Chapter 38

_Arrival of the Ship at the Island of Fayal, a Description of the Place, and the Return of the Resolution to England._

1775 July

At five o'clock in the evening of the 13th, we made the island of Fayal, one of the Azores, and soon after that of Pico, under which we spent the night in making short boards. At day-break the next morning, we bore away for the bay of Fayal, or De Horta, where at eight o'clock, we anchored in twenty fathoms water, a clear sandy bottom, and something more than half a mile from the shore. Here we moored N.E. and S.W., being directed so to do by the master of the port, who came on board before we dropped anchor. When moored, the S.W. point of the bay bore S. 16° W., and the N.E. point N. 33° E.; the church at the N.E. end of the town N. 38° W., the west point of St George's Island N. 42° E., distant eight leagues; and the isle of Pico, extending from N. 74° E. to S. 46° E., distant four or five miles.

We found in the bay the Pourvoyeur, a large French frigate, an American sloop, and a brig belonging to the place. She had come last from the river Amazon, where she took in a cargo of provision from the Cape Verd Islands; but, not being able to find them, she steered for this place, where she anchored about half an hour before us.

As my sole design in stopping here was to give Mr Wales an opportunity to find the rate of the watch, the better to enable us to fix with some degree of certainty the longitude of these islands, the moment we anchored, I sent an officer to wait on the English consul, and to notify our arrival to the governor, requesting his permission for Mr Wales to make observations on shore, for the purpose above mentioned. Mr Dent, who acted as consul in the absence of Mr Gathorne, not only procured this permission, but accommodated Mr Wales with a convenient place in his garden to set up his instruments; so that he was enabled to observe equal altitudes the same day.

We were not more obliged to Mr Dent for the very friendly readiness he shewed in procuring us this and every other thing we wanted, than for the very liberal and hospitable entertainment we met with at his house, which was open to accommodate us both night and day.

During our stay, the ship's company was served with fresh beef; and we took on board about fifteen tons of water, which we brought off in the country boats, at the rate of about three shillings per ton. Ships are allowed to water with their own boats; but the many inconveniencies attending it, more than overbalance the expence of hiring shore-boats, which is the most general custom.

Fresh provisions for present use may be got, such as beef, vegetables, and fruit; and hogs, sheep, and poultry for sea stock, all at a pretty reasonable price; but I do not know that any sea-provisions are to be had, except wine. The bullocks and hogs are very good, but the sheep are small and wretchedly poor.

The principal produce of Fayal is wheat and Indian corn, with which they supply Pico and some of the other isles. The chief town is called Villa de Horta. It is situated in the bottom of the bay, close to the edge of the sea, and is defended by two castles, one at each end of the town, and a wall of stone-work, extending along the sea-shore from the one to the other. But these works are suffered to go to decay, and serve more for shew than strength. They heighten the prospect of the city, which makes a fine appearance from the road; but, if we except the Jesuits' college, the monasteries and churches, there is not another building that has any thing to recommend it, either outside or in. There is not a glass window in the place, except what are in the churches, and in a country-house which lately belonged to the English consul; all the others being latticed, which, to an Englishman, makes them look like prisons.

This little city, like all others belonging to the Portuguese, is crowded with religious buildings, there being no less than three convents of men and two of women, and eight churches, including those belonging to the convents, and the one in the Jesuits' college. This college is a fine structure, and is situated on an elevation in the pleasantest part of the city. Since the expulsion of that order, it has been suffered to go to decay, and will probably, in a few years, be no better than a heap of ruins.

Fayal, although the most noted for wines, does not raise sufficient for its own consumption. This article is raised on Pico, where there is no road for shipping; but being brought to De Horta, and from thence shipped abroad, chiefly to America, it has acquired the name of Fayal Wine.

The bay, or road of Fayal, is situated at the east end of the isle, before the Villa de Horta, and facing the west end of Pico. It is two miles broad, and three quarters of a mile deep, and hath a semi-circular form. The depth of water is from twenty to ten and even six fathoms, a sandy bottom, except near the shore, and particularly near the S.W. head, off which the bottom is rocky, also without the line which joins the two points of the bay, so that it is not safe to anchor far out. The bearing before mentioned, taken when at anchor, will direct any one to the best ground. It is by no means a bad road, but the winds most to be apprehended, are those which blow from between the S.S.W. and S.E.; the former is not so dangerous as the latter, because, with it, you can always get to sea. Besides this road, there is a small cove round the S.W. point, called Porto Pierre, in which, I am told, a ship or two may lie in tolerable safety, and where they sometimes heave small vessels down.

A Portuguese captain told me, that about half a league from the road in the direction of S.E., in a line between it and the south side of Pico, lies a sunken rock, over which is twenty-two feet water, and on which the sea breaks in hard gales from the south. He also assured me, that of all the shoals that are laid down in our charts and pilot-books about these isles, not one has any existence but the one between the islands of St Michael and St Mary, called Hormingan. This account may be believed, without relying entirely upon it. He further informed me, that it is forty-five leagues from Fayal to the island of Flores; and that there runs a strong tide between Fayal and Pico, the flood setting to the N.E. and the ebb to the S.W., but that, out at sea, the direction is E. and W. Mr Wales having observed the times of high and low water by the shore, concluded that it must be high water at the full and change, about twelve o'clock, and the water riseth about four or five feet.

The distance between Fayal and Flores was confirmed by Mr Rebiers, lieutenant of the French frigate, who told me, that after being by estimation two leagues due south of Flores, they made forty-four leagues on a S.E. by E. course by compass, to St Catherine's Point on Fayal.

I found the latitude of the ship at anchor 38° 31' 55" N. in the bay

By a mean of seventeen sets of lunar 28 24 30 W. observations, and reduced to the bay by the watch, the longitude was made

By a mean of six sets after leaving it, 28 53 22 and reduced back by the watch ----------------- Longitude by observation 28 38 56 ----------------- Ditto, by the watch 28 55 45

Error of the watch on our arrival at 16 26-1/2 Portsmouth ----------------- True longitude by the watch 28 39 18-1/2 _________________

I found the variation of the compass, by several azimuths, taken by different compasses on board the ship, to agree very well with the like observations made by Mr Wales on shore; and yet the variation thus found is greater by 5° than we found it to be at sea, for the azimuths taken on board the evening before we came into the bay, gave no more than 16° 18' W. variation, and the evening after we came out 17° 33' W.

I shall now give some account of the variation, as observed in our run from the island of Fernando De Noronha to Fayal. The least variation we found was 37' W. which was the day after we left Fernando De Noronha, and in the latitude of 33' S., longitude 32° 16' W. The next day, being nearly in the same longitude, and in the latitude of 1° 25' N., it was 1° 23' W.; and we did not find it increase till we got into the latitude of 5° N., longitude 31° W. After this our compasses gave different variation, viz. from 3° 57' to 5° 11' W. till we arrived in the latitude of 26° 44' N., longitude 41° W., when we found 6° W. It then increased gradually, so that in the latitude of 35° N., longitude 40° W., it was 10° 24' W.; in the latitude of 38° 12' N., longitude 32° 1/2 W. it was 14° 47'; and in sight of Fayal 16° 18' W., as mentioned above.

Having left the bay, at four in the morning of the 19th, I steered for the west end of St George's Island. As soon as we had passed it, I steered E. 1/2 S. for the Island of Tercera; and after having run thirteen leagues, we were not more than one league from the west end. I now edged away for the north side, with a view of ranging the coast to the eastern point, in order to ascertain the length of the island; but the weather coming on very thick and hazy, and night approaching, I gave up the design, and proceeded with all expedition for England.

On the 29th, we made the land near Plymouth. The next morning we anchored at Spithead; and the same day I landed at Portsmouth, and set out for London, in company with Messrs Wales, Forsters, and Hodges.

Having been absent from England three years and eighteen days, in which time, and under all changes of climate, I lost but four men, and only one of them by sickness, it may not be amiss, at the conclusion of this journal, to enumerate the several causes to which, under the care of Providence, I conceive this uncommon good state of health, experienced by my people, was owing.

In the Introduction, mention has been made of the extraordinary attention paid by the Admiralty in causing such articles to be put on board, as either from experience or suggestion it was judged would tend to preserve the health of the seamen. I shall not trespass upon the reader's time in mentioning them all, but confine myself to such as were found the most useful.

We were furnished with a quantity of malt, of which was made _Sweet Wort_. To such of the men as shewed the least symptoms of the scurvy, and also to such as were thought to be threatened with that disorder, this was given, from, one to two or three pints a-day each man; or in such proportion as the surgeon found necessary, which sometimes amounted to three quarts. This is, without doubt, one of the best anti-scorbutic sea-medicines yet discovered; and, if used in time, will, with proper attention to other things, I am persuaded, prevent the scurvy from making any great progress for a considerable while. But I am not altogether of opinion that it will cure it at sea.

_Sour Krout_, of which we had a large quantity, is not only a wholesome vegetable food, but, in my judgment, highly antiscorbutic; and it spoils not by keeping. A pound of this was served to each man, when at sea, twice-a-week, or oftener, as was thought necessary.

_Portable Broth_ was another great article, of which we had a large supply. An ounce of this to each man, or such other proportion as circumstances pointed out, was boiled in their pease, three days in the week; and when we were in places where vegetables were to be got, it was boiled with them, and wheat or oatmeal, every morning for breakfast; and also with pease and vegetables for dinner. It enabled us to make several nourishing and wholesome messes, and was the means of making the people eat a greater quantity of vegetables than they would otherwise have done.

_Rob of Lemon and Orange_ is an antiscorbutic we were not without. The surgeon made use of it in many cases with great success.

Amongst the articles of victualling, we were supplied with _Sugar_ in the room of _Oil_, and with _Wheat_ for a part of our _Oatmeal_; and were certainly gainers by the exchange. Sugar, I apprehend, is a very good antiscorbutic; whereas oil (such as the navy is usually supplied with), I am of opinion, has the contrary effect.

But the introduction of the most salutary articles, either as provisions or medicines, will generally prove unsuccessful, unless supported by certain regulations. On this principle, many years experience, together with some hints I had from Sir Hugh Palliser, Captains Campbell, Wallis, and other intelligent officers, enabled me to lay a plan, whereby all was to be governed.

The crew were at three watches, except upon some extraordinary occasions. By this means they were not so much exposed to the weather as if they had been at watch and watch; and had generally dry clothes to shift themselves, when they happened to get wet. Care was also taken to expose them as little to wet weather as possible.

Proper methods were used to keep their persons, hammocks, bedding, cloaths, etc. constantly clean and dry. Equal care was taken to keep the ship clean and dry betwixt decks. Once or twice a week she was aired with fires; and when this could not be done, she was smoked with gun-powder, mixed with vinegar or water. I had also, frequently, a fire made in an iron pot, at the bottom of the well, which was of great use in purifying the air in the lower parts of the ship. To this, and to cleanliness, as well in the ship as amongst the people, too great attention cannot be paid; the least neglect occasions a putrid and disagreeable smell below, which nothing but fires will remove.

Proper attention was paid to the ship's coppers, so that they were kept constantly clean.

The fat which boiled out of the salt beef and pork, I never suffered to be given to the people; being of opinion that it promotes the scurvy.

I was careful to take in water wherever it was to be got, even though we did not want it, because I look upon fresh water from the shore to be more wholesome than that which has been kept some time on board a ship. Of this essential article we were never at an allowance, but had always plenty for every necessary purpose. Navigators in general cannot, indeed, expect, nor would they wish to meet with such advantages in this respect, as fell to my lot. The nature of our voyage carried us into very high latitudes. But the hardships and dangers inseparable from that situation, were in some degree compensated by the singular felicity we enjoyed, of extracting inexhaustible supplies of fresh water from an ocean strewed with ice.

We came to few places, where either the art of man, or the bounty of nature, had not provided some sort of refreshment or other, either in the animal or vegetable way. It was my first care to procure whatever of any kind could be met with, by every means in my power; and to oblige our people to make use thereof, both by my example and authority; but the benefits arising from refreshments of any kind soon became so obvious, that I had little occasion, to recommend the one, or to exert the other.

It doth not become me to say how far the principal objects of our voyage have been obtained. Though it hath not abounded with remarkable events, nor been diversified by sudden transitions of fortune; though my relation of it has been more employed in tracing our course by sea, than in recording our operations on shore; this, perhaps, is a circumstance from which the curious reader may infer, that the purposes for which we were sent into the Southern Hemisphere, were diligently and effectually pursued. Had we found out a continent there, we might have been better enabled to gratify curiosity; but we hope our not having found it, after all our persevering researches, will leave less room for future speculation about unknown worlds remaining to be explored.

But, whatever may be the public judgment about other matters, it is with real satisfaction, and without claiming any merit but that of attention to my duty, that I can conclude this account with an observation, which facts enable me to make; that our having discovered the possibility of preserving health amongst a numerous ship's company, for such a length of time, in such varieties of climate, and amidst such continued hardships and fatigues, will make this voyage remarkable in the opinion of every benevolent person, when the disputes about a Southern Continent shall have ceased to engage the attention, and to divide the judgment of philosophers.

(Tables of the route of the Resolution and the Adventure, the variation of the compass and meteorological observations during the voyage.)

* * * * *

A VOCABULARY OF THE LANGUAGE OF THE SOCIETY ISLES.

DIRECTIONS FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE VOCABULARY.

As all nations who are acquainted with the method of communicating their ideas by characters, (which represent the sound that conveys the idea,) have some particular method of managing, or pronouncing, the sounds represented by such characters, this forms a very essential article in the constitution of the language of any particular nation, and must, therefore, be understood before we can make any progress in learning, or be able to converse in it. But as this is very complex and tedious to a beginner, by reason of the great variety of powers the characters, or letters, are endued with under different circumstances, it would seem necessary, at least in languages which have never before appeared in writing, to lessen the number of these varieties, by restraining the different sounds, and always representing the same simple ones by the same character; and this is no less necessary in the English than any other language, as this variety of powers is very frequent, and without being taken notice of in the following Vocabulary, might render it entirely unintelligible. As the vowels are the regulations of all sounds, it is these only that need be noticed, and the powers allotted to each of these in the Vocabulary is subjoined.

_A_ in the English language is used to represent two different simple sounds, as in the word Arabia, where the first and last have a different power from the second. In the Vocabulary this letter must always have the power, or be pronounced like the first and last in Arabia. The other power, or sound, of the second _a_, is always represented in the Vocabulary by _a_ and _i_, printed in Italics thus, _ai_.

_E_ has likewise two powers, or it is used to represent two simple sounds, as in the words Eloquence, Bred, Led, etc. and it may be said to have a third power, as in the words Then, When, etc. In the first case, this letter is only used at the beginning of words, and wherever it is met with in any other place in the words of the Vocabulary, it is used as in the second case: But never as in the third example; for this power, or sound, is every where expressed by the _a_ and _i_ before-mentioned, printed in Italics.

_I_ is used to express different simple sounds, as in the words Indolence, Iron, and Imitation. In the Vocabulary it is never used as in the first case, but in the middle of words; it is never used as in the second example, for that sound is always represented by _y_, nor is it used as in the last case, that sound being always represented by two _e_'s, printed in Italics in this manner, _ee_.

_O_ never alters in the pronunciation, i.e. in this Vocabulary, of a simple sound, but is often used in this manner, _oo_, and sounds as in Good, Stood, etc.

_U_ alters, or is used to express different simple sounds, as in Unity, or Umbrage. Here the letters _e_ and _u_, printed in Italics _eu_ are used to express its power as in the first example, and it always retains the second power, wherever it is met with.

_Y_ is used to express different sounds, as in My, By, etc. etc. and in Daily, Fairly, etc. Wherever it is met with in the middle, or end, (i.e. anywhere but at the beginning,) of a word, it is to be used as in the first example; but is never to be found as in the second, for that sound, or power, is always represented by the Italic letter _e_. It has also a third power, as in the words Yes, Yell, etc., which is retained every where in the Vocabulary, at least in the beginning of words, or when it goes before another vowel, unless directed to be sounded separately by a mark over it, as thus, ÿ a.

Unless in a few instances, these powers of the vowels are used throughout the Vocabulary; but, to make the pronunciation still less liable to change, or variation, a few marks are added to the words, as follows:--

This mark ¨ as öa, means that these letters are to be expressed singly.

The letters in Italic, as _ee_, or _oo_, make but one simple sound.

When a particular stress is laid on any part of a word in the pronunciation, an accent is placed over that letter where it begins, or rather between that and the preceding one.

It often happens that a word is compounded as it were of two, or in some cases the same word, or syllable, is repeated. In these circumstances, a comma is placed under them at this division, where a rest, or small space, of time is left before you proceed to pronounce the other part, but it must not be imagined that this is a full stop.

_Examples in all these Cases._

Röa, Great, long, distant. E'r_ee_ma, Five. Ry'po_ee_a, Fog, _or mist_. E'h_oo_ra, To invert, _or turn upside down_. Par_oo_, r_oo_, A partition, _division, or screen_.

A VOCABULARY, etc.

A. To abide, _or remain_ Ete'_ei_. An Abode, _or place of residence_, Noho`ra. Above, _not below_, N_eea_, s. Tie'n_eea_. An Abscess, Fe'fe. Action, _opposed to rest_, Ta'er_ee_. Adhesive, _of an adhesive or sticking quality_ Oo'p_ee_re. Adjoining, _or contiguous to_, E'p_ee_iho. Admiration, _an interjection of_, A'w_ai_, s. A'w_ai_ to P_ee_r_ee_ai. An adulterer, T_ee_ho t_ee_ho, s. Teeho _or one that vexes a married woman_ ta-rar To agitate, _or shake a thing, as water, etc._ E_oo_a'w_ai_. Aliment, _or food of any kind_, Mäa. Alive, _that is not dead_, Waura. All, _the whole, not a part_, A'ma_oo_. Alone, _by one's self_, Ota'h_oi_. Anger, _or to be angry_, Warrad_ee_, s. R_ee_d_ee_. To angle, _or fish_, E'h_oo_tee. _The_ Ankle, Momoa. _The inner_ Ankle, A't_oo_a,ewy. Answer, _an answer to a question_, Oo'm_ai_a. Approbation, _or consent_, Mad_oo_ho'why. _Punctuated_ Arches _on the hips_, E'var're. _The_ Arm, R_ee_ma. _The_ Armpit, E'e. _An_ arrow, E'_oo_me. Arrow, _the body of an arrow or reed_, O'wha. _The point of an_ Arrow, To'_ai_, s. O'möa. Ashamed, _to be ashamed or confused_, Ama, s. He'ama. Ashore, _or on shore_, Te Euta. To ask _for a thing_, Ho'my, s. Ha'py my. Asperity, _roughness_, Tarra, tarra. An Assassin,_murderer, or rather man-killer, soldier, Taata,Töa. or warrior_, An Assembly, _or meeting_, Ete_ou_'rooa. Atherina, A'n_ai_h_eu_. Avaricious, _parsimonious, ungenerous_, P_ee_'p_ee_re. Averse, _unwillingness to do a thing_, Fata, h_oi_to' _hoi_to. Authentic,_true_, Par_ou_, m_ou_. Awake, _not asleep_, Arra arra, s. E'ra. Awry,_or to one side; as a wry neck_, Na'na. An Axe, _hatchet, or adze_, Töe. Ay, _yes; an affirmation_, _Ai_.

B.

A Babe, _or child_, Mydidde. A Batchelor, _or unmarried person_, E'ev_ee_ (taata.) The_ Back, T_oo_a_. To wipe the_ Backside, Fy'r_oo_,too'ty. Bad, _it is not good_, 'Eè'no. A Bag _of straw_, Ete'öe, s.Eäte. Bait, _for fish_, Era'_eu_noo. Baked _in the oven_, Et_oo_n_oo_. Bald-headed, O_o_po'b_oo_ta. Bamboo, E_e_n_ee'ou_. A Bank, _or shoal_, E'paa. Bare, _naked, applied to a person that is undressed_, Ta'turra. The Bark _of a tree_, Ho'hore. Barren _land_, Fe'nooa Ma'_ou_re. _A large round_ Basket _of twig_, He'na. _A small_ Basket _of cocoa leaves_, V_ai_'hee. _A long _Basket _of cocoa leaves_, Apo'_ai_ra. A Basket _of plantain stock_, Papa' M_aiee_a. _A fisher's_ Basket, Er're'vy. _A round_ Basket _of cocoa leaves_, Mo'ene. A Bastard, Fanna T_oo_'n_ee_a. Bastinado, _to bastinade or flog a person_, Tapra'h_ai_. To bathe, Ob'_oo_. A Battle, _or fight_, E'motto. A Battle-axe, O'morre. To bawl, _or cry aloud_, T_ei_mo'toro. A Bead, Pöe. The Beard, _Oo_me _oo_me. To beat _upon, or strike a thing_, T_oo_'py or T_oo_'ba_ee_. To beat _a drum_, Er_oo_'k_oo_. To beckon _a person with the hand_, Ta'rappe. A Bed, _or bed-place_, E'ro_ee_, s. Möi'a. To bedaub, _or bespatter_, Par'ry. A Bee, E'räo. A Beetle, P_ee_re'te_ee_. Before, _not behind_, Te'möa. A Beggar, _a person that is troublesome_, Tapa'r_oo_. _continually asking for some-what_, Behind, _not before_, Te'm_oo_r_ee_. To belch, Er_oo_'y. Below, _as below stairs_, Tei'dirro, s. T_ee_diraro. Below, _underneath, far below_, O'raro. To bend _any thing, as a stick_, etc. Fa'fe'fe. Benevolence, _generosity_, Ho'röa, e.g. _you are a generous man_, Taata ho roa öe. Between, _in the middle, betwixit two_, Fero'p_oo_. To bewail, _or lament by crying_, E'tat_ee_. Bigness, _largeness, great_, Ara'hay. A Bird, Manoo. A Bitch, _Oo_re, e'_oo_ha. To bite, _as a dog_, A ah_oo_. Black, _colour_, Ere, ere. Bladder, Töa meeme. A_ Blasphemer, _a person who speaks_ T_oo_na, (t_aa_ta.) _disrespectfully of their deities_, Blind, Matta-po. A Blister, _raised by a burn or other means_, Mei'_ee_ Blood, Toto, s. Eh_ooei_. To blow _the nose_, Fatte. The blowing, _or breathing of a whale_, Ta'hora. Blunt, _as a blunt tool of any sort_, Ma'n_ee_a. _The carved_ Boards _of a Maray_, E'ra. _A little_ Boat, _or canoe_, E'väa. A Boil, Fe'fe. Boldness, Eäw_ou_. A Bone, E'ev_ee_. A Bonetto, _a fish so called_, Peera'ra. To bore _a hole_, Ehoo'_ee_, s. Eh_oo_'o. A Bow, E'fanna. A Bow-string, Aröa'h_oo_a. To bow _with the head_, Etoo'o. _A young_ Boy, My'didde. Boy, _a familiar way of speaking_, He'aman_ee_. The Brain _of any animal_, A b_oo_ba. A Branch _of a tree or plant_, E'ama. Bread-fruit, _or the fruit of the bread-tree_, _Oo_r_oo_. Bread-fruit, _a particular sort of it_, E'patëa. _An insipid paste of_ Bread-fruit, Eh'öe. _The gum of the _Bread-tree, Tappo'_oo_r_oo_. _The leaf of the_ Bread-tree, E'da'_oo_r_oo_. _The pith of the_ Bread-tree, Po'_oo_r_oo_. To break _a thing_, O whatte, s. Owhan ne, s. Fatte. The Breast, O'ma A Breast-plate _made of twigs, ornamented with feathers, dog's hair, Ta_oo_me. and pearl-shell_, To breathe, Watte Weete wee të,'aho. Bring, _to ask one to bring a thing_, Ho'my. Briskness, _being brisk or quick_, T_ee_ t_ee_re. Broiled, _or roasted, as broiled meat_, _Oo_aw_ee_ra. Broken, _or cut_, 'Mot_oo_. The Brow, _or forehead_, E'ry. A brown _colour_, Aur_au_ra. Buds _of a tree or plant_, Te, arre ha_oo_. A Bunch _of any fruit_, Eta. To burn _a thing_, Döod_oo_e. A Butterfly, Pepe.

C.

To call _a person at a distance_, T_oo_o t_oo_'o_oo_. A Calm, Man_ee_no. A Calm, _or rather to be so placed, that the wind has no access to you_, E_ou_, shea. _Sugar_ Cane, Tö, Etöo. A Cap, _or covering for the head_ T_au_'matta. To carry _any thing_, E'a'mo. To carry _a person an the back_, Eva'ha. Catch a _thing hastily with the hand_, Po'po_ee_, s. Peero. as a fly, etc. To catch _a ball_, Ama'wh_ee_a. To catch _fish with a line_, E'h_oo_te. A Caterpillar, E't_oo_a. Celerity, _swiftness_, T_ee_'teere, s. E'tirre. The Centre, _or middle of a thing_, Tera'p_oo_. Chalk, Mamma'tëa. A Chatterer, _or noisy impertinent Taata E'm_oo_, fellow_, s. E'm_oo_. Chearfulness, Wara. The Cheek, Pappar_ee_a. A Chest, 'P_ee_ha. The Chest, _or body_, O'p_oo_. To chew, _or eat_, E'y. Chequered, _or painted in squares_, P_oo_re, p_oo_re. A Chicken, Möa pee'ri_a_ia. A Chief, _or principal person; one of Eäree. the first rank among the people_, _An inferior_ Chief, _or one who is only in an independent state, T_oo'ou_ a gentleman_, Child-bearing, Fanou, e'vaho. Children's _language_, Father, O'pucen_oo_, _and_ Papa. Mother, E'wh_ei_arre, and O'pa'tëa. Brother, E'tama. Sister, Te't_oo_a. The Chin, _and lower jaw_, E'taa. Choaked, _to be choaked as with Ep_oo_'n_ei_na, victuals_, etc. s. Er_oo_'y. To chuse, _or pick out_, Eh_ee_e,te,me,my ty. Circumcision, _or rather an incision_ E_oo_re,te h_ai_. _of the foreskin_, _A sort of_ Clappers,_used at funerals_, Par'ha_oo_. Clapping _the bend of the arm smartly E'too. with the hand, so as to make a noise, an Indian custom_, The Claw _of a bird,_ A'_ee oo_. Clay, _or clammy earth_, Ewh_ou_,arra. Clean, _not nasty_, _Oo_'ma, s. Eoo'_ee_. Clear, _pure; as clear water_, etc. Tëa'te. _White clayey_ Cliffs, E'mammatëa. Close, _shut_, Eva'h_ee_. Cloth _of any kind, or rather the covering Ahoo. or raiments made of it_, _A piece of oblong_ Cloth, _slit in the middle, through which the head is Teeboota. put, and it then hangs down behind and before_, _Brown thin_ Cloth, _Oo_'erai. _Dark-brown_ Cloth, Poo'h_ee_re. _Nankeen-coloured_ Cloth, Ah_ee_re, s. _Oo_a. _Gummed_ Cloth, Oo'_ai_r ara. Heappa,heappa, s. _Yellow_ Cloth, A'ade, p_oo ee ei_, s. Oora poo'_ee ei_. Cloth, _a piece of thin white cloth Par_oo_'y, by which name wrapt round the waist, or thrown they also call a white over the shoulders_, shirt. A Cloth-beater, _or an oblong square To'aa. piece of wood grooved, and used in making cloth_, The _Cloth-plant, _a sort of mulberry Ea_ou_te. tree_, A Cloud, E'äo, s. Ea_oo_. A Cock, Möa, e'töa. Cock, _the cock claps his wings_ Te Moa Pa_ee_, pa_ee_. A Cock-roach, Potte potte. A Cocoa-nut, A'r_ee_. _The fibrous husk of a_ Cocoa-nut, P_oo_r_oo_'waha, s. P_oo_r_oo_. Cocoa-nut _oil_, E'rede,väe. Cocoa leaves, E,ne'ha_oo_. Coition, E'y. _The sense of_ Cold, Ma'r_ee_de. A Comb, Pa'horo, s. Pa'herre. Company, _acquaintance, gossips_, Tee'ÿa. Compliance _with a request, consent_, Mad_oo_,ho'why. Computation, _or counting of numbers_, Ta't_ou_. A Concubine, Wa'h_ei_ne Möebo, s. Etoo'n_ee_a. Confusedness, _without order_, E'vah_ee_a. Consent, _or approbation_, Mad_oo_,ho'why. Contempt, _a name of contempt given Wah_ei_ne,p_oo_'ha. to a maid, or unmarried woman_, Conversation, Para_ou_,maro, s. Para'para_ou_. _A sort of_ Convolvulus, _or bird-weed, common in the islands_, Oh_oo_e. Cook'd, _dress'd; not raw_, Ee'_oo_, s. E_ee_'wera. To Cool _one with a fan_, Taha`r_ee_. Cordage _of any kind_, Taura. The Core _of an apple_, Böe. A Cork, _or stopper of a bottle or gourd shell_, Ora'h_oo_e. A Corner, E'pecho. Covering, _the covering of a fish's gills_, Pe_ee_'eya. Covetousness, _or rather one not inclined to give_, Pee,peere. A Cough, Ma're. To Court, _woo a woman_, Ta'raro. Coyness _in a woman,_ No'nöa. A Crab, Pappa. Crab, _a large land-crab that climbs the cocoa-nut trees for fruit_, E'_oo_wa. A Crack, cleft, or fissure, Mot_oo_. Crammed, _lumbered, crowded_, Ooa,p_ee_a'pe,s.Ehotto. The Cramp, Emo't_oo_ t_oo_. A Cray-fish, O'_oo_ra. To Creep _on the hands and feet_, Ene'_ai_. Crimson _colour_, _Oo_ra _oo_ra. Cripple, _lame_, T_ei_'t_ei_. Crooked, _not straight_, O_o_o'p_ee_o. To crow _as a cock_, A'a _oo_a. The Crown _of the head_, T_oo_'p_oo_e. To cry, _or shed tears_, Ta_ee_. _A brown_ Cuckoo, _with black bars and a long tail, frequent in the isles_, Ara'were_wa_. To cuff, _or slap the chops_, E'par_oo_. Curlew, _a small curlew or whimbrel found about the rivulets_, Torëa. Cut, _or divided_, Mot_oo_. _To_ cut _the hair with scissars_, O'tee.

D.

A Dance, H_ee_va. Darkness, Poee'r_ee_, s. Po_oo_'r_ee_ To Darn O'ono A Daughter, Ma'h_ei_ne. Day, _or day-light_, Mara'marama, s. A'_ou_, s. A'a_ou_. Day-break, Oota'tah_ei_ta. Day, _to-day_, A_oo_'n_ai_. Dead, Matte röa. _A natural_ Death, Matte nöa. Deafness, Ta'r_ee_a, t_oo_r_ee_. Decrepid, Epoo't_oo_a. Deep water, Mona'. A Denial, _or refusal_, Eh_oo_'nöa. To desire, _or wish for a thing_, E_ooee_. A Devil, _or evil spirit_, E't_ee_. Dew, Ahe'a_oo_. A Diarrhoea, _or looseness_, Hawa, hawa. To_ dip _meat in salt water instead of_ Eaw_ee_'wo _salt, (an Indian custom_,) Dirt, _or nastiness of any kind_, E'repo. Disapprobation, Eh_oo_nöa. A Disease, _where the head cannot be E'p_ee_. held up, perhaps the palsy_, To disengage, _untie or loosen_, Ea_oo_'w_ai_. Dishonesty, E_ee_'a. Displeased, _to be displeased, vexed, or Ta_ee_'va. in the dumps_, Dissatisfaction, _to grumble, or be Fa_oo_'oue. dissatisfied_, Distant, _far off_, Röa. _To_ distort, _or writhe the limbs, body, Faee'ta. lips, etc. To distribute, _divide or share out_, At_oo_'ha. A District, Matei na. A Ditch, Eö'h_oo_. To dive _under water_, Eho'p_oo_. A Dog, _Oo_'r_ee_. A Doll _made of cocoa-plants_, Ad_oo_'a. A Dolphin, A'_ou_na. Done, _have done; or that is enough_, A'teera. _or there is no more_, A Door, _Oo_'b_oo_ta. Double, _or when two things are in_ Tau'r_oo_a. _one, as a double canoe_, Down, _or soft hair_, E'waou, To draw _a bow_, Etëa. To draw, _or drag a thing by force_, Era'ko. Dread, _or fear_, Mattou. Dress'd, _or cooked, not raw_, Ee'_oo_. _A head_ Dress, _used at funerals_, Pa'ra_ee_. To dress, _or put on the cloaths_, Eu, hau'ho_oo_ t'Ahoo. To drink, A_ee_'n_oo_. Drop, _a single drop of any liquid_, _Oo_,ata'hai. To drop, _or leak_, Eto't_oo_r_oo_, s. E't_oo_r_oo_. Drops, _as drops of rain_, To'potta. Drowned, Parre'mo. A Drum, Pa'hoo. Dry, _not wet_, _Oo_'maro. A Duck, Mora. A Dug, _teat, or nipple_, E_oo_. Dumbness, E'faö.

E.

The Ear, Ta'r_ee_a. _The inside of the_ Ear, Ta'toor_ee_. An Ear-ring, Poe note tar_ee_a. To eat, _or chew_, E'y, s. Mäa. An Echinus, _or sea-egg_, Heawy. Echo, T_oo_o. An Egg _of a bird_, Ehooero te Man_oo_. _A white_ Egg-bird, Pee'ry. Eight, A'waroo. The Elbow, T_oo_'r_ee_. Empty, Oooata'aö, s. Tata'_oo_a. An Enemy, Taata'e. Entire, _whole, not broke_, Eta, Eta. Equal, _Oo_hy't_ei_. Erect, _upright_, Et_oo_. A Euphorbium _tree, with white flowers_, Te'too_ee_. The Evening, Oooh_oi_'h_oi_. Excrement, T_oo_'ty. To expand, _or spread out cloth, etc._ Ho'hora. The Eye, Matta. The Eye-brow, _and eye-lid_, T_oo_a, matta.

F.

The Face, E'mot_ee_a. _To hide or hold the_ Face _away, as_ when ashamed_, Far_ee_'w_ai_. Facetious, _merry_, Faatta atta. Fainting, _to faint_, Möe,mo'my. To fall _down_, Topa. False, _not true_, Ha'warre. A Fan, _or to fan the face or cool it_, Taha'r_ee_. To fart, _or a fart_, Eh_oo_. Fat, _full of flesh, lusty_, P_ee_a. The fat _of meat_, Ma_ee_. A Father Med_oo_a tanne. A _step-_father, Tanne, te höa. Fatigued, _tired_, E'h_ei'eu_,s.Faea. Fear, Mattou. A Feather, _or quill_, H_oo_roo, _hoo_r_oo_, man_oo_. _Red_ Feathers, Ora, h_oo_r_oo_ te man_oo_. Feebleness, _weakness_, Fara'ra, s. Tooro'r_ee_. _The sense of_ Feeling, Fa'fa. To feel, Tear'ro. _A young clever dexterous_ Fellow, _or boy_, Te'my de pa'ar_ee_. The Female _kind of any animal_, E'_oo_ha. The Fern-tree, Ma'mo_oo_. Fertile _land_, Fen_oo_a,maa. Fetch, _go fetch it_, Atee. Few _in number_, Eote. To fight, E'neotto. A Fillip, _with the fingers_, Epatta. The Fin _of a fish_, Tirra. To finish, _or make an end_, Eiote. A Finger, E'r_ee_ma. Fire, Ea'hai. _A flying_ Fish, Mara'ra. _A green flat_ Fish, E_eu_me. _A yellow flat_ Fish, _Oo_'morehe. _A flat green and red_ P_ai'ou_. _The cuckold_ Fish, Etata. A Fish, Eya. Fishing _wall for hauling the seine at Epa. the first point_, A Fish _pot_, E'wha. _A long_ Fishing _rod of Bamboo, used Ma'k_ee_ra. to catch bonettoes_, etc., A Fissure, _or crack_, Motoo. Fist, _to open the fist_, Ma'hora. Fist, _striking with the fist in dancing_, A'moto. _A fly_ Flapper, _or to flap flies_, Dah_ee_'ere e'r_eu_pa. Flatness, _applied to a nose, or a vessel broad and flat; also a spreading flat topt tree_, Papa. _A red_ Flesh _mark_, E_ee_'da. To float _on the face of the water_, Pa'noo. The Flower _of a plant_, P_oo_a. _Open_ Flowers, T_ee_arre'_oo_ wa. Flowers, _white odoriferous flowers, used as ornaments in the ears_, T_ee_arre tarr_ee_a. Flown, _it is flown or gone away_, Ma'h_ou_ta. A Flute, W_ee_wo. _A black_ Fly-catcher, _a bird so called_, O'mamäo. A Fly, P_oo_re'h_oo_a. To fly, _as a bird_, E'r_ai_re. Fog, _or mist_, Ry'po_ee_a. To fold _up a thing, as cloth_, etc. He'fet_oo_. A Fool, _scoundrel, or other epithet of contempt_, Ta'_ou_na. The Foot, _or sole of the foot_, Tapooy. The Forehead, E'ry. Forgot, _or lost in memory_, _Oo_'aro. Foul, _dirty, nasty_, Erepo. A Fowl, Möa. Four, E'ha. The Frapping _of a flute_, Ahëa. Freckles, Taina. Fresh, _not salt_, Eanna,anna. Friction, _rubbing_, E'_oo ee_. Friend, _a method of addressing a stranger_, Ehöa _A particular_ Friend, _or the salutation E'apatte. to him_, To frisk, _to wanton, to play_, E'hanne. From _there_, No,r_ei_ra, s. No,r_ei_da. From _without_, No,waho'_oo_. From _before_, No,m_oo_a. Fruit, 'Hoo'ero. _Perfume_ Fruit _from Tethuroa_, a _small island_, Hooero te manoo. _A yellow_ Fruit, _like a large plumb with a rough core_, A'v_ee_. Full, _satisfied with eating_, Pÿa,s._Oo_'pÿa, s.'Paÿa. A Furunculus, _or a small hard boil_, Apoo.

G.

A Garland _of flowers_, A'v_ou_t_oo_, s. A'r_ou_too Ef ha, apai. Generosity, _benevolence_, Ho'röa. A Gimblet, Eho'_oo_. A Girdle, Ta't_oo_a. A Girl, _or young woman_, Too'n_ee_a. A Girthing _manufacture_, Tat_oo_'y. To give _a thing_, Höa't_oo_. _A looking_-Glass, H_ee_o'_ee_ota. A Glutton, _or great eater_, Taata A'_ee_, s. Era'pöa n_oo_e. To go, _or move from where you stand_ Harre. _to walk_ To go, _or leave a place_, Era'wa. Go, _begone, make haste and do it_, Haro. Go _and fetch it_, At_ee_. Good, _it is good, it is very well_, My`ty, s. Myty,tye, s. Maytay. Good-_natured_, Mama'h_ou_, s. Ma'r_oo_. A Grandfather, Too'b_oo_na. A Great-grandfather, Tooboona tahe'too. A Great great-grandfather, Ouroo. A Grandson, Mo'b_oo_na. To grasp _with the hand_, Hara'wa_ai_. Grasping _the antagonist's thigh when Tomo. dancing_, Grass, _used on the floors of their Ano'noho. houses, To grate _cocoa-nut kernel_, E'annatehea'r_ee_. Great, _large, big_, Ara'h_ai_. Green _colour_, P_oo_re p_oore_. To groan, Er_oo_,whe. The groin, Ta'pa. To grow _as a plant_, etc. We'r_oo_a. To grunt, _or strain_, Etee,_too_whe. _The blind_ Gut, Ora'b_oo_b_oo_. The Guts _of any animal_, A'a_oo_.

H.

The Hair _of the head_, E'ror_oo_, s. E'roh_oo_r_oo_. _Grey_ Hair, Hinna'heina. _Red_ Hair, _or a red-headed man_, E'h_oo_. _Curled_ Hair, P_ee_p_ee_. _Woolly frizzled_ Hair, Oë'töeto. _To pull the_ Hair, E'w_ou_a. Hair, _tied on the crown of the head_, E'p_oo_te. Half _of any thing_, Fa'_ee_te. A Hammer, Et_ee_'te. Hammer _it out_, Atoo'bian_oo_. The Hand, E'r_ee_ma. _A deformed_ Hand, P_ee_le'_oi_. _A motion with the_ Hand _in dancing_, O'ne o'ne. A Harangue, _or speech_, Oraro. A Harbour, _or anchoring-place_, T_oo_'t_ou_. Hardness, E'ta,e'ta. A Hatchet, _axe, or adze_, Töe. He, Nana. The Head, _Oo_'po. _A shorn_ Head, E'v_ou_a. The Head-ache, _in consequence of drunkenness_, Eana`n_ee_a. _The sense of_ Hearing, Faro. The Heart _of an animal_, A'h_ou_too. Heat, _warmth_, Mahanna,hanna. Heavy, _not light_, T_ei_ma'ha. _The sea_ Hedge-hog, Totera. _A blue_ Heron, Otoo. _A white_ Heron, Tra'pappa. To hew _with an axe_, Teraee. Hibiscus, _the smallest species of Hibiscus, with rough seed cases, that adhere to the clothes in walking_, P_ee_re,p_ee_re. Hibiscus, _a species of Hibiscus with large yellow flowers_, Po_oo_'r_ou_. The Hiccup, Et_oo_'ee, s. E_oo_'wha. Hide, _to hide a thing_, E'h_oo_na. High, _or steep_, Mato. A Hill, _or mountain_, Ma_oo_, s. Ma_oo_'a, s. M_ou_a. _One-tree_ Hill, _a hill so called in Matavia Bay_, Tal'ha. To hinder, _or prevent_, Tapëa. The Hips, E'tohe. Hips, _the black punctuated part of Tamo'r_ou_. the hips_, To hit _a mark_, Ele'ba_ou_, s. Wa'p_oo_ta. Hiss, _to hiss or hold out the finger at T_ee_'he. one_, Hoarseness, E'fäo. A Hog, Böa. To hold _fast_, Mou. Hold _your tongue, be quiet or silent_, Ma'm_oo_, A Hole, _as a gimblet hole in wood_,etc., E'r_oo_a, s. Poota. To hollow, _or cry aloud to one_, T_oo_'o. _To keep at_ Home, Ate'_ei_ te Efarre. Honesty, Eea'_ou_re. _A fish_ Hook, Ma't_au_. _A fish_ Hook _of a particular sort_, W_ee_te,w_ee_te. The Horizon, E'pa_ee_, no t'Era_ee_. Hot, _or sultry air, it is very hot_, Poh_ee_'a. A House, E'farre, s. Ewharre. A House _of office_, Eha'm_oo_te. _A large_ House, Efarre'pota. A House _on props_, A'whatta. _An industrious_ Housewife, Ma'h_ei_ne Am_au_'hattoi How _do you, or how is it with you, Tehanoöe. Humorous, _droll, merry_, Fa,atta,'atta. Hunger, Poro'r_ee_, s. Po_ee_'a. A Hut, _or house_, E'farre.

I

I,_ myself, first person singular_, W_ou_(1) M_ee_.(2) _The lower_ Jaw, E'ta. Idle, _or lazy_, T_ee_'py. Jealousy _in a woman_, Ta'b_oo_ne, s.Fatee no, s. H_oo_'hy. Ignorance, _stupidity_, W_ee_a'ta. Ill-natured, _cross_, _Oo_re, e'_ee_ore. An Image _of a human figure_, E'tee. Imps,_ the young imps,_ Tëo'he. Immature, _unripe, as unripe fruit_, Poo. Immediately, _instantly_, To'hyto. Immense, _very large_, Röa. Incest, _or incestuous_, Ta'wytte. Indigent, _poor, necessitous_, T_ee_,t_ee_. Indolence, _laziness_, T_ee_'py. Industry, _opposed to idleness_, Ta_ee_'a. Inhospitable, _ungenerous_, P_ee_'p_ee_re. To inform, E'whäe. _A sort of_ Ink, _used to punctuate_, E'rah_oo_. An inquisitive _tattling woman_, Maheine Opotai_ee_hu. To interrogate, _or ask questions_, Faeete. To invert, _or turn upside down_, E'h_oo_ra, tela'why. An Islet, Mo'too. The Itch, _an itching of any sort_, Myro.

J.

To jump, _or leap_, Mah_ou_ta, s. Araire.

K.

Keep _it to yourself_, V_ai_h_ee_'o. The Kernel _of a cocoa-nut_, Emo't_ee_a. To kick _with the foot_, Ta'h_ee_. The Kidnies, F_oo_a'h_oo_a. Killed, _dead_, Matte. To kindle, _or light up_, Emäa. A King, Eär_ee_,da'h_ai_. A King-fisher, _the bird to called_, E'r_oo_ro. To kiss, E'ho_ee_. Kite, _a boy's play-kite_, O'omo. The Knee, E't_oo_r_ee_. To kneel, T_oo_'t_oo_r_ee_. A Knot, Ta'pona. _A double_ Knot, Va'hod_oo_. _The female_ Knot _formed on the upper T_ee_bona. part of the garment, and on one side_, To know, _or understand_, _Ee_te. The Knuckle, _or joint of the fingers_, T_ee_,p_oo_.

L.

To labour, _or work_, Ehëa. A Ladder, Era'a, s. E'ara. A Lagoon, Ewha'_ou_na, s.Eä'onna. Lame, _cripple_, T_ei_'t_ei_. A Lance, _or spear_, Täo. Land _in general, a country_, Fe'n_oo_a, s. Whe'n_oo_a. Language, _speech, words_, Pa'ra_ou_. Language, _used when dancing, Timoro'd_ee_, te'Timoro'd_ee_. Largeness, _when applied to a country, Ara'h_ai_. country,_etc. N_oo_e. To laugh, Atta. Laziness, T_ee_'py. Lean, _the lean of meat_, Aëo. Lean,_slender, not fleshy_, T_oo_'h_ai_. To leap, Ma'h_ou_ta, s. A'rere. Leave _it behind, let it remain_, 'V_ai_hëo. To leave, E'wh_eeoo_. The Leg, A'wy. Legs, _my legs ache, or are tired_, A'h_oo_a. A Liar, Taata,ha'warre. To lie _down, or along, to rest one's self_, Ete'raha, s. Te'p_oo_. To lift _a thing up_, Era'w_ai_. _Day_ Light, Mara'marama. Light, _or fire of the great people_ T_ou_t_oi_,papa. Light, _or fire of the common people_, N_ee_ao,papa. Light, _to light or kindle the fire_, A't_oo_n_oo_ t'E_ee_'wera. Light, _not heavy_, Ma'ma. Lightning, _Oo_'waira. The Lips, _Oo_t_oo_. Little, _small_, _Ee_te. A Lizard, 'Möo. Loathsome, _nauseous_, E,a'wawa. _A sort of_ Lobster, _frequent in the isles_, T_ee_on_ai_. To loll _about, or be lazy_, Tee'py. To loll _out the tongue_, Ewha'tor_oo_ t'Arere. To look _for a thing that is lost_, Tap_oo_n_ee_. A Looking-glass, H_ee_o'_ee_'otta. Loose, _not secure_, A_oo_'w_ee_wa. A Looseness, _or purging_, Hawa,'hawa. To love, Ehe'nar_oo_. Lover, _courtier, wooer_, Eh_oo_'nöa. A Louse, _Oo_'t_oo_. Low, _not high, as low land_, etc. Hëa,hëa, s. Papoo. E_ee_'öa. The Lungs, T_ee_too,'arapoa. Lusty, _fat, full of flesh_, Oo'p_ee_a.

M.

Maggots, E'h_oo_h_oo_. A Maid, _or young woman _, T_oo_'n_ee_a. To make _the bed_, Ho'hora, te Möe'ya. The Male _of any animal, male kind_, E'öta. A Man, Täata, s. Taane. _An indisposed or insincere_ Man, Täata,ham'an_ee_no. A Man-of-war _bird_, Otta'ha. Many, _a great number_, Wo'rou,wo'rou, s. man_oo_, man_oo_. _A black_ Mark _on the skin_, E_ee_'r_ee_. Married, _as a married man_, Fan_ou_'nou. A Mat, E'vanne. _A silky kind of_ Mat, Möe'a. _A rough sort of_ Mat, _cut in the P_oo_'rou. middle to admit the head_, A Mast _of a ship or boat_, T_ee_ra. Mature, _ripe; as ripe fruit_, Para, s. Pe. Me, _I_, W_ou_, s. M_ee_. A Measure, E'a. To measure _a thing_, Fa'_ee_te. To meet _one_, Ewharidde. To melt, _or dissolve a thing, T_oo_'t_oo_e. as grease etc._ The middle, _or midst of a thing_, Teropoo. Midnight, O't_oo_ra,h_ei_'po. To mince, _or cut small_, E'p_oo_ta. Mine, _it is mine, or belongs to me_, No'_oo_. To miss, _not to hit a thing_, _Oo_'happa. Mist, _or fog_, Ry'po_ee_a. To mix _things together_, A'p_oo_e,'p_oo_e. To mock _or scoff at one_, Etoo'h_ee_. Modesty, Mamma'ha_oo_. Moist, _wet_, Wara'r_ee_. A Mole _upon the skin_, At_oo_'nöa. _A lunar_ Month, Mara'ma. A Monument _to the dead_, Whatta'r_au_. The Moon, Mara'ma. The Morning, Oo'po_ee_'po_ee_. To-morrow, Bo'bo, s. A,Bo'bo. _The day after to_-morrow, A'bo'bo d_oo_ra. _The second day after to_-morrow; Po_ee_,po_ee_,addoo. A Moth, E,pepe. A Mother, Ma'd_oo_a, wa'h_ei_ne. A motherly, _or elderly woman_, Pa'tëa. Motion, _opposed to rest_, O_o_a'ta. A Mountain, _or hill, Ma_oo_a, s. Mo_u_a. Mountains _of the highest order_, Mo_u_a tei'tei. Mountains _of the second order_, Mo_u_a 'haha. Mountains _of the third or lowest order_, Pere'ra_ou_. Mourning, '_Ee_va. Mourning _leaves, viz. those of the Ta'pa_oo_. cocoa-tree, used for that purpose_, The Mouth, Eva'ha. _To open the_ Mouth, Ha'mamma. A Multitude, _or vast number_, Wo'r_ou_, wo'r_ou_. Murdered, _killed_, Matte, s. matte röa. A Murderer, Taata töa. A Muscle-shell, No_u,ou_. Music _of any kind_, H_ee_va. A Musket, _pistol, or firearms P_oo_,p_oo_, s. Poo. of any kind_, Mute, _silent_, Fateb_oo_a. To matter, or _stammer_, E'wha_ou_.

N.

The Nail _of the fingers_, Aee'_oo_. A Nail _of iron_, _E_ure. Naked, _i. e. with the clothes off, Ta'lurra. undressed_, The Name _of a thing_, E_ee'oo_. Narrow, _strait, not wide_, P_ee_re,p_ee_re. Nasty, _dirty, not clean_, E,repo. A Native, Taata'toob_oo_. The Neck, A'_ee_. Needles, Narreeda. _A fishing_ Net, _Oo_'p_ai_a. New, _young, sound_, Ho_u_. Nigh, Poto, s. Whatta'ta. Night, P_o_, s. E'a_oo_. To-Night, _or to-day at night_, A'_oo_ne te' Po. _Black_ Night-_shade_, Oporo. Nine, A'_ee_va. The Nipple _of the breast_, E'_oo_. A Nit, Eriha. [1] Ay'ma, [2] Y_ai_ha, No, _a negation_, [3]A'_ou_re, [4] A_ee_, [5] Yeha_ee_a. To nod, A't_ouou_. Noisy, _chattering, impertinent_, Emoo. Noon, Wawa'tea. The Nostrils, Popo'hëo. Numeration, _or counting of numbers_, Ta't_ou_. _A cocoa_ Nut, Aree. _A large compressed_ Nut,_that tastes E_ee_h_ee_. like chesnuts when roasted_,

O.

Obesity, _corpulence_, Ou'p_ee_a. The Ocean, Ty, s. Meede. Odoriferous, _sweet-smelled_, No'nöa. _Perfumed_ Oil _they put on the hair_, Mo'nöe. An Ointment,_plaister, or any thing E'ra'pa_oo_. that heals or relates to medicine_, Old, Ora'wheva. One, A'tahai. Open, _clear, spacious_, Ea'tëa. Open, _not shut_, Fe'r_ei_. To open, Te'haddoo. Opposite _to, or over against_, Wetoo'wh_ei_tte. Order, _in good order, regular, without Wara'wara. confusion_, Ornament, _any ornament for the ear_, T_ooee_ ta'r_ee_a. _Burial_ Ornaments, _viz. nine noits Ma'ray Wharre. stuck in the ground_, An Orphan, _Oo_'hoppe, poo'_ai_a. Out, _not in, not within_, T_ei_we'ho. The Outside _of a thing_, _Oo_a'p_ee_. An Oven _in the ground_, E_oo_'m_oo_. Over, _besides, more than the quantity_, Te'harra. To overcome, _or conquer_, E'ma'_oo_ma. To overturn, _or overset_, Eha'pa_oo_. An Owner E'whattoo. _A large species of_ Oyster, I't_eë_a. _The large rough_ Oyster, _or Spondylus_, Paho'öa.

P.

The Paddle _of a canoe, or to paddle_, E'höe. To paddle _a canoe's head to the right_ What'tëa. To paddle _a canoe's head to the left_, Wemma. Pain, _or soreness,the sense of pain_, Ma'my. A Pair, _or two of any thing together_, Ano'ho. The Palate, E'ta'nea. The Palm _of the hand_, Ap_oo_'r_ee_ma. To Pant, _or breathe quickly_, Oo'pou'pou,tëa'ho. Pap, _or child's food_, Mamma. A Parent, Me'd_oo_a. _A small blue_ Parroquet, E'v_ee_n_ee_. _A green_ Parroquet, _with a E'a'a. red forehead_, The Part _below the tongue_, Eta'raro. A Partition, _division, or screen_, Par_oo_'r_oo_. A Pass, _or strait_, E,aree'ëa. _A fermented_ Paste, _of bread, fruit and others_, Ma'h_ee_. A Path, _or road_, Eä'ra. The Pavement _before a house or hut_, Pÿe,pye. A Pearl, Pöe. The Peduncle, _and stalk of a plant_, A'mäa, s. E'atta. To peel _or take the skin off a cocoa-nut_etc. A'tee, s. E'atee. Peeled, _it is peeled_, Me'at_ee_. A Peg _to hang a bag on_, 'Pe'a_oo_. A Pepper-plant, _from the root of which they prepare an inebriating liquor_, Awa. Perhaps, _it may be so_, E'pa'ha. Persons _of distinction_, Patoo'nehe. A Petticoat _of plantane leaves_, AArou'm_aiee_a. Petty, _small, trifling, opposed to Nooe_, R_ee_. _A_ Physician, _or person who attends the sick_, Taata no E'rapa_oo_. Pick, _to pick or choose_, Eh_ee_ te _mai_ my ty. _A large wood_ Pigeon, Er_oope_. _A large green and white_ Pigeon, O_o_'_oo_pa. _A small black and white_ Pigeon, _with purple wings_, _Oooo_wy'deroo. A Pimple, H_oo_a'h_ou_a. To Pinch _with, the fingers_, _Oo_ma. A Plain, _or flat_, E'_pee_ho. Plane, _smooth_, Pa'_ee_a. A Plant _of any kind_, O'mo. _A small_ Plant, E'rabo. _The fruit of a_ Plantane-tree M_aiee_'a, s. Maya. _Horse_ Plantanes, Fai'_ee_. Pleased, _good humoured, not cross or Mar_oo_. surly_, Pluck _it up_, Ar_ee_te. To pluck _hairs from the beard_, H_oo_h_oo_tee. To plunge _a thing in the water_, E,_oo_'wh_ee_. The Point _of any thing_, Oë,öe, or _Oi,oi_. Poison, _bitter_, Awa,awa. A Poll, _Oo_ra'h_oo_. Poor, _indigent, not rich_, Tee'tee. _A bottle-nosed_ Porpoise, E'_ou_a. _Sweet_ Potatoes, Oo'marra. To pour _out any liquid substance_, Ma'n_ee_. Pregnant _with young_, Waha'p_oo_. To press, _or squeeze the legs gently with the hand, when tired or pained_, Roro'm_ee_. Prick, _to prick up the ears_, Eoma te ta'r_ee_. A Priest, Ta'h_ou_a. Prone, _or face downwards_, T_ee_'opa. _A sort of_ Pudding, _made of fruits, oil_, etc. Po'po'_ee_. Pumpkins, A'h_ooa_. To puke, _or vomit_, E'awa, s. e'r_oo_'y. Pure, _clear_, E'_oo'ee_. A Purging, _or looseness_, Hawa,hawa. To pursue, _and catch a person who Er_oo_,Er_oo_, has done some mischief_, s. Eha'r_oe_. To push _a thing with the hand_, T_oo_'ra_ee_. Put _it up, or away_, Orno.

Q.

Quickness, _briskness_, E'tirre. _To walk_ quickly, Harre'n_ei_na. Quietness, _silence, a silent or seemingly thoughtful person_, Falle'b_oo_a. A Quiver _for holding arrows_, 'P_ee_ha.

R.

_A small black_ Rail, _with red eyes_, M_ai_'ho. _A small black_ Rail, _spotted and buured with white_, P_oo_a'n_ee_. Rain, E'_oo_a. A Rainbow, E'n_oo_a. Raft, _a raft of bamboo_, M_ai_to'e. Rank,_ strong, urinous_, Ewão wao. A Rasp, _or file_, _Ooee_. A Rat, 'Yore, s. Eyore. Raw _meat, flesh that is not dressed E'otta. cooked_, Raw _fruit, as plantanes, etc. that are Paroure. not baked_ To recline, _or lean upon a thing_, E'py. Red _colour_, _Oo_ra,_oo_ra, s. Matde. To reef _a sail_, Epo'uie te rya. A Refusal, Eh_oo_'nooa. The Remainder _of any thing_, T,'Ewahei. To rend, _burst, or split_, M_oo_'m_oo_m_oo_. Rent, _cracked, or torn_, E'wha. To reside, _live or dwell_, E'noho. Respiration, _breathing_, T_oo_e,t_oo_e. A Rib, Awäo. Rich, _not poor, having plenty of Epo'too. goods, etc._ A Ring, 'M_ai_no. The Ringworm, _a disease so called_, E'n_oo_a. Ripe, _as ripe fruit, etc._ Para, s. Pai, s. Ooo p_ai_. Rise, _to rise up_, A'too. To rive, _or split_, Ewha_oo'_ wha_oo_. A Road, _or path_, Eä'ra. Roasted, _or broiled_, _Oo_a'w_ai_ra. A Robber, _or thief_, E_ee_'a (taata.) A Rock, Pa_oo_. _A reef of_ Rocks, E'a_ou_. Rolling, _the rolling of a ship_, T_oo_'r_oo_re. A Root, Ap_oo_, s. Ea. A Rope _of any kind_, Taura. Rotten, _as rotten fruit, etc._ R_oo_pe. Rough, _not smooth_, Ta'rra, tarra. To row _with oars_, E'_oo_me, s, E'höe. To rub _a thing, as in washing the hands Ho'ro_ee_. and face_, The Rudder _of a boat, or steering Höe,fa'herre. paddle of a canoe_, Running _backwards and forwards, Oo'atapone. endeavouring to escape_,

S.

The Sail _of a ship or boat_, E_ee_'_ai_. To sail, _or to be under sail_, E'whano. Salt, _or salt water_, Ty'ty, s. Meede. Sand, _dust_, E'one. Saturn, Whati'hëa. Saunders's _island_, Tab_oo_a, Manoo. A Saw, E_ee'oo_. A Scab, E'tona. _A fish's_ Scale _or scales_, Pöa. _A pair of_ Scissars, O't_oo_bo, s. O'tob_oo_. A Scoop, _to empty water from a canoe_, E'tata. To scrape _a thing_, _Oo_'a_oo_. To scratch _with the fingers_, Era'ra_oo_. Scratched, _a scratched metal_, etc. Pah_oo_re'h_oo_re. The Sea-cat, _a fish so called_, P_oo_he. The Sea, Ta_ee_, s. M_ee_de. A Sea-egg, He'awy. A Seam _between two planks_, Fatoo'wh_ai_ra. To search _for a thing that is lost_, Oö,s.Pae'm_ee_. A Seat, Papa. Secret, _a secret whispering, or slandering another_, Ohe'm_oo_. The Seed _of a plant,_ H_oo_a't_oo_t_oo_, s. Ehooero The sense _of seeing_, E'h_ee_'o. To send, Eho'pöe. A Sepulchre, _or burying-place_, Ma'ray. A Servant, T_ow_t_ow_. Seven, A'H_ee_t_oo_. To sew, _or string_, E't_oo_e. Seyne, _to haul a seyne_, Etoroo te p_ai_a. Shady, Mar_oo_,maroo. To shake, _or agitate a thing_, E_oo_a'wai. A Shark, Mäo. Sharp, _not blunt_, Oö'ëe. To shave, _or take off the beard_, Eva'r_oo_, s.Whanne, whanne. _A small_ Shell, Ot'eo. _A tyger_ Shell, Pore'h_oo_. Shew _it me_, Enara. A Ship, P_a_hee. Shipwreck, Ara'wha. _A white_ Shirt, Par_oo_'y. To shiver _with cold_, A'tete. _Mud_ Shoes, _or fishing shoes_, Tama. The Shore, Euta. Short, Po'potoo. Shut, _not open_, Opa'n_ee_, s. Poo'peepe. Sickness, Matte my Mamy. _The left_ Side, A'r_oo_de. The Side, E'reea'wo. _The right_ Side, Atou,a'taou. Sighing, Fa'ëa. Silence, Fatte'b_oo_a. Similar, _or alike_, _Oo_whyä'da. To sink, A'tomo. A Sister, T_oo_'h_ei_ne. To sit _down_, A'noho. To sit _cross-legged_, T_ee_'py. Six, A'Hon_oo_. A Skate-fish, E'wha_ee_. The Skin, _Ee_'ree. The Sky, E'ra_ee_. To sleep, Möe. _The long_ Sleep, _or death_, Möe röa. To sleep, _when sitting_, T_oo_'roore,möe. A Sling, E'ma. Slow, Marra,marröa,s.Fate. Small, _little_, _Ee_te. _The sense of_ smelling, Fata't_oo_, s._Oo_too,too,too. Smell _it_, H_oi_na. To smell, Ahe'_oi_. Smoke, E'_oo_ra. Smooth, Pa'ya. Smutting _the face with charcoal for funeral ceremonies_, Bap'para. _A sea_ Snake, _that has alternate rings of a white and black colour_, P_oo_h_ee_'ar_oo_. To snatch _a thing hastily_, E'h_ai_r_oo_. Sneezing, Mach_ee_'_ai_. Snipe, _a bird resembling a snipe, of a black and brown colour_, T_ee_'t_ee_. Snot 'H_oo_pe. Soberness, _sobriety, sober, not given_ T_ei_r_ei_da. _to drunkenness_, To soften, Epar_oo_'par_oo_. Softness, _that is, not hard_, Maroo. The Sole _of the foot_, Tap_oo_'y. A Son My'de. A Son-in-law, H_oo_'nöa. A Song, Heeva. A Sore, _or ulcer_, O'pai. Soreness, _or pain_, Ma'may. Sound, _any sound that strikes the ear_, Pa'_ee_na. A Span, Ewhäe ono. To speak, Paraou. Speak; _he speaks not from the heart, Neeate _oo_t_oo_ te parou his words are only on his lips_, no nona. A Spear, _or lance_, Täo. To spill, Emare. To spit, Too't_oo_a. _To_ spread, _or to expand a thing, as_ Ho'hora. _cloth, etc._ To squeeze, _or press hard_, Ne,'ne_ee_. To squeeze, _or press gently with the hand_, Roro'm_ee_. Squint-eyed, Matta'areva. _A fighting_ Stage _in a boat_, E't_oo_t_ee_. To stamp _with the feet, to trample on Tata'hy. a thing_, Stand _up_, Atëarenona. A Star, E'f_ai_too, s. Hwettoo. A Star-fish, Eve'r_ee_. To startle, _as when one dreams_ Wa'hee, te'dirre. Stay, _or wait a little_, A'r_ee_a, s. Ar_ee_'ana. To steal, 'Woreedo. Steep, _as steep rocks, or cliffs_, Mato. _A walking_ Stick, 'Tame. Stinking, _ill-smelled, as stinking water,etc._ Na'm_oo_a, s. N_ee_'n_ee_o. Stink, _to stink or smell ill_, F_ou_, f_ou_. To stink, _as excrement_, P_ee_ro,p_ee_ro. The Stomach, 'Para_ee_'a. A Stone, Owhay. _A polished_ Stone, used to beat victuals P_ai_'noo. into a paste_, Stones, _upright stones which stand on the paved area before huts_, T_oo_'t_oo_re. _A small_ Stool, _to lay the head on when asleep_, Papa, s. Papa, r_oo_ä. Stool, _to go to stool_, T_ee_t_ee_'o. To stop, A'too. The Stopper _of a quiver_, Ponau. A Storm _of wind, rain, thunder_, etc. Tarooa. Strait, _narrow, not wide_, P_ee_re,peere. Striking, _hollow striking in dancing_, Ap_ee_. The String _of a quiver_, E'aha. Strong, _as a strong man_, _O'o_mara. Struck, A'b_oo_l_a_. Stupidity, _ignorance_, W_ee_a'l_a_. To suck _as a child_, Ote,ote. Sugar _cane_, E'To, s. Töo. Suicide, Euha'a_ou_. Sultry, _or hot air_, Poh_ee_a. The Sun, Mahanna, s. Era. _The meridian_ Sun, T_ei_'n_ee_a te Mahanna. Supine, _lying_, Fateeraha. Surf _of the sea_, Horo'w_ai_. _An interjection of_ Surprise, _or admiration_, Allaheuee'_ai_. To surround, A'b_oo_ne. To swallow, Horo'm_ee_. The Sweat _of the body, or to sweat_ E'h_ou_, s. Eh_ou_ h_ou_. A sweet _taste_, Mona. Swell _of the sea_, E'r_oo_.

T.

A Tail, Ero. A Tail _of a bird_, E'hoppe. To take _a friend by the hand_, Etoo'ya_oo_. To take _off, or unloose_, Eve'vette. To take _care of the victuals_, Ewhaapoo te maa. To talk, _or converse_, Paraou. _The sense of_ tasting, Tama'ta. A Tetotum, _or whirligig_, E'piröa. To tear _a thing_, Ha'hy, s. Whatte. A Teat, _or dug_, E'_oo_. The Teeth, E'n_ee_h_ee_o. Ten A'h_oo_r_oo_. To tend, _or feed hogs_, Ew_h_a_ee_ te Böa. Tenants, Af_eu_'h_au_. _A black_ Tern, _with a whitish head_, O_ee_'o. There, Te'raee. They, _them, or theirs_, To'ta_oo_a. Thickness, _applied to solid bodies_, Meoo'meoo. Thick, _as thick cloth_, etc. T_oo_e'too'e. Thick, _muddy_, Ewore'r_oo_,s.Eworepe. Thine, _it is yours, or belongs to you_, No öe. Thirst, W'ah_ee_'y. Thoughts, Para_ou_, no te o'p_oo_. _An appearance of_ thoughtfulness, Fate'b_oo_a. Three, Tor_oo_. The Throat, Ara'poa. To throw, _or heave a thing_, Taora. To throw _a thing away_, Harre'wai. To throw _a ball_, Ama'h_oo_a. To throw _a lance_, Evara'towha. Throw, _shall I throw it_, Taure'a'a. Throwing _in dancing_, Hoe'aire. The Thumb, E'r_ee_ma,erahai. Thunder, Pa't_ee_re. Tickle, _to tickle a person_, My'n_ee_na. A Tide, _or current_, A'ow. To tie _a knot_, Ty. Time, _a space of time, from 6 to 10 at night_, O't_oo_e, teepo. Time, _a little time, a small space_, Popo'_eu_n_oo_. Time, _a long time, a great while_, Ta'moo. A Title _belonging to a woman of rank_, E'tapay'r_oo_. A Toe _of the foot_, Man_ee_o. A Tomb, T_oo_,pap'pou. The Tongue, E'rero. A Tortoise, E'hon_oo_. Touching, Fa'fa. Tough, _as tough meat_, etc. Ah_oo_'_ou_e. A Town, E'farre p_oo_to p_oo_t_oo_. To trample _with the foot_, Tata'he, s. Ta'ta'hy. A Tree, E'räo. A Tree, _from which they make clubs, Töa (Eräo.) spears_, etc. To tremble, _or shudder with cold_, _Oo_a'titte, s. Eta. Trembling, _shaking_, A_ou_'dou. To trip _one up in wrestling_, Me'häe. A Tropic-bird, Man_oo_'roa. Truth, Eva_ee_'röa,s.Para_ou_,mou. To tumble, P_ou_ta'heite. A Turban, E'täe. To turn, _or turned_, _Oo_'ahöe. To turn, _as in walking backwards and forwards_, H_oo_d_ee_p_ee_pe. Twins, _twin children_, Ma'hëa. To twist _a rope_, Taw_ee_'r_ee_. Two, E'Rooä.

U.

An Ulcer, _or sore_, O'p_ai_. Under, _below, low down_, Oraro. Under _sail_, P_ou_'pou_ee_. To understand, Ee'te. To undress, _or take off the clothes_, Ta'turra. An unmarried _person_, Ar_ee_'_oi_. Unripe, _as unripe fruit_,etc. P_oo_.

V.

_Luminous_ Vapour, Epao. Vassal, _or subject_, Manna'h_ou_na. Vast, Ara,hai,s.Mai,ara'hai. The Veins _that run under the skin_, E'w_ou_a. Venus, T_ou_'r_oo_a. Vessel, _any hollow vessel, as cups of nuts_,etc. _Ai_'boo. Vessel, _a hollow vessel in which they prepare an inebriating liquor_, _Oo_'mutte. To vomit, Er_oo_'y.

W.

Wad, _tow, fibres like hemp_, Ta'm_ou_. Wait, _stay a little_, Areeana. Wake, _awake_, Arra arra, s. Era. To walk out, Avou'_oi_a. To walk _backwards and forwards_, H_oo_a p_ee_pe. A Warrior, _soldier, or rather a man-killer_, Taatatöa. Warmth, _heat_, Mahanna,hanna. A Wart, Toria. To wash, _as to wash cloth in water_, Mare. To watch, Eteäe. Water, A'vy. Water-cresses, Pa'töa. We, _both of us_, Ta_oo_a, s. Ar_oo_'r_oo_a. A wedge, Era'h_ei_. To weep, _or cry_, Hanö a,a,ta_ee_. Well _recovered, or well escaped_, Woura, s. woo,ara. Well, _it is well, charming, fine_, P_oo_ro'too. What, _whats that_, E'hara, E'ha'rya,s. Ye'ha_ee_a, expressed inquisitively. What _do you call that, what is the name of it_, Owy te a_ee_'_oa_. When, _at what time_, W'hëëa. Where _is it_, Te'hëa. Whet, _to whet or sharp a thing_, Evo_ee_. To whistle, Ma'p_oo_. Whistling, _a method of whistling to call the people to meals_, Ep_ou_,maa. To whisper _secretly, as in backbiting_, etc. Ohe'm_oo_. Who _is that, what is he called_, Owy,tanna, s. Owy,nana. Whole, _the whole not a part of a thing_, E'ta,e'tea, s. A'ma_oo_. Wide, _not strait or narrow_, Whatta,whatta. A Widow, Wa't_oo_neea. Wife, _my wife_, Ma'h_ei_ne. The Wind, Mattay. _The south-east_ Wind, Mattaee. A Window, Ma'laee ou'panee. The Wing _of a bird_, Ere'_ou_. To wink, E'am_ou_,am_oo_. To wipe _a thing clean_, Ho'ro_ee_. Wish, _a wish to one who sneezes_, Eva'r_ou_a t Eät_oo_a. Within _side_, T_ee_'ro to. A Woman, Wa'h_ei_ne. _A married_ Woman, Wa'h_ei_ne mou. Woman, _she is a married woman, she has got another husband_, Terra,tanne. Won't _I won't do it_, 'A_eeoo_, expressed angrily. Wood _of any kind_, E'raö. A Wound, Oo't_ee_. A Wrestler, M_ou_na. Wrinkled _in the face_, M_ee_o, m_ee_o. The Wrist, Mo'möa. A Wry-neck, Na'na.

Y.

To yawn, Ha'mamma. Yellow _colour_, He'appa. Yes, Ay, s. _ai_. Yesterday, Ninna'hay. Yesternight, Ere'po. York _island_, Ei'mëo. Yon Oë. young,_as a young animal of any kind_, P_ee_'n_ai_a.

A TABLE EXHIBITING AT ONE VIEW, SPECIMENS OF DIFFERENT LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN THE SOUTH-SEA, FROM EASTER ISLAND, WESTWARD TO NEW CALEDONIA, AS OBSERVED IN THE VOYAGE.

English. Otaheite. Easter Island. The Marquesas Isles. The Island of Amsterdam. New Zealand. Malicolo. Tanna. New Caledonia

A Bird, 'Man_oo_,[22] 'Man_oo_, 'Manu_oo_, Man_oo_, Manee, s. Man_eek_.

A Bow E'fanna, 'Fanna, Nabrr_oo_s, Na'fanga.

Bread-fruit _Oo_r_oo_, Mai_ee_, Ba'rabe, Tag'_oo_r_oo_.

A canoe E'väa 'Wagga, Ev'äa, Ta'wagga, Wang.

Cloth Ah_oo_, 'Ah_oo_, 'Ah_oo_, s. A'hoo_ee_a, Babba'langa,Kak'ah_oo_, Ta'nar_ee_, Hamban.

A Cocoa-nut 'Ar_ee_, 'Eeoo, Nar_oo_, Nab_oo_'y, 'N_eeoo_.

To drink Ayn_oo_' A_ee_n_oo_, 'A_ee_n_oo_, No'a_ee_, N_ooee_, 'Oo_d_oo_, s. _Oo_nd_oo_.

The Eye Matta, Matta, 'Matta, s. Matta_ee_a, 'Matta, 'Matta, M_ai_tang, Nan_ee_'maiuk, T_ee_'vein.

The Ear Ta'r_ee_a, Ta'r_ee_an, B_oo_'_ee_na, Ta'r_ee_ka, Talingan, F_ee_n_ee_'enguk, Gain'_ee_ng.

Fish 'Eya, _Ee_ka, '_Ee_ka, '_Ee_ka, 'Nam_oo_.

A Fowl, Möa, Möa, Möa, Moe'r_oo_.

The Hand, E'r_ee_ma, 'R_ee_ma, E_oo_'my, E'r_ee_ma, 'R_ee_nga, Badon'h_ee_n.

The Head, _Oo_'po, Aö'po, Tak'_oo_po, Ba's_ai_ne, N_oo_gwa'n_aium, Gar'moing.

A Hog, 'Böa, 'B_oo_a, B_oo_'acka, 'Brr_oo_as, 'B_oo_ga, s. 'B_oo_gas.

I,myself, W_ou_, s. _ou_, 'W_ou_, _Ou_.

To laugh, 'Atta, Katta, 'Häarish, Ap, s.Gye'ap.

A Man, 'Täata, Papa? T_ee_to, Ba'rang, Nar_oo_'mäan.

The Navel, 'P_ee_to, P_ee_to, s. P_ee_to'ai, P_ee_to, Nomprtong, Nap_ee_ rainguk, Whanb_oo_ _ee_n.

No, (1)'Ayma,(2)Y_ai_ha,(3)A'_ou_re,'_Ei_sa, '_Ee_sha, Ka'_ou_re, Ta'ep, E'sa, '_Ee_va, _Ee_ba.

Plantains, 'M_ai_ya, (1)Maya, (2)F_oo_tse, M_ai_e_ea_, 'F_oo_dje, Nabrruts.

Puncturation, Ta't_ou_, E'pat_oo_, Ta't_ou_, Moko, 'Gan, s. Gan,galang.

Rain, E'_oo_a, '_Oo_a,

Na'mawar, _Oo_e.

Sugar cane, E'To, To,

Na'r_oo_k.

The Teeth, E'n_ee_h_ee_o, 'N_ee_ho, E'n_ee_ho, 'N_ee_fo, N_ee_ho, R_ee_'bohn, 'Warrewuk, s. 'R_ai_buk, Penna'w_ei_n.

Water, A'vay, E'vy,

Er'g_ou_r, _Oo_e.

To Whistle, 'Map_oo_, F_ee_o,f_ee_o, Papang, Awe'bern, 'Wy_oo_.

A Woman, Wa'h_ei_ne, Ve'h_ee_ne, Ra'bin, N_ai_'bräan, Tama.

Yams, E'_oo_he, _Oo_he, _Oo_fe, Nan-'ram, _Oo_fe, _Oo_be.

Yes, _Ai_, '_Ee_o, _Ai_, '_Ee_o, 'Elo, s. _Ee_o, s. öe.

You, Oë, Oë.

One, A'Tahay, Katta'ha_ee_, Atta'ha_ee_, Ta'ha_ee_,

Ts_ee_'ka_ee_, R_ee_d_ee_, Wag_ee'ai_ng.

Two, E'R_oo_a, 'Rooa, A'ooa, E'ooa, E'ry, 'Karoo, 'Waroo.

Three, 'Ter_oo_, 'Tor_oo_, A'tor_oo_, 'Tor_oo_, E'r_ei_, 'Kahar, Wat_ee_ en.

Four, A'Haa, 'Häa, s. Fäa, A'faa, A'fäa, E'bats, 'K_ai_phar, Wam'ba_ee_k.

Five, E'R_ee_ma, 'R_ee_ma, A'_ee_ma, 'N_ee_ma, E'r_ee_m, 'Kr_ee_rum, Wannim.

Six, A'ono, 'Hon_oo_, A'ono, Ts_oo_'ka_ee_, Ma'r_ee_d_ee_, Wannim-g_ee_ek.

Seven, A'H_ei_too, 'H_ee_d_oo_, A'wh_ee_t_oo_, G_oo_y, Ma'kar_oo_, Wannim'n_oo_.

Eight, A'war_oo_, 'Var_oo_, A'wa_oo_, H_oo_rey, Ma'kahar, Wannim'g_ai_n.

Nine, A'_ee_va, H_ee_va, A'_ee_va, G_oo_dbats, Ma'k_ai_phar, Wannim'ba_ee_k.

Ten, A'h_oo_r_oo_, Atta'h_oo_r_oo_, s. Anna'h_oo_r_oo_, Wannah_oo_, s. Wanna'h_oo_e, Senearr, Ma'kr_ee_rum, Wann_oo_'n_ai_uk.

(Footnote re similarity of the languages)--omiited by ebook producer.

LETTER FROM JOHN IBBETSON, ESQ. Secretary to the Commissioners of Longitude, T0 Sir JOHN PRINGLE, Baronet, P.R.S.

SIR,

The Earl of Sandwich, and the other Commissioners for the Discovery of Longitude at Sea, etc. who were present at a late meeting at this place, having expressed to you a desire that the very learned and ingenious Discourse upon some late Improvements of the Means for preserving the Health of Mariners, which was delivered by you at the Anniversary Meeting of the Royal Society, on the 30th of November last might, with Captain Cook's Paper therein referred to, be printed, and annexed to the Account of the Astronomical and Philosophical Observations made in the course of the said Captain Cook's late voyages which account is preparing for the press, under their direction; and it having been since thought more proper that the said Discourse and Paper should be annexed to the Second Volume of the Account of that Voyage, which is shortly to be published, by order of the Board of Admiralty, I have, therefore, the direction of the Earl of Sandwich, First Commissioner of that Board, as well as of the Board of Longitude, to acquaint you therewith, and to desire you will please to permit your said Discourse, with the Paper therein referred to, to be printed, and annexed to the Second Volume of the Account of the said Voyage accordingly.

I am, with great Regard and Esteem,

SIR,

Your most obedient humble Servant,

ADMIRALTY, March 15, 1777. JOHN IBBETSON.

A DISCOURSE UPON SOME LATE IMPROVEMENTS OF THE MEANS FOR PRESERVING THE HEALTH OF MARINERS.

DELIVERED AT THE Anniversary Meeting of the ROYAL SOCIETY, November 30, 1776. By Sir JOHN PRINGLE, Baronet, PRESIDENT,

CORRECTED BY THE AUTHOR.

GENTLEMEN,

Before we proceed further in the business of this day, permit me to acquaint you with the judgment of your Council, in the disposal of Sir Godfrey Copley's medal; an office I have undertaken at their request, and with the greater satisfaction, as I am confident you will be no less unanimous in giving your approbation, than they have been in addressing you for it upon this occasion. For though they were not insensible of the just title that several of the Papers, composing the present volume of your Transactions, had to your particular notice, yet they did not hesitate in preferring that which I presented to you from Captain Cook, giving An account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of his Majesty's ship the Resolution during her late voyage round the world*. Indeed I imagine that the name alone of so worthy a member of this society would have inclined you to depart from the strictness of your rules, by conferring upon him that honour, though you had received no direct communication from him; considering how meritorious in your eyes that person must appear, who hath not only made the most extensive, but the most instructive voyages; who hath not only discovered, but surveyed, vast tracts of new coasts; who hath dispelled the illusion of a terra australis incognita, and fixed the bounds of the habitable earth, as well as those of the navigable ocean, in the southern hemisphere.

[* The paper itself, read at the Society in March last, with an extract of a letter from Captain Cook to the President, dated Plymouth, the 7th of July following, are both subjoined to this discourse.]

I shall not, however, expatiate on that ample field of praise, but confine my discourse to what was the intention of this honorary premium, namely, to crown that Paper of the year which should contain the most useful and most successful experimental inquiry. Now what inquiry can be so useful as that which hath for its object the saving the lives of men? And when shall we find one more successful than that before us? Here are no vain boastings of the empiric, nor ingenious and delusive theories of the dogmatist; but a concise, an artless, and an incontested relation of the means, by which, under the Divine favour, Captain Cook, with a company of an hundred and eighteen men*, performed a voyage of three years and eighteen days, throughout all the climates, from fifty-two degrees north, to seventy-one degrees south, with the loss of only one man by a distemper**. What must enhance to us the value of these salutary observations, is to see the practice hath been no less simple than efficacious.

[* There were on board, in all, one hundred and eighteen men, including M. Sparrman, whom they took in at the Cape of Good Hope.]

[** This was a phthisis pulmonalis terminating in a dropsy. Mr. Patten, surgeon to the Resolution, who mentioned to me this case, observed that this man began so early to complain of a cough and other consumptive symptoms, which had never left him, that his lungs must have been affected before he came on board.]

I would now inquire of the most conversant in the study of bills of mortality, whether in the most healthful climate, and in the best condition of life, they have ever found so small a number of deaths in such a number of men, within that space of time? How great and agreeable then must our surprise be, after perusing the histories of long navigations in former days, when so many perished by marine diseases, to find the air of the sea acquitted of all malignity, and in fine that a voyage round the world may be undertaken with less danger to health than a common tour in Europe!

But the better to see the contrast between the old and the present times, allow me to recal to your memory what you have read of the first voyage for the establishment of the East-India, Company*. The equipment consisting of four ships, with four hundred and eighty men, three of those vessels were so weakened by the scurvy, by the time they had got only three degrees beyond the Line, that the merchants, who had embarked on this adventure, were obliged to do duty as common sailors; and there died in all, at sea, and on shore at Soldania (a place of refreshment on this side the Cape of Good Hope) one hundred and five men, which was near a fourth part of their complement. And hath not Sir Richard Hawkins, an intelligent as well as brave officer, who lived in that age, recorded, that in twenty years, during which be had used the sea, be could give an account of ten thousand mariners who bad been consumed by the scurvy alone**? Yet so far was this author from mistaking the disease, that I have perused few who have so well described it. If then in those early times, the infancy I may call them of the commerce and naval power of England, so many were carried off by that bane of sea-faring people, what must have been the destruction afterwards, upon the great augmentation of the fleet and the opening of so many new ports to the trade of Great Britain, whilst so little advancement was made in the nautical part of medicine!

[* This squadron under the command of LANCASTER (who was called the General) set out in the year 1601. See Purchas's Pilgr. vol. i. p. 147, et seq.]

[** Idem, vol. iv. p. 1373, et seq.]

But passing from these old dates to one within the remembrance of many here present, when it might have been expeded that whatever tended to aggrandize the naval power of Britain, and to extend her commerce, would have received the highest improvement; yet we shall find, that even at this late period few measures had been taken to preserve the health of seamen, more than had been known to our uninstructed ancestors. Of this assertion the victorious, but mournful, expedition of Commodore Anson, affords too convincing a proof. It is well known that soon after passing the Streights of Le Maire, the scurvy began to appear in his squadron; that by the time the Centurion had advanced but a little way into the South Sea, forty-seven had died of it in his ship; and that there were few on board who had not, in some degree, been afflicted with the distemper, though they had not been then eight months from England. That in the ninth month, when standing for the island of Juan Fernandez, the Centurion lost double that number; and that the mortality went on at so great a rate (I still speak of the Commodore's ship) that before they arrived there she had buried two hundred; and at last could muster no more than six of the the common men in a watch capable of doing duty. This was the condition of one of the three ships which reached that island; the other two suffered in proportion.

Nor did the tragedy end here for after a few months respite the same fatal sickness broke out afresh, and made such havock, that before the Centurion (which now contained the whole surviving crew of the three ships) had got to the island of Tinian, there died sometimes eight or ten in a day; insomuch that when they had been only two years on their voyage, they had lost a larger proportion than of four in five of their original number; and, by the account of the historian, all of them, after their entering the South Sea, of the scurvy. I say by the account of the elegant writer of this voyage; for as he neither was in the medical line himself, nor hath authenticated this part of his narrative by appealing to the surgeons of the ship or their journals, I should doubt that this was not strictly the case; but rather, that in producing this great mortality, a pestilential kind of distemper was joined to the scurvy, which, from the places where it most frequently occurs, hath been distinguished by the name of jail or hospital-fever*. But whether the scurvy alone, or this fever combined with it, were the cause, it is not at present material to inquire, since both, arising from foul air and other sources of putrefaction, may now in a great measure be obviated by the various means fallen upon since Lord Anson's expedition. For in justice to that prudent as well as brave commander, it must be observed that the arrangements preparatory to his voyage were not made by himself; that his ship was so deeply laden as not to admit of opening the gun-ports, except in the calmest weather, for the benefit of air; and that nothing appears to have been neglected by him, for preserving the health of his men, that was then known and practised in the navy.

[* Dr. Mead, who had seen the original observations of two of Commodore Anson's surgeons, says, that the scurvy at that time was accompanied with putrid fevers, etc. See his Treatise on the Scurvy, p. 98. et seq.]

I should now proceed to enumerate the chief improvements made since that period, and which have enabled our ships to make so many successful circumnavigations, as in a manner to efface the impression of former disasters; but as I have mentioned the sickness most destructive to mariners, and against the ravages of which those preservatives have been mainly contrived, it may be proper briefly to explain its nature, and the rather as, unless among mariners, it is little understood. First then, I would observe that the scurvy is not the ailment which goes by that name on shore. The distemper commonly, but erroneously, in this place, called the scurvy, belongs to a class of diseases totally different from what we are now treating of; and so far is the commonly received opinion, that there are few constutions altogether free from a scorbutic taint, from being true, that unless among sailors and some others circumstanced like them, more particularly with respect to those who use a salt and putrid diet, and especially if they live in foul air and uncleanliness, I have reason to believe there are few disorders less frequent. This opinion I submitted to the judgment of the society several years ago, and I have had no reason since to alter it. I then said, contrary to what was generally believed, but seemingly on the best grounds, that the sea-air was never the cause of the scurvy, since on board a ship, on the longest voyages, cleanliness, ventilation, and fresh provisions, would preserve from it; and that upon a sea-coast, free from marshes, the inhabitants were not liable to that indisposition, though frequently breathing the air from the sea*. I concluded with joining in sentiments with those who ascribed the scurvy to a septic resolution, that is a beginning corruption of the whole habit, similar to that of every animal substance when deprived of life**. This account seemed to be sufficiently verified by the examination of the symptoms in the scorbutic sick, and of the appearances in their bodies after death***. On that occasion I remarked, that salted meats after some time become in effect putrid, though they may continue long palatable by means of the salt; and that common salt, supposed to be one of the strongest preservatives from corruption, is at best but an indifferent one, even in a large quantity; and in a small one, such as we use at table with fresh meats, or swallow in meats that have been salted, so far from impeding putrefaction, it rather promotes that process in the body.

[* Diseases of the Army, part I. ch. 2. Append. Pap. 7.]

[** Woodall's Surgeon's Mate, p. 163. Poupart. Mem. de l'Acad. R. des Sc. A. 1'99. Petit. Mal. des Os, tom. II.p. 446. Mead on the Scurvy, p. 104.]

This position concerning the putrefying quality of sea-salt, in certain proportions, hath been since confirmed by the experiments of the late Mr. Canton, Fellow of this Society, in his Paper on the Cause of the luminous appearance of sea-water*.

[* Phil. Transact. vol. lix. p. 446.]

It hath been alleged, that the scurvy is much owing to the coldness of the air, which checks perspiration, and on that account is the endemic distemper of the northern nations, particularly of those around the Baltic*. The fact is partly true, but I doubt not so the cause. In those regions, by the long and severe winters, the cattle destitute of pasture can barely live, and are therefore unfit for use; so that the people, for their provision during that season, are obliged to slaughter them by the end of autumn, and to salt them for above half the year. This putrid diet then, on which they must subsist so long, and to which the inhabitants of the south are not reduced, seems to be the chief cause of the disease. And if we reflect that the lower people of the north have few or no greens nor fruit in the winter, scarce any fermented liquors, and often live in damp, foul, and ill-aired houses, it is easy to conceive how they should become liable to the same distemper with seamen; whilst others of as high a latitude, but who live in a different manner, keep free from it. Thus we are informed by Linnaeus, that the Laplanders, one of the most hyperborean nations, know nothing of the scurvy*; for which no other reason can be assigned than their never eating salted meats, nor indeed salt with any thing, but their using all the winter the fresh flesh of their rain-deer.

[* Bartholin. Med. Danor. Domestic p. 98.]

[** Linnaei Flora Lapponica, p. 8, 9.]

This exemption of the Laplanders from the general distemper of the north is the more observable, as they seldom taste vegetables, bread never, as we farther learn from that celebrated author. Yet in the very provinces which border on Lapland, where they use bread, but scarcely any other vegetable, and eat salted meats, they are as much troubled with the scurvy as in any other country*. But let us incidentally remark, that the late improvements in agriculture, gardening, and the other arts of life, by extending their influence to the remotest parts of Europe, and to the lowest people, begin sensibly to lessen the frequency of that complaint, even in those climates that have been once the most afflicted with it.

[* Linnaeus in several parts of his work confirms what is here said of salted meats, as one of the chief causes of the scurvy. See Amoenitat. Acad. vol. v. p. 6. et seq. p. 42.]

It hath also been asserted, that men living on shore will be affected with the scurvy, though they have never been confined to salted meats; but of this I have never known any instance, except in those who breathed a marshy air, or what was otherwise putrid, and who wanted exercise, fruits, and green vegetables: under such circumstances it must be granted, that the humours will corrupt in the same manner, though not in the same degree, with those of mariners. Thus, in the late war, when Sisinghurst Castle in Kent was filled with French prisoners, the scurvy broke out among them, notwithstanding they had never been served with salted victuals in England; but had daily had an allowance of fresh meat, and of bread in proportion, though without greens or any other vegetable. The surgeon who attended them, and from whom I received this information, having formerly been employed in the navy, was the better able to judge of the disorder and to cure it. Besides the deficiency of herbs, he observed that the wards were foul and crowded, the house damp (from a moat that surrounded it) and that the bounds allotted for taking the air were so small, and in wet weather so sloughy, that the men seldom went out. He added, that a representation having been made, he had been empowered to furnish the prisoners with roots and greens for boiling in their soup, and to quarter the sick in a neighbouring village in a dry situation, with liberty to go out for air and exercise; and that by these means they had all quickly recovered. It is probable, that the scurvy sooner appeared among these strangers, from their having been taken at sea, and consequently more disposed to the disease. My informer further acquainted me, that in the lower and wetter parts of that county, where some of his practice lay, he had now and then met with slighter cases of the scurvy among the common people; such, he said, as lived the whole winter on salted bacon, without fermented liquors, greens, or fruit, a few apples excepted; but, he remarked, that in the winters following a plentiful growth of apples, those peasants were visibly less liable to the disorder.

I have dwelt the longer on this part of my subject, as I look upon the knowledge of the nature and cause of the scurvy to be an essential step towards improving the means of prevention and cure. And I am persuaded, after mature reflection, and the opportunities I have had of conversing with those who, to much sagacity, had joined no small experience in nautical practice, that upon an examination of the several articles, which have either been of old approven, or have of late been introduced into the navy, it will be evident, that though these means may vary in form, and in their mode of operating; yet they all some way contribute towards preventing or correcting putrefaction, whether of the air in the closer parts of a ship, of the meats, of the water, of the clothes and bedding, or of the body itself. And if in this inquiry (which may be made by the way, whilst we take a review of the principal articles of provision, and other methods used by Captain Cook to guard against the scurvy) I say, if in this inquiry it shall appear, that the notion of a septic or putrid origin, is not without foundation, it will be no small encouragement to proceed on that principle, in order further to improve this important branch of medicine.

Captain Cook begins his list of stores with malt. Of this, he says, was made Sweet Wort, and given not only to those men who had manifest symptoms of the scurvy, but to such also as were judged to be most liable to it. Dr. Macbride, who first suggested this preparation, was led (as he says) to the discovery by some experiments that had been laid before this Society; by which it appeared that the air produced by alimentary fermentation was endowed with a power of correcting putrefaction*. The fact he confirmed by numerous trials, and finding this fluid to be _fixed air_, he justly concluded, that whatever substance proper for food abounded with it, and which could be conveniently carried to sea, would make one of the best provisions against the scurvy; which he then considered as a putrid disease, and as such to be prevented or cured by that powerful kind of antiseptic**. Beer, for instance, had always been esteemed one of the best antiscorbutics; but as that derived all its fixed air from the malt of which it is made, he inferred that malt itself was preferable in long voyages, as it took up less room than the brewed liquor, and would keep longer found. Experience hath since verified this ingenious theory, and the malt hath now gained so much credit in the navy, that there only wanted so long, so healthful, and so celebrated a voyage as this, to rank it among the most indispensable articles of provision. For though Captain Cook remarks, that _A proper attention to other things must be joined, and that he is not altogether of opinion, that the wort will be able to cure the scurvy in an advanced state at sea; yet he is persuaded that it is sufficient to prevent that distemper from making any great progress, for a considerable time_; and therefore he doth not hesitate to pronounce it _one of the best antiscorbutic medicines yet found out***.

[* Append. to my _Observations on the Diseases of the Army_.]

[** Macbride's Exper. Eff. passim.]

[*** Having been favoured with a sight of the medical journal of Mr. Patten, surgeon to the Resolution, I read the following passage in it, not a little strengthening the above testimony. _I have found the wort of the utmost service in all scorbutic cases during the voyage. As many took it by way of prevention, few cases occurred where it had a fair trial; but theft, however, I flatter myself, will he sufficient to convince every impartial person, that it is the best remedy hitherto found out for the cure of the sea scurvy: and I am well convinced, from what I have seen the wort perform, and from its mode of operation, that if aided by portable-soup, sour krout, sugar, sago, and courants, then scurvy, that maritime pestilence, will seldom or never make its alarming appearance among a ship's crew, on the longest voyages; proper care with regard to cleanliness and provisions being observed_.]

This salutary gas (or _fixed air_) is contained more or less in all fermentable liquors, and begins to oppose putrefaction as soon as the working or intestine motion commences.

In wine it abounds, and perhaps no vegetable substance is more replete with it than the juice of the grape. If we join the grateful taste of wine, we must rank it the first in the list of antiscorbutic liquors. Cyder is likewise good, with other vinous productions from fruit, as also the various kinds of beer. It hath been a constant observation, that in long cruizes or distant voyages, the scurvy is never seen whilst the small-beer holds out, at a full allowance; but that when it is all expended, that ailment soon appears. It were therefore to be wished, that this most wholesome beverage could be renewed at sea; but our ships afford not sufficient convenience. The Russians however make a shift to prepare on board, as well as at land, a liquor of a middle quality between wort and small-beer, in the following manner. They take ground-malt and rye-meal in a certain proportion, which they knead into small loaves, and bake in the oven. These they occasionally infuse in a proper quantity of warm water, which begins so soon to ferment, that in the space of twenty-four hours their brewage is completed, in the production of a small, brisk, and acidulous liquor, they call _quas_, palatable to themselves, and not disagreeable to the taste of strangers. The late Dr. Mounsey, fellow of this Society, who had lived long in Russia, and had been _Archiater_ under two successive sovereigns, acquainted me, that the _quas_ was the common and wholesome drink both of the fleets and armies of that empire, and that it was particularly good against the scurvy. He added, that happening to be at Moscow when he perused my _Observations on the Jail and Hospital Fever_, then lately published*, he had been induced to compare what he read in that treatise with what he should see in the several prisons of that large city: but to his surprize, after visiting them all, and finding them full of malefactors (for the late Empress then suffered none of those who were convicted of capital crimes to be put to death) yet he could discover no fever among them, nor learn that any acute distemper peculiar to jails had ever been known there. He observed, that some of those places of confinement had a yard, into which the prisoners were allowed to come for the air; but that there were others without that advantage, yet not sickly: so that he could assign no other reason for the healthful condition of those men than the kind of diet they used, which was the same with that of the common people of the country; who not being able to purchase fresh-meat, live mostly on rye-bread (the most acescent of any) and drink _quas_. He concluded with saying, that upon his return to St. Petersburg he had made the same inquiry there, and with the same result.

[* That treatise was first published by itself, and afterwards incorporated with the _Observations on the Diseases of the Army_.]

Thus far Dr. Mounsey, from whose account it would seem, that the rye-meal assisted both in quickening the fermentation and adding more _fixed air_, since the malt alone could not so readily produce so tart and brisk a liquor. And there is little doubt but that whenever the other grains can be brought to a proper degree of fermentation, they will more or less in the same way become useful. That oats will, I am satisfied from what I have been told by one of the intelligent friends of Captain Cook. This gentleman being on a cruize in a large ship*, in the beginning of the late war, and the scurvy breaking out among his crew, he bethought him self of a kind of food he had seen used in some parts of the country, as the most proper on the occasion. Some oatmeal is put into a wooden vessel, hot water is poured upon it, and the infusion continues until the liquor begins to taste sourish, that is, till a fermentation comes on, which in a place moderately warm, may be in the space of two days. The water is then poured off from the grounds, and boiled down to the consistence of a jelly**. This he ordered to be made and dealt out in messes, being first sweetened with sugar, and seasoned with some prize French wine, which though turned sour, yet improved the taste, and made this aliment not less palatable than medicinal.

He assured me, that upon this diet chiefly, and by abstaining from salted meats, his scorbutic sick had quite recovered on board; and not in that voyage only, bur, by the same means, in his subsequent cruizes during the war, without his being obliged to send one of them on shore because they could not get well at sea. Yet oat-meal unfermented, like barley unmalted, hath no sensible effect in curing the scurvy: as if the fixed air, which is incorporated with these grains, could mix with the chyle which they produce, enter the lacteals, and make part of the nourishment of the body, without manifesting any elastic or antiseptic quality, when not loosened by a previous fermentation.

[* The Essex, a seventy-gun ship.]

[** This rural food, in the North, is called Sooins.]

Before the power of the _fixed air_ in subduing putrefaction was known, the efficacy of fruits, greens, and fermented liquors, was commonly ascribed to the acid in their composition and we have still reason to believe that the acid concurs in operating that effect. If it be alleged that mineral acids, which contain little or no _fixed air_, have been tried in the scurvy with little success, I would answer, that I doubt that in those trials they have never been sufficiently diluted; for it is easy to conceive, that in the small quantity of water the elixir of vitriol, for instance, is commonly given, that austere acid can scarce get beyond the first passages; considering the delicate sensibility of the mouths of the lacteals, which must force them to shut and exclude so pungent a liquor. It were therefore a proper experiment to be made, in a deficiency of malt, or when that grain shall happen to be spoilt by keeping*, to use water acidulated with the spirit of sea-salt, in the proportion of only ten drops to a quart; or with the weak spirit of vitriol, thirteen drops to the same measure**; and to give to those that are threatened with the disease three quarts of this liquor daily, to be consumed as they shall think proper.

[* Captain Cook told me, that the malt held out sufficiently good for the two first years; but that in the third, having lost much of its taste, he doubted whether it retained any of its virtues. Mr. Patten however observed, that though the malt at that time was sensibly decayed, yet nevertheless he had still found it useful when he employed a large proportion of it to make the infusion.]

[** In these proportions I found the water taste just acidulous and pleasant.]

But if the _fixed air_ and acids are such preservatives against the scurvy, why should Captain Cook make so little account of the _rob_ of lemons and of oranges (for so they have called the extracts or inspissated juices of those fruits) in treating that distemper? This I found was the reason. These preparations being only sent out upon trial, the surgeon of the ship was told, at a conjecture, how much he might give for a dose, but without strictly limiting it. The experiment was made with the quantity specified, but with so little advantage, that judging it not adviseable to lose more time, he set about the cure with the wort only, whereof the efficacy he was certain; whilst he reserved these robs for other purposes; more particularly for colds, when, to a large draught of warm water, with some spirits and sugar, he added a spoonful of one of them, and with this composition made a grateful sudorific that answered the intention. No wonder then if Captain Cook, not knowing the proper dose of these concentrated juices for the scurvy, but feeing them fail as they were given in the trial, should entertain no great opinion of their antiscorbutic virtue. It may be also proper to take notice, that as they had been reduced to a small proportion of their bulk by evaporation upon fire, it is probable, they were much weakened by that process, and that with their aqueous parts they had lost not a little of their aerial, on which so much of their antiseptic power depended. If, therefore, a further trial of these excellent fruits were to be made, it would seem more adviseable to send to sea the purified juices entire in casks; agreeably to a proposal I find hath been made to the Admiralty some years ago by an ingenious and experienced surgeon of the navy. For in truth, the testimonies in favour of the salutary qualities of these acids are so numerous and so strong, that I should look upon some failures, even in cases where their want of success cannot so well be accounted for, as in this voyage, not a sufficient reason for striking them out of the list of the most powerful preservatives against this consuming malady of sailors.

It may be observed, that Captain Cook says not more in praise of vinegar than of the _robs_; yet I would not thence infer that he made no account of that acid, but only that as he happened in this voyage to be sparingly provided with it and yet did well, he could not consider a large store of vinegar to be so material an article of provision as was commonly imagined. And though he supplied its place in the messes of the men with the acid of the sour-crout, and trusted chiefly to fire for purifying his decks, yet it is to be hoped that future navigators will not therefore omit it. Vinegar will serve at least for a wholesome variety in the seasoning of salted meats, and may be sometimes successfully used as a medicine, especially in the aspersions of the berths of the sick. It is observable, that though the smell be little grateful to a person in health, yet it is commonly agreeable to those who are sick, at least to such as are confined to a foul and crowded ward. There the physician himself will smell to vinegar, as much for pleasure as for guarding against infection.

Now the wort and the acid juices were only dispensed as medicines, but the next article was of more extensive use. This was the Sour-Crout (sour cabbage), a food of universal request in Germany. The acidity is acquired by its spontaneous fermentation, and it was the sour taste which made it the more acceptable to all who ate it. To its further commendation we may add, that it held out good to the 1ast of the voyage.

It may seem strange, that though this herb hath had so high encomiums bestowed upon it by the ancients (witness what Cato the elder and Pliny the Naturalist say on the subject), and hath had the sanction of the experience of nations for ages, it should yet be disapproved of by some of the most distinguished medical writers of our times. One finds it yield a rank smell in decoction, which he confounds with that of putrefaction. Another analyzes it, and discovers so much gross air in the composition as to render it indigestible; yet this flatulence, so much decryed, must now be acknowledged to be the _fixed air_, which makes the cabbage so wholesome when fermented. Nay it hath been traduced by one of the most celebrated physicians of our age, as partaking of a poisonous nature: nor much better founded was that notion of the same illustrious professor, that cabbage being an alcalescent plant, and therefore disposing to putrefaction, could never be used in the scurvy, except when the disease proceeded from an acid. But the experiments which I formerly laid before the Society evinced this vegetable, with the rest of the supposed alcalescents, to be really acescent; and proved that the scurvy is never owing to acidity, but, much otherwise, to a species of putrefaction; that very cause, of which the ill-grounded class of alcalescents was supposed to be a promoter*.

[* See this remark more at large, in my Observations on the Diseases of the Army, App. Pap. 7.]

Among other of the late improvements of the naval stores we have heard much of the Portable-Soup, and accordingly we find that Captain Cook hath not a little availed himself of it in his voyage. This concentrated broth being freed from all fat, and having by long boiling evaporated the most putrescent parts of the meat, is reduced to the consistence of a glue, which in effect it is, and will, like other glues, in a dry place, keep sound for years together. It hath been said, that broths turn sour on keeping, though made without any vegetable*. Now, whether any real acid can be thus formed or not, I incline at least to believe that the gelatinous parts of animal substances, such as compose these cakes, are not of a nature much disposed to putrefy. But however that may be, since Captain Cook observes, that this soup was the means of making his people eat a greater quantity of greens than they would have done otherwise, in so far we must allow it to have been virtually antiseptic.

[* La feule matiere qui s'aigriffe dans le sang est la matiere gelatincuse, etc. Senac, Structure du Coeur, 1. iii. ch. 4. para. 5.]

So much for those articles that have of late been supplied to all the king's ships on long voyages, and in which therefore our worthy brother claims no other merit than the prudent dispensation of them; but what follows being regulations either wholly new, or improven hints from some of his experienced friends, we may justly appropriate them to himself.

First then, he put his people at three watches, instead of two, which last is the general practice at sea; that is, he divided the whole crew into three companies, and by putting each company upon the watch by turns, four hours at a time, every man had eight hours free, for four of duty: whereas at watch and watch, the half of the men being on duty at once, with returns of it every four hours, they can have but broken sleep, and when exposed to wet, they have not time to get dry before they lie down. When the service requires it, such hardships must be endured; but when there is no pressing call, ought not a mariner to be refreshed with as much uninterrupted rest as a common day-labourer?

I am well informed, that an officer distinguishes himself in nothing more than in preserving his men from wet and the other injuries of the weather. These were most essential points with this humane commander. In the torrid zone he shaded his people from the scorching sun by an awning over his deck, and in his course under the antarctic circle he had a coat provided for each man, of a substantial woollen stuff, with the addition of a hood for covering their heads. This garb (which the sailors called their Magellan jacket) they occasionally wore, and found it more comfortable for working in rain and snow, and among the broken ice in the high latitudes of the South.

Let us proceed to another article, one of the most material, the care to guard against putrefaction, by keeping clean the persons, the cloaths, bedding, and berths of the sailors. The Captain acquainted me, that regularly, one morning in the week, he passed his ship's company in review, and saw that every man had changed his linen, and was in other points as clean and neat as circumstances would permit. It is well known how much cleanliness is conducive to health, but it is not so obvious how much it also tends to good order and other virtues. That diligent officer was persuaded (nor was perhaps the observation new) that such men as he could induce to be more cleanly than they were disposed to be of themselves, became at the same time more sober, more orderly, and more attentive to their duty. It must be acknowledged that a seaman has but indifferent means to keep himself clean, had he the greatest inclination to do it; for I have not heard that commanders of ships have yet availed themselves of the _still_ for providing fresh water for washing; and it is well known that sea-water doth not mix with soap, and that linen wet with brine never thoroughly dries. But for Captain Cook, the frequent opportunities he had of taking in water among the islands of the South-Sea, enabled him in that tract to dispense to his ship's company some fresh water for every use; and when he navigated in the high latitudes of the Southern Oceans, he still more abundantly provided them with it, as you will find by the sequel of this discourse.

Of the hammocks and bedding I need say little, as all officers are now sensible, how much it concerns the health of their people to have this part of a ship's furniture kept dry and well-aired; since by the perspiration of so many men, every thing below, even in the space of twenty-four hours, is apt to contract an offensive moisture. But Captain Cook was not satisfied with ordering upon deck the hammocks and bedding every day that was fair (the common method) but took care that every bundle should be unlashed, and so spread out, that every part of it might be exposed to the air.

His next concern was to see to the purity of the ship itself, without which attention all the rest would have profited little. I shall not however detain you with the orders about washing and scraping the decks, as I do not understand that in this kind of cleansing he excelled others; but since our author has laid so great a stress upon _Fire_, as a purifier, I shall endeavour to explain the way of using it, more fully than he has done in his Paper. Some wood, and that not sparingly, being put into a proper stove or grate, is lighted, and carried successively to every part below deck. Wherever fire is, the air nearest to it being heated becomes specifically lighter, and by being lighter rises, and passes through the hatchways into the atmosphere. The vacant space is filled with the cold air around, and that being heated in its turn, in like manner ascends, and is replaced by other air as before. Thus, by continuing the fire for some time, in any of the lower apartments, the foul air is in a good measure driven out, and the fresh admitted. This is not all: I apprehend that the acid steams of the wood, in burning, act here as an antiseptic and correct the corrupted air that remains.

An officer of distinguished rank, another of Captain Cook's experienced friends, mentioned to me a common and just observation in the fleet, which was, that all the old twenty-gun ships were remarkably less sickly than those of the same size of a modern construction. This, he said, was a circumstance he could not otherwise account for, than, by the former having their _galley_* in the fore-part of the _orlop_**, the chimney vented so ill, that it was sure to fill every part with smoke whenever the wind was a-stern. This was a nuisance for the time, but, as he thought, abundantly compensated by the extraordinary good health of the several crews. Possibly those fire-places were also beneficial, by drying and ventilating the lower decks, more when they were below, than they can do now that they are placed under the fore-castle upon the upper deck.

[* Their fire-place or kitchen.]

[** The deck immediately above the hold.]

But the most obvious use of the portable fires was their drying up the moisture, and especially in those places where there was the least circulation of air. This humidity, composed of the perspirable matter of a multitude of men, and often of animals (kept for a live-flock) and of the steams of the bilge water from the well, where the corruption is the greatest; this putrid moisture, I say, being one of the main sources of the scurvy, was therefore more particularly attended to, in order to its removal. The fires were the powerful instrument for that purpose, and whilst they burned, some men were employed in rubbing hard, with canvass or oakum, every part of the inside of the ship that was damp and accessible. But the advantage of fire appears no where so manifest as in cleansing the well; for this being in the lowest part of the hold, the whole leakage runs into it, whether of the ship itself, or of the casks of spoilt meats or corrupted water. The mephitic vapours, from this sink alone, have often been the cause of instantaneous death to those who have unwarily approached to clean it; and not to one only, but to several successively, when they have gone down to succour their unfortunate companions: yet this very place has not only been rendered safe but sweet, by means of an iron pot filled with fire and let down to burn in it.

When, from the circumstances of the weather, this salutary operation could not take place, the ship was fumigated with gun-powder, as described in the Paper; though that smoke could have no effect in drying, but only in remedying the corruption of the air, by means of the acid spirits from the sulphur and nitre, aided perhaps by some species of an aerial fluid, then disengaged from the fuel, to counteract putrefaction. But as these purifications by gun-powder, as well as by burning tar and other resinous substances, are sufficiently known, I shall not insist longer on them here.

Among the several means of sweetening or renewing the air, we should expect to hear of Dr. Hales's _Ventilator_. I must confess it was my expectation, and therefore, persuaded as I was of the excellence of the invention, it was not without much regret that I saw so good an opportunity lost, of giving the same favourable impression of it to the Public. If a degree of success, exceeding our most sanguine hopes, is not sufficient for justifying the omission of a measure, deemed one of the most essential for attaining an end, I would plead in favour of our worthy brother, that by a humiliating fatality, so often accompanying the most useful discoveries, the credit of this ventilator is yet far from being firmly established in the navy. What wonder then, if Captain Cook being so much otherwise taken up, should not have had time to examine it, and therefore avoided the encumbering his ship with an apparatus, he had possibly never seen used, and of which he had at best received but a doubtful character? Nor was he altogether unprovided with a machine for ventilation. He had the _Wind-Sails_, though he hath not mentioned them in his Paper, and he told me that he had found them at times very serviceable, and particularly between the Tropics. They have the merit of taking up little room, they require no labour in working, and the contrivance is so simple that they can sail in no hands. But their powers are small in comparison with those of the ventilator; they cannot be put up in hard gales of wind, and they are of no efficacy in dead calms, when a refreshment of the air is most wanted. Should there be any objection to the employing both?

Such were the measures taken by our sagacious Navigator for procuring a purity of air. It remains only to see in what manner he supplied pure water; another article of so great moment, that the thirsty voyager, upon his salt and putrid diet, with a short allowance of this element, and that in a corrupted Rate, must account a plentiful provision of fresh water to be indeed the _best of things_.

Captain Cook was not without an apparatus for distilling sea-water, and though he could not obtain nearly so much as was expected from the invention, yet he sometimes availed himself of it; but for the most of his voyage he was otherwise provided. Within the Southern Tropic, in the Pacific Ocean, he found so many islands, and those so well stored with springs, that, as I have hinted before, he seldom was without a sufficiency of fresh water for every useful purpose. But not satisfied with plenty, he would have the purest; and therefore whenever an opportunity offered, he emptied what he had taken in but a few days before, and filled his casks anew. But was he not above four months in his passage from the Cape of Good Hope to New Zeeland, in the frozen zone of the South, without once seeing land? and did he not actually complete his circumnavigation, in that high latitude, without the benefit of a single fountain? Here was indeed a _wonder of the Deep_! I may call it the _Romance of his Voyage_! Those very shoals, fields, and floating mountains of ice, among which he steered his perilous course, and which presented such terrifying prospects of destruction; those, I say, were the very means of his support, by supplying him abundantly with what he most wanted. It had been said that those stupendous masses of ice, called _islands_ or _mountains_, melted into fresh water, though Crantz, the relator of that paradox, did not imagine they originated from the sea, but that they were first formed in the great rivers of the North, and being carried down into the ocean, were afterwards increased to that amazing height by the snow that fell upon them*. But that all frozen sea-water would thaw into fresh, had either never been asserted, or had met with little credit. This is certain that Captain Cook expected no such transmutation, and therefore was agreeably surprised to find he had one difficulty less to encounter, that of preserving the health of his men so long on salt-provisions, with a scanty allowance of corrupted water, or what he could procure by distillation The melted ice of the sea was not only fresh but soft, and so wholesome, as to show the fallacy of human reason unsupported by experiments. An ancient of great authority had assigned, from theory, bad qualities to melted snow; and from that period to the present times, this prejudice extended to ice had not been quite removed.

[* Hist. of Greenland, b. I. ch, ii. para 11, 12.]

In this circumnavigation, amidst sleets and falls of snow, fogs, and much moist weather, the _Resolution_ enjoyed nearly the same good state of health she had done in the temperate and torrid zones. It appears only from the journal of the Surgeon, that towards the end of the first course* some of the crew began to complain of the scurvy; but the disease made little progress, except in one who had become early an invalid from another cause. The other disorders were likewise inconsiderable, such as common colds, slight diarrhoeas, and intermittents that readily yielded to the Bark: there were also some fevers of a continued form, but which by timely care never rose to an alarming height. Much commendation is therefore due to the attention and abilities of Mr. PATTEN, the Surgeon of the _Resolution_, for having so well seconded his Captain in the discharge of his duty. For it must be allowed, that in despite of the best regulations and the best provisions, there will always be among a numerous crew, during a long voyage, some casualties more or less productive of sickness; and that unless there be an intelligent medical assistant on board, many under the wisest Commander will perish, that otherwise might have been saved.

[* Viz. The voyage between the Cape of Good Hope and New Zealand.]

These, Gentlemen, are the reflections I had to lay before you on this interesting subject; and if I have encroached on your time, you will recollect that much of my discourse hath been employed in explaining some things but just mentioned by Captain Cook, and in adding other materials, which I had procured partly from himself, and partly, after his departure, from those intelligent friends he alludes to in his Paper. This was my plan; which, as I have now executed, you will please to return your thanks to those gentlemen, who, on your account, so cheerfully communicated to me their observations.

As to your acknowledgments to Captain Cook, and your high opinion of his deserts, you will best testify them by the honourable distinction suggested by your Council, in presenting him with this medal: for I need not gather your suffrages, since the attention with which you have favoured me hath abundantly expressed your approbation. My satisfaction therefore had been complete, had he himself been present to receive the honours you now confer upon him. But you are apprized that our brave and indefatigable Brother is at this instant far removed from us, anticipating, I may say, your wonted request on these occasions, by continuing his labours for the advancement of Natural Knowledge, and for the honour of this Society: as you may be assured, that the object of his new enterprize is not less great, perhaps still greater than either of the former.

Allow me then, GENTLEMEN, to deliver this medal, with his unperishing name engraven upon it, into the hands of one who will be happy to receive that trust, and to know that this respectable Body never more cordially nor more meritoriously bestowed that faithful symbol of their esteem and affection. For if Rome decreed the _Civic Crown_ to him who saved the life of a single citizen, what wreaths are due to that Man, who, having himself saved many, perpetuates in your Transactions the means by which Britain may now, on the most distant voyages, preserve numbers of her intrepid sons, her Mariners; who, braving every danger, have so liberally contributed to the fame, to the opulence, and to the maritime empire, of their Country*.

[* Here followed Captain Cook's Paper, which was presented to the Society, and is inserted in part 2. vol. 1xvi. of the Philosophical Transactions; but as the Substance of that Publication is now contained in the last pages of Captain Cook's Voyage, it was judged unnecessary to repeat it here. The only material circumstance of Captain Cook's communication to the Society, omitted in his journal, is the following Extract of a Letter which he wrote to the President, just before his late embarkation, dated _Plymouth Sound_, July 7, 1776; and is as follows:

"I entirely agree with you, that the dearness of the Rob of lemons, and of oranges, will hinder them from being furnished in large quantities; but I do not think this so necessary, for though they may assist other things, I have no great opinion of them alone. Nor have I a higher opinion of vinegar: my people had it very sparingly during the late voyage; and towards the latter part, none at all; and yet we experienced no ill effects from the want of it. The custom of washing the inside of the ship with vinegar I seldom observed, thinking that fire and smoke answered the purpose much better."]

END OF VOLUME II.