Part 5

When we speak of a backward child, we mean any subject which is arrested or retarded more or less completely in its bodily, psychical, and sensorial evolution, in consequence of congenital and acquired lesions, or simply in consequence of physiological troubles, which concern, either at the same or a different time, the brain and the glands of internal secretion (the thyroid, the hypophysis, the suprarenals, and the genital glands). The cerebral lesions, practically incurable in the present state of science, produce "atropic backwardness" the functional troubles of the brain, or those caused by the glands of internal secretion, which can be modified by "combined organotherapy" produce dystrophic backwardness. We also, however, find mixed types, half of the one and half of the other, which are similarly susceptible of improvement. The number, and above all the variety of the types of dystrophic backwardness, makes a general classification of them impossible. The study of their bodily, psychical and sensorial anomalies proves that in most of the manifestations of backwardness and immaturity, these children present perversions of evolution which have a common bearing on the development of body, mind and spirit. Although apparently different from one another, these backward persons, whether the mischief be corporal, psychical or sensorial, show pathological peculiarities, which prove that the cause of their various dystrophies have a similar origin, and that they often arise from defective function of the sympathic system which appears to be brought into action by the internal glands. The backward children consist of intoxicated, under-grown or anæmic persons, who, besides, suffer from retention of substances, which ought normally to be eliminated, chiefly the chlorides and phosphates (in cases of apathy) or the hyper excretion of the same substances (in cases of instability). Moreover, the combined organotherapy ought to be considered as a "perfect touchstone" of dystrophy, and if applied according to certain rules, it gives results which are more complete and more certain than thyroid organotherapy by itself. It goes without saying that a special training is necessary for the intellectual "backwards"; but before any attempt at education, it is necessary to treat their bodily deficiencies, and to place them in the special schools with the boarding system, where they will be under the eye both of the doctor and of the teacher.

FIRST INTERNATIONAL

EUGENICS CONGRESS,

LONDON,

July 24th to July 30th, 1912,

UNIVERSITY OF LONDON,

SOUTH KENSINGTON.

* * * * *

CATALOGUE

OF

THE EXHIBITION.

* * * * *

CHARLES KNIGHT & CO., Ltd.,

227-239 Tooley Street, London, S.E.

References in the Index refer to the Alphabetical Enumeration in the margin of each page of the Catalogue.

* * * * *

The Exhibition Committee desire to take this opportunity of expressing their thanks to the Exhibitors for the loan of their exhibits. They desire specially to acknowledge the courtesy of Professor von Gruber for giving permission to make use of Translations from the Catalogue of the International Congress of Race Hygiene held in Dresden last year.

INDEX TO EXHIBITS.

A

Ability, Administrative, Pedigree shewing Descent of, I. 1

Inheritance of, as exemplified in the Darwin, Galton, and Wedgwood families, O. 5

Abnormal Germ Production, _see under_ Germ Production

Abnormalities observed in Drunkard's Children, C. 92

Abortions and Premature Births in various Callings, C. 101

Administrative Ability, Pedigree shewing Descent of, I. 1

Age-intervals, separating various Generations of Mannheim families, C. 39

Age of Parents Conjointly with Numerical position in Family, in relation to Infantile Mortality, C. 51 at Death, and Marital gross and net Fertility, C. 7 and Mortality of Children up to 5 years, C. 9-10 and Mortality of Children up to 20 years, C. 7-8

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF UTAH JOHN A. WIDTSOE, A.M., Ph.D., Chart shewing Inheritance of Physical and Mental Qualities and Defects, and of Literary Ability, from a Polygamous Family in Utah, N. 1

Alcohol and Degeneration, C. 91-3 Effect of, on Human Offspring, C. 96 Experiments with, on Animals, in Small Quantities, C. 95 Frequency and Intensity of harmful Influences through, relative, Urban and Rural, C. 88 Injury from, to Reproductive functions, C. 89-90

Alcoholic, Epileptic, Sexually-immoral Man, and Neurotic and Sexually-immoral Woman, Offspring of, D. 9 Intoxication, Acute, effect of on Origin of Feeble-mindedness, C. 97 Man, and Feeble-minded Woman, Offspring of, D. 10 and Migrainous Woman, Offspring of, D. 13

Alcoholism, Paternal, effect of, on Suckling-capacity of Daughters, C. 93 Inter-connection with, of Tuberculosis, Nervous Diseases, and Psychoses of Offspring, C. 94

_Alytes obstetricans_, _see_ Midwife Toad

"All London," Booth's Classification of, Comparison of, with the Normal Classes, O. 3

AMERICAN BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION, EUGENICS SECTION (C. DAVENPORT, ESQ.). Charts _re_ Defectives, Classification and Statistics of, P.

Ancestors, Theoretical Number of, C. 115

Ancestral Loss, Phenomenon of, C. 96

Animals, Experiments on, with Small quantities of Alcohol, C. 95

Arab v. Spaniard, Segregation Inheritance of Eye-colour, K. 4

Archduchess Maria ... of Tuscany, Pedigree of, C. 112

Association of Characters in Heredity in Sweet Peas, M. 6 & 7 (_a & b_)

Atrophy, Progressive Muscular, C. 13

Australia, Birth and Death Rates in, H. 25

B

Bavaria, Breast-feeding in relation to Infant Mortality in, C. 60, 70

"Belvidere," Pedigree of, C. 110

Berlin, Birth and Death Rate for, H. 28 Fertility in, decrease in, _circ._ 1869-1910, C. 126-129

Birth-curve, general, and that for Feeble-minded Children compared, C. 97

Birth-frequency in relation to Habit of Breast-feeding, C. 72, 73

Birth-interval, in relation to Breast-feeding, length of, C. 63 Average length of, C. 63, 64 Health of Offspring, C. 58 Infantile Mortality, C. 57, 58 Vitality of Child, with and without, Breast-feeding, C. 65

Birth-place, Locality and Size of, in relation to Military Fitness, Germany, C. 26-30

Birth-rate, in relation to Breast-feeding, duration of, C. 72, 73 Wealth, C. 118-122 Rising, Countries with, H. 21-4 Stationary, Countries with, H. 17-20

Birth and Death Rate in Australia, H. 25 in Berlin, H. 28 in Europe and Western Europe, H. 30-1 in France, H. 7 in the Netherlands, H. 10 of Toronto, City of, H. 27 of United Kingdom, and of German Empire, H. 5, 6 of Various Countries, relation between, H. 1-31

Birth and Death Rates and Infant Mortality, relation between, H. 1-31 for New Zealand, H. 26 in Protestant Countries, H. 11-13

Birth-rates, and _corrected_ Death-rates, relation between, H. 2

Births _per_ Couple essential to prevent Decay of Nations, C. 123 _et præoi_ Premature in Various Callings, C. 101 Restriction of, C. 125-128

Blindness, _see_ Colour-blindness _and_ Night-blindness

Blood-relationship of Parents and Health of Offspring, C. 108 Intensification of Characters in, C. 106-7

Blue Andalusian Fowls, Mendelian Inheritance in Gametic Purity in Illustration of Theory of, O. 1 (_f_) Without Dominance, O. 1 (_e_)

Booth, C., Classification by, of "All London," Comparison of, with the Normal Classes, O. 3

Breast-feeding, in relation to Birth-intervals, Length of, and average Length of, C. 63, 64 Cancer, C. 71 Infant Mortality Birth-Interval and, C. 59-62 Female Labour and, C. 99 Capacity for, of Daughters as affected by Paternal Alcoholism, C. 93 as Evidence of Hereditary Constitution in relation to Infant Mortality, C. 79-82 and Number of Children, C. 61 Duration of, in relation to Average number of Carious Teeth, C. 74, 75 Birth rate, C. 72, 73 Frequency of Rachitic disturbances of development, C. 78. Infant Mortality, C. 74 in Conjunction with Numerical Position, C. 60 Physical development, C. 76 School Reports, average, C. 77 Habit of, in relation to Birth-frequency, C. 72, 73 as running in Families, and Infant Mortality, C. 62

C

Canada, _see_ Toronto

Cancer, Breast-feeding in relation to, C. 71

Cataract, Hereditary, L. 4

Charts Explaining Method of Collecting and Recording Data, D. 15 (_a_ & _b_)

Childbirth, increasing Frequency of Surgical Operations in connection with, Racial significance of, C. 48 (1-6)

Childless and Fertile Couples, Physical Condition of, contrasted, C. 45

Children, _see also_ Infant Mortality, Numbers, Numerical Position, &c. of Drunkards, Abnormalities observed in, C. 92

Health of, in connection with Blood-relationship of Parents, C. 108

Mortality of, Death-age of Parents in relation to, up to 5 years, C. 9, 10 up to 20 years, C. 7, 8 illegitimate, C. 104, 105 Number of children in relation to, C. 60 Number of, Average in each Generation, Mannheim, C. 38 in Paris, in relation to Wealth, C. 119

Cleopatra, Pedigree of, showing Inbreeding, C. 114

Colour-Blindness, Congenital, Pedigree with unusual features, L. 1

Colour-Changes in Skin of Fire-Salamander, according to placing on Yellow or Black Earth, C. 1, 2

Colours, Recombination of in Poultry, Mendelian experiments shewing, M. 3

Comparison of Mr. Booth's Classification of "All London," with the Normal Classes, O. 3

Conceptions and Conception Losses, Numbers of, and Explanations, C. 52 (1-4)

Congenital Colour-Blindness, Pedigree with unusual features, L. 1 Hereditary Nystagmus, L. 3 (_a_ & _b_)

Constitution, _see_ Hereditary _do._

Consumption in three Generations, Male Infant Mortality, E. 5 (_c_)

Copenhagen, Fertility of Marriages, Occupation, and Wealth for, C. 122

Countries with Rising Birth-rate, H. 21-4 Stationary Birth-rate, H. 17-20

Country, _versus_ Town Fertility, in Prussia, C. 126, 128

Cross-Fertilization in Maize, C. 111

Crossing of Races Fertility and Health in relation to, C. 117 Inbreeding and, C. 106, 107

D

Darwin, Charles, Home of, Down House Study-rooms of, at Down Etching of Large, by Haig, B. 7 Photograph of Small, in which "The Origin of Species" was written, B. 6 Water-colour Drawing of, by A. Goodwin, B. 8 Letters of (Two) on "Worms and their Habits," B. 9 Portraits of Engraving, by Flameng after Collier, B. 4

Portraits of Painting, by W. W. Ouless, B. 1 Photograph, by Maull and Polyblank, B. 3 on his Horse, Tommy, B. 5

Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, and his son, Erasmus, Portraits of (Silhouette), A. 2

Darwin, Mrs., Portrait of (Silhouette), A. 3

DARWIN, WILLIAM E., and LEONARD, B. 1 to 9

Darwin, Galton, and Wedgwood Families, Inheritance of Ability as exemplified by, O. 5

Daughters, Suckling Capacity of, as affected by Paternal Alcoholism, C. 93

DAVENPORT, C. B., P.

Death-rates, _see also_ Birth-, and Death-rates of Married and Divorced Persons, and of Widows, compared, C. 102

Deaths, in relation to Conception losses, C. 52, 53

Defect, Transmission of, Pauperism due to, E. 1-6 (_d_)

Defective and Pauper families, Tendency to Inter-marriage between, E. 2

Defectives Classification of, Charts of, P. 1 Statistics of Charts, P.

Degeneration, Alcohol and, C. 91-3

Delirium tremens, Epilepsy, and General Paralysis, Frequency of, in Prussian Lunatic Asylums, C. 38

Denmark, Fertility in, in relation to Wealth, C. 121, 122 Number of Children in, in Families of Different Classes, 1901, C. 121

Descent, _see also_ Heredity, Inheritance, _and_ Mendelism of Qualities in a Population (after Galton), O. 4 Standard Scheme of (after Galton), O. 2

Development as affected by Duration of Breast-feeding, C. 74-8

Diseases, Variation of, England and Wales, H. 9

Down House, Home of Charles Darwin Study-rooms in Large, Etched by Haig, B. 7 Small, Photograph of, B. 6 Water-colour of, by A. Goodwin, B. 8

Drunkard's Children, Abnormalities observed in, C. 92

DRYSDALE, C. V., H. 1-30

Dutch conditions as to Fertility in relation to Marriage, Wealth and Occupation, C. 122

Dying-out of Higher grades of Society, C. 34 Large Scale of, C. 36 Quick process of, Catastrophic changes inaugurating,. C. 38-43

E

Earth, Colour of, as affecting Skin-colour in Fire Salamander, C. 1-2

England and Wales Birth- and Death-rate and Infantile Mortality for, H. 9 Fertility of Married Women in, H. 9 Illegitimacy in, H. 9

English _v._ Gipsy, Inheritance of Racial form of Nose, K. 1

Engraving by Leopold Flameng of Collier's Portrait of C. Darwin, B. 4

Environment, Colour changes in Skin due to, C. 1-2

Epilepsy, Frequency of, in Prussian Lunatic Asylums, C. 88

Epileptic, Alcoholic, Sexually-immoral Man and Sexually-immoral Woman, Offspring of, D. 9 and Feeble-minded Parents, Offspring of, D. 2, 4, 5, 7 (_a_ & _b_) Man and Choreic Woman, Offspring of, D. 11 of Low Grade, condition of Relatives of, D. 13 and Normal Woman, Offspring of, D. 12 Parents, Offspring of, D. 1 Unmarried Mother, Offspring of, D. 6

Epileptics, Village for, of New Jersey State, at Skillman, D. 1-15

Etching by Axel Haig of Darwin's large Study at Down, B. 7

European States, Decrease of Fertility in some, C. 129

European _v._ American Red Indian, Inheritance of Racial form of Nose, K. 2 (_a_ & _b_) Segregation Inheritance of Eye-colour, K. 3

Eye, Lens of, Reconstruction of, out of Iris, C. 49 of Vertebrate, Development of, C. 49

Eye-colour in Mankind, Mendelian descent of, Pedigree shewing, I. 3 Racial Segregation of, K. 3-5

Eye-disease, Destructive, and Mental Defect in same Stock, E. 1

Eye-sight, Defects of, L. 1-4

F

Families brought back to the Land, North Germany, C. 23-5 Frequency of Tuberculosis in, C. 15

Faulty position of Child at Birth, in relation to Stillbirth, C. 48 (5 & 6)

Feeble-minded Children, Birth-curve of, compared with general Birth-curve, C. 97 Parents, Offspring of, D. 8 Mated with Epileptic, Offspring of, D. 2, 4, 5, 7 (_a_ & _b_) Woman, and Alcoholic Man, Offspring of, D. 10.

Feeble-mindedness, Incest, and Offspring, D. 3 Origin of, Acute Intoxication in relation to, C. 97

Female Labour and Infant Mortality, C. 99-101 as affecting Reproduction, C. 99, 100

Fertile and Childless Couples, Physical Condition of, contrasted, C. 45

Fertility, Age of Parents at Death in relation to, C. 7 and Health in relation to Crossing of Races, C. 117 in relation to High Mental Endowment in France, C. 124 in Holland, C. 123 Legitimate, in Berlin, Decrease of: Two-children System, C. 127-9 of Marriages, Occupation, and Wealth for Copenhagen, and Dutch Conditions, C. 122 of Married Women, England and Wales, H. 9 Want of, in French and German towns, C. 125-9 and Wealth, C. 118 in Denmark, C. 121, 122 in Munich, C. 120

Field-workers in America, Charts collected by, P.

Fire Salamander, Colour-changes in Skin of, when placed on Yellow or on Black Earth, C. 1-2

First-born _see also_ Numeral position alleged Inferiority in, C. 64. and Later-Born, Infantile Mortality among, C. 56 Myopia in high degree and frequency of, C. 54

Fitness for Military Service in relation to Birth-place, locality and size of, and to Parental occupation, C. 26-30

Foetus, effect on, of Lead poisoning, C. 98

France, Birth- and Death-rates for, since 1781., H. 8 Departments of, Fertility in relation to Wealth in, C. 118 Fertility in, in relation to High Mental Endowment, C. 124 Total Population and Birth- and Death-rates for, Variation in, H. 7 Towns of, Want of Fertility in, C. 125

G

Galton, Darwin, and Wedgwood Families, Inheritance of Ability as exemplified by, O. 5

Galton, Samuel Tertius, his son Erasmus, and three daughters, Portraits of (Silhouette), A. 4

Galton, Sir Francis, Portrait of, by Charles Furze, A. 1

Gametic Purity in Mendelian Heredity, Theory of Illustrations of in Blue Andalusian Fowls, O. 1 (_f_) Mice, O. 1 (_d_)

General Paralysis of the Insane, Frequency of, in Prussian Lunatic Asylums, C. 88

Generations of Mannheim Families Age-intervals separating, C. 39 Average number of Children in each, C. 38 Number attained by, C. 38

Germ-cells, effect on, of Lead-poisoning, C. 98

Germ Production, Abnormal, Disturbance of Normal Sex proportion as symptom of, C. 44

Germany, _see_ Berlin, Munich, & United Kingdom Recruits in, cause of Unfitness in those qualified for one year and in general, C. 33, 34

GRUEBER, PROF. von, C. 1-123

H

Hæmophylic family, Pedigree of, C. 12

Hair Peculiarities, Heredity of Curled hair, C. 5 Lock of White hair, C. 6

Health and Fertility in relation to Crossing of Races, C. 117 of Married persons, importance to, of Marriage, C. 102 of Offspring in relation to Birth-interval, C. 58 Blood-relationship of Parents, C. 108

Heart and Vessels, effect on, of Syphilis, C. 85

Hereditary Cataract, L. 4 Changes in _Alytes obstetricans_, C. 3-4 Congenital Nystagmus, L. 3 (_a_ & _b_) Constitution as evidenced by power to Breast-feed, in relation to Infant Mortality, C. 79-82 Night-blindness with Myopia, L. 2

Heredity, _see also_ Descent, Inheritance & Mendelism among Moral Imbeciles, C. 17 of Hair peculiarities Curling, C. 5 White lock, C. 6 of Particular Taints, Distribution of amongst nearest Relatives, C. 16-19 Principles of, Charts of, P.

Higher grades of Society Dying out of, C. 34 Large Scale of, C. 36 Urban, C. 37 Quick process, Catastrophic changes inaugurating, C. 38-43

Holland, _see also_ Dutch, & Netherlands Fertility in, in relation to High Mental Endowment, C. 123

HOPE, E. W., PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT, CITY OF LIVERPOOL, F. 1-3 (_f_)

Human Races, _see also_ Races Crossing of, Inbreeding and, C. 106-7 Interbreeding of Different, results of, K. 3

Hybrids resulting from Cross-fertilization, C. 111

Hybridization in Maize, C. 111

I

Illegitimacy in England and Wales, H. 9

Illegitimate Children, Mortality of, C. 104, 105

Imbeciles, Moral, Heredity among, C. 20

Inbreeding and Crossing of Races, C. 106 among Pathological, harm of, C. 109 in Reigning families, C. 112-14

Incest, and Feeble-mindedness, D. 3

Infantile Mortality in relation to Age of Parents, C. 51 Birth Interval (_see also_ that head), C. 57, 58, 66 Long or Short, C. 65 Breast-feeding, _see under_ Breast-feeding Birth- and Death-rates, relation between, H. 1 Female Labour, C. 99-101 Hereditary Constitution, C. 79-82 Marriage of Parents, C. 104, 105 Numerical position in family, C. 50, 60 in Princely families, C. 53 in England and Wales, H. 9 in the Netherlands, H. 10 in New Zealand, H. 26 in Protestant Countries, H. 11-13 in Roman Catholic Countries, H. 14-16 Tuberculosis, and Pauperism, relation between, E. 5 (_a-e_)

Inheritance of Ability, as exemplified in the Darwin, Galton, and Wedgwood Families, O. 5 in Polygamous Utah family, of Physical and Mental Qualities and Defects, and of Literary Ability, N. 1 Segregative of Racial Form of Nose, K. 1-2 (_a_ & _b_)

Insanitary Property in Liverpool, Model of, F. 1 Photographs of, and of New Dwellings erected on demolition of, F. 3 (_a_ & _b_)

Insanity (_see also_ Lunatics), Consumption, and Infant Mortality, E. 5 (_b_)

Interbreeding of Different Human Races, results of, K. 3

Inter-marriage, _see also_ Marriage between Pauper and Defective families, Tendency to, E. 2

Intoxication, Alcoholic, Acute, in relation to Origin of Feeble-mindedness, C. 97

L

Land, re-settlement of Families dealt with, N. Germany, C. 23-5

Lead-poisoning as affecting Germ-cells and Foetus, C. 98

Legitimate and Illegitimate Children, Berlin, 1885, Survival of, C. 105

Letters (autograph) of Charles Darwin (Two) on "Worms and their Habits," B. 9

LIDBETTER, E. J., E. 1-6 (_d_) Life, Male, Duration of, Urban and Rural, in Prussia, C. 22

LIVERPOOL, CITY OF, PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT OF, F. 1-3 (_f_)

London (_see also_ All London), Birth- and Death-rates, relation between, H. 3

Low-type Stock, perpetuation of, Pauperism due to, E. 1-6 (_d_) with but little Physical Defect, E. 3

Lunatic Asylums, Prussian, Frequency in, of Delirium tremens, Epilepsy and General Paralysis, C. 88

M

Maize, Cross fertilized, Hybridized, Self-fertilized, C. 111

Male and Female Mortality, Urban and Rural, compared, C. 83-5 Life, Duration of, Urban and Rural, Prussia, C. 22

Malthusian theory of Population, H. 1-30

Mankind, Eye-colour in, Mendelian descent of, Pedigree shewing, I. 3

Mannheim families, Gradual extinction of, 19th century, C. 37

Marriage rate, England & Wales, H. 9

Marriage(s) in relation to Fertility, Occupation and Wealth, Copenhagen and Holland, C. 122 First, Prolificness of, 19th Century, C. 40 Importance of, to Health of Married persons, C. 102 and Mortality in Prussia (1894-7), C. 102 between Peasant and Tramp, Pedigree shewing results, C. 21

Mendelian descent of Eye-colour in Mankind, Pedigree shewing, I. 3 Experiments with Fowls, shewing Recombination of Colours, M. 3 Heredity in Blue Andalusian Fowls, Gametic Purity in, Illustration of Theory of, O. 1 (_f_) Without Dominance, O. 1 (_e_) in Mice, illustration of Theory of Gametic Purity in, O. 1 (_d_) With Dominance, Theoretical examples of, O. 1 (_f_) in Peas, Theoretical examples of, O. 1 (_a_ & _b_) in Rabbits, M. 1, 2

Mendelism, O. 1

Mental Defect, _see also_ Defect, Defective, &c. Transmission of, through the apparently Normal, E. 6 (_a-d_) Disease and Destructive Eye-disease in same Stock, E. 1 Endowment, High, in relation to Fertility in France, C. 124 Holland, C. 123 Taint, distribution of, among nearest Relatives, C. 17

Mice, Mendelian Heredity in, Gametic Purity in, O. 1 (_d_) (Theoretical), with Dominance, O. 1 (_c_)

Midwife Toad, Hereditary changes in Habits of, C. 3-4

Migrainous Parents, Offspring of, D. 14

Military Fitness and Unfitness, Germany, in relation to School life, C. 31, 32, 33 Recruits, Frequency among, of Venereal Diseases, C. 87

Miscarriages in relation to Conception losses, C. 52 (2)

Moral Imbeciles, Heredity among, C. 20

Mortality, _see also_ Infant, Male and Female, Phthisis, Syphilitic of Children, in relation to Age at Death of Parents, C. 7-10 of Illegitimate Children, C. 104, 105 in relation to Marriage, C. 102

MUDGE, G. P., K. 1-5

Munich, Fertility in, in relation to Wealth, C. 120

Munich Regiments, percentage in, of Fitness, C. 34

Muscular Atrophy, Progressive, C. 13

Myopia, with Hereditary Night-blindness, L. 2 High degree of, and frequency of, among First-born, C. 54

N

Neomalthusianism, C. 118-29

Netherlands, _see also_ Holland Birth- and Death-rates and Infant Mortality for, H. 10

New Jersey State Village for Epileptics, at Skillman, Charts of, D. 1-15

New Zealand, Birth- and Death-rate and Infant Mortality, H. 26

Night-blindness, Hereditary with Myopia L. 2 Inherited Stationary, Pedigree of sufferers from, of Nongaret family, C. 14

Nongaret family, sufferers from Inherited Stationary Night-blindness, Pedigree of, C. 14