used indifferently. It is not clear that the usage in various provinces was identical. See Vinogradoff _Growth of the Manor_ pp 69, 70.

[1441] Given in a long note, vol I pp 578-83.

[1442] Marcian in Dig XXX § 112ᵖʳ. Cf L 15 § 4⁸ (Title _de censibus_) _si quis inquilinum vel colonum non fuerit professus_ etc, where the mention of _colonum_ is suspected of interpolation by Seeck.

[1443] Dig XXX § 112ᵖʳ _si quis inquilinos sine praediis quibus adhaerent legaverit, inutile est legatum_ (Marcian). Esmein p 313 takes them to be really slaves, but I cannot follow him.

[1444] This conclusion, I am pleased to find, had been forestalled by Esmein p 307.

[1445] _Le Colonat Romain_ pp 125, 132.

[1446] In fact, as we say, _edited_.

[1447] Of this Title there is a useful little edition by the late C H Monro.

[1448] XIX 2 § 15², 25⁶, also § 15¹,⁸.

[1449] XIX 2 § 15²,⁵.

[1450] XIX 2 §§ 15³, 24², 25³, 51ᵖʳ, 54¹.

[1451] XVII 2 § 46, XLIV 7 § 34², XLVII 2 § 68⁵.

[1452] XIX 2 § 54ᵖʳ, XX 6 § 14, etc.

[1453] XX 1 § 21ᵖʳ, XLIII 32, 33, XLVII 2 § 62³.

[1454] XIX 2 §§ 9²,³, 23, 51ᵖʳ, XLV 1 § 89.

[1455] XIX 2 § 52, cf XLIX 14 § 50.

[1456] XIX 2 § 25⁶ (Gaius?).

[1457] IX 2 § 27¹⁴, XLVII 2 § 83¹, § 10 § 5⁴. Compare also XIX 2 § 60⁵, XLVII 2 § 52⁸. I cannot deal with the difficult legal questions involved here. See Buckland’s _Elementary principles_ § 135.

[1458] XIX 2 §§ 15⁸, 24⁴, 25¹, XXXIII 4 § 1¹⁵.

[1459] VII 8 §§ 10⁴, 11. Having nothing to do with the _fructus_, the usuary cannot interfere with the _colonus_.

[1460] XIX 2 § 54¹.

[1461] XIX 2 §§ 13¹¹, 14. The normal term of a lease was 5 years (_lustrum, quinquennium_).

[1462] XIX 2 § 24¹, XLI 2 § 30⁶, XLIII 16 § 20. So in law of 224 AD, cod Iust IV 65 § 6.

[1463] XII 2 § 28⁶.

[1464] XIX 2 § 25³, XL 7 § 40⁵. Compare the language of XXXIV 3 § 16 with § 18.

[1465] XIX 2 §§ 3, 54².

[1466] XIX 2 § 19², XXXII §§ 91¹, 93², 101¹, XXXIII 7 _passim_, esp § 4. For the _vilicus_, XXXIII 7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹. A woman caretaker, _ibid_ § 15².

[1467] XXXIII 7 § 24.

[1468] XIX 2 §§ 19³, 25⁶.

[1469] XXXIII 7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹, XLVII 2 § 26¹. I note that de Coulanges p 14 holds that the contract rested solely on the basis of a fixed money rent, citing (p 12) Gaius III 142, Dig XIX 2 § 2ᵖʳ (Gaius). But I am not satisfied that cases of rent in kind were not subject to legal remedy. See Monro on Dig XIX 2 § 19³, and Pliny _epist_ IX 37 § 3. And Vinogradoff, _Growth of the Manor_ note 91 on p 109.

[1470] See XIX 2 § 15.

[1471] XIII 7 § 25, XXXI § 86¹.

[1472] VII 1 § 41, XXVII 9 § 13ᵖʳ.

[1473] VII 1 § 13⁴.

[1474] VII 4 §§ 8, 10.

[1475] XXXII § 91¹, L 16 § 198. Cf Juvenal I 75, Suet _Aug_ 72, _Gaius_ 37, Palladius I 8, 11, 24, 33.

[1476] VII 1 § 13, XII 2 § 28⁶, XIX 2 §§ 25⁵, 29, XLVII 2 §§ 26¹, 62⁸, 7 § 9.

[1477] XIX 2 §§ 55¹, 61ᵖʳ.

[1478] XLIII 24 § 13⁶.

[1479] XXXIX 3 §§ 4²,³, 5.

[1480] Alternative, XX 1 § 32.

[1481] A curious case is the putting in an _imaginarius colonus_ [of course at a high nominal rent] in order to raise the selling price of a farm. XIX 1 § 49 (jurist of 4th cent), earlier in Fr Vat § 13.

[1482] See XXXII § 41⁵, XXXIV 4 § 31ᵖʳ.

[1483] XXXIII 7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹, XL 7 § 40⁵.

[1484] XX 3 § 16, XXXIII 7 § 12³, 8 § 23³.

[1485] _servus actor_, his _rationes_, XL 7 § 40ᵖʳ,⁴,⁵.

[1486] His _reliqua_, XXXII §§ 91ᵖʳ, 97.

[1487] XXXIV 1 § 18³, 3 § 12, XL 7 § 40 _passim_.

[1488] XXXII §§ 41², 91ᵖʳ, XXXIII 7 §§ 12³⁸, 20³,⁴, 22¹. These refer to _legata_, in which particular intention could be expressed, cf XXXII § 91¹.

[1489] IX 2 § 27⁹,¹¹, XIX 2 § 30⁴.

[1490] XXI 1 § 32, XXVIII 5 § 35³, XXXII §§ 60³, 68³, XXXIII 7 § 20.

[1491] See above on Martial pp 307-10.

[1492] XXXII § 99, XXXIII 7 _passim_, esp § 25¹. Buckland, _Slavery_ p 6.

[1493] Alfenus Varus in Dig XV 3 § 16.

[1494] Hence the frequent references to _peculia_. See XXXIII 8 _de peculio legato_, where from §§ 6ᵖʳ, 8ᵖʳ, it appears that his _peculium_ might include land and houses. Cf de Coulanges pp 55-6, 66-7, 135-6.

[1495] XXXII § 97 etc.

[1496] XXXIII 7 § 12³ etc.

[1497] VII 7 § 3 _in hominis usu fructu operae sunt et ob operas mercedes_ (Gaius), XII 6 § 55.

[1498] VII 1 §§ 25, 26, XIX 2 § 60⁷ (Labeo, time of Augustus, cited by Javolenus).

[1499] XL 7 § 14ᵖʳ _mercedem referre pro operis suis_ (Alfenus), cf XLV 3 § 18³.

[1500] XXXIII 7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹. _mercede_ or _pensionis certa quantitate_ as opposed to _fide dominica_.

[1501] VIII 6 § 20, XLIII 16 § 1²⁰, 24 § 3ᵖʳ.

[1502] XLIII 24 § 5¹¹.

[1503] XLI 1 § 44.

[1504] XLVII 14, cf XLVIII 19 § 16⁷, XLIX 16 § 5².

[1505] In XIX 2 § 25⁴ (Gaius?) the tenant is held to blame for wilful damage done by a neighbour with whom he has a quarrel.

[1506] XVIII 1 § 35⁸.

[1507] XLVII 21 § 2.

[1508] XLIII 16, _de vi et de vi armata_.

[1509] XLI 3 § 33¹ etc.

[1510] XLI 2 §§ 3⁸,¹², 25¹, etc.

[1511] VIII 3 _de servitutibus praediorum rusticorum_. Specimens of inscribed notices of servitudes, Girard _textes_ part III ch 3 § 1.

[1512] VII 1 § 27³, XIX 2 § 15² (Ulpian). The abuse of the quartering of troops was no new evil in the Provinces. We hear of it from Cicero. In the third century AD we have the notable petitions from Scaptoparene in Thrace (238) text in Mommsen _ges Schr_ II 174-6, and from the Aragueni in Asia Minor (244-7), text in Dittenberger _Or Graec inscr_ No 519. For Italy in 5th century see on Symmachus.

[1513] XIX 2 §§ 9³, 15.

[1514] XLI 1 § 7¹⁻⁶, etc.

[1515] XI 4 § 1¹, cf Paulus _sent_ I 6 _a_ § 5.

[1516] Dealt with later in the Codes as a frequent evil. For early medieval laws on the point see de Coulanges p 152.

[1517] XLVII 9 §§ 3³, 16, Paulus _sent_ V 3 § 4.

[1518] XIII 4 § 3.

[1519] Callistratus in L 11 § 2, quoting Plato _rep_ 371 _a-c_.

[1520] XLVII 11 § 9.

[1521] XLVII 11 § 10, cf cod Th IX 32 § 1, cod Just IX 38.

[1522] _agri vectigales_ or (as the title calls them by a later name) _emphyteuticarii_. VI 3 §§ 1, 2, XIX 1 § 13⁶, XLIII 9 § 1, L 16 § 219. Large blocks were also hired by middlemen (_mancipes_) and sublet in parcels to _coloni_, XIX 2 § 53.

[1523] VI 3 §§ 1, 3.

[1524] L 8 § 2¹.

[1525] _subiectis aliorum nominibus._

[1526] XXXIX 4 § 11¹, _auctoritate principali_.

[1527] Gaius III 145 concludes that the contract in these leases is one of letting and hiring, not of purchase and sale. That is, it includes everything save the bare _dominium_, notably _possessio_, and, as Prof Buckland points out to me, covenants usual in such cases could be enforced by the _actio ex locato_.

[1528] XXXIX 4 § 11⁵.

[1529] XLIX 14 § 3⁶.

[1530] _principalibus rescriptis._ From the text I infer that these are later than Hadrian.

[1531] XXX § 39¹⁰, XIX 2 § 49.

[1532] XLIX 14 § 47¹ (Paulus).

[1533] XLIII 8 § 2⁴ (Ulpian), a very important passage.

[1534] Papirius Justus in L 1 § 38¹, _muneribus fungi sine damno fisci oportere_.

[1535] Callistratus in L 6 § 6¹¹, _ut idoniores praediis fiscalibus habeantur_.

[1536] References are endless. Most significant is L 4 § 4 (Ulpian) _honores qui indicuntur_.

[1537] Title XLIX 14 _de iure fisci_.

[1538] II 14 § 42 (Papinian).

[1539] XLIX 14 § 3¹⁰.

[1540] XLVIII 22 § 1, cf XLIX 14 §§ 47, 50, (Paulus).

[1541] That they did sometimes suffer may be inferred from the case of the Aragueni (p 374) who describe themselves as πάροικοι and γεωργοὶ (= _inquilini_ and _coloni_) of the emperor.

[1542] L 5 §§ 10, 11, etc.

[1543] See Spartian _Hadrian_ 7 § 5, Capitolinus _Anton_ 12 § 3, Spartian _Severus_ 14 § 2.

[1544] De Coulanges makes it his main thesis that the later colonate was a creation of custom, at length recognized by law. My conclusions here were reached before reading his fine treatise.

[1545] _attributi_ or _contributi_. See Mommsen, _Staatsrecht_ III, _die attribuirten Orte_.

[1546] Cf Dig XXXIII 2 § 28 _indictiones temporariae_ [Paulus], XIX 1 § 13⁶ [Ulpian].

[1547] Pliny _paneg_ 29 (of imperial subjects) _nec novis indictionibus pressi ad vetera tributa deficiunt_.

[1548] Hence cod Theod has a title _de superindictionibus_.

[1549] The rising of the Bagaudae in Gaul, at least partly due to agricultural distress, had been put down by Maximian in 285-6. See Schiller III pp 124-6.

[1550] It is true that the _colonus_ was guaranteed against disturbance, but I think de Coulanges pp 114-7, 123 makes too much of this.

[1551] There were in the latter half of the third century some signs of the coming reconstruction. But they came to no effect.

[1552] Cod Th V 17 (9) § 1 _apud quemcumque colonus iuris alieni fuerit inventus, is non solum, eundem origini suae restituat verum super eodem capitationem temporis agnoscat_ ... etc. Runaway _coloni_ are to be chained like slaves, _iuris alieni_ = the control of someone other than the person harbouring him. The _colonus_ is legally dependent, though nominally free.

[1553] See Weber, _Agrargeschichte_ pp 256 foll.

[1554] See Seeck II 320 foll, 330 foll.

[1555] Cod Just XI 59 § 1, in which Constantine, finding the _civitatum ordines_ unequal to this burden, extends the liability to other landlords also.

[1556] See Seeck II 214 foll, 223, 249, IV 88.

[1557] Seeck II 249, 284. See Cod Th XI 2 §§ 1-5 (dates 365-389), not in Cod Just.

[1558] Heisterbergk p 59 with references. Seeck, _Schatzungsordnung_ pp 302-5.

[1559] The details of this system are fully discussed in Seeck’s great article, _die Schatzungsordnung Diocletians_, in the Ztschr für social und Wirthschaftsgeschichte 1896.

[1560] Digest I 5 § 17, Dion Cass LXXVII 9 § 5. Schiller _Geschichte_ I pp 750-1 thinks that military motives had much to do with it, as adding to the citizen troops. What is supposed to be a copy of the edict itself has been found in a papyrus, see Girard, _textes_ part I ch 4 § 12. The text is in the Giessen papyri No 40. It seems certain that the lowest class of _peregrini_ (the _dediticii_) were not included in the grant.

[1561] See Seeck II 323. Cf Lactant _mort pers_ 23 § 5, Victor _Caes_ 39 § 31.

[1562] Through the _ius commercii_.

[1563] Seeck, _Schatzungsordnung_, cited above.

[1564] A long title in cod Th is devoted to remissions, XI 28, consisting of temporary laws. And these deal chiefly with Italian and African Provinces, notably §§ 7, 12, with Campania. They date from 395 to 436.

[1565] In the panegyric (No VIII cap 11) on Constantine we have mention of a reduction of 7000 _capita_ for relief of a district in Gaul.

[1566] Cod Th XI 1 § 14. Cf. Seeck, _Schatzungsordnung_ pp 315-6.

[1567] Compare the conduct of the magistrates of Antioch in the evidence of Libanius cited below.

[1568] See for instance cod Th XIII 10 § 1.

[1569] See below, in section on Salvian.

[1570] See Ammianus XIX 11 § 3, Victor _Caesares_ 13 §§ 5, 6. A long title cod Th VIII 5 is devoted to the _cursus_, containing 66 laws from 315 to 407, and other references abound.

[1571] Cf cod Th XI 16 § 3 (324), § 4 (328).

[1572] Cf Cic II _in Verr_ III § 190, Tac _Agr_ 19. Cf cod Th XI 1 § 22 (386), with Godefroi’s notes, also §§ 11 (365) and 21 (385), XIV 4 § 4 (367).

[1573] See the title _de naviculariis_, cod Th XIII 5, including 38 laws.

[1574] Cod Th XIV 18 _de mendicantibus non invalidis_.

[1575] If I rightly interpret Dig L 5 § 1² (Ulpian) cases had occurred earlier of men liable to office even pretending to be mere _coloni_ in order to evade liability (_ad colonos praediorum se transtulerunt_. See Dirksen under _transferre_).

[1576] Very significant is the law cod Th XVI 5 § 48 (410) by which even heretics are held to curial duty.

[1577] See Seeck, _Schatzungsordnung_ pp 315-6, De Coulanges p 119.

[1578] See Weber, _Agrargeschichte_ pp 266-7.

[1579] Cf cod Th XI 16 _passim_.

[1580] A rule of 366, or later according to Mommsen, cod Th XI 1 § 14, cod Just XI 48 § 4.

[1581] Cf cod Th XIII 10 § 3, retained in cod Just XI 48 § 2, plainly recognizing this.

[1582] See the advantages of the colonate summed up in de Coulanges p 144, and cf _ibid_ p 139.

[1583] Lactantius _de mort pers_ 7 § 3.

[1584] _enormitate indictionum._

[1585] Cf Augustin _de civ Dei_ X 1 _coloni, qui condicionem debent genitali solo, propter agri culturam sub dominio possessorum_.

[1586] Cf cod Th V 17 (9) §§ 1, 2 (332), etc.

[1587] Cod Th XI 3 § 2.

[1588] The _capitatio_.

[1589] Cod Just XI 48 § 7.

[1590] _Schatzungsordnung_ pp 313-4.

[1591] Rostowzew _Geschichte des Röm Colonates_ pp 381-97 traces the abandonment of the policy of favouring _coloni_, and adoption of reliance on great possessors, as a result of the pressing difficulties of the collection of revenue.

[1592] Cod Just XI 50 § 1 (Constantine).

[1593] Cod Just XI 50 § 2.

[1594] Cod Th XI 1 § 12 (365).

[1595] Wallon, _Esclavage_ III 266, 282.

[1596] For instance cod Th XI 11 (date somewhere 368-373), IV 13 §§ 2, 3 (321). Also XI 7-10, 16 § 10, etc.

[1597] Seeck, _Schatzungsordnung_ pp 285-308, with an account of local variations. For instance, in Africa and Egypt there was no _capitatio_.

[1598] See cod Th VII 13 § 7, 8 (375, 380). Even the imperial estates made liable, ibid § 12 (397). Dill p 196. In 379 Theodosius had to raise recruits from γεωργοί, Libanius XXIV 16.

[1599] Cod Th VII 18 § 10, cf VIII 2 § 3 (380). See Seeck II 490-1.

[1600] Cod Th VIII 2 § 3. By long use the word had become quite official. Cf _inopes ac vagi_ in Tac _ann_ IV 4, etc.

[1601] Cod Just XII 33 § 6.

[1602] De Coulanges pp 168-9 points out that in the early Middle Age we find _ingenui_ = _coloni_.

[1603] _temonaria functio._ See Dirksen under _temo_. Cod Th XI 16 §§ 14, 15, 18, cf VII 13 § 7, VI 26 § 14.

[1604] Wallon III 149, 476.

[1605] Cod Th VII 13 § 7, where occur the words _cum corpora postulantur_ opposed to _aurum_. For the money-commutation (_adaeratio_) often accepted from the landlords see Mommsen _Ges Schr_ VI p 254 _Das Röm Militärwesen seit Diocletian_. Also Rostowzew in the _Journal of Roman Studies_ vol VIII on _Synteleia tironon_, and Wagner on Ammianus XIX 11 § 7.

[1606] Cf Vegetius _rei milit_ I 7, of the disasters caused by slovenly recruiting, _dum indicti possessoribus tirones per gratiam aut dissimulationem probantium tales sociantur armis quales domini habere fastidiunt_.

[1607] Cod Th IV 13 §§ 2, 3, kept with variants in cod Just IV 61 § 5.

[1608] Cod Th XI 8.

[1609] Cod Th XI 16 § 10, 17 §§ 2-4.

[1610] For the special position of imperial senators see Dill pp 126, 166, 196, 218 foll.

[1611] Cod Th XI 11, kept with some omissions in cod Just XI 55 § 2.

[1612] Cod Th XI 16 § 4, cod Just XI 48 § 1.

[1613] Seeck I, chapter on _die Ausrottung der Besten_.

[1614] Pliny _NH_ XVIII 296. Palladius VII 2.

[1615] _hoc compendio._ Pall.

[1616] _Orat_ 50. I take the date given by Förster.

[1617] For such properties see cod Th X 3.

[1618] φιλανθρωπότατε βασιλεῦ.

[1619] § 36 γράμμασι, which I take to be = _indictiones_.

[1620] In cod Th the title XI 24 is _de patrociniis vicorum_, and the laws range from 360 to 415. Cod Just XI 54 shews that the evil was still in existence in 468.

[1621] _Orat_ 47 §§ 8-10. Zulueta (see below) points out that the protection given by the patrons was exerted quite as much by improper influence on judges as by use of force.

[1622] § 6 τοῦτο καὶ λῃστὰς γεωργοὺς ἑποίησε.

[1623] § 11 ἀλλὰ καὶ οἷς εἷς ὁ δεσπότης.

[1624] §§ 19-21.

[1625] § 24 ὦν εἰσιν (οἱ γεωργοί).

[1626] §§ 17, 18.

[1627] § 34.

[1628] §§ 36-8 δὸς δὴ νεῦρα τῷ νόμῳ καὶ ποίησον αὐτὸν ὡς ἀληθῶς νόμον ἀντὶ ψιλῆς προσηγορίας ... etc.

[1629] Cod Th XI 24 § 2 (Valens).

[1630] Note that the law Cod Th XII 1 § 128, sternly forbidding _militares viri_ to interfere with _curiales_ or to use any violence to leading men in the municipalities, is dated 392 July 31. Also that it is retained in Cod Just X 32 § 42. Zulueta _de patrociniis vicorum_ pp 38-40 concludes that it is uncertain to what emperor Libanius is appealing, and places the date in 386-9 AD. He finds the reference in Cod Th V 17 § 2 (Theodosius), not in XI 24 § 2.

[1631] The leading authority on Symmachus is O Seeck. In particular the dating of many of the letters in his great edition (MGH, Berlin 1883) is often helpful.

[1632] See _epist_ II 6, 7, 52, IV 5 (4), 18, 21, IX 14, 114 (124), X 2, 21, _relat_ 3 §§ 15-18, 9 § 7, 18, 35, 37.

[1633] _epist_ III 55, 82, IV 54, 74, VII 38, 68, _relat_ 18.

[1634] _epist_ II 6, III 55, 82, IX 42, VII 68, _relat_ 9, 18, 37.

[1635] _epist_ VII 66, IX 10, _relat_ 18.

[1636] _epist_ II 55, IV 68.

[1637] _epist_ VI 15 (14).

[1638] _epist_ VI 15 (14), VII 18, 68. Seeck, V 284, 555.

[1639] _epist_ I 5 _ut rus quod solebat alere nunc alatur_. Cf cod Th XI 1 § 4.

[1640] _epist_ VI 82 (81).

[1641] _nihilque iam colonis superest facultatum quod aut rationi opituletur aut cultui._

[1642] _epist_ VII 56 _cum sit colonus agrorum meorum atque illi debita magis quam precaria cura praestetur_.

[1643] _epist_ IX 6. Cf IX 11.

[1644] _epist_ IX 47 (50).

[1645] _epist_ IX 140 (X 18).

[1646] _epist_ VIII 2. Plin _epist_ I 6, V 6 § 46.

[1647] Amm Marc XXVIII 4 § 18 _alienis laboribus venaturi_.

[1648] _epist_ II 22.

[1649] _epist_ V 18.

[1650] _epist_ II 52. Cf the cases contemplated in Dig XIX 2 §§ 13⁷, 15².

[1651] _epist_ VII 38.

[1652] _epist_ IX 45 (48).

[1653] _epist_ VI 11.

[1654] _epist_ IX 27 (30).

[1655] _epist_ VII 66, IX 49 (52). In the law of 414 Cod Th XVI 5 § 54 we have these _conductores privatorum opposed to conductores domus nostrae_ in Africa. See above, chapter on the African inscriptions.

[1656] _epist_ VI 12.

[1657] In _quality_ the Apulian wheat was thought excellent. Varro _RR_ I 2 § 6.

[1658] _epist_ IX 29.

[1659] _epist_ VII 126 _res ... non tam reditu ampla quam censu_.

[1660] _epist_ IX 11 _sed maior opitulatio ex tui arbitrii favore proveniet, cum causae eius etiam iustitia non desit_.

[1661] _epist_ IX 37 (40).

[1662] _ut perspiciatur in discretione iudicium._

[1663] _epist_ IX 47 (50).

[1664] _epist_ IX 10.

[1665] _epist_ VI 59 (58), 65 (64).

[1666] _epist_ IV 74.

[1667] _epist_ II 7.

[1668] _quanto nobis odio provinciarum constat illa securitas._

[1669] _relatio_ 40.

[1670] _quod nihil subsidii decreta dudum oppida conferebant._ This seems to imply a previous grant to Tarracina, levied on other towns. Cf _relat_ 37 _decretae provinciae_, referring to supply of Rome.

[1671] _Capuana legatio._ Meaning _Campanian_, I take it.

[1672] Neratius Cerealis, praef annonae 328, praef urbi 352-3, consul 358. Godefroi’s Prosopographia, Wilmanns inscr 1085, and cod Th XIV 24. The order is given thus, _eum frumenti numerum, quem Cerealis ex multis urbibus Romano populo vindicarat, restitui omnibus_.

[1673] _secretum._

[1674] XVI 5 §§ 14, 15.

[1675] Seeck, _Schatzungsordnung_ p 306, keeps the MS reading _capitulis_ here. See his remarks, and for the word _capitulum_ cf cod Th XI 16 § 15 (382) _capituli atque temonis necessitas_, ibid § 14 _capitulariae sive ... temonariae functionis_.

[1676] The title cod Th XI 28 is _de indulgentiis debitorum_.

[1677] _norat enim hoc facto se aliquid locupletibus additurum, cum constet ubique pauperes inter ipsa indictorum exordia solvere universa sine laxamento conpelli._ We shall return to this point in connexion with Salvian.

[1678] XVII 3.

[1679] _quicquid in capitatione deesset ex conquisitis se supplere._ _conquisita_ are the sums produced by a _superindictio_ raising the amount to be levied. Cf cod Th XI 1 § 36, and title XI 6 _de superindicto_.

[1680] Cf XXX 5 § 6 _provisorum_, cod Th XII 1 § 169 _tuae provisionis ... incrementis_.

[1681] _indictionale augmentum._

[1682] _sollemnia ... nedum incrementa._

[1683] XVIII 1.

[1684] _quorum patrimonia publicae clades augebant._

[1685] XVIII 2 § 2 and references in Wagner’s edition. Schiller, _Kaiserzeit_ II p 313.

[1686] XXIX 5 §§ 10-13.

[1687] _messes et condita hostium virtutis nostrorum horrea esse._

[1688] As when in Pannonia (373) they crossed the Danube and _occupatam circa messem agrestem adortae sunt plebem_, XXIX 6 § 6.

[1689] XXIX 5 § 13 _in modum urbis exstruxit_.

[1690] XXIX 5 § 25 _muro circumdatum valido_. In XXX 10 § 4 we find _Murocincta_ as the name of a _villa_ and _Triturrita_ in Rutilius _de reditu_ I 527, 615. Cf cases in Caesar’s time, _Bell Afr_ 9, 40, 65.

[1691] XXVIII 6 § 8.

[1692] XXX 2 § 10 _negotiis se ruralibus dedit_.

[1693] There was much jealousy on this score, and a powerful reaction, as after the death of Valentinian in 375, but even then the foreign element prevailed. Schiller II 389.

[1694] XXXI 4 §§ 4, 5.

[1695] _ex ultimis terris tot tirocinia._ Cf XIX 11 § 7.

[1696] _et pro militari supplemento, quod provinciatim annuum pendebatur, thesauris accederet auri cumulus magnus._ I hope I am right in referring this to the _temonaria functio_ or obligation of paying the _temo_ = the price of a recruit. Cod Th XI 16 §§ 14, 15.

[1697] XXXI 6 § 5.

[1698] _dudum a mercatoribus venundati, adiectis plurimis quos primo transgressu necati inedia vino exili vel panis frustris mutavere vilissimis._

[1699] XXXI 10 § 17, _inventute valida nostris tirociniis permiscenda_.

[1700] XXVIII 5 § 15 of Theodosius defeating Alamanni, _pluribus caesis, quoscumque cepit ad Italiam iussu principis misit, ubi fertilibus pagis acceptis iam tributarii circumcolunt Padum_. 370 AD. Cf XXXI 9 § 4, 377 AD, and XX 4 § 1, 360 AD.

[1701] For instance, _in Rufinum_ I 200-5, _de bello Gildon_ 105-12, _de IV cos Honor_ 412-8.

[1702] _in Rufin_ I 380-2.

[1703] _in Rufin_ I 189-92.

[1704] _metuenda colonis fertilitas._

[1705] _in Eutrop_ I 401-9.

[1706] _de bello Gildon_ 49-74.

[1707] See Bury, _Later Roman empire_ I 108-9, Seeck, _Untergang_ V 379-80, Dill, _Roman Society_ p 233, Wallon, _Esclavage_ III 276-7. The affair is referred to in cod Th X 10 § 25 (Dec 408).

[1708] _de cos Stilichonis_ II 204-7.

[1709] _in Eutrop_ II 194-210.

[1710] _bene rura Gruthungus excolet et certo disponet sidere vites._

[1711] _quem detinet aequi gloria concessoque cupit vixisse colonus quam dominus rapto._

[1712] _in Eutrop_ I 406 _Teutonicus vomer_.

[1713] _de bell Goth_ 450-68.

[1714] _non iam dilectus miseri nec falce per agros deposita iaculum vibrans ignobile messor ... sed vera inventus, verus ductor adest et vivida Martis imago._

[1715] Cf Vegetius _rei milit_ I 7, of disasters in recent times, _dum longa pax militem incuriosius legit_.

[1716] _in Eutrop_ II 370-5.

[1717] _de bell Goth_ 366-72.

[1718] _epitoma rei militaris_ I 3.

[1719] _rei milit_ I 5, _senos pedes vel certe quinos et denas uncias_ [has not _ad_ fallen out before _senos_?]. In a law of 367, cod Th VII 13 § 3 _in quinque pedibus et septem unciis_.

[1720] _tunc._ When? From I 28 it might be inferred that he looks back to the first Punic war. But I do not think so.

[1721] _necdum enim civilis pars florentiorem abduxerat iuventutem._ So I 7 _civilia sectantur officia_.

[1722] The assertion that _Martius calor_ has not subsided (I 28), accepted by Seeck I 413, seems to me rhetorical bravado. Much more likely is the view (_ib_ 414) that the improved standard of recruits in the fifth century was due to prevalence of barbarians.

[1723] Seeck II 88 foll. Hence army service was called _militia armata_.

[1724] _mulomed_ I 56 §§ 11-13.

[1725] _si saepius et cum moderatione animalia sedeantur._ For _sederi_ cf § 35 _sub honesto sessore_, Spart Hadr 22 § 6, cod Th IX 30 § 3.

[1726] _servorum impatientia._

[1727] _neque enim de damno domini cogitant, quod eidem contingere gratulantur._

[1728] Julian _orat_ VII p 232 a-b.

[1729] Above, p 393.

[1730] _de mortibus persecutorum_ 22-3.

[1731] For the _census_ under the new system, first in 297 and then every fifth year, see Seeck II pp 263 foll. It was only concerned with the land and taxation units liable to the levy of _annona_. De Coulanges pp 75-85 urges that the system already described by Ulpian in Dig L 15 §§ 3, 4, is much the same, and points out that monastic records shew it still surviving in the early Middle Age. But practice, rather than principle, is here in question.

[1732] _hominum capita._ In most provinces the taxable unit was fixed by taking account of the number of able-bodied on each estate as well as of the acreage. Seeck II 266 foll, also _Schatzung_ pp 285-7.

[1733] The urban taxation was conducted in each town by the local _decemprimi_, aldermen, and was quite distinct.

[1734] _adscribebantur quae non habebantur_ may mean ‘were put on the record as owning what they did not own.’

[1735] _pecuniae pro capitibus pendebantur._ The _capita_ here seem to have a double sense.

[1736] De Coulanges pp 75-6 treats it severely on the score of Christian prejudice.

[1737] Sulp Sev _dial_ II 3.

[1738] For instance cod Th VII 1 § 12, VIII 5, XI 10, 11.

[1739] Cod Th VII 20 § 7.

[1740] Sulp Sev _vita S Martini_ 2 § 5, and cf cod Th VII 22, also 1 § 8. See the note of Seeck II 490.

[1741] This view has been challenged by Dill, pp 118-9. But cf Sidonius _epist_ V 19, IX 6.

[1742] The earlier part of book V of the _de gubernatione Dei_, especially §§ 34-50. The rising of the Bagaudae (286) in Gaul is dealt with §§ 24 foll. See Schiller II pp 124-6.

[1743] _dediticios se divitum faciunt et quasi in ius eorum dicionemque trascendunt._

[1744] _addicunt_, a technical law term.

[1745] _possesio ... capitatio._

[1746] _pervasio_ = attack, encroachment. Cf cod Th II 4 §§ 5, 6.

[1747] _fundos maiorum expetunt et coloni divitum fiunt._

[1748] _iugo se inquilinae abiectionis addicunt._ See cod Th V 18 (10) _de inquilinis et colonis_, cod Just XI 48 § 13.

[1749] _fiunt praeiudicio habitationis indigenae._ That is, by prescription they acquire a new _origo_. See cod Th V 17 (9) §§ 1, 2, 18 (10), cod Just XI 64 § 2, 48 § 16.

[1750] _extraneos et alienos_; that is, belonging to someone else.

[1751] _et miramur si nos barbari capiunt, cum fratres nostros faciamus esse captivos?_

[1752] I think de Coulanges is too severe on the rhetoric of Salvian (pp 141-3). After all, the Codes do not give one a favourable picture of the later colonate, and the Empire did fall in the West.

[1753] This arrangement was especially frequent in the East. See on Libanius pp 400-1, and cod Th XI 24 _de patrociniis vicorum_, cf cod Just XI 54. But so far as individuals were concerned it was widespread.

[1754] Seeck cites cod Th III 1 § 2 [337], XI 1 § 26 [399], 3 §§ 1-5 [319-391], and for the legal tricks used to defeat the rule XI 3 § 3.

[1755] _de gub Dei_ V § 18 _quae enim sunt non modo urbes sed etiam municipia atque vici ubi non quot curiales fuerint tot tyranni sunt?_

[1756] From _adscribere_, to record the liability of the lord, his _coloni_ came to be called _adscripticii_. Weber _Agrargeschichte_ p 258.

[1757] Cod Th XI 1 § 26 [399] refers especially to Gaul. He is _servus terrae_ in fact, as Weber _Agrargeschichte_ p 258 remarks.

[1758] In Esmein’s _Mélanges_ [1886] there is an excellent essay on some of the letters of Sidonius discussed here, forestalling a number of my conclusions.

[1759] See Seeck II 175 foll.

[1760] Sidon _epist_ I 10.

[1761] See Dill, _Roman Society in the last century of the Western Empire_, p 179.

[1762] See _epist_ II 2, 9, 14, IV 24, VIII 4.

[1763] _epist_ VII 12 § 3.

[1764] _quia sic habenas Galliarum moderarere ut possessor exhaustus tributario iugo relevaretur._

[1765] Instances in _epist_ III 1, VI 10.

[1766] _epist_ III 5.

[1767] _suffragio vestro._

[1768] _epist_ VI 10.

[1769] _domesticis fidei_, already, it seems, a stereotyped phrase. See Ducange.

[1770] _debitum glaebae canonem._

[1771] _epist_ VI 12.

[1772] See Dill, book IV ch 3.

[1773] _aggeres publici_, cf _epist_ II 9 § 2, IV 24 § 2. It is an official expression, used by jurists.

[1774] No doubt some were castles, more or less defensible. The _burgus_ of Leontius by the Garonne was such, cf _carm_ XXII 121-5.

[1775] _epist_ I 6, VII 15, VIII 8.

[1776] _epist_ II 14.

[1777] _epist_ IV 9 § 1, VII 14 § 11. _liberti_ mentioned VII 16. See Dill p 178.

[1778] _epist_ VIII 4 § 1.

[1779] _epist_ II 2. Cf Dill pp 168-72.

[1780] In _epist_ III 9 is a curious case of a farmer who owned slaves and in his slack simplicity let them be enticed away to Britain.

[1781] Dill p 220, citing _epist_ IV 24. See Esmein pp 377-83 for the legal points of the case.

[1782] _centesima_, that is 1% _per mensem_, I suppose.

[1783] _epist_ IX 6. See Dill pp 174-5.

[1784] _epist_ V 19.

[1785] _sub condicione concedo, si stupratorem pro domino iam patronus originali solvas inquilinatu._

[1786] _mox cliens factus e tributario plebeiam potius incipiat habere personam quam colonariam._

[1787] He calls his solution _compositio seu satisfactio_. Esmein pp 364 foll shews that _compositio_ was now a regular expression for the practice of avoiding the strict Roman Law, under barbarian and ecclesiastical influences.

[1788] See Index, _inquilini_, and de Coulanges pp 65, 74, 85.

[1789] See de Coulanges pp 100-1.

[1790] See this question fully discussed by Esmein pp 370-5. Also the doubts of de Coulanges pp 101, 104.

[1791] For this point see Seeck, _Schatzungsordnung_ pp 314-5.

[1792] Cod Th V 18 [10] _si quis colonus originalis vel inquilinus_ ... etc. And below, _originarius_ [419]. Cod Just XI 48 § 13 _inquilinos colonosve, quorum quantum ad originem pertinet vindicandam indiscreta eademque paene videtur esse condicio, licet sit discrimen in nomine_, ... etc, and § 14 _causam originis et proprietatis_. The limiting word _paene_ may refer to difference in mode of payment of taxes. These laws, retained in cod Just, date from 400.

[1793] Seeck just cited. Weber, _Agrargeschichte_ p 257.

[1794] E Meyer _Kl Schr_ p 185 takes the words of Aristotle _Pol_ I 2 § 5 ὁ γὰρ βοῦς ἀντ’ οἰκέτου τοῖς πένησίν ἐστιν as proving that even in Ar’s time the small farmer had to do without a slave. I think they prove that if he could not afford a slave he must do with an ox only. For the additional protection of the ox see Index. Cf Maine, _Early Law and Custom_ pp 249-51.

[1795] E Meyer _Kl Schriften_ p 179 will only use the word _slaves_ of a part of these, but the distinction does not matter here.

[1796] See Dig XXXII § 99 (Paulus), and XXXIII 7 _passim_, especially § 25¹.

[1797] That religious scruple was opposed to keeping members of the same race-unit in slavery is most probable. This _trans Tiberim_ rule is known from Gellius XX 1 § 47, referring to debt-slaves. Greeks however, even when abhorring the enslavement of Greek by Greek in principle, did not discontinue the practice. E Meyer _Kl Schr_ p 202 compares the medieval scruple in reference to brother Christians. See also his remarks p 177. For Hebrew law and custom see _Encyclopaedia Biblica_ (1903) vol IV and Hastings’ _Dictionary of the Bible_ (1902) vol IV, articles _Slavery_.

[1798] Different also from the position of a food-producer class in a great territorial state, being based on local conditions.

[1799] Illustrated with great clearness in the provisions of the Gortyn laws.

[1800] Varro _RR_ I 17 § 2 on _obaerarii_ or _obaerati_.

[1801] The relative importance of land and the means of cultivation [especially oxen] in early times, the power thus gained by chiefs granting cattle to tenants, and the connexion of these phenomena with legends of debt-slavery, are instructively discussed in Maine’s _Early history of Institutions_, lecture VI.

[1802] Mr G G Coulton kindly reminds me of an analogy observable in the history of Art. It is progressive on simple lines up to a certain point. Then it begins to ramify, and differences of taste become more acute. Hence an anarchy of taste, driving men to yearn (like Ruskin, Morris, etc.) for the old simplicity. So the peasant up to a point is useful and noble. But fresh currents of civilization alter his position. Then men yearn for the old simplicity, only defective through being essentially simple.

[1803] Mr Zimmern, _The Greek Commonwealth_ pp 265 foll, has some interesting remarks on craftsmen as wage-earners, and points out their preference for serving the state rather than private employers. The latter plan would have put them almost in the position of slaves.

[1804] When food was provided, we must reckon it as part of his wage.

[1805] A vast number of Greek records of manumission refer to such cases.

[1806] See Francotte, _L’Industrie dans la Grèce ancienne_ book II chap 5, _La concurrence servile_. I cannot follow E Meyer _Kl Schr_ pp 198-201. And the oft-cited passage of Timaeus (Athen VI 264 d), where free Phocians object to slaves taking their employment, refers solely to domestic and personal attendance.

[1807] Of this there is abundant American evidence from writers on Slavery. The hired slave sometimes got a higher wage than the hired freeman.

[1808] See Whitaker’s Almanack, and the exposure of an impudent agency for the purpose in the _Times_ 15 Sept 1914.

[1809] Compare Wendell Phillips ‘Before this there had been among us scattered and single abolitionists, earnest and able men; sometimes, like Wythe of Virginia, in high places. The Quakers and Covenanters had never intermitted their testimony against slavery. But Garrison was the first man to begin a _movement_ designed to annihilate slavery.’ Speech at G’s funeral 1879.

[1810] Prof Bury, _Idea of Progress_ p 275, points out that Guizot noted that Christianity did not in its early stages aim at any improvement of social conditions.

[1811] The conclusions reached in this paragraph are in agreement with E Meyer _Kl Schr_ pp 151-2, 155, 205, 209. But he seems to put the decline of the slave-gang system rather earlier than I venture to do.

[1812] We must bear in mind that a tenant was naturally unwilling to work for a margin of profit not to be retained by himself. Hence the tendency to find means of constraining him to do so.

[1813] _coloni_ or _quasi coloni_, cf Dig XV 3 § 16, XXXIII 8 § 23³, or XXXIII 7 §§ 12³, 18⁴, 20¹, and numerous other references.

[1814] The compulsory tenure of municipal offices is commonly cited as illustrating the pressure even on men of means. It began in the second century. See Dig L 1 § 38⁶, 2 § 1 [Ulpian], 4 § 14⁶ [Callistratus citing Hadrian], and many other passages. Notable is L 4 § 4¹ _honores qui indicuntur_ [Ulpian].

[1815] This topic is the subject of Churchill Babington’s Hulsean dissertation, Cambridge 1846. I learn that a pamphlet by Brecht, _Sklaverei und Christentum_, takes a less favourable view, but have not seen it. The survival of the colonate and its heavy burdens in the early Middle Age are treated by de Coulanges, particularly in connexion with the estates of the Church.

[1816] The slow progress of emancipation is referred to by E Meyer _Kl Schr_ p 178, of course from a very different point of view. He mentions that slavery was not completely forbidden in Prussia till 1857, and is against its abolition in German colonies. Seeley in his _Life of Stein_ points out that the armies of Frederic the Great were mainly recruited from serfs.

[1817] The Turk and his Rayahs furnishes a very striking illustration.

[1818] E Meyer, _Kl Schr_ p 188.

[1819] Since writing this section I have found in Prof Bury’s _Idea of Progress_ pp 269-70 a passage which seems to justify the objection here raised, though it occurs in a different connexion.

[1820] It is perhaps hardly necessary to refer to the great economic disturbance caused by the Black Death in fourteenth century England.

[1821] John Spargo, _Bolshevism, the enemy of political and industrial Democracy_. London, J Murray 1919. I think I may accept the author’s evidence on the points here referred to, confirmed as it is by other observers. See his remarks pp 69, 156, 275, 278, in particular. That the same sharp distinction between peasant and wage-earner is drawn by the Socialists in other countries also, and is to them a stumbling-block, is clearly to be seen in King and Okey’s _Italy today_. See appendix.

[1822] A remarkable article in the _Times_ of 10 May 1920 describes the influences tending in the opposite direction in the United States, particularly the workman’s prospect of proprietorship.

[1823] For the survival of the colonate in the West see de Coulanges pp 145-86.

[1824] See Krumbacher’s history of Byzantine Literature in Iwan Müller’s Handbuch, and Oder’s article in Pauly-Wissowa.

[1825] Varro _RR_ I 17 §§ 3, 4.

[1826] In the _Journal of Hellenic Studies_ 1910 and 1912. There the views of Zachariä are discussed.

[1827] The truth seems to be that serfage had never become so widespread in the East as in the West, as Mr Bouchier, _Syria as a Roman Province_ p 181, points out.

[1828] Vol II pp 418-421.

[1829] Sir W. Herringham, _A Physician in France_, pp 167-8 on Peasantry as a strength to the State.

INDICES

_Where the reference is less direct, the figure is given in brackets_

I GENERAL

=Agriculture, etc.= Accommodation-labour, mutual between neighbours, 170, 333-4 Accommodation land, 190-1 Aqueducts, 293-6 asses, 107, 330, 334, 400, 422 contempt for, 12, 69, 145-7, 160, 334 Decay of, general, 337, 383, 387, 393 Decay of, in Greece, 11, 96, 104, 127, 129, 132, 300 foll. Decay of, in Italy, 11, 14, 143-4, 147, 154 foll., 163, 174, 209-10, 250-1, 265, 271-2, 281 foll., 288, 299, 358, 365, 404 foll. Delegation of management, 432-3 growth of distaste for, 42, [79], 88, [119], 124, 251, [278], 302 Importance and recognized value of, 3, 5, 6, 8-11, 82, 141, 200, 204-6, 212, 226, [280], 283, 400, 437, 444 improved by knowledge of foreign countries, 179, [251] Industrializing of, 146-7, 150-1, 168-9, 203-4, 445, 447, 452 in Peloponnesus, 30, 49, 50, [69], 82, 118, 120, 122-3, 128-9 in the East, 303-5 Landed peasantry not ‘proletarian’, 457-8 Military point of view, 3, 8-11, 64-5, 74-5, 122, [128], 132, 133, 147, 152, 163, 166, 176, 213-4, 283, 395-7, 438, 440 Moral or civic point of view, 3, 11, 31, 64, 70, 83, 96, 107-8, 124, 133, 135 foll., 166, 213, [277 foll.], 281 foll., 302, 439-40, 445, 458 need of capital, 47, [67], 83, 104, 144, 154, 174, 200-1, 204, [225], 250, 255, 320, 345, 365 problem of food-supply, 3, 9, 14, 15, [19], 29, 30, 47, 48, 62, 66, 77, 81, 87, 92, 96, 118-9, 132, 208, 211, 283, 288, 309, [326], 332, [337], 339, 347, 357-8, 375, 379, 382-4, 387-98, 403, 406-8, 411-2, 416, 427-8, 460-1 Property and proprietary rights, 436 Punic, 151, 164, [168], [179], 203-4, [282], 353 remunerative or not, 14, 41, 83, 107, 111, 154-60, 166, 169, 174, 186, [193], 201, 205, 252-3, [268], [277], 284, 306, 308-10, 318, 320-2, 351, 365, 404-5

Barbarian and Greek, 27, 28, 31-2, 34, 54-5, 78-9, [112], 113, [164]

Barbarian lords and Roman subjects, 427

Barbarians and the Roman army, 14, 210, 270, 273, 292, 339, 382, 387, 397, 413-4, 417-8

Barbarians, fertility of, 382

Barbarians, settlement of, within Roman Empire, 337-8, 340, 360, 384, 414-5, 416, 426, 431

Bee-keeping, 184, 228, 230, [266], 309

Beggars, 18, 19, 23, 25, 72, 243, 392

Book-keeping on great estates, 249-50, 258-9, [264], 335, 368

Bucolic poetry, 115-6, 218-20, 280

Capitalism and employment of labour, 2, 36, 48, 55, 57-8, 70-1, 107, 150, 151-2, 156 foll., 173, 220, 254, 302, 441, 443, 454-6

Capitalism, growth of, 13, 25, 33, 36, 47-8, 49, 58, 70, 76, 83, [106], 129, 142-4, 212, 282, 288 foll., 314

Capitalist influence hostile to free peasantry, 151-2, 201, [212], [297]

Capitalist profiteers, 403

cases, query, hypothetical?, 264, 304-5

Caste and gild system of later Roman Empire, 210, 212, [376-7], 383, 389-91, 396, 405, 413, 423, 451

Census, the later Imperial, 388, 390, 420-2, 431

Centralization, bureaucratic, 379-80, 381, 384

Cereal crops, 19, 47-8, 81, 104, 107, 111, [118], [121], 154, 174, 249, [253], 266-7, 283-4, 291, 303, 309, 350, 352, 375, 388, 403, 406, 412, [428-9], 461, 463

Charcoal, 42, 64

Charitable institutions, 271, 273, 296, 324

Charity, private, 403

Christianity, influence of, 410-1, 420, 422-3, 426-32, [435], 449 foll.

Citizen and alien, 32, 36, 47, 48, 66, 96-7, 301, 314, 329

Citizens as such not producers, 102

Citizens, new, incorporation of, 126-7, 149, 153, 271, 288, 389, [444]

Citizenship, 86, 92, 94, 98, 113-4, 120, 301-2, 389, 431, 444

City and country, 9, 13, 24, 31-2, 40, 43-4, 48, 49, 63, 83, 89, 90, 108-9, 115-6, 124-5, 145-6, 153, 184, [200], 217, 222, 235-6, 251, 278-9, 301-2, 306, 308, 332, 400, 409, 429

City and State, 380

Cleruchies, 39, 41-2, 51-2, 81, 83, 105-6, [120]

Clients [πελάται, _clientes_], 25, 134, [150], [167], 243, 314, 431, 433

Colonies, 26-7, 51, 67, 72, 76, 83, 87-8, 152, 174, 207, 270, [272], 273-5

Commerce and seafaring, 19, 23, 39, 114, 215, 288, 290, 309, 347, 381, 391, 403, 412

Commerce restricted, 77, 92, 96, [98], 100, 102, [142], [290]

Communistic schemes and legends, 41, 45, 89, 92, 120, 218, 232, 236, 248, [459]

Confiscation and redistribution, 67, [70], 72, [88], 89, 128, 155-6, 176-7, 178-9, 193, 200, 203, [225], 234, 236, 240

Continuity of occupation, importance of, 207-8, 252-3, 255, 344-5, 347, 355-6, 377, 383-4

Corn-dealers, 81, 403

Corn trade (Euxine), 31, [39], 81, 104-5

Cosmopolitanism, 113-4, [187], 232, 271, [288]

Country carts, 39, 400

Country houses, 51, 82, 106, 108-9, 124, 157, [164], 165-6, 201, 224, 235, 246, 310, 312, 366, 427-9

Country life idealized, desire of, 43, [115], 124-5, 200-1, 215, 217, 222, [230], 234-6, 280, [302-3], 417, 429

Craftsman as employer, 2, [48], [51], 172-3, [385], 441, 446

Crops, dealers in, 111, 171, 322, 375

Crops, hanging, sale of, 171, 265, 284, 322

Crops, variety in, movement towards, 203, 266

Cultivation etc. by contract, 140, 166, 171-3, [180], 186, 264-5

Cultivation, intensive, 231, 265, [291]

Cultivation, movements to extend or maintain, 126-7, [207-8], 211-2, [272], [301], 337-8, 340, 349-52, 357, [383], 387, 394

Damage, responsibility for, 363, 366, 373-4

Debt, pressure of, 22, 25, 133-4, 144, 155, [209], 321, 430, 436-7

Devastation of farms in war, 31, 38, 40, 43, [84], 104, 118, 133, 136, 139, 144, 410-1, 412

Differentiation of soldier and farmer, 210, 382, 417-8

Digging, 35, 46, 116, 172, 186, 261, 282, 317

Dogs, 23, 331, 372

Domains, imperial, 207, 209, 337, 342-58, 377-8

Domestication of animals, 15, 32, 433-4

Drainage, 366

East and West, 409, 460-4

Education, 68-9, 72-3, 76, 101

Emigration of working farmers (?), 207, 256, [272], 274-5, [293], 348-9

=Estates= abroad, 39, 51-2, 81, 83-4, 106, 207, 214, 248-9, 251, 281-2, [291], 298, [301], 309, 319, 341, 348, 353-4, 405 and boundaries, 17, 108, 174-5, 190, 331 as ‘Peculiars’, 354, 377, 392-3 division of, 22, 190-1, 256 Great, growth of, in Italy, 126, 143-4, 147, 152-3, 154, 165, 201, 203, 205, 248, 251, 256, 263, 281-3, 297, 314, [354] Large and small, 46, 47, 51, 88, 106-7, 119, 125, 129, 138, 141-4, [166], 182, 196, 201, 214, 281-4, 296-7, 334 Letting to tenants, 14, 36, 39, 52, 82-3, 84, 106, 111, [125], 157-8, 160-1, 167, 177, 183, 191, 194-5, 198, 201-2, 208, 211, 216, 224, 233-5, 246-7, 252-7, 264, 277, 280, 297-9, 303, 307-8, 320-1, 325, 355, 358-9, 362 foll., 367-8, 376, 390, 433, 450, 463 Management by owner, 13, 57-8, 82, 106, [146], 167, 170-1, 224, [250-1], 284, [319], 325 Management by owner’s steward, 13, [33], 36, 51, 57-60, 88, 106, 116, 124, 140, 153, 158-60, 168, 186, 194, 224, 251-3, 256 foll., 297 foll., 304, 321, 325, 335, 343, 353, 367-8, 461 Mixed, 82, [83], 106, 108, [155], 169, [201], 310 of _collegia_, 295 retain names of former owners, 343 Small, profits on, 160, 184, 230, 284, 306 Suburban, 109, 128, 164, 248, 294-5, 306, 312

Eugenics, 72-3, [90], 93

Evidence, lack of, from working farmer or labourer, 4, 374, [429-30], 454

Experiments, 258

Fallows and rotation of crops, 291

Familiar details, tendency of writers to omit, 16, 44, 136, 140, 213-4, 379

Farm-equipment found by landlord, 216, 255, 297-9, 320-1, 344-5, 364-5, 367

Farmer and politics, 11, 12, 36, 40-4, 49, 70, 89, 90, 302

Farmer as man of substance, 39-40, 41, 46, 104

Farmer-heroes, Roman, 135 foll., 145-6, 197, 213, 232, 281, 313, 328, 415, 418, 445

Farmer not a soldier, 74, [98], 101, 210, 313, [316], 396-8, 417

Farmer rather a seller than a buyer, 42, 167, [185]

Farmers’ capital mostly fixed, 46, 47, 104, [193]

Farmers required to be resident, 204-5, 208, 297, 383-4

Farmers resident in the city, 33, 51, 82

Farm-hands as oarsmen, 90, 95, 183

Farming, fancy, 109, 179, 282, 308-10

Farming, high or scientific, 98-9, 122, 179, [181], 201, 286

Farming means unremitting attention and toil, 22, 23, [152], 159-60, 166, [197], 218, 222, 251, 321, 451

Farm slaves barbarians, 63, 92, 94, 124, [292], [325], 337

Farm tenants and their burdens, 14, [131], [157-8], 183, 195, 197, 209, 211, 254, 377-8, 397, 415

Figs, 45, 81, 108, 266, 283, 303, [463]

Financial interests, power of, 152

Financial system and motives of later Roman Empire, 211-2, [225], 346, 348, 354-5, 375-8, 381-3, 388 foll., 394, 401, 410 foll., 427

Fires, 249, 374, 428

Firewood, 42, 107, 111, [115], 118, 252, 309, 388, 408

Flocks and herds (grazing and breeding), 16, 19, 20, 29, 81, 88, 90, 115-6, 121, 154, 165, 171, 174, 179, 266, 278, 301, 303, 309, [372], 388, 406, 429, 448

Floods, 108, 312, 322, 374

Flower gardens, 108-9

Food, imported, 39, 47, 48, 69, 77, 81, 104, 119, 154, 174, 184, 266, 283, 288, 309, 326, 347, 358, 403, 416

Foods, 19, 20, 24, 25, 45, 137, 283, 403

Fortified homesteads, 412-3, 429

Free craftsmen employed by farmer, 172-3, 184, [462]

Freedmen (German), 292

Freedmen (Greek), 80, 82, 85, [123]

Freedmen (Roman), 127, [160], 168-9, 183, 188, 192-3, 196-7, 201, 213, 234, 236, 243, 244, 264, 271, 284, [288], 290-1, 300, 312, 314-5, 318, [334], 379, [429]

Freedom, its local value, 21, 137

Fruit-trees and orchards, 19, 20, 25, 127-8, 139, [178], 230, 344, 350, 421

Goats, 47, 84, 183

Granaries, 107, [198], 249, 267, 288, 411-2, 429

Greeks enslave Greeks, 27, 31, 55, 73, 112, 435

Herdsmen and shepherds, etc., 16-7, 33, 35, 63, 84, 109, 115-6, 154, 162, 179, 218-20, 301, 304, 310, 315, 448

Highwaymen and brigands, 154, 160, 179, 191-2, 233, 323, 329, 342, 372, 375, 392, 405

Home or Manor Farm on estates, [161], [201], 216-7, 235, 246, 254-6, 257, 298, 319, 342, 353, 355

Horses, 33, 57-8, 120-1, 418-9

Hunting, fishing, bird-catching, etc., 185, 307, 309, 319, 405

Imperial jealousy of great private estates, 207, 301, 353, 387, 392-3, 394-5

Imperial taxation, crushing effect of, 301, [303], 336, 357, 381-4, 387 foll., 393, 410 foll., 421-2, 424, 427

Improvement by fire, 223

Internal maladies of Roman Empire, 409 foll., 413

Irrigation, 16, 246, 293

Italian agriculture, pictures of, discussed, 178-9, [182-3], 200-1, 214-8, 235, 251-3, 288, 404-6, [419]

Italian agriculture, protection of, 157, [272]

Italian land and taxation, 205, 212, [291], 358, 365, 388, 406

Italian land, encouragement to invest in, 274, 289, 291, 297, 319

Italian slaves in Italy, 137, 149, [160]

Jealousy of wealth, 41, 44, 66, 70, 72, [76], 87, [109]

Jurists as Ministers, 336

=Land, etc.= as investment, 106, 144, 159, 165, 169, 190, 201, 225, 289 foll., 319-20, 365-6, 405 as security, 143, 288-90, 296, 324, 326-7, [430] bought by capitalist speculators, 47, 57, 106, 142-4, 153, 191, [199], 238, [284], 353 buying or selling of, 23, [47], 57, 84, 88, 106, 108-9, [119], [135-6], 143-4, 154, 167, 175, 190-1, 193, [200], 234-5, 238-9, 251, 282, 284, 288 foll., 295, 305, 315, 318-20, 405, 428 grabbing and monopoly, 67, 88, 120, 142-4, 165, 174, 190, 248-9, 251, 282, 313-4, 438 holding peasantry and military duty, 10, 14, 42, 89, 90, 132-4, 138, 141-2, 148-9, 152-3, 175 foll., 198, 204, 213, 230, 313, [418], 438, 440 hunger, 8, 52, 54, 87, 106, 128, 133, 135, 145, 174, [437] lots, κλῆροι, 20, 21, 22, 26, 39, 51-2, 67, 76-7, 88-9, 91, 94, 120, 128, 133, 174, 177, 210, 441 lots, sale of, forbidden, 88, [91], 175-6 lots, small in early times, 135-6, 243, 281-3, 313 lots, tradition of primitive equality, 75, 89, [91] mortgages on, etc., 25, [82], 88, 106-7, 109, 155, 288-90, 327, [430] neglect of poorer soils, 351 owners, large, and war, 38, 39, 41 owning and citizenship, 8, 14, 25, 31, 32, 36, 44, 57, 66-7, 70, 77, 86, 94, 96, 97, 105-6, 127, 138, 148, 191, [313], 437, 440, 444 owning and residence, 51-2, 94, 106, 108-9, 124-5, 153, 165-6, 168, 250-1, 256 owning, prestige of, 13, 14, 39, 58, 106, 154-5, 157, 201, 205, 235, 297, 358, 365-6, 438 foll. precarious tenure of, 20, 134, 167 proud capitalists, 14, [47], 155, [169], 201, 235, 249-50, 282-3, 290-1, 314, 332, 358 public, 68, 94, 134-5, 143, [154], 165, 174-5, 177, 195, 197-8 question of improvements, [166], 174, [176], 233-4, 252, [301], 365-7 regarded as property of the state, 204, [277], 303, [377] rent of, in money or kind, fixed or by quota, 26, 77, 252, 292, 297, 303, 321, 332, 343-4, 346-7, 356, 365, 371, 376, [394], 428, 433 systems, foreign, 204-5, 210-1, 291-2 tenure, questions of, 237-8, 272, [286] the classes concerned with it, 432-3 value dependent on presence of labour, 60, [84], 122, 142, 144, [154], 170, 201, 256, [319], 320, 383, 393-5, 396 various qualities, importance of, 25, [36], 41-2, 47, [63-4], 82-3, [108-9], 121, 139, 180, 186, 231, [239], [267], 365

Landed peasantry, attempts to revive, 174-5, 186, 198, [200], 210, 226, 231, 239, [251], 273, [315], [351]

=Landlord= as tax-collector, 393-4 can force tenant to cultivate properly, 253-4, 351, 363, 433 distrains on defaulting tenants, 298, 320-1, 378 duty to his tenant, 404 duty to support his tenant’s interests, 404 encroach on tenants’ rights, 246-7, [393] great, and politics, 153, 155, 157, 159, 160, 165, 207 great, as protectors, 392, 393, 424 great private, and imperial policy, 281-2, 301, 352-4, 366, [383], 392-3, 394-5 mad finance of, 154-5, 157, 289 rights of, 363-4, 367, 394 selfishness of, 294-6, 375, 405, 407 the enterprising, glorified, 12, 58, [178-9], 284 the town-bred man, 108, 200, [234]

=Laws= Agrarian of 111 B.C., 143, 175 Claudian, 142, [165], [169] Codes, Theodosian and Justinian. See under list of passages cited Digest. See under list of passages cited Imperial by-laws, 343 foll., 346, 349, 352, 354 Imperial rescripts and constitutions, 346-7, [352], 360-1, 372, 376, 378, 386-7, 431 Julian (of Caesar), 177, 288 Jurists separately cited, 293, 333, 351 Law appealed to, [329], 331, 402 Law as evidence, 131, 361-2, 399 Licinian, 131, 141, 174 municipal charters, 354 of Gortyn, 436 on manumission, 333 Sempronian (of Gracchi), 175 Servilian (of Rullus), 177, 198 Twelve Tables, 283

Leases, perpetual, 359, 376

Leisure for citizens, 77-8, 93-4, 97, 102, [188], 454

Lime, 172, 388, 408

Limitation of scope, 6, 132

Literary evidence, nature and value of, 5, 6, 30, 131, 136 foll., 142-4, 145-8, 160, 187-8, 199-201, 213-7, 218 foll., 267-9, 281, 286-7, 300 foll., 303 foll., 305 foll., 317 foll., 325, 328, 399, 402, 409, 415, 417, 420, 422-3, 426 foll., 454

Loans by the state to landlords, 225, 273, 326

Local conditions, importance of, 255, 267, 282, 319-20, 372, 388

Local custom, recognition of, [345], 364-5, 367

Local government, questions of, 379-80

Luxury and extravagance, 381

Luxury, its effect on farming, 179, 246, 266, [306, 308-10], 365-6

Malarious lands, 180, 182, 253, [462]

Manufacture of articles on the farm, 185, [219], [227], 262

Manufactures, 53, [83], 381, 441

Manuring, 44, 174, 266, 284

Market gardens, 184, 231, 265, 295-6, 306, 330, 332

Markets, urban, 306, 308-9

Master’s eye, importance of, 57-9, 116, 166, 170-1, 194, 243, [251], 252-3, 266, 282

Metics, 49, 71, [86], 97, 98

Migration, power of, the mark of freedom, 386, 444, 451

=Military= Class control [and plunder] farmers, 26-8, 68, 91-2, [94], 101, [103], [104], 436 Colonies and settlement of discharged soldiers on land, 10, 11, 29, 155-6, 176-7, 179, 210, 214-5, 219, [223], 234, 236, 238, 240, 251, 274-5, 293 Gymnastics and military service, 100-1, 128, 316 License and outrages, 104, 160, 219, [313, 315], 330, 342, 374, 378, 405, 422-3 Mercenary soldiers, 10, 50, 53-4, 64-5, 71, 95, 103-4, 112-3, 116, 119, 125, 132, 292, 339 Professionalism, growth of, 13, [54], 69, [74], 95, 100, 153, 177, 186, 210, 313, 316, 417 Service unpopular and evaded, 41, 71, 103, 324, 326 Substitutes, 324, 396 Systems, 9-11, 27, [97-8], 101, 122, 128, 132-3, 138-9, 152-3, 175-7, 186, 209-10, [225], 323-4, 339, [341], 396-7, 407, 413-4, 417, [423], 438 Tenure of barbarian colonists, 273, 339-40, 415 Veterans, retired, as local magnates, 400, 402

Milk and cheese, 265, 309

Mining and quarrying, 51, 59, 108, [192], 443, 446-7

Money-values, difficulty in ascertaining, 375, 387-8

Moral causes of Imperial decline, 423-6

Mules, 24, 33, 400, 422

Municipal estates, 207, 255, 359, 375-7, 400

Municipalities and benefactors, 271, 324, 381, [408]

Municipalities as taxation-centres, 380-1, 390, 392, 401, [408], 421, 425

Municipalities, jealousy between, 380, 401 408-9

Municipalities, local senators and magistrates of, 217, 293, 376, 390, 400-1

Municipal jurisdictions, 354, 380, 399 foll.

Municipal offices shirked, 377, 381, 392, [401], 425

Music, 98, 123

Nationalization of aliens, [437], 444

New Hellenism, 112-4, 164, 275-6

Official favours and corruption, 357, 389-91, 403-7, 409, 410-1, 413-4, 421-2, 425

Old age, state-relief in, 80

Olives and oil, 19, 24, 42, 46, 47-8, 81, 84, 104, 108, 171-2, 174, 266, 283-4, 303, 350, 352, 406, 428, [463]

Oriental and other foreign influences, 6, 7, 204-8, 210-1, 314

Oriental Greeks, 113, 153, 271, 379

Oxen, 16, 22, 24, 44, 47, 99, 172, 180, [197], 214, 228-9, 231, 243, 249, 253, 261, 282, 284, 286, 331, 364, 398, 433-4, 438

Patrons of villages, 212, 400-1, 425

Payment in kind, not in debased currency, 211, [359-60], 384, 388

Peasant-farmer, hard life of, 25, 35-6, [47], 83, 90, 213, 222, [234], 235, [313], [418]

Peasant-farmer, retirement of, 237

Penal servitude, 326

Pigs, 372, 388

Pitch-works, 192

Plantation system, 162, 165, 201, 203, 239, 297, 443

Ploughing, 16, 19, 22-4, 33, 116, [185], 218, 261, 278, 284, 334

Police, rural, no regular force, 189, 311, 323, 372, 448

Poor freemen, their trials, 63, 125, 199, 302

Populations, forced transfer of, 113

Post, Imperial [_cursus publicus_], 378, 391, 397

Poultry, 262-3, 309

Poverty and discontent, 33-4, 38, 41, 66, 70, [199]

Poverty, dread of, a stimulus, 22, 23, 25, 29, 36, [45], 46, 47-8

Poverty in Greece, 29, 53, 54, 302, 329

Poverty no reproach, 23, 111, [135 foll.], 302

Private property in land, growth of, 143-4, 174-5, 203, 205, 313, 436-8

Property, private, forbidden, 73, 75

Provincial land, tenure of, 293, 303, 351, [358]

Public opinion, no force of, in Roman Empire, 357, 389

Reaping, 16, 22-4, 108-10, 180, 278

Reaping machine, 398

Reclamation encouraged by temporary exemption from rent or taxes, 337, 344, 349-50

Religion, 18, 19, 23, 44-5, 120, 170, 258, 260, 314, [404], 434, 444, 448

Remission of dues to relieve distress, 390-1

Rent, arrears of, [161], 209, 256, 298, 320-1, 365, 404

Repetitions unavoidable, 5

Representative government unknown, 66, [89]

Restoration of exiles, effects of, 119, 122, 128

Rich and poor, 90, 94, 112, 120, 129, 205, 271, 273, 295, 302, 306, 329, 331-2, 391, 400, 403-4, 410, 424-5

Rights of way, watercourses, etc., 108, [258], 294-5, 373

Roads, 267, 295, 391, 429

Roads, public, work on, 173, 378, 391

Roman Empire a machine, 381-2, 384, 425, [427], 451

Roman Empire, stagnation in, 398, 451

Roman power of assimilation, failing, 270-1, 338, 340

Roman subjects prefer Barbarian rule, 423-4

Rural disputes and affrays, 188-91, 315, 372-4, [405]

Self-help, duty of, 23

Sheep, 109, 309

=Slavery, Labour, Serfdom, etc.= Abolitionism, a modern movement, 34, 84, 445 foll. Apprenticeship, 79 Competition of slave labour with free, [48], [59], 71, 85, 124, [131], 157, 302, 441, [443] Eunuchs, 28, 310 Handicraftsmen, 16, 18, 23, 25, 28, 35, 62, 68, [73], 88, 144, 184, [193], 199, 245, 437-8, 441 Handicraftsmen, free, their difficulties, 302 Harbouring runaways, 375, [394], 404 Hired labourers not αὐτουργοί, 12, 13 Itinerant labourers, jobbing gangs of, 14, [110], 173, 222, 256, 327, 443 Journeyman contrasted with independent craftsman, 2, 35, [48], 452, 455 Labour, attempts to entice it from neighbours, 394 Labour despised, 19, 22, 28, 59, 64, 78, 80, 85, 188, 193, 245, 287, 359, [438], 440, 442, 444-5, 452 Labour, division of, 12, 15, 99 Labourer goes with the land, 94, [131], [211], 319-20, [360-1], 368, [393-5] Labourer, status of, often uncertain, 3, 33, 110-1, 117, 128, 193, 218-21, 222, 227-8, 256, 442-3 Labour for daily bread, 55-6, 58, 62, 111, [175], 199, 204, 313, 327, 441 Labour, for self or for another, 12-15, 25, 144, 148, 299, [327], 370, 399, [436], 438-44, 445, 458 Labour glorified, 231, 277-80 Labour good for the labourer, 56, 58, 64, 277-80, 316-7 Labour in discharge of debt, 161, 180, 182, 263, 437 Labour not degrading, 16, 19, 23, [64], 111, 149, 246, 277-9 Labour, personal, of working farmer, (see αὐτουργία), 23-4, 25, 30, 36, 44, 45, 58, 86, 123, 128, 136, 148-9, [165], 180, [184], 197, 208, 213-4, [216], 226, 230-1, 234, [243], [255], 283, 304, [325], 332, 345, 347, 353, [371], 395, 439 foll., [463] Labour question fundamental, 211-2, 237, 239-40, 268, 287, [344], 394 foll., 458 Labour, rustic, as a punishment, 124-5, 145-6, [167], 248, 444 Labour, rustic, as healthy exercise, 236, 277-80, 316-7, 440 Labour-services of tenants due without wage, 161, [201-2], [209], 211, 254, [256], 257, [265], 298, 342, 344-6, 348, 351, 353-4, 359, 383-4 Later serf-colonate a result of gradual change, 211-2, 254-6, 257, 333, 356, 359, 361, 378 foll., [386], 393-4, 424-5, 436, 450 Manual labour and direction, 12, 13, 20, 23-4, 35, 57-60, 124-5, 158, 176, 181, 258, 299, 316, 319, 371, 395, 445, 455, 458 Occasional labour, 15, 53, 85, 108, 111, 157, 161, 166, 180 foll., 186, 201, [254], 265, 342, 344-5, 346, 348, 359, 434, 443, 455 Odd jobs, porterage, etc., 46, 327 Overseers, etc., 51, [57], 59, 60, 88, 97, 165, 181, 261, 321, 404, 443, 447, 462 Quasi-slavery of free workers, 99, 144, 188, 441 foll. Self-disposal, 441, 443-4, 451, 453, 456 Serfage and slavery confused, 84, 86, 292 Serfage distinct from slavery or caste-system, 26-7, [131], 360-1, 436 Serf-colonate failing, 460, [463], 464 Serf-cultivators, 26-8, 30, 37, 50, 60, 69, 75, 77, 82, 84, 87, 92, 127, [131], 292, 361, 431, 436 Serfdom is practically slavery, 425, [431] Serf employed in war, 37, 75, 95 Slave artisans and craftsmen, 51, 55, 57, 184, 441, 446 Slave as fellow-man, 34, 56, 62, 113, 245, [260], 323, 328, 445 Slave brigands, 154, 189-92, 392, 448 Slave-gangs, not to be homogeneous, 77, 94, 162, 181-2 Slave-gangs, special foremen of, 158, 185, 260 Slave insurrections, 162, 175, 177, 181, 191, 198, 448 Slave-labour always available, 157, 174-5, 239, [285-6], 446, 455 Slave-labour, excess of, attempt to lessen, [131] Slave-labour, specializing of, on estates, 203, 261, 265, 461 Slave-labour untrustworthy and wasteful, 97, 111, 157, 180 foll., 186, 253, 283, 285, 319, 355, [398], 417, 419, 445, 455 Slave not a person, 44, [57], 77, 401 Slave not enrolled in army, 175, [186], 323-4, [396] Slave philosophers, 327 Slave-qualities, 34, 56, 180-1, 259 Slavery, absolute power of master, 18, 56-7, 158-9, 167, 244, 446 Slavery and labour in general, 2, 3, 15, 16, 34, [46], 48, 78, 110-2, 135-8, 161, 170, 180-2, 186, 216, 222, 230-1, 239, 281, 285, 299, 304, 316, [383], 385, 395, 429, 433-5, 440 foll., 444-5, 455 Slavery, attempts to justify, 79, 439 Slavery, domestic, 8, 26, 30, [39], 61, [80], 97, [109], [123], 124, 137, 221, 231, 244, 249-50, 285, 309-10, 311, 318, 429, 431, 441-2, 446 Slavery from gambling debt, 291 Slavery, growth of humaner views on, 61-2, [79], 167, 182, 185, [221], [229], 242-3, 244-5, [260-1], [285], 310-1, 317, 323, 326-8, 438, 445 Slavery ignored, 237-40 Slavery, industrial, 8, 51, 53, 55, [80], 123, [137], 335, 441 Slavery, its economic success or failure, 156 foll., 283, 285, 323, 370, [434], 442, 445 Slavery justified, 34, 78-9, 100, 439, 442 Slavery, kidnapping, 20, 53, 55, 79, 122, 160, 243, 263, [323], 326, [329] Slavery, legends of none in early times, 15, 30, 62, 123, 439, [452] Slavery of debtor to creditor, 25, [134], 263, 269, 436-7, [438], 442 Slavery, origin of, 15, 17, 78, 236-7, 434, 446 Slavery originally on small scale and domestic in character, 137, 149, [228], [231], 243, 245, 285, 434-5, 446 Slavery, query, assumed, 16, 17, 20, 30, 32, 37, 44, 48, 68, 74-5, 84, 136, 213-4, 220, 304, 368, 445 Slavery, question of manumission, 21, 38, 58, 62, 79, 80, 84, 97, 122, 123-4, 129, 149, 158, [168], 182, 196, [218], 219, 260, 263, [288], 311-2, 318, 326, 333-4, 368, 369, 371, 431, 442-3, 446-7 Slavery recognized as basis of social and economic system, 45, 56, 60, 77-8, 99, 100, 102, [141-2], 192, 239, 256, 285-6, 310 Slavery, rustic, 8, 9, 20, 23-4, 25, [30], 37, [39], 44-5, 46-7, 50-2, 57-9, 63-4, [68], 77, 79, 80, 84, 87, 97, 106-110, 116-7, 122, 124, [129], 135-8, 144 foll., 151-4, 158, 160-2, 165 foll., 170 foll., 174 foll., 180 foll., 184 foll., 203, [208], 214, 216-7, 222, 227-33, 237, 240, 242-3, 258-63, 281, 285, 299, 310-1, 315, 321, 325, 333-4, 337, 340, 341-2, 345, 353, 355, 363-4, 369, 387, 394, 404, 414, 429, 435, 443-4, 455, 461-2, 464 Slavery, secondary (slaves of slaves), 18, [259] Slavery, the relation questioned, 33-5, 56, 113, 244, [302], [335], 446 Slavery unknown among the gods, 35 Slavery, was it the basis of ‘classical’ civilization?, 7, 8, 15, 453, 455 Slaves acquire property, [see _peculium_], 38, 58, 80, 167-8, 181-2, 219, 250, 263, 318, 369, 442 Slaves and freemen work side by side, 48, 63, 135-8, [140], 149, 171-3, 180 foll., 444-5 Slaves as gladiators, 162, 189, 328 Slaves as informers, danger from, 84, 244, [334] Slaves as oarsmen, 53, 90, 95, 122, 326 Slaves as property, 17, 18, [55], 56-7, 77, 82, 122, 155, 167, 172, 182, 189, [221], 311, 315, 369-70, 442-3 Slaves as war-booty, 10, 17, 27, 37, 53, 55, 120, 122, 129, 136, 153, 176, 236-7, 310, 325, 337, 387 Slaves a worry to masters, 97, 124, 285 Slaves brought on the stage, 34, 62, 113 Slaves, care of their health, 77, 161, 185, 262, 442, 462 Slaves, condition of, 17, 18, 20, 21, 56-7, 311, 324, 370-1 Slaves, contractors’ gangs of, 108, 110, 166, 214 Slaves, cruel punishment of, 196, 244, 249, 443 Slaves, deliberate breeding of, 161, [169], 181, [249], 257, 260, 262, 311-2 Slaves employed in business and professions, 97, 192, 305, 446 Slaves employed in hunting, 405 Slaves, female, 17, 18, 24, 45, 57, 168, 181, 221, 231, 257-8, 260, 262, 307, 318, 364, 431 Slaves, food, lodging and dress of, 20, 23-4, 25, 45, [57], 116, 154, 157, 171-2, 181, [193], 258, 260, 309, [441] Slaves, good health of, 317, 440 Slaves, home-born [οἰκογενεῖς, _vernae_], 129, 169, 181, 235, 262, 311-2, 430-1 Slaves let out for service at a rent, 38, 39, 61, 64, 80, 110, [117], 170, 193, 247, 256, 370-1, 442-3 Slaves liable for masters’ safety, 244, 323 Slaves, loyalty of, 18, 20, 34, 61, 240 Slaves, masters responsible for their vices, 56-8, 61, 77, 245 Slaves, moral qualities needed in, 56-8, [61], 77, [97], [181-2], 196, 259-61, 323 Slaves, names of, 45, 63-4, 137, 213, 285 Slaves not αὐτουργοί, 12, 13, 439 Slaves of _publicani_, 151, 188, 192 Slaves, old age of, 80, 97, 158, 167, 182, 263, 326, 443, 447 Slaves, public, 68, 86, 91, [400], 446 Slaves, punishment of, interrupted by war, 45 Slaves, restriction on sale of, 394 Slaves, rewards of, better than punishments, 181-2, [185] Slaves, runaway, 50-1, 158, 192, 375, 404, 435, [447] Slaves serving in war, 10, 122, 129, 142, [162], 183, [323-4], 396, 407 Slaves, supply of, reduced, or rise in price of, 41, 117, 141-2, 160-1, 162, [204], 208, 210, 257, 298, 310, 340, 344, 351, [354], [375], 387, 450 Slaves, torture of, 110, 421 Slaves, training of, 57, 169, 181-2, [258], 260 Slaves unruly, 38, 78, 181, [260], [310] Slave-tenant or _métayer_ a quasi-partner, 298-9, [466] Slave-tenants, 257, 299, [307], 367-8, 369, 371, [393], [404], 450 Slave-trade, 17, 18, 20, 25, 53, 55, 57, 61, 79, 87, 112, 122, 137, 153-4, [169], 176, 210, 236, [242], 256, [259], 291-2, 310, 325-6, 327, 329, 414, 435, 446 Unskilled labour (‘hands’), 39, 99, 170, 172, [180-1], 188, 193, 227, 261, 442 foll. Wage-earning, 3, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 29, 34, 35, 44, 46, [53], 58-9, 61-4, 78-9, [88], 109-10, 117, 125, 140, 144-5, 150, 157-8, [160], 170-3, 175-6, 180, 182, 186, 188, 193, 199, 200-1, 216, 222, 235, 256, 287, 304-5, [313], 327, [344], [359], 370, 385, 434, 441 foll., 452, 456-9 Wage-labour for special work, 46, [110], 111, 125, 157, 171-3, 180, 182, 186, [202], 266 Wage, legal right to, 304

Small cultivating owners in Roman Empire, 341, 346, 390

Small holdings of state tenants, 177, 198

Small landholders persecuted by big neighbours, 144, 242, 248, 251, 283, 315, 330-1, 372, 467

Soldiers as practical farmers, 184, 340

Soldiers driven to farm-work, 53, [90], 147-8

Specialization in politics, 69, 72-5, 92-3, 98, 102

Squatters on waste land, 230, 272, 300 foll., [337], 349-52, 357, 428

State-contracts, 83, 142, 151-2, 187, 192, 366, 376

State-pay for public duties, 34, 38, 46, 47, 83, 87, 88, [120], 441

Steward a slave, 59, 97, [116], 124, 140, 153, 158-9, 166, 170-1, 186, 195-6, 216-7, 224, 242, 257-9, 264, [368], 443

Steward (_vilicus_) as tenant of a farm, 299, [307], 367-8

Steward directing free workers or overseeing tenants, [see _procurator_], 173, 216, 264

Steward, the interest of, 153-4, 158-9, 166, 254, 443, 447

Stoicism and Stoics, 187, 193, 242, 244-6, 275 foll., 310, 442, 449

Tax-farming system superseded, 206

Tenancies, beneficial, 143, 376

Tenancies, large, not common, 298, 343-4

Tenancy a contract-relation regulated by law, 208-9, 246-7, 252-7, 297-9, 321, 345, 362 foll., 433

Tenant, claims of, 363-4, 374, [466]

Tenants find sureties, 345, 363

Tenants, good, hard to find, 208-9, 252-6, 298-9, 320-1, 367, 369, 450

Tenants-in-chief as rent and tax collectors, 343, 355

Tenants-in-chief, holding of the state [Middlemen], 195, 207-8, 209, 211-2, 343-53, 356, 358-9

Tenants-in-chief oppress sub-tenants, 346, 348, 354-7, 359, 384

Tenants-in-chief subletting to small farmers, 195, 197, 208-9, 211-2, [340], [342], 343 foll., 353, 355, 376-7, [405]

Tenants, interest of Imperial government in their welfare, 394, 397-8, 400

Tenant’s property pledged to landlord, 363, 368

Tenant, the town-bred man, 254

Threshing, 16, 24, 278

Tillage by Mattock, 214, 284, 313, [316]

Tillage, the appliances of, 180, 197, 303

Timber, 39, 96, 118, 227, 320

Tombs on estates, [41], 109, 312

Transport as an element of cost, 391

Transport by road or river, 267, 322

Upkeep, importance of, 262, 365

Veterinary treatment, 228, 418

Village communities, 134, 291, 437-8 [463]

Vines, 19, 24, [43], 47-8, 81, 104, 107-8, 111, 121, 139, [157], 172, 174, 185-6, 261, 266, 283-4, 303, 308, 320-2, 352, 406, 416, 421, 428, [463]

Voluntary action, its limits in ancient world, 440-4

War and peace, 67, 89, [91], 95, 100, 102

Wayfarers, nuisance from, 267

Weather-wisdom, 31-2

Wine, use of, 19, 42, 283, 388

II LIST OF WORDS AND PHRASES

A. GREEK

ἀγορά, 101

ἄγροικος, 63, 117

ἀγρονόμοι, 79

ἄκληρος, 20, [66]

ἀνδράποδα, 17, 56, 60, 138

ἀνδράποδα μισθοφοροῦντα, 39, 110

ἀντίδοσις, 106

ἀπαρχή, 77

ἀπελεύθεροι, 97

ἄποροι, 463

ἀποφορά, 61, 64, 370

ἀρετή, 86, 89, [91, 98]

ἀστικός, 108

αὐτουργία consistent with slaveowning, 13, 23, [40], 44, 50, 58-9, 84, [88], 123, 136-7, 165, [225], 345, 439-40

αὐτουργοὶ and αὐτουργία, 12, 13, [17], 23, 24, 35-6, [42], 49, 50, 58, 60, 62, 67, 82, 94, 102-3, 107, 123, 128, 197, 277, 302, [371], 439 foll., [459]

ἀφορμή, 302

βάναυσοι, 73-4, 91, 98, 99, 101

βάρβαροι, 31

βασιλεύς, 400

βασιλικοὶ γεωργοί, 204, [207], 347, [378]

γαμόρος, 27, 32, [76]

γαπόνος, 36, 37

γεωργεῖν, 47, [88], 106

γεωργοί, a special class, 29, 68, 74, 101, [204], [347, 378], 395, 401

γεωργός, γεωργεῖν, etc., 33, 37, 39, 84, 90, 121, 445, 462

γῆ κληρουχική, 210

γῆ πεφυτευμένη, 104

γράμματα, 400

δασμολογεῖν, 83

δεσπότης, 337, 341, 401

δεσποτική, 97

δημιοεργοί, 18, 75

δημόσιοι, 68

δμῶες, 17, 18, 20, 23

δουλεία, 240

[τὸ] δοῦλον, 34

δοῦλος, 17, [79], 110

ἔθνος, 122

ἐνεργός, 225

ἐπικαρπία, 225

ἐπιμέλεια, 58

ἐπιστάτης, 59, [172]

ἐπίτροπος, 57, 59, 60, 461

ἔργα, 16

ἐργασία, 461-2

ἐργάτης, 35, 107, 116, 121, 125, 128, 304, 461

ἔργον, 19, 22-3

ἔριθοι, 10, 23, 116

ἔρις, 22

ἐσχατιά, 106

εὐπορία, 92, 102

θῆτες, θητεύειν, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 29, 35, 85, 98, 110, 144, 147

θρέμματα, 122

ἰδία, 211

[τὸ] ἴσον, 66, [95]

κατασκευή, 122, 240

κατοικεῖν, 108

κοινόν, 66

κοινωνοί, 463

μισθός, 16, 23, 34, 64, 75, 95, 110, [304]

μισθωτοί, 46, 78, 85, [109], 110, 117, 125

νόμος, 402

ξύλα, 107

οἰκέται, 30, 39, 64, 110, 341

οἰκεύς, οἰκῆες, 17, 21, 30

οἰκογενεῖς, 129

οἰκοδεσπότης, 304

οἰκονόμος, 461

ὀπώρα, 108, 111

ὄρη, 111

ὅροι, 107

παραμονά, 123

πάροικοι, 347, 378

πενέστης, 37, 116

περίοικοι, 94

πρόκλησις, 110

σκαφεύς, 35, [116]

στάσις, 66

στρατιώτας, 116

συνοικία, 108

σώματα, 122, 396

τεμένη, 111

τεχνῖται, 68, 98

τροφή, 75, 95, 304

φελλεύς, 47, 83

φιάλη, 237

φύσις, 34-5

χορηγία, 86, [93]

χρηματιστική, 98

χωρία, 463

B. LATIN

_abigei_, 372

_actor_, 258, 263, 299, 300, 319, 324, 367-8

_adaeratio_, 396

_addicere_, 424

_adscribere_, _adscripticii_, 425

_adsidui_, 10, 152, 253

_advenae_, 425

_aedificare_, 214

_agellus_, 215-6, 219, 243, 318, 334, 425

_aggeres publici_, 429

_agrestes_, 199, 200, 230

_agricola_, 227, 230, 284, 398, 445

_agri fiscales_, 347

_agri rudes_, 349

_agri vectigales_, 376

_alimenta_, 296 foll., 324

_alligati_, [see _compediti_]

_annonariae regiones_, 388

_annona urbis_, 388, [402-3], 427

_aquarii_, 294

_arare_, _arator_, 195, 197-8, 214, 219, 227, 248, 308, 312

_aridi fructus_, _partes aridae_, 350

_artes_, 188, 193

_artifex_, 245

_asinarius_, 172, 227

_atriensis_, 246, 250, 319

_attributi_, 380

_auctoritas principalis_, 376

_bubulcus_, 172

_burgus_, 429

_calcarius_, 172

_canon_, 350-1, [356], 428

_capita_, 395, 421

_capitatio_, 386, 395, 411, [421], 424, [431]

_capitulum_, 410

_capulator_, 172

_casa_, 312

_castella_, 413

_censitores_, 421

_civilis pars_, 418

_classes, decuriae_, 261

_colere_, 184, 230, 253, 267, 364

_coloni Caesaris_, 208-9, [293?], 347, 355, 357, 377-8

_coloni indigenae_, 252, [347], 396

_colonia partiaria_, 211, 321, 332, 343, 347, [350], 356, [463]

_colonia_, place to which _colonus_ belongs, 258

_colonia_ [settlement], official sense, 133, [141], 152

_colonus_ as serf-labourer, 383-4, 392, 394, 401, 416, 424-5, 429, 431

_colonus_ as sub-tenant, 195, 209, 343-52, 355-6, 359, 376-7

_colonus_ becoming bound to the soil, [161], 201, 210-2, 257, 274, 333, 344-52, 356, 358-9, 383-4, 386-99, [404], 415-6, 450

_colonus_, cultivator, 133, 167, 183, 195, 215, 230, [233], 249, 267, 286, [293], [364], 445

_colonus_, free but dependent, 161, 183, [195], 209, 254, [264], 307-8, 312, 340, 358-9, 404

_colonus imaginarius_, 367

_colonus_ may sublet farm, 364

_colonus_, mean economic and social position of, 195, 235-6, 243, 246-7, 255, 307-8, 364

_colonus_, member of a _colonia_, 293

_colonus originalis_, 431

_colonus_, tenant farmer [free in law and fact], 139, 157-8, 183-4, 194-5, 202, [208], 210, 215-6, 221, 224, 233-5, 243, 246, 252-5, [267], 286, [292], 295, 315, 325, 332, 362-3, 364, 366-7, 371-3

_colonus_, veteran allottee, 155-6, [215], 223, 249, [293?]

_colonus_, yeoman farmer, 230

_compediti alligati vincti_, 166, 172, [218], 220, 227, 248, [252], 260-3, 300, 320, 334-5

_compositio_, 431

_conductor_, 264-5, 343, 345-51, 355-7, 359, 364, 366, 377, 405

_conductum_, 247

_conquisita_, 411

_contubernalis_, _contubernium_, 258, 300

_corpora_, 396

_cultores_, free, 141, [198], 320

_cura domini_, 252

_curia_, _curiales_, 390, 392, 401-2, 425

_cursus publicus_, [378], 391

_custodes_, 171-2, 311, [321]

_decem primi_, 421

_decretae provinciae_, 408

_decreta oppida_, 408

_decuma_, δεκάτη, 195, 197, 204

_dediticii_, 389, 424

_dispensator_, 196

_divisio_, ascertainment of shares, 350

_domestici_ = _familia_, 185

_domestici fidei_, 428

_dominium_, 247, 376, 393

_dominus_, 166, 171, 184, 215-6, 219, 229, 239, 247, 252, 260, 264, 292, 311, 343, 350, 356, 363, 366, 368, 397, 416, 419, 430, 431

_dotes_, 299

_emphyteusis_, 350, 359, 376

_emptor_, 171

_epistates_, [59], 172

_ergastulum_, 141, 145-6, 160, 185, 192, 233, 242, 260, 262-3, 285, 334

_exceptio iurisiurandi_, 364

_faber_, 172, 184, 319

_faber ferrarius_, 173

_factores_, 171

_familia_, 137, 155, 170-3, 188, 194, 245, 253, 258, 261, 334

_famulus_, _famula_, 220-1, 227, 230-1, 249

_fide dominica_, 299, 311

_fideiussores_, 363

_fiscalis raeda_, 422

_fiscus_, 377-8

_forma perpetua_, 347

_fossor_, [see σκαφεύς], 186, 227, 248-9, 317

_fructus_, 247, 321, 363, 366, 404

_frui licere_, 363

_frui possidere_, 351

_frumentationes_, 326

_fugitivi_, 191-2

_fullones_, 184

_fundi fiscales_, 377

_fundus_, 343, [352], [356], 360, 366, 368, 412

_genitale solum_, 393

_gens_ as landholder, 134

_gravia loca_, 180, 253

_heredium_, 231

_holitor_, 295

_honores qui indicuntur_, 377

_hortulanus_, 295, 332

_hortus_, _horti_, 231, 249, 283, 295, 312

_ianitor_, 311

_immunitas_, 377

_impatientia_, 419

_imperium_, 148, 247

_impotentia_, 295

_incolae_, 360

_indictiones_, 382-3, 393, 410-1

_indigenae_, 425

_indulgentiae_, 410

_ingenuus_, 243, 287, 312, 317, 396

_inquilini_, 339-40, 346, 360, [378], 395, 424, 430-2

_inquilinus_ or _colonus_, 431-2

_instruere_, _instrumentum_, 216, 243, 255, 297-9, 311, 320-1, 344-5, 364-5, 367-8, 371

_interdicta_, 189-91, 373

_iugatio_, 395

_iugerum_, 135, 139, 143, 167, 172, 184, 186, 230, 275, 281-2, 284, 313

_iuris alieni_, 386, [424], 425

_ius commercii_, 389

_iusta_, fair task, 259, 261

_latifundia_, 143, 154, 160, 167-8, 185, 198, 201, 203, 205, [222], 224, 236, 247, 249, 281, 283, 297, [314], 315, 354-5, 358, 369

_latrones_, 372

_legata_, 368

_leguli_, 171

_lex_ = charter, by-law, 343, 354

_lex_ = contract, agreement, 233

_lex Manciana_, 343, 352-3

_liberalis_, 245, 331

_locator_, 364

_lustrum_, 321, 364, [376]

_magister pecoris_, 172, 219, 228

_magistri_, 228, 259, 260, 267

_manceps_, 327, 376

_mancipia_, 260, 262, 285, 320, 369

_matrimonium_, 431

_mediastinus_, 217, 261

_medici_, 184, [228], [256]

_mercator_, 215

_mercennarius_, 125, 139-40, 159, 173, 176, 180, 182, 186, 188, 193, 235, 247, 256, 371, [463]

_merces_, 370-1

_messores_, 188, 227, 417

_militares viri_, 402

_militaris impressio_, 405

_militia_, 418

_monitor_, 261

_munera_, 377, 397

_navicularii_, 391

_nexus_, 263, 269

_nudo consensu_, 364

_nutrix_, [see τροφός], 431

_obaerarii_ [_obaerati_], 180, 182, 216, 263, 269, 437

_obnoxii_, 404

_offensiones domesticae_, 181

_opera_, _operae_, [170], 180, [186], 188, 193, 211, 229-30, 235, 254, 256, 265, 267, 269, 282, 286, 327, 333, [340], 344-6, 347-8, 351, 354, 370-1, [462]

_operarius_, 125, 170, 172-3, 180, 185, 193, 197, 243, 261

_opifex_, 144, 175, 193, 199, 245

_opilio_, 172, 219, 262

_opus_ [meaning of], 161, 252-4

_opus exigere_, _facere_, _operis exactor_, etc., 258-9, 261, 265, 321

_ordo [decurionum]_, 293, 376, 387

_originarius_, _originalis_, 431

_origo_, domicile, 211, 386, 396, 425, 430-1

_paganus_, 313, 411, 423

_palare_, verb, 282

_palatium_, 347

_partes agrariae_, 346, [350]

_partes aridae_, 350

_partiario_, _partiarius_, 166, 172, 343, 347

_pastinatio_, 264, 284

_pastores_, 162, 165-6, 171-2, 179, 183, 188, 191, 219, 227-8, [262]

_pater_, _patres_, 215-7

_patrocinia vicorum_, 400-1, 425

_patronus_, 430-1

_peculium_, 158, 167-8, 180-2, 219, 263, 299, 369

_pensiones_, 161, 252

_peregrini dediticii_, 389

_persona plebeia )( colonaria_, 431

_pervasio_, _pervasor_, 424

_pignora_, 320

_pistor_, 246

_plebs_, _plebeius_, 341-2

_politio_, _politores_, 172-3, 186

_poma_, 350

_possessio_, 189, 191, 194, 349-50, 372-3, 376, 405, 424

_possessiones_, 143, [154], 165, 174-5, 247-8

_possessores_, 233, 295, 350, 392-3, 397, 427

_postliminium_, 332

_potentes_, 392

_praedia_, 289, 319, 320-1, 360

_praedia Caesaris_, 207, [353-4], 377

_praediola_, 194, 216

_praefectus annonae_, 403, 427

_prospectus urbi_, 402-3, 426

_praetorium_, 366

_precario_, 167

_procurator_, 190, 194-5, 264, 319, 354-5, 368

_procurators_, imperial, 341, 343, 345-52, 354-5, 377

_proprius_, 425

_provisa_, _provisiones_, 411

_publica adflictio_, 424

_publica_, _publicani_, 151-2, 179, 188, 192, 206, 318, 376

_pulchritudo iungendi_, 251, [319]

_quasi colonus_, 299, 311, 368-9, 450

_quasi societatis iure_, 356, [363]

_quinquennium_, see _lustrum_

_ratio_ = imperial account, 346, 350

_rationes_, 368, 404

_reconductio_, 345, 364

_reditus )( census_, 406

_relationes_, 402-3

_reliqua_, 298-9, 320-1, 343, 347, 365, 368, [404]

_remissio_, 252, 320-1, 365

_rustica mancipia_, 369, [435]

_rusticatio_, 250

_rusticus_, 230, 347

_salictarius_, 172

_saltuarii_, 250

_salius_, 165, [179], 191, 214, 222, 235, 314, 343-52, [356], 360

_scriptura_, 179, [192], [343]

_secretum_, 408

_sederi_, _sessor_, 418

_sermo_, 349, 352

_servitia_, slaves, 141, 239, 285, 287

_servitium_, 229, 249, 262

_servitutes_, 373-4

_servus_, _serva_, 219, 221, 229, 247, 249, 252, 285, 334, [340], 368, 371, 404

_servus terrae_, 426

_sollemnia )( incrementa_, 411

_sordidus_, 245, 312, [397]

_stipendiarii?_, 345

_strictores_, 171

_subsiciva_, 272

_subulcus_, 172, 219

_suburbicariae regiones_, 388, [403]

_suffragium_, 428

_sui_ (or _mei_) = slaves, 184, 321, 323

_summa [consummatio]_ of labour, 172, [186], 267

_superexactiones_, 397

_superindictiones_, 382, 411

_supprimere_, _suppressi_, 233, 243, 263

_temo_, _temonaria functio_, etc., 396, 410, 414

_territorium_, 428

_Teutonicus vomer_, 416

_tirocinia_, 413-4

_topiarii_, 319

_trans Tiberim_, 435

_tributa_, 350-1, 378, 382, 410, [424]

_tributarii_, 415, 431

_tributarium iugum_, 427

_trientabula_, 143, 152

_usus_, 247, 363

_usus fructus_, 370

_vagus_, _vagi_, 229, 396

_valetudinarium_, 161, 262

_vectigal_, 376

_veterani, milites_, 293

_vicarii_, 324

_vilica_, 170, 172, 251, 262, 306-8

_vilicus_, 124, 140, 153, 158-60, 166, 170, 172, 185-6, 190, 194-6, 215-7, [219], 224, [234], 242, 246, 251, 257-9, 262-4, 282, 299, 306-8, 311, 316, 335, 343, 345, 355, 364, 367, 404, [419], 461

_villa_, 125, [136-8], 141, 165, 214, 216, 224, 231, 235, 246, 255, 282, 298, 309, 311, 322, 343, 347, 366, 372, [412]

_vincti_, [see _compediti_]

_vinitor_, 219, 265

_vir bonus_, umpire, 367

_viritim_, _viritanus_, 133, 274

_vis_ and _vis armata_, [189-91], 373

_voluptaria praedia_, 366

III LIST OF PASSAGES CITED

=Aelian=, _var hist_ V p 14, =282=

=Aeschines= _Timarchus_ 13, =106=; 14, =109=; 4, =111=; _Embassy_ 59, =112=

=Aeschylus= _Agam_ 733, =30=; _Eumen_ 186-90, =31=; 890-1, =32=; _Persae_ 186-7, 255, 337, 391, 423, 434, 475, 798, 844, =31=; _Prom_ 454-8, 708, =31=; _Suppl_ 612-4, =32=; _fragments_ =32=

=Agrimensores= [_gromatici_, ed Lachmann], I 35, =205=, =358=; 53-4, =272=, =341=, =354=; 133, =272=; 203, =349=; 164, =354=

=Ammianus=, XVI 5 §§ 14, 15, =410=; XVII 3, =411=; XVIII 1, =411=; XVIII 2 § 2, =412=; XIX 11 § 3, =391=; XIX 11 § 7, =396=, =413=; XX 4 § 1, =415=; XXVII 4 § 18, =405=; XXVIII 6 § 8, =413=; XXVIII 5 § 15, =415=; XXIX 6 § 6, =412=; XXIX 5 §§ 10-13, =412=; XXIX 5 § 25, =412=; XXX 5 § 6, =411=; XXX 10 § 4, =412=; XXX 2 § 10, =413=; XXXI 4 §§ 4, 5, =413=; XXXI 6 § 5, =414=; XXXI 10 § 17, =414=; XXXI 9 § 4, =415=

=Andocides= (by pages) _de reditu_ 22, =81=; _de mysteriis_ 12, =82=; _de pace_ 25, 28, =84=

=Antiphon=, fragm =82=

=Appian=, _civ_, I 8 § 2, =131=; I 7 § 5, =144=, =248=; I 116 § 2, =162=; I 29 § 2, =275=

=Apuleius= _apolog_ 24, =328=; 17, 23, =332=; 17, =333=; 23, =334=; 47, =334=; 93, =334=; 87, =335=; _metam_ IV 9, =329=; IV 3, =332=; IV 30, =332=; V 17, =332=; VI 31, =329=; VII 4, 9, =329=; VII 15, =332=; VIII 22, =258=, =335=; VIII 24, =329=; VIII 17, =331=; VIII 17, 29, 31, =332=; VIII 26, =332=; IX 12, =2=; IX 31-2, =295=, =332=; IX 39, 42, =330=; IX 35-8, =330=; IX 2, =331=; IX 39-42, =332=

=Aristophanes= _Acharnenses_ 32-4, 180, 211, 557 foll, 626 foll, =42=; 248-50, 259, 266, =44=; 1018-36, =47=; _Aves_ 1152, 1431-2, =46=; 712, =48=; _Ecclesiazusae_ 243, =40=; 197-8, 591-2, =41=, =46=; 651, =45=; 605, =48=; _Equites_ 792-4, =40=; 316-7, =42=; _Lysistrata_ 1173-4, =43=; 1203-14, =45=; _Nubes_ 202-3, =41=; 43 foll, =42=, =45=; 138, =45=; 71-2, =47=; _Pax_ 632-6, =40=; 570, 1185-6, =42=; 190, 509-11, 551-70, 1127 foll, 1318-24, =43=; 1140 foll, 1248-9, =45=; 552, 1318, =47=; _Plutus_ 510-626, =41=, =46=; 223-4, 903, =42=; 26-7, 253, 517-20, 525-6, =45=; _Ranae_ 164-77, =46=; _Vespae_ 442-52, =45=; 712, 959, =46=, =111=; fragments =43=, =46=

=Aristotle= Ἀθην πολ 16, 24, =11=, =25=, =86=, =89=; 11, 12, =25=, =89=; 4, =91=; _de mundo_ 6 §§ 4, 7, 13, =102=; _Economics_ I 5 § 1, 6 § 5, =87=, =97=; I 5 § 3, =95=, =304=; I 5 § 5, =97=; I 6 § 9, =97=; I 5 § 6, =162=; _Ethics_ II 1 § 4, =93=; VIII 11 § 6, =99=; X 5 § 8, =95=; X 10 § 13, =101=; _Politics_ [cited in old order of books], I 7 § 5, =87=; I 7, =97=; I 8 §§ 3 foll, =98=; I 9, =98=; I 10, 11, =98=; I 11 § 1, =98=; I 11 §§ 3-5, =99=; I 2 § 5, 5 §§ 8, 9, =99=; I 13 § 13, =99=; I 5, 6, =100=; I 11, =284=; I 2 § 5, =433=; II 6 § 13, =65=, =67=; II 7 § 1, =65=; II 7 § 6, =65=; II 12 § 10, =65=, =67=; II 7, 8, =65=, =67=; II 7 § 7, =67=, =91=; II 7 §§ 3-7, =67=; II 7 §§ 14, 15, =67=; II 8 §§ 2, 3, =67=; II 7 §§ 8, 9, =68=; II 6 § 15, =91=; II 7 § 12, =91=; II 6 § 17, =95=; II 9 §§ 21-2, =95=; II 9 § 34, =95=; II 3 § 4, =97=, =124=; II 5 §§ 4, 8, =97=; II 5 § 28, =99=; II 5 § 19, =101=; II 10 § 16, =101=; II 6 § 6, =102=; III 13 § 2, =66=; III 15 § 13, =89=; III 5 § 2, =97=; III 5 §§ 4-6, =98=; IV 4 §§ 15, 18, =89=; IV 6 § 2, =89=; IV 15 § 6, =92=; IV 8 § 5, 9 § 4, =94=; IV 9 §§ 7-9, =95=; V 6 §§ 12, 13, =95=; VI 4 §§ 8-10, =88=; VI 4 §§ 1, 2, 13, 14, =89=, =90=; VI 4 § 11, =90=; VI 5 §§ 8-10, =92=; VI 8 § 3, =99=; VI 2 § 3, 4 § 20, =101=; VII 6 §§ 7, 8, =54=, =90=, =100=; VII 4 § 6, =86=, =96=; VII 8 §§ 7-9, =86=, =102=; VII 9, =89=; VII 16 §§ 12, 13, =90=, =93=; VII 8, 9, 10, =94=; VII 9 § 5, =95=; VII 14, 15, =95=; VII 2 §§ 3-7, =97=; VII 10 § 14, =97=; VII 6 §§ 1-5, =99=; VII 15 §§ 1-6, =100=; VII 12 §§ 3-6, =101=; VII 10 § 13, =162=; VIII 4, =95=, =100=, =101=; VIII 6 §§ 3-8, =98=; VIII 3 § 7, =100=; _Rhetoric_ I 13 § 2, =35=; I 9 § 27, =99=; I 12 § 25, =102=; II 4 § 9, =102=; III 8 § 1, =97=

=Arrian=, _Indica_ 10 §§ 8, 9, =123=, =210=

=Athenaeus=, 149 _d_, =50=; 263, 267 _e_-270 _a_, =62=; 272 _a_, 264 _c_, =123=; 276 _b_, =245=; 264 _d_, =442=

=Attic Comedy=, 61-5, =121=

=Augustin=, _de civitate Dei_ X 1, =393=

=Caesar= _bell Afr_ 32, 35, 56, =275=; 9, 40, 65, =412=; _bell civ_ I 34, 56, =14=, =183=, =254=; _bell Gall_ IV 1, VI 22, =291=

=Calpurnius=, IV 118, =249=; IV 25-6, =265=

=Cato= _de agri cultura_ 5 § 4, =140=, =173=; 2 § 7, =158=, =167=; 5 § 2, =159=; 3 § 1, =166=; 4, =166=, =170=; _praef_ =166=, =167=; 16, 136-7, 146, =166=; 147, =166=; 56-7, =166=, =172=, =186=; 10 § 1, 11 § 1, =167=, =172=; 1 § 4, =167=; 1 § 3, =170=; 2 § 1, =170=; 5, 83, 143, =170=; 13 § 1, =171=; 64 § 1, =171=; 66, =171=; 144-5, =171=; 146, =171=; 149 § 2, =171=; 150, =172=; 66-7, =172=; 16, 38, =172=; 5 § 6, =172=; 14, =172=; 7 § 2, 21 § 5, =173=; 2 §§ 2, 4, =173=; 136, =173=; _Remains_ (ed Jordan) p 77, =164=; 43, =165=, =169=

=Catullus=, XXIII 1, =221=

=Cicero= _ad Atticum_ XIII 9 § 2, =194=, =216=; _ad familiares_ XIII 7, 11, =207=; XVI 16 § 1, =197=; _Brutus_ § 257, =188=; § 85, =192=; § 297, =193=; _Catil_ II § 18, =14=, =155=, =289=; II § 20, =155=; _Cato maior_ § 56, =135=, =137=; _de finibus_ V § 52, =188=; _de imperio Pompei_ § 16, =188=; _de lege agraria_ II § 78, =155=; II § 80-3, =198=; II §§ 84, 88-9, =198=; II § 82, =199=; II § 50, =207=; _de legibus_ III § 30, =201=; _de officiis_ I § 150, =188=, =230=; I § 151, =193=; I § 41, =193=, =230=; II § 89, =154=, =165=; III § 112, =145=; _de oratore_ I §§ 83, 263, =188=, =193=; I § 249, =194=, =264=; II § 40, =188=, =193=; II § 287, =195=; III § 46, =188=, =193=, =227=; _de republica_ III § 16, =157=; V § 5, =186=, =195=; _in toga candida_, fr 11, =191=; II; _in Verrem_ I § 147, =193=; II § 27, =191=; III § 119, =158=, =196=; III § 66, =191=; III §§ 53-5 and _passim_, =195=; III § 27, =197=; III § 55, =224=; III § 190, =391=; IV § 112, =191=; IV § 77, =193=; V § 45, =142=; V _passim_, =191=; _paradoxa_ VI § 46, =190=; _Philippics_ VIII § 32, =196=; _pro Caecina_ §§ 10-19, =190=; § 1, =191=; §§ 58, 63, =193=, =194=; §§ 17, 57, 94, =194=; § 94, =224=; _pro Cluentio_ § 161, =191=; § 163, =193=; §§ 175, 182, =195=, =224=; _pro Fonteio_ §§ 11-13, =274=; _pro Murena_ § 62, =187=; _pro Plancio_, § 62, =196=; _pro Rabirio_ (_perd_) §§ 10-17, =196=; _pro Roscio comoedo_ §§ 32, 49, 54, =189=; _pro Sex Roscio_ §§ 39-51, =146-7=, =193=; § 120, =197=; _pro Sulla_ §§ 56-9, =290=; _pro Tullio_ §§ 7-12, 21, =189=; §§ 14-22, =190=; § 17, =190=, =194=, =264=; § 8, =191=; _pro Vareno_ fr 5, =191=; _Tusculan disputations_ I § 34, =188=; III § 77, =188=; V § 104, =188=; V § 34, =193=

=Claudian=, =415-7=

=Codex Justinianus=, IV 65 § 6, =364=; IV 61 § 5, =397=; IX 38, =375=; X 32 § 42, =402=; XI 48 § 13, =340=, =424=, =431=; XI 59 § 1, =387=; XI 48 §§ 2, 4, =393=; XI 48 § 7, =394=; XI 50 §§ 1, 2, =394=; XI 55 § 2, =397=; XI 48 § 1, =398=; XI 54, =400=, =425=; XI 64 § 2, 48 § 16, =425=; XII 33 § 6, =396=

=Codex Theodosianus=, II 4 §§ 5, 6, =424=; III 1 § 2, =425=; IV 13 §§ 2, 3, =395=, =397=; V 17, 18 [= 9, 10 Gothofr], =340=; V 11 §§ 8, 12, 14 § 30, =349=, =357=; V 14 § 34, =351=; V 17 [9] §§ 1, 2, =386=, =393=, =425=; V 17 § 2, =402=; V 18 [10], =424=, =425=, =431=; VI 26 § 14, =396=; VII 13 §§ 7, 8, 12, =395=, =396=; VII 13 § 7, =396=; VII 18 § 10, =396=; VII 13 § 3, =418=; VII 1 § 12, =423=; VII 20 § 7, =423=; VII 22, 1 § 8, =423=; VIII 5, =391=, =423=; VIII 2 § 3, =396=; IX 32 § 1, =375=; IX 30 § 3, =418=; X 3 § 4, =351=; X 3, =400=; X 10 § 25, =416=; XI 1 § 28, =293=; XI 1 § 4, =351=, =404=; XI 2 §§ 1-5, =388=; XI 1 § 14, =390=, =393=; XI 28, =390=, =410=; XI 1 §§ 11, 21, 22, =391=; XI 16 §§ 3, 4, =391=, =398=; XI 16, =393=; XI 1 § 12, =394=; XI 3 § 2, =394=; XI 7-10, 16 § 10, =395=; XI 11, =395=, =397=; XI 8, =397=; XI 16 §§ 14, 15, 18, =396=, =414=; XI 16 § 10, 17 §§ 2-4, =397=; XI 24, =400=, =425=; XI 24 § 2, =402=; XI 16 § 15, =410=; XI 1 § 36, =411=; XI 6, =411=; XI 1 § 26, 3 §§ 1-5, =425=; XI 3 § 3, =425=; XI 1 § 26, =426=; XII 1 § 45, =293=; XII 19, =340=; XII 1 § 128, =402=; XII 1 § 169, =411=; XIII 5, =391=; XIII 10 § 1, =391=; XIII 10 § 3, =393=; XIV 4 § 4, =391=; XIV 18, =392=; XIV 24, =408=; XVI 5 § 48, =392=; XVI 5 § 54, =405=

=Columella=, I 4 § 2, =139=; I _praef_ §§ 3, 12, 13, 20, =160=; I 3 § 12, =161=, =233=; I 7, =161=, =224=, =233=, =252=, =355=; I 9 § 4, =172=, =186=, =300=; I 3 §§ 6, 7, =248=; I _praef_ §§ 12, 13-15, =251=, =256=; I 1 § 20, =251=; I 3 §§ 6, 7, 8-13, =251=; I 5 § 5, =253=; I 4 §§ 4, 5, =258=; I 8, =258=; I 8 §§ 1-3, =258=; I 8 §§ 3, 4, =258=; I 8 § 5, =258=; I 8 § 6, =258=; I 8 § 8, =258=; I 8 § 9, =258=; I 8 § 10, =259=; I 8 § 11, =259=; I 8 § 12, =259=; I 8 § 13, =259=; I 8 §§ 13-4, =259=; I 8 § 15, =260=; I 8 § 16, =260=; I 8 §§ 17-8, =260=; I 8 § 19, =260=; I 9 §§ 1-6, =261=; I 9 §§ 7, 8, =261=; I 4 § 7, =262=; I 6 § 3, =262=; I 3 § 12, =263=; I 6 § 19, =263=; I 8 § 5, 7 § 7, =263=; I 6 § 7, =264=; I 6 § 23, =264=; I _praef_ §§ 1, 2, =265=; I 3 § 9, =265=; I _praef_ § 12, =267=; I _praef_ § 17, =267=; I 2 § 3, =267=; I 3 §§ 3, 4, =267=; I 4 § 4, =267=; I 5 §§ 6, 7, =267=; I 6 §§ 9-17, =267=; I 6 §§ 7, 8, =355=; II 2 § 12, =256=; II 1, =265=; II 9 §§ 14, 16, =266=; II 6 § 2, 9 § 13, =267=; II 13 § 7, =267=; II 20 § 6, =267=; II 21 § 10, =267=; III 3 § 11, =205=, =358=; III 21 § 10, =256=, =265=; III 13 §§ 12, 13, =264=; III 3 § 4, =265=; III 3 § 8, =265=; IV 6 § 3, =256=; IV 3 § 1, =262=; IV 3 § 6, =265=; VI _praef_ §§ 3-5, =154=, =165=, =266=; VI _praef_ §§ 1, 2, =184=; VI _praef_ § 7, =229=; VI 2 § 15, 3 § 3, =261=; VI _praef_ § 4, =263=; VIII 11 § 2, 12, 15 § 7, =262=; VIII 2 § 7, =263=; VIII 10 §§ 3, 4, =266=; XI 1 § 18, =161=, =262=; XI 1, =258=; XI 1 §§ 3, 4, 7, =258=; XI 1 §§ 9-13, =258=; XI 1 §§ 13, 19, =258=; XI 1 §§ 20-1, =258=; XI 1 § 21, =258=; XI 1 §§ 22-3, =258=; XI 1 § 23, =258=; XI 1 §§ 4 foll, =259=, =260=; XI 1 § 23, =259=; XI 1 § 24, =259=; XI 1 §§ 25-6, =259=; XI 1 §§ 27-30, =259=; XI 1 § 22, =260=; XI 1 §§ 8, 9, =261=; XI 1 § 22, =262=; XI 1 § 12, =267=; XII _praef_ §§ 8-10, =160=, =251=; XII 1 § 6, 3 §§ 7, 8, =161=; XII 1 §§ 1, 2, =258=; XII 1 § 6, 3 §§ 7, 8, =262=; XII 3, _praef_ § 9, =262=; XII 3 § 6, =263=

=Deinarchus=, p 99, =96=

=Demosthenes= (cited by marginal pages) _Androtion_ 613, =107=; _Aphobus_ 816, =106=; _Aristocrates_ 668, =108=; _Callicles_ 1274 etc, =108=; _Crown_ 239, =106=; 242, =109=; 314, =111=; _Embassy_ 376, 386, 426, 442, =106=; 376, =107=; 401-2, =112=; _Eubulides_ 1319, =109=; 1318, =111=; 1313, =111=; _Euergus and Mnesibulus_ 1155 etc, =109=; _For Phormio_ 945, =106=; _Lacritus_ 933, =107=; _Leptines_ 466-7, =104=; _Midias_ 568, =107=; 530 etc, =112=; _Nausimachus_ 986, =106=; _Nicostratus_ 1253 etc, =108=; _Olynthiacs_ 17, =104=, =111=; _Pantaenetus_ 979, =108=; _Phaenippus_ 1040-1, =106=, =111=; 1044-5, =111=; _Polycles_ 1207-8, =105=; _Timotheus_ 1187, =109=; 1199 etc, =110=

=Digest=, I 19 § 3¹, =347=, =357=; I 5 § 17, =389=; II 14 § 42, =350=, =378=; VI 3 §§ 1, 2, 3, =376=; VII 8 §§ 10⁴, 11, =363=; VII 1 § 41, =365=; VII 1 § 13, =366=; VII 1 § 13⁴, =366=; VII 4 §§ 8, 10, =366=; VII 1 §§ 25, 26, =370=; VII 7 § 3, =370=; VII 1 § 27³, =374=; VIII 6 § 7, =293=; VIII 6 § 20, =371=; VIII 3, =373=; IX 2 § 27¹⁴, =363=; IX 2 § 27⁹,¹¹, =368=; XI 4 § 1¹, =375=; XII 1 § 4¹, =321=; XII 2 § 28⁶, =364=, =366=; XII 6 § 55, =370=; XIII 7 § 25, =365=; XIII 4 § 3, =375=; XV 3 § 16, =368=, =450=; XVII 2 § 46, =363=; XVIII 1 § 35⁸, =372=; XIX 2 § 24³, =252=; XIX 2 §§ 24, 25³, =254=; XIX 2 § 24, =321=; XIX 2 § 3, =344=; XIX 2 § 19², =344=, =364=, =365=; XIX 2 §§ 15³, 24², 25², 51ᵖʳ, 54¹, =351=, =363=; XIX 2 §§ 15⁴, 25⁶, =356=; XIX 2 §§ 15¹,²,⁸, 25⁶, =363=; XIX 2 § 54ᵖʳ, =363=; XIX 2 §§ 9²,³, 23, 51ᵖʳ, =363=; XIX 2 § 52, =363=; XIX 2 §§ 15⁸, 24⁴, 25¹, =363=; XIX 2 § 15²,⁵, =363=; XIX 2 § 25⁶, =363=; XIX 2 § 60⁵, =363=; XIX 2 § 24¹, =364=; XIX 2 § 54¹, =364=; XIX 2 §§ 13¹¹, 14, =364=; XIX 2 §§ 3, 54², =364=; XIX 2 § 25³, =364=; XIX 2 §§ 19³, 25⁶, =365=; XIX 2 § 15, =365=; XIX 2 § 2ᵖʳ, =365=; XIX 2 §§ 25⁵, 29, =366=; XIX 2 §§ 55¹, 61ᵖʳ, =366=; XIX 1 § 49, =367=; XIX 2 § 30⁴, =368=; XIX 2 § 60⁷, =370=; XIX 2 § 25⁴, =372=; XIX 2 §§ 9³, 15, =374=; XIX 2 § 15², =374=; XIX 1 § 13⁶, 2 § 53, =376=; XIX 2 § 49, =377=; XIX 1 § 13⁶, =382=; XIX 2 §§ 13⁷, 15², =405=; XX 2 §§ 4, 7, =320=; XX 1 § 21ᵖʳ, =363=; XX 6 § 14, =363=; XX 1 § 32, =367=; XXI 1 § 32, =368=; XXVII 9 § 13ᵖʳ, =365=; XXVIII 5 § 35³, =368=; XXX § 112ᵖʳ, =360=; XXX § 39¹⁰, =377=; XXXI § 86¹, =256=, =365=; XXXII 1 § 99, =307=, =369=, =435=; XXXII § 91¹, =344=, =366=; XXXII §§ 91¹, 93², 101¹, =364=; XXXII § 41⁵, =367=; XXXII §§ 60³, 68³, =368=; XXXII §§ 41⁵, 91ᵖʳ,¹, =368=; XXXII §§ 91ᵖʳ, 97, =368=; XXXII § 97, =369=; XXXIII 7 § 12⁴, =250=; XXXIII 7 § 25¹, =254=, =369=; XXXIII 7 § 19, =255=; XXXIII 7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹, =257=, =365=, =367=, =371=; XXXIII 7 § 8ᵖʳ, =261=; XXXIII 7 §§ 12³, 20¹,³, =299=, =369=; XXXIII 7 § 12⁷,³³, =300=; XXXIII 7 § 20⁴, =300=; XXXIII 7 § 12¹²,¹³, =307=, =369=; XXXIII 7 § 15², =311=; XXXIII 7, =344=; XXXIII 4 § 1¹⁵, =363=; XXXIII 7 §§ 4, 15², 18⁴, 20¹, =364=; XXXIII 7 § 24, =365=; XXXIII 7 § 12³, 8 § 23³, =368=, =450=; XXXIII 7 §§ 12³⁸, 20³,⁴, 22¹, =368=; XXXIII 7 § 20, =368=; XXXIII 8 §§ 6ᵖʳ, 8ᵖʳ, =369=; XXXIII 2 § 28, =382=; XXXIII 7 § 25¹, =435=; XXXIV 3 §§ 16, 18, =364=; XXXIV 4 § 31ᵖʳ, =367=; XXXIV 1 § 18³, 3 § 12, =368=; XXXIX 4 § 12², =160=; XXXIX 6 § 3, =330=; XXXIX 3 §§ 4²,³, 5, =366=; XXXIX 4 § 11¹,⁵, =376=; XL 7 § 40⁵, =299=, =364=; XL 7 § 40⁶, =367=; XL 7 § 40ᵖʳ,⁴,⁵, =368=; XL 7 § 14ᵖʳ, =371=; XLI 3 § 33¹, =350=, =373=; XLI 2 § 30⁶, =364=; XLI 1 § 44, =372=; XLI 2 §§ 3⁸,¹², 25¹, =373=; XLI 1 § 7¹⁻⁶, =374=; XLIII 24 § 15¹, =264=; XLIII 20 §§ 2, 5, =293=; XLIII 20 § 1³⁹⁻⁴³, =294=; XLIII 32, 33, =363=; XLIII 16 § 20, =364=; XLIII 24 § 13⁶, =366=; XLIII 16 § 1²⁰, 24 § 3ᵖʳ, =371=; XLIII 24 § 5¹¹, =371=; XLIII 16, =373=; XLIII 9 § 1, =376=; XLIII 8 § 2⁴, =377=; XLIV 7 § 34², =363=; XLV 1 § 89, =363=; XLV 3 § 18³, =371=; XLVII 12, =312=; XLVII 2 §§ 52⁸, 62⁸, 83¹, 10 § 5⁴, =363=; XLVII 2 § 68⁵, =363=; XLVII 2 § 26¹, =365=, =367=; XLVII 2 §§ 26¹, 62³, 7 § 9, =366=; XLVII 14, =372=; XLVII 21 § 2, =372=; XLVII 9 §§ 3³, 16, =375=; XLVII 11 §§ 9, 10, =375=; XLVIII 19 § 16⁷, =372=; XLVIII 22 § 1, =378=; XLIX 14 § 47¹, =347=, =377=; XLIX 14 § 50, =350=, =363=; XLIX 16 § 5², =372=; XLIX 14 § 3⁶, =376=; XLIX 14, =378=; XLIX 14 § 3¹⁰, =378=; XLIX 14 §§ 47, 50, =378=; L 6 § 6¹¹, =347=, =377=; L 15 § 4⁸, =360=; L 16 § 198, =366=; L 11 § 2, =375=; L 8 § 2¹, =376=; L 16 § 219, =376=; L 1 § 38¹, =377=; L 4 § 4, =377=, =451=; L 5 §§ 10, 11, =378=; L 5 § 1², =392=; L 15 §§ 3, 4, =420=; L 1 § 38⁶, 2 § 1, 4 § 14⁶, =451=

=Diodorus=, I 28, 73-4, =29=; II 39, =123=; II 40-1, =210=; V 38 § 1, =2=; XVIII 18, =120=; XVIII 70 § 1, =129=; XX 84, 100, =122=; XXXIV 2 § 26, =162=; XXXIV 2 § 48, =198=; XXXVI =162=; XXXVI 5 § 6, =198=

=Dion Cassius=, Fragm 40 § 27, =139=; XLIII 4 § 2, =275=; XLVIII 6 § 3, =240=; LII 27-8, =225=; LXXVI 10, =342=; LXXVII 9 § 5, =389=

=Dion Chrysostom=, _orat_ VII =300-3=; X =302=; XIV =302=; XV 15, =302=

=Dionysius=, _Rom Ant_ I 36-7, =232=; II 28, cf 8, 9, =210=; III 31, =144=; IV 9, 13, =144=; VI 3, =136=; VI 79, =144=; X 8, 17, =135=; XVII [XVIII] 4, =147=; XIX 15, =138=

=Euripides= _Alcestis_ 2, 6, =35=; _Cyclops_ 76 foll, 23-4, =35=; _Electra_ 37-8, 375-6, =33=; 35-9, 73-4, 75-6, 78-81, 203-4, 252, =35=; 360, 394, =36=; _Heraclidae_ 639, 788-9, 890, =37=; _Herc Fur_ 1341-6, =35=; _Orestes_ 918-20, =36=, =102=; _Phoenissae_ 405, =33=; _Rhesus_ 74-5, 176, =37=; _Suppl_ 870, =30=; 420-2, =36=; fragments =33=, =34=, =36=, =37=

=Festus=, p 306 (Lindsay), =137=

=Florus=, II 7 § 3, =207=

=Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum=, (_FHG_), =121=

=Frontinus=, _de aquis passim_, =294-6=

=Fronto= (Naber), p 29, =284=; 169, =323=; 144, =327=; 35, =330=

=Gellius=, II 18, =327=; III 3, =327=; V 3, =327=; XV 4, =327=; XX 1 § 47, =435=

=Herodian=, II 4 § 6, =337=; VII 4 §§ 3-6, =341=

=Herodotus=, II 141, 164-7, 168, =28=, =29=, =210=; IV 72, =30=; IV 137, =30=; VI 137, =30=; VII 102, =29=; VIII 26, 105-6, =28=, =29=; VIII 68, =28=; VIII 51, =29=; VIII 137, =29=; VIII 142, =30=; VIII 4, 41, 44, 106, =30=; IX 11, 53, 55, =28=

=Hesiod=, _Works_, =22-4=

=Hipponax=, =25=

=Historia Augusta= _Alexander_ 55 §§ 2, 3, =338=; _Antoninus Pius_ 12 § 3, =378=; _Aurelian_ 48 § 2, =337=; 39 § 7, =338=; _Claudius_ (_Gothicus_) 9 §§ 4, 5, =337=; _Commodus_ 17 §§ 7, 8, =347=; _Gallienus_ 9 § 5, =338=; _Hadrian_ 18, =160=, =233=; 7 § 5, =378=; 22 § 6, =418=; _M Aurelius_ 11 § 7, =273=; 21 §§ 6, 7, =324=; _Maximin_ 13 § 4, 14 § 1, =341=; _Probus_ 16 § 6, =337=; 18 §§ 1, 2, =338=; _Severus_ 14 § 2, =378=

=Homeric Poems= _Iliad_ =16-17=; _Odyssey_ =17-22=

=Horace= _Epistles_ I 12, =207=; I 14, =215=; I 7, =234=; I 15, 45-6, =235=; I 14, 39, =236=; I 16, 69-72, =236=; I 1, 21, =254=; I 18, 36, =295=; II 1, 139-40, =213=; II 2, 177-8, =214=; II 2, 184-6, =236=; _Epodes_ II 3, =214=; II 39 foll, =214=; II =230=; IV =201=, =236=; IV 13, =214=; _Odes_ I 12, =213=; I 1, =214=; I 35, =214=; I 1, =215=; II 15, =200=, =213=; II 15, 18, =213=; II 3, =214=; II 14, =214=; II 16, =214=; III 6, =200=, =213=; III 1, 4, 5, 16, =214=; III 16, =214=; III 2, =215=; III 4, 37-8, =215=, =236=; III 18, =227=; IV 5, 15, =200=, =232=; _Satires_ I 5 77 foll, =214=; I 3, 99 foll, =236=; I 1, 28, 32, =237=; II 6, 6-15, =213=; II 7, 23, =213=; II 2, 115, =214=, =235=; II 6, 55-6, =215=, =236=; II 2, =234=; II 6, =235=; II 7, 118, =235=

=Hybrias=, =25=

=Hyperides=, fragm =109=, =111=

=Inscriptions= CIL I 1034, 1076, 1386, =137=; I 551, =191=; VIII 15454, =275=; VIII 18587, =293=; VIII 14428, =348=; VIII 8425, 8426, 8702, 8777, =357=; Bruns _fontes_ =143=, =175=; Collitz =126=; Dessau 7822-3, =137=; 1334, =275=; 6790, =275=; Dittenberger =126=, =343=, =374=; General reference =312=; Girard, _Textes_ ed 4, =272=, =343=, =389=; Mommsen =374=; _monumentum Ancyranum_ =177=, =237=; Wilmanns =191=, =296=, =408=; Wordsworth, _specimens_ =143=, =175=, =191=

=Isaeus= (cited by speeches and sections), V § 39, =85=; VI §§ 19-22, =82=; VI § 33, =84=; VIII § 42, p 73, =47=, =83=; VIII § 35, =82=; XI §§ 41-4, =82=; fragment =84=

=Isocrates= (cited by marginal pages in Baiter and Sauppe) _Archidamus_ _passim_ =84=; _Areopagiticus_ 150, =82=; 148, =83=; 150-1, 156, =83=; _Busiris_ 224-5, =29=, =72=; _de bigis_ 349, =81=; _de pace_ 173, 185, =70=; 170, =71=; 178-80, =72=; 183, =82=; 164, =83=; 177, =83=, =84=; _Helen_ 218, =72=; _Panathenaicus_ 271, =75=; 270, =82=; 235, 241, =83=; _Panegyricus_, 46, =81=; 47-8, =83=; 67-8, =83=; 50, =113=; _Philippus_ 91-2, =82=; _Plataicus_ 306, =85=; _Trapeziticus_ 370, =81=

=Itineraries=, =293=

=Julian=, _orat_ VII =419=

=Jurists= (_separately cited_) Gaius I 42-7, =333=; II 7, 21, =293=, =351=; III 145, =255=, =376=; III 142, =365=; Paulus _sent_ I 6 _a_ § 5, =375=; III 6 §§ 38, 40, =300=; V 3 § 4, =375=; Fragmentum Vaticanum § 13, =367=

=Juvenal=, I 107-8, =59=, =315=; I 75, =366=; II 73-4, =313=; III 58 foll, =271=; III 223-9, =313=, =316=; IV 25-6, =307=; VI 1-18, =313=; VI 287-95, =313=; VI 149-52, =315=; VII 188-9, =314=; VII 148-9, =328=; VIII 245 foll, =313=; IX 55, =249=; IX 54-5, =314=; IX 59-62, =314=, =315=; X 268-70, =167=; X 356-66, =314=, =316=; X 225-6, =315=; X 19-22, =323=; XI 70-1, =309=; XI 86-9, =313=; XI 77-131, =313=; XI 151 foll, =315=; XI 77-81, =317=; XIV 267-302, =309=; XIV 161-71, =312=; XIV 70-2, =313=; XIV 159-63, =313=; XIV 179-81, =313=; XIV 86-95, 140 foll, 274-5, =315=; XIV 140-55, =315=; XIV 24, =334=; XV 147-58, =313=; XVI 32-4, =313=; XVI 36-9, =315=

=Lactantius=, _de mort persecutorum_ 23 § 5, =389=; 7 § 3, =393=; 22-3, =420=

=Libanius=, XXIV 16, =395=; XLVII _passim_ =400-2=; L 36, =400=

=Livy=, II 23 etc, =133=; II 22 §§ 5-7, =137=; III 13 §§ 8-10, =135=; III 26, =135=; III 27 § 1, =135=; VI 12 § 5, =147=, =156=; VI 12, =239=; VII 4, 5, =145=; VII 25 § 8, =147=, =156=; VII 25, =239=; VIII 20 § 4, =144=; IX 44, =147=; X 4 § 9, =28=; X 36 § 17, =136=; X 26 § 15, 32 § 1, 37, 46 § 16, =147=; XI _epit_, =148=; XVIII _epit_, =139=; XXI 63 §§ 3, 4, =142=; XXII 57 § 11, =142=; XXIII 32 § 15, =141=; XXIII 49 §§ 1-4, =142=; XXIV 18 § 11, =142=; XXV 1 § 4, =141=; XXV 1 § 4, 3 § 8-4 § 11, =142=; XXVI 35 § 5, =141=; XXVI 36, =142=; XXVIII 11 § 9, =141=; XXIX 16 §§ 1-3, =143=; XXXI 13, =143=; XXXIII 42 § 3, =143=; XXXIII 36 § 1, =162=; XXXIV 51 §§ 4-6, =127=; XXXIV 50, =129=; XXXIX 29 §§ 8, 9, 41 § 6, =162=; XLV 18 § 3, =207=

=Lucan=, I 158-82, =248=; II 95, =334=; VI 152, =249=; VII 402, =227=; VII 387-439, =248=

=Lucian=, _Timon_ 7, 8, =64=

=Lucretius=, III 1053-75, =201=

=Lycurgus=, p 151, =104=

=Lysias=, Or XXII =81=; p 92, =82=; pp 108-9, =82=, =84=

=Macrobius=, (_sat_) I 11 § 22, =240=

=Martial=, I 55, =306=, =312=; I 85, =312=; I 101, =318=; II 11, =307=; III 47, =306=, =309=; III 58, =309=; III 46, =317=; IV 66, =307=; V 4, =232=; V 35, =309=; VI 73, =308=; VI 29, =318=; VII 31, =306=, =307=, =309=; VII 80, =310=; VII 36, =312=; VIII 61, =306=; IX 18, 97, =306=; IX 2, =308=; IX 35, =309=; IX 92, =317=; X 48, =306=, =312=; X 87, =307=; X 92, =308=; X 14, =309=; X 30, =311=; X 61, =312=; X 85, =312=; X 92, =312=; X 47, =317=; XI 70, =158=, =167=; XI 34, =312=; XI 48, =312=; XII 72, =306=; XII 59, =307=; XII 57, =308=; XIV 49, =317=

=Menander=, =63-4=, =124=

=Musonius= (_in Stobaeus_), =277=

=New Testament Writers= Matt 21 §§ 28-30, =303=; 21 §§ 33-41, =303=; 20 §§ 1-16, =304=; 6 § 12, =305=; 25 §§ 14-30, =305=; Mar 12 §§ 1-9, =303=; Luk 20 §§ 9-16, =303=; 12 §§ 16-9, =304=; 12 §§ 42-8, =304=; 16 §§ 1-12, =304=; 7 § 41, 16 § 5, =305=; 19 §§ 12-26, =305=; Acts 1 § 18, 4 §§ 34-7, =305=; Rom 4 § 4, =304=; I Cor 9 §§ 7-10, =303=; 4 § 2, =304=; Ephes 6 §§ 5 foll, =323=; Coloss 3 §§ 22 foll, =323=; I Tim 5 § 18, =303=; II Tim 2 § 6, =303=; I Pet 2 §§ 18 foll, =323=; James 5 § 4, =304=

=Nonius=, p 66 Müller, =173=

The ‘=Old Oligarch=’, 1 §§ 3, 5, 10, 11, 12, =38=; 1 §§ 17, 19, =39=; 2 § 14, =39=

=Ovid= _fasti_ I 207, III 779-82, IV 693-4, =218=; _metam_ I 135-6, =218=

=Palladius=, I 8, 11, 24, 33, =366=; VII 2, =398=

=Panegyrici Latini=, V 18, =338=; VIII 11, =390=

=Pausanias=, VIII 24 § 13, X 24 § 1, =278=

=Persius=, IV 26, =249=

=Petronius=, 37, 53, =249=; 77, =251=

=Phaedrus=, IV 5, II 8, =243=

=Phocylides=, =25=

=Plato= (cited by marginal pages) _Laws_ 630 _b_, =71=; 697 _e_, =71=; 850, =71=; 736 _c_, =72=; 936 _c_, =72=; 744 _e_, =72=, =76=; 741, =73=; 737 foll, =76=; 754, =76=; 756, =76=; 919 _d_, =76=; 922 _a_-924 _a_, =76=; 705, =77=; 720, =77=, =79=; 742, =77=, =78=; 745 _c-e_, =77=; 760 _e_, =77=; 763 _a_, =77=; 777 _c_, =77=; 777 _d_-778 _a_, =77=; 793 _e_, =77=; 806 _d_, =77=; 832 _d_, =77=; 838 _d_, =77=; 842 _c-e_, =77=; 846 _d_-847 _b_, =77=; 865 _c_, _d_, =77=; 936 _c-e_, =77=; 690 _b_, =78=; 776-7, =78=; 747 _c_, =79=; 762 _e_, =79=; 823, =79=; 840 _e_, =79=; 886 _a_, =79=; 887 _e_, =79=; 914-5, =80=; 932 _d_, =80=; 777 _d_, =162=; _Menexenus_ 237 _e_, =81=; _Politicus_ 293-7, =76=; 262 _d_, =78=; 289-90, =78=; _Republic_ 565 _a_, _b_, =71=, =72=, =76=, =102=; 421 _e_, =72=; 416 _d_, _e_, =73=; 417, =73=; 421 _d_, =73=; 464 _c_, =73=; 469-71, =73=; 495 _d_, =73=; 522 _b_, =73=; 540 _e_-541 _a_, =73=; 543 _b_, =73=; 590 _c_, =73=; 374 _c_, _d_, =74=; 433-4, =74=; 468 _a_, =74=; 369 _b_-373 _c_, =75=; 463 _b_, =75=; 547 _b_ foll, =76=; 550-2, =76=; 406, =77=; 371, =78=, =375=; 578-9, =78=; 344 _b_, =79=; 423 _b_, 435 _e_-436 _a_, =79=; 544 _d_, =79=; 452 _c_, =79=; 467 _a_, =79=; 495 _e_, =80=; _Timaeus_ 24, =29=

=Plautus= _Casina_ 97 foll, =124=; _Mercator_ 65 foll, =124=; _passim_, =124=; _Mostellaria_ 1-83, =124=; _Poenulus_ 170-1, =124=; 944-5, =124=; _Stichus_, title, =137=; _Trinummus_ 508-61, =125=; _Vidularia_ 21-55, =125=; 31-2, =125=

=Pliny= (elder) _nat hist_ VIII 180, =229=, =282=, =286=; XIV 48-50, =160=, =265=, =284=; XVIII 20, =135=; XVIII 27-8, =139=, =282=; XVIII 39, =140=; XVIII 35, =151=, =168=, =281=, =282=, =309=; XVIII 29, 30, =154=, =165=; XVIII 41-3, =160=; XVIII 273-4, =160=, =284=; XVIII 32, =166=, =282=; XVIII 1-5, =281=; XVIII 7, 18, 20, =281=; XVIII 19, 21, 36, =281=; XVIII 37-8, =282=; XVIII 11, 26, =283=, =286=; XVIII 12, =283=; XVIII 15 foll, 17, =283=; XVIII 24, =283=; XVIII 174, =284=; XVIII 178, =284=; XVIII 36, =285=; XVIII 38, =286=; XVIII 120, =286=; XVIII 167, =286=; XVIII 170, =286=; XVIII 70, =287=; XVIII 259, =291=; XVIII 296, =398=; XIX 50-1, =231=, =283=; XIX 60, =282=; XXXIII 26-7, =285=; XXXVII 201-3, =239=, =285=

=Pliny= (younger) _epistles_ I 24, =217=; I 6, =405=; II 4 § 3, =320=; III 19 § 5, =169=; III 19 § 7, =220=; III 19, =233=, =319=; III 19 § 2, =251=, =264=; III 19 § 6, =255=; III 11, =276=; III 19 § 7, =344=; IV 10, =318=; IV 6, =320=; V 14 § 8, =320=; V 6 § 12, =322=; V 6 § 46 =405=; VI 19, =274=, =319=; VI 3, =318=; VI 25, =322=; VII 18, =296=, =324=; VII 11, 14, =318=; VII 16, 32, =318=; VII 30 § 3, =320=; VIII 17, =312=; VIII 16, =318=; VIII 15, =320=; VIII 2, =322=; VIII 17, =322=; IX 37, =233=, =319=; IX 28, =320=; IX 36 § 6, =320=; IX 37 § 2, =320=, =321=; IX 16, =321=; IX 20 § 2, =321=; IX 37, =321=; IX 37 § 3, =365=; X 8 § 5, =320=, =321=; X 29, 30, =324=; X 86 B, =313=; _Panegyricus_ 42, =244=; 26-8, =273=; 36, =319=; 29, =382=

=Plutarch= _apophthegmata_ =127=; _Aratus_ 14, 25, 27, 36, 39, 40, =112=; 24, =117=; 5-8, =128=; 9, 12, 14, =128=; _Cato maior_ 27, =164=; 23, =164=; 4, =165=, =169=; 3-5, 20-1, =165=; 24, =167=, =243=; 5, =167=; 21, =168=, =169=; 25, =169=; 20, =169=; _C Gracchus_ 7, =267=; _Cleomenes_ 18, =120=; _de defectu oraculorum_ 8, =300=; _de garrulitate_ 18, =117=; _Dion_ 27, 37, 48, =128=; _Flamininus_ 13, =129=; _Philopoemen_ 7, 15, =112=; 8, =117=; 13, =120=; 3, 4, =128=; _Phocion_ 28, =120=; _Timoleon_ 23, 36, =128=

=Polybius=, I 31 § 4, =140=; II 62, =120=, =122=; IV 63, =118=; IV 66, =118=; IV 75, =118=, =122=; IV 73, =120=, =122=; IV 3, =121=; IV 20, 21, =122=; IV 38, =122=; V 1, 3, 19, =118=; V 89, =118=; IX 17, =121=; X 42, =118=; XII 6, =123=; XVI 24, =118=; XVIII 20, =118=; XX 6, =121=; XXI 6, =118=; XXI 34, 36, 43, 45, =118=; XXIII 1 § 11, =122=; XXV 4, =118=; XXVIII 2, =118=; XXXII 13 §§ 10, 11, =169=; XXXIX 8 §§ 1-5, =129=

=Quintilian=, I 4 § 26, =137=; VI 3 § 20, =229=; X 1 §§ 46-131, =268=

=Rutilius=, _de reditu_ I 214, =332=; I 527, 615, =412=

=Sallust= _Catil_ 4 § 1, =12=, =146=, =199=; 44 §§ 5, 6, 56 § 5, =162=; 37 § 7, =199=; _Iug_ 41 § 8, =144=, =248=; 73 § 6, =175=, =199=; 21, 26, 47, =274=; _hist fragm_ =137=

=Salvian=, _de gubernatione Dei_ V §§ 34-50, =424=; V § 18, =425=

=Scholia=, =238=

=Seneca= (elder), _controvers_ II 1 §§ 5, 26, =242=; V 5, =242=; VI 2, =242=; VII 6 § 17, =167=, =243=; VII 6 § 18, =242=; X 4 § 18, =160=, =232=, =243=

=Seneca= (younger) _ad Helviam_ 12 § 5, =139=; 7 § 7, =270=, =349=; 6 §§ 2, 3, =271=; _de beneficiis_ III 22 § 1, =245=; III 26, =244=; V 18 § 2, 19 § 1, =244=; V 19 § 9, =245=; VI 4 § 4, =246=; VII 4 § 4, =244=; VII 5 §§ 2, 3, =247=; _de clementia_ I 18, =244=; _de constantia_ 5 § 1, =245=; _de ira_ III 29 § 1, =248=; _de vita beata_ 17 § 2, =249=; _Epistles_ 87 § 7, 89 § 20, =207=, =248=; 47 § 14, 86 § 14, =216=; 86 § 15, =241=; 77 § 7, =244=; 12 § 3, =245=; 47 § 14, =245=; 65 § 6, =245=; 88 § 21, =245=; 90 § 27, =245=; 90 § 15, =246=; 44 § 3, =246=, =327=; 114 § 26, =246=; 123 § 2, =246=; 90 § 39, =248=, =315=; _nat quaest_ I 16 § 1, =244=

=Sidonius Apollinaris= _epist_ I 6, =429=; I 10, =427=; II 2, 9, 14, =427=, =429=; II 9 § 2, =429=; II 14, =429=; III 1, 5, =428=; III 9, =429=; IV 24, =427=, =429=, =430=; IV 9 § 1, =429=; IV 24 § 2, =429=; V 19, =423=, =430=; VI 10, 12, =428=; VII 12 § 3, =427=; VII 14 §§ 11, 16, =429=; VII 15, =429=; VIII 4, =427=, =429=; VIII 8, =429=; VIII 4 § 1, =429=; IX 6, =423=, =430=; _carm_ XXII 121-5, =429=

=Solon=, =24-5=

=Sophocles= _Antig_ 338-40, =33=; _OT_ 763-4, 1029, =33=; _Trach_ 31-3, 52-3, 61-3, =33=; _fragments_ =33=

=Statius=, _silvae_ IV 3, =2=, =272=

=Strabo=, VI 4 § 1, p 286, =232=; VIII 8 § 1, p 388, =120=; XII 3 § 40, p 562, =2=; XIV 1 § 38, p 646, =162=; XV 1 § 40, p 704, § 34, p 701, § 54, p 710, =210=

=Suetonius= _Aug_ 32, _Tib_ 8, =160=, =232=, =324=, =326=; _Aug_ 41, =225=, =289=, =326=; _Aug_ 27, =313=; _Aug_ 16, 21, 24, 42, =326=; _Aug_ 72, =366=; _Claud_ 22, =287=; _Claud_ 25, =326=; _Domit_ 7, 9, 14, =272=, =327=; _Gaius_ 37, =366=; _Iul_ 42, =131=; _Iul_ 26, 28, =325=; _Nero_ 22, =287=; _Nero_ 31, =326=; _Reliquiae_ (Reifferscheid), =240=, =327=; _Tib_ 48, =289=; _Vespas_ 1, =222=, =326=; _Vespas_ 4, =327=

=Sulpicius Severus= _dial_ II 3, =422=; _vita S Martini_ 2 § 5, =423=

=Symmachus= _epistles_ I 5, =404=; II 6, 7, 52, 55, =403=; II 22, 52, =405=; II 7, =407=; III 55, 82, =403=; IV 5 [4], 18, 21, 54, 68, 74, =403=; IV 74, =407=; V 18, =405=; VI 15 [14], =403=; VI 82 [81], =404=; VI 11, =405=; VI 12, =406=; VI 59, [58], 65, [64], =407=; VII 18, 38, 66, 68, =403=; VII 56, =404=; VII 38, 66, =405=; VII 126, =406=; VIII 2, =405=; IX 10, 14, 42, 114 [124], =403=; IX 11, =404=, =406=; IX 47 [50], =404=, =407=; IX 140, [X 18], =404=; IX 27 [30], 45 [48], 49 [52], =405=; IX 29, 37 [40], =406=; IX 10, =407=; X 2, 21, =403=; X 6, =404=, =406=; _relationes_ 3 §§ 15-18, 9 § 7, 18, 35, 37, =403=; 9, 18, 37, =403=; 18, =403=; 40, 37, =408=

=Tacitus= _Agricola_ 28, =292=, =310=; 19, =391=; _annals_ II 59, =206=; III 53-5, =163=, =283=, =288=; IV 27, =162=, =288=; IV 6, =288=; IV 4, =396=; VI 16, 17, =288=; XI 23, =274=; XII 65, =242=; XIV 27, =210=; XIV 53, =238=; XVI 13, =287=; _Germania_ 41, =270=; 29, =271=; 26, =291=; 24, =291=; 25, =292=; _histories_ I 11, =206=; III 8, =283=; III 24, =313=

=Terence= _Adelphoe_ 45-6, 95, 401, 517-20, 541-2, 845-9, 949, =125=; _Hautontimorumenos_ 62-74, =125=, =167=; 93-117, =125=; 142-4, =125=, =167=; _Hecyra_ 224-6, =125=; _Phormio_ 362-5, =125=

=Theocritus=, =116-21=

=Theophrastus=, _Char_ IV (XIV), =117=

=Thucydides=, =49-52=

=Tibullus=, II 1 51, 6 25-6, =218=; II 1 41-2, =229=; II 1 23, =235=

=Valerius Maximus=, IV 7, =135=; IV 4 §§ 4, 6, =139=, =243=; IV 3 § 5, 4 § 7, 8 § 1, =243=; VII 5 § 2, =14=, =243=

=Varro= _de lingua Latina_ VII § 105, =269=; _de re rustica_ I 2 § 17, 17 §§ 5, 7, =158=, =183=; I 17 § 2, =161=, =184=, =233=, =253=, =263=, =437=; I 17 §§ 3-6, =162=, =461=; I 2 §§ 3, 6, =178=, =406=; I 4 § 5, =178=; I 6-16, =180=; I 17, =180=, =239=; I 12 § 2, =180=; I 16 § 4, =180=, =184=, =233=; I 18, =180=; I 2 §§ 13 foll, =184=; I 22 § 1, =185=; I 18 §§ 2, 6, =186=; I 2 §§ 1-7, =232=; I 2 § 17, =233=; I 44 § 1, =265=; I 44 § 3, =291=; II _praef_ § 6, =178=; II 1 § 16, =179=; II 3 § 7, =183=; II _praef_ § 5, =184=, =233=; II _praef_ §§ 3, 4, =184=; II 10 §§ 4, 5, =185=; II 2 § 20, 5 § 18, 7 § 16, 10 § 10, =228=; II 3 § 4, =233=; II 5 § 4, =229=; III 2 § 5, =173=, =186=; III 16 §§ 10, 11, =184=, =230=; III 3 § 4, 17 § 6, =185=; _saturae_ =137=

=Vegetius= _epit rei milit_ I 3, II, =417=; I 7, =397=, =417=, =418=; I 5, =418=; I 28, =418=; _mulomed_ I 56 §§ 11-13, =418=; I 56 § 35, =418=

=Velleius=, II 8, =225=

=Vergil= _Aeneid passim_ =220-1=; III 327, =229=; VI 613, =220=; VII 641-817, =220=; VII 331-2, =230=; VIII 408-12, =221=; IX 603-13, =220=; XII 520, =217=, =221=; _Bucolics_ I, II, III, IX, X, _passim_, =219=; I 40, =229=; II 71-2, =185=; III 101, =228=; VII 4-5, =122=; X 32-3, =122=; _Georgics_ I 266, =185=; I 41, =221=, =230=; I 84 foll, =223=; I _ad fin_, =226=; I 261, =227=; I 272-3, =227=; I 316-7, =227=; I 494, =227=; I 291-302, =230=; I 507, =230=; I 300, =230=; I 125-8, =232=; I 51-3, =267=, =286=; I 71-83, =291=; II 458-74, =222=; II _ad fin_, =226=; II 207, =227=; II 264, =227=; II 410, =227=; II 513, =227=; II 529, =228=; II 529-31, =228=; II 406, =230=; II 433, =230=; II 459, =230=; II 412-3, =231=; II 136-76, =232=; II 336-42, =232=; II 532, =232=; II 198, =236=; III 402, =227=, =265=; III 420, =228=; III 455, =228=; III 515-30, =228=; III 549, =228=; III 167-8, =229=; III 41, =238=; IV 278, =228=; IV 125-46, =230=; IV 118, 147-8, =231=; IV 116 foll, =268=; _Moretum_ =231=

=Victor= _Caesares_ 39 § 31, =389=; 13 §§ 5, 6, =391=; _de viris illustribus_ 73 §§ 1, 5, =275=

=Vitruvius=, II 1, =218=

=Xenophon= _anab_ I 2 § 27, =55=; III 2 § 26, =54=; IV 1 §§ 12-14, =10=; IV 1 §§ 12, 13, =55=; IV 8 § 4, =55=; V 3 § 4, =55=; V 6 § 13, =55=; VI 1 §§ 7, 8, =53=; VI 4 § 8, =54=; VII 1 § 36, =55=; VII 2 § 6, =55=; VII 3 § 3, =55=; VII 3 § 48, =55=; VII 7 § 53, =55=; VII 8 §§ 12-19, =55=; _Cyrop_ IV 4 §§ 5-12, =60=; VII 5 §§ 36, 73, =60=; VII 5 § 67, =60=; VIII 1 §§ 43-4, =60=; VIII 3 §§ 36-41, =60=; _economicus_ 3 §§ 1-5, =57=; 5 §§ 15, 16, =57=; 9 § 5, =57=; 12 § 3, =57=; 12 § 19, =57=; 13 § 9, =57=; 20 §§ 22 foll, =57=; 7-9, 12-14, 21, =57=, =58=; 1 § 4, =58=; 4 § 6, =58=; 5 § 4, =58=; 5 § 6, =58=; 11 §§ 9, 10, =58=; 14 §§ 8, 9, =58=; 20 _passim_, =58=; 21 §§ 9, 10, 12, =59=; _hellen_ I 6 § 14, =55=; II 1 § 1, =53=; VI 2 § 37, =53=; VII 5 § 27, =71=; _memor_ I 1 § 16, =56=; I 2 § 57, =56=; I 5 § 2, =56=; II 7, 8, =55=, =56=; II 7 §§ 7-10, =58=; II 5 § 2, =59=; II 8, =59=, =159=; III 7 § 6, =56=; III 9 §§ 11, 15, =56=; III 13 § 4, =56=; IV 2 §§ 22-31, =56=; _res publ Ath_ [see the ‘old oligarch’]; _vectigalia_ =97=; 4 § 22, =59=; 4 _passim_, =60=

=Zosimus=, I 71, =338=

IV MODERN AUTHORITIES

Adam J, 76

Ashburner, 462-4

Augé-Laribé M, 385

Barker E, 93

Beauchet, 110

Beloch J, 49, 52, 129, 198

Bernays J, 97, 120

Bernier (ed V A Smith), 204

Blümner H, 134, 233, 253, 299

Böckh-Fränkel, 82

Bouchier, 463

Bruns C G, 143, 175, 354

Bryce, Lord, 89

Buckland W W, 350-1, 363, 369, 376

Bury J B, 416, 450, 456, 464

Cairnes J E, 156

Calderini A, 123-4

Champagny, Comte de, 276

Clerc M, 25

Collitz H, 123, 126

Conington J, 223, 227, 291

Conway R S, 241

Cope E M, 35, 99

Cornford F M, 49

Coulanges F de, 321, 347, 354, 358, 361, 365, 369, 375, 379, 383, 392-3, 396, 420-1, 425, 431, 451, 460

Coulton G G, 438, 466

Croiset A, 122

Cuq E, 345, 356

Dareste, Haussoullier, Th Reinach, 27

Daubeny C, 53, 223, 320

Dill S, 395, 397, 416, 423, 427-8, 429-30

Dirksen H E, 392, 396

Dittenberger W, 126, 343, 374

Ducange C D, 428

_Encyclopaedia Biblica_, 435

Esmein A, 342, 354, 357, 360-1, 426, 430-1

Fowler W W, 217

Francotte H, 48, 441

Frazer J G, 278

Freeman E A, 120

Friedländer L, 306

Gardthausen V, 237-9

Girard P F, 272, 295, 342-3, 346, 349-51, 354, 373, 389

Glover T R, 227

Godefroi (Gothofredus), 391, 408

Greenidge A H J, 152-3, 173, 175, 189, 205, 207

Grote G, 76

Grundy G B, 48, 51, 66, 69

Hardy E G, 175, 177, 313, 324

Hastings’ _Dictionary of the Bible_, 435

Heisterbergk B, 178, 205, 342, 358-9, 388

Hill G F, 52

Hirschfeld O, 353-4

Jebb R C, 33

Johnson Clifton, 467

Jordan H, 164-5, 169

Kalinka E, 37, 38

Keightley, 223, 241

King Bolton and Okey T, 13, 457, 465

Krumbacher, 460

Laveleye E de, 75

Linforth J M, 24, 25

Macdonell A, 465

Macgowan J, 204

Madvig J N, 313

Mahaffy J P, 119, 121, 301

Maine H J S, 433, 438

Marquardt, 293

Mayor J E B, 251, 271, 276

Meier-Schömann-Lipsius, 110

Meyer Eduard, 7, 121, 206, 223, 433, 434, 435, 441, 450, 451, 454

Mommsen Th, 126, 152, 167, 206, 237-8, 293, 296-300, 354, 374, 380, 393, 396

Monro C H, 344, 362, 365

Newbigin M L, 467

Newman W L, 65, 67, 68, 85, 98

Nipperdey K, 289

Nissen H, 217, 271

Norden F, 328-35

Pelham H F, 385

Phillips Wendell, 449

Prendergast, 177

Prothero R E, 466

Rapson E J, 210

Rees Sir J D, 210

Reid J S, 274

Richmond, 218

Ritter H and Preller L, 276

Rodway J, 80

Rostowzew M T, 6, 204, 212, 343, 350, 394, 396

Rudorff A, 143

Sandys J E, 11, 91

Schiller H, 272-4, 383, 389, 412, 424

Schneider J G, 263

Schulten A, 345, 347, 351

Schweitzer-Sidler H, 270, 291

Seeck O (ed of Symmachus), 402

Seeck O (History), 339, 340, 345, 348, 360, 386-98, 403, 416, 420-1, 423, 425-6

Seeck O (Schatzungsordnung), 388, 390, 392, 394-5, 410, 421, 431

Seeley J R, 452

Sellar W Y, 226, 228, 232

Shuckburgh E S, 313, 326

Smith V A, 210

Spargo J, 457

Stein H, 30

Storr-Best Ll, 178

The _Times_, 444, 458

Trench Archbishop, 303-4

Tyrrell and Purser, 207

Vinogradoff P, 254, 356, 360, 365

Wagner J A, 396, 412

Wallon H, 110, 131, 173, 255, 300, 359, 395-6, 416

Weber M, 160, 161, 179, 207, 254, 392, 426, 432

Wescher and Foucart, 123

Whitaker’s Almanack, 444

Wilkins A S, 216

Wordsworth J, 143, 175, 191

Wyse W, 85

Zimmern A E, 38, 441

Zulueta, 401-2

V COUNTRIES, PLACES AND PEOPLES

Achaia, 50, 117-8, 120-1, 129, 309

Aegina, 52

Aetolia, 10, 117, 122, 126

Africa, 207, 246, 281, 283, 293, 309, 328, 333-4, 341-2, 353, 358, 372, 377, 383, 388, 390, 391, 395, 403, 407, 413, 416, 426, 447

Alexandria, 113-4, 118, 225, 309

Antioch, 390, 399 foll

Apollonia, 126

Apulia, 162, 165, 214, 248, 406

Aquinum, 305

Arabia, 375

Aragueni, 347, 374

Arcadia, 9, 29, 50, 117, 121-3

Argos, 26, 29, 50

Ariminum, 405

Armenia, 55

Asia, 162, 180, 323

Asia Minor, 54, 114

Athens and Attica, 8, 9, 11, 25, 29, 30, 31-2, 34, 36, 37-9, 40-7, 49-51, 63-4, 70-1, 76, 81-4, 86, 88, 96, 105-11, 114, 116-7, 120, 282, 302

Bagaudae, 383, 424

Baiae, 309

Bastarnae, 338-9

Bithynia, 324

Boeotia and Thebes, 9, 22, [71], 101, 103-4, 121

Britain, 292, 325, 412, 426, 429

Brundisium, 162

Bruttium, 192

Byzantium, 55, 122, [388]

Campania, 177, 198, 390, 404, 406

Capua, 198, 408

Carthage, 118, 126, 132, 151, 164, 204, 353, 358

Cephallenia, 118

China, 204, 209

Chios, 51, 53

Cisalpine, Po country, 14, 152, 163, 220, 228, 240, 286, [296]

Constantinople, 388, 403, 408, 416, 460-1

Corcyra, 51, 53, 126, 178

Corinth, 28, 31, 53, 66, 70, 86, 118

Cremona, 141, 152

Crete, 9, 26-7, 101

Dacia, 338

Delphi, 123

Demetrias, 113

Egypt, 20, 28-9, 72, 180, 204, 206-8, 210, 283, 309, 358, 375, 388, 391, 395, 403, 407, 416, 460-2

Elis, 50, 118, 120

Epidamnus, 126

Epirus, 181, 207, 309, 416

Etruria, 14, 27-8, 134, 156, 162, 165, 190-1, 220, 337, 435

Euboea, 52, 300 foll

Euxine, 53-5

Formiae, 311

Franks, 338, 412, 424, 426

Gaul, 325, 383, 390, 398-9, 410 foll, 416, 423 foll, 426-31

Gepidae, 338

Germany and Germans, 270-1, 273, 288, 291-2, 387, 410, 412, 414, 416

Goths, 337, 413-4, 416, 424, 426-7, 428

Greece, Roman, 300 foll, 329-33

Gruthungi, 338, 416

Heraclea Pontica, 29, 436

Huns, 416, 424, 427

Illyria, 126

Illyricum, 180, 416

India, 27, 204, 209-10

Ionia, 25

Isauria, 337

Italy and the Provinces, 163, 203-5, 232, [250], 271, 283, 288, 308-9, 323, 365, 380-2, 407

Italy becomes Provincial, 272, [288], 365, 388, 403, 406

Italy, survival of peasantry in upland parts, 14, 163, 182, [184], [216], 220, 222, 239, 284-5, 297, [327]

Lamasba, 274, 293

Larisa, 126-7

Lemnos, Imbros, Scyros, 84

Lesbos, 52

Ligures Baebiani, 296

Lucania, 14, 165, 220

Lugudunum, 426-7, 429

Lysimacheia, 113

Macedon, 10, 29, 80-1, 101, 103-5, 117-8, 121-2, 126, 132, 207

Macedonia, 403

Madaura, 328

Mantua, 236

Massalia, 183

Mauretania, 405, 412

Mediolanum, 388

Megalopolis, 117, 120, 122, 129

Megara, 50-1, 66, 82

Messenia, 121

Miletus, 66

Moesia, 338

Narbo, 429

Novum Comum, 281, 322, 324

Oea, 328

Ostia, 309, 405

Patrae, 309

Peiraeus, 38, 46, 79, 88, 90, 96, 100

Persia, 27-8, 54, [60-1], 66, 71, 80, 83, 103, 132, 338

Phoenicians, 20, 435

Picenum, 282

Placentia, 141, 152, 296

Praeneste, 404

Puteoli, 309, 406, 408

Rhineland, 412-3

Rhodes, 114, 118, 122

Roman expansion in Italy, 133-4, 152

Roman history, course of, 10, 11, 200, 203 foll, 211-2, 232, 237-8, 244, 270 foll, 287 foll, 308-9, 313, 323, 336 foll, 379 foll, 386 foll, 415, 426-7, 448-51, 460-4

Rome as political centre, 13, 133, 153, 168, 250, [402-3]

Sabine country, 215-7, 232, 234, 327

Samnium, 135, [296], 405

Samos, 105

Samothrace, 82

Sardinia, 126, 403

Saxons, 412

Scaptoparene, 346, 374

Scythia, 30, 32

Sicily, 113-4, 126, 162, 175, [181], 195-8, 204, 207, 246, 405, 447

Sicyon, 128

Slavs, 464

Southern Italy, 190, 388

Spain, 241, 244, 250, 270, 285, 305, 323, 328, 403, 426

Sparta and Laconia, 9, 26, 29, 30, 38, 68-70, 71-2, 75, 82, 86, 95, 100, 103-4, 118, 120, 436

Syracuse, 26-7, 67, 71, 88, 114, 118, 128, 132, 204, 436

Tarracina, 406, 408

Thessaly, 9, 26-7, 83, 86, 101, 116, 126-7, 436

Thrace, 51, 55, 105, 414

Thracian Chersonese, 84, 105

Tibur, 294, 404

Tusculum, 294

Umbria, 327

Vandals, 338, 424

Varia, 215-7

Veleia, 296

Volaterrae, 191

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