Chapter 3

[Sidenote: vii.] From the not liuinge to the not liuynge. The wordes flewe oute of hys mouth. He is good for a greue wounde.

[Sidenote: Catachresis.] _Abusio_, when for a certeyne and proper worde, we abuse a lyke, or that is nie vnto it, as when we say: longe counsel, lytle talke, smal matter. Here maye we soone perceyue that by abusion wee take wordes that be somwhat nye, whych property do belong to vnlyke thinges.

[Sidenote: Metalepsis.] _Transsumptio_, Transs[um]pcion, is when by degrees we go to y^t that is shewed as: he hyd hym selfe in the blacke dennes. By blacke is vnderstand ful of darkenes & consequently stepe downe and verye depe.

[Sidenote: Metonomia.] _Metonomya_, Transnominacion, when a worde that hathe a proper significacion of hys owne, beynge referred to another thing, hath another: & this is done diuerse waies.

[Sidenote: i.] When the chiefe master or doar of a thyng is put for y^e thing it self, as: Put vpon you the Lorde Iesus Christ. Also: you play Iudas w^t me.

[Sidenote: ii.] When the place, or that that cõteineth, is put for the thyng that is in it, as: All the round earthe prayseth God. Oxforth (some say) hath not forsaken all popery, for the studentes therin.

[Sidenote: iii.] When that that is conteyned is put for that that doth conteine, as: The fryer Austens is goodly buylded, for y^e house wher y^e fryers wer.

[Sidenote: iiii.] When the doer is put for that y^t is done, as: God brought the Israelites out of Egypte wyth a stretched out arme, and stronge hande. Also: Is gods hand drawen in? for power and strength.

[Sidenote: v.] When y^t is done is put for y^e doer.

[Sidenote: Synecdoche.] _Intellectio_, Intelleccion wh[en] one thyng is vnderstand by another y^t is of the same maner and kynd, and this is done many wayes.

[Sidenote: i.] When of the whole is vnderstãd a parte, as: Abraham set a calfe before them, for calues fleshe.

[Sidenote: ii.] By a parte the whole, as: He receyued the stra[un]gers vnder the succour of hys house rofe, for into hys house.

[Sidenote: iii.] By one many, as: The Frenchemã in y^e batail had the ouerthrow.

[Sidenote: iiii.] By a kynd y^e general, as: If thou se thyne enemies Asse fal vnder his burden, for cattell.

[Sidenote: v.] By the general the kynd: Eue the mother of al liuing things, for of al m[en]: Preach to al creaturs, to al m[en]

[Sidenote: vi.] By that goeth before, the thynge that foloweth, as: He set hys spurres to hys horse, for he rode a pace, or fled faste awaye.

[Sidenote: vii.] By that y^t foloweth, the thinge wente before, as: I got it wyth the swete of my face, for w^t my labour.

[Sidenote: viii.] By the matter, y^e thynge that is made of it, as: Fleshe and bloude shewed the not it.

¶ [Sidenote: ix.] By the signe, y^e thyng y^t is signified as: Lo, naw the toppe of the chymneyes in the villages smoke a farre of: wherby Vyrgyl signifieth night to be at hande.

[Sidenote: Pronominacio.] _Antonomasia_ is, whych for y^e proper name putteth some other word: As: the Archebyshop confuted the errour, for Cranmer. The Philosopher lyed that the worlde was eternall, for Aristotle. The Apostle sayeth wee be iustified by faythe, for Paule.

[Sidenote: Periphrasis.] _Circuicio_, is a larger descripcion eyther to garnyshe it, or if it bee foule to hyde it, or if it be bryefe to make it more playn: by etimology, by sygnes, by definicion. ¶ Example of the fyrste: The prouid[en]ce of Scipio ouerthrew y^e might of Carthage. Here saue onlye for garnyshyng sake he myghte haue sayde playnlye: Scipio ouerthrew Carthage. Of the nexte: When Saule was doyng his busines, Dauid might haue killed hym. Doyng hys busines, ye wot what it meaneth. Of y^e thyrd, you haue the larger exposicions vpon the Gospels called by the name of thys figure.

By Etymologie or shewyng the reasõ of the name. Well maye he be called a parasite, for a parasite is y^t loueth other because of his meat.

By sygnes, as when by certeine notes, we describe anye thynge, as if a man vnderstãdyng anger wyll saye that it is the boylynge of the mynde, or color whych bryngeth in palenes into the co[un]tena[un]ce, fiersenes of the eies, and tr[em]blyng in the members.

By destincion. The arte of well indyghting, for Rethorique.

The second parte of Trope.

_Allegoria_, the seconde parte of Trope is an inuersion of wordes, where it is one in wordes, and another in sentence or meanynge.

[Sidenote: Aenigma.] _Sermo obscurus_, a riddle or darke allegorie, as: The halfe is more th[en] the hole.

[Sidenote: Paremia.] _Adagium_, a sayinge muche vsed and notable for some noueltye, as: The wolfe is in our tale.

[Sidenote: Ironia.] _Dissimulatio_, is a mockyng whiche is not perceiued by the wordes but eyther by the pron[un]ciacion, or by the behaueour of the person or by the nature of the thyng, as You are an honest man in deede.

[Sidenote: Sarcasmus.] _Amara irrisio_, is a bitter sporting & mocke of our enemye, of a maner of iestyng or scoffinge bytynglye, a nyppyng tawnte, as: The Iewes saide to Christ, he saued other, but he could not saue hym selfe.

[Sidenote: Astysmus.] _Festiua urbanitas_, is a certen mery conceyted speakyng, as on a tyme a mery felow metynge w^t one that had a very whyte head, axed him if he had lyen in the snowe al nyght.

[Sidenote: Mycterismus.] _Subsannatio_, a skornyng by some iesture of the face, as by wrythinge the nose, putting out the tonge, pottyng, or suche lyke.

[Sidenote: Antiphrasis.] _Dictio cõtrari[um] significans_, when the mock is in a worde by a contrarye sence, as when we call a fustilugges, a minion.

[Sidenote: Charientismus.] _Graciosa nugatio_, when wordes roughly spok[en] be molified by pleasaunt wordes: as when we saye to hym that threatneth vs: I praye you be good master to me.

The fyrst order of the figures Rethoricall.

[Sidenote: Epanaphora] _Repeticio_, repeticion, when in lyke and diuerse thynges, we take our begynnyng cõtinually at one & the selfe same word, thus: To you this thyng is to be ascribed, to you thanke is to be geuen, to you thys thynge shal be honour. In this exornacion is much plesantnes, grauitie, and sharpnes, & it is much vsed of al oratours, & notably setteth oute, and garnysheth the oracion.

[Sidenote: Antistrophe.] _Conuersio_, conuersion is whych taketh not hys begynnynges at al one and the same worde, but w^t all one worde styll closeth vp the sentence, & it is contrary to that other before, as: Sence the time y^e cõcord was tak[en] awaye from the citie, lyberty was tak[en] awai: fidelity was tak[en] away: fr[en]ship was tak[en] away.

[Sidenote: Symploce.] _Cõplexio_, complexion cõpriseth both two exornacions, both this, & that whych we declared before, y^t both all one fyrste worde shulde be oft[en] repeted, & we shuld turne often to all one laste word, as: Who toke Sedechias prisoner, & put out both hys eyes? Nabuchodonozer. Who put Daniell and hys felowes into the burnyng furnace? Nabuchodonozer. Who was transformed frõ a man into a beast, & eate haye wyth oxen? Nabuchodonozer.

[Sidenote: Anadiplosis.] _Reduplicatio_, is a continent rehearsyng agayne of all one worde, or wordes, for the more vehemence, and some affect of the mynde. Cicero agaynst Catiline. Yet he liueth, liueth: yea commeth also into the counsel house. It is thou, it is thou that troublest all the houshold. ¶ Also, dareste thou nowe come into our syght, y^e traitour of thy cõtrei? Thou traitour I say of thy contrei, darest thou come into oure syght?

[Sidenote: Epanodus.] _Traduccio_, Traduccion is, whyche maketh that wh[en] all one word is oftentymes vsed, that yet it doth not onlye not displease the mynde, but also make y^e oracion more trim in this wyse: Suffer ryches to belonge to riche men, but prefer thou vertue before ryches. For if y^u wylt compare ryches wyth vertue, thou shalte scarse thynke them meete to be called ryches, whych ar but hãdmaydens to vertue. Also, we are vnto God the swete sauour of Christ. To the one part are we the sauour of death vnto deathe, and vnto the other part are we the sauour of lyfe vnto lyfe .ii.Cor.ii.

[Sidenote: Sinonimia] _Nominis cõmunio_, cõmunion of the word, when we renewe not the selfe same worde by rehearsyng agayn, but chaunge that that is put wyth an other word of the same valewe, thus: Thou hast ouerthrowen the comon wealth euen from the foundacion, and cast downe the citye, euen from the roote. The iuste man shall floryshe as the palme tre, and shall be multiplyed as the Ceder tre. Cicero for .Q. Ligarius. ¶ Whose syde wolde that poynte of thy swerd haue pricked? what meaned thy weapons? what was thy mynde? what meante thyne eyes? handes, that burning of thy mynd? what desiredst y^u? what wyshedste thou? Lytle differeth thys figure from the other before, only because the wordes be cha[un]ged, the sent[en]ce remayning.

[Sidenote: Sinathrismus.] _Frequentacio_, frequentacion is, when the thynges that be dispersed thorowout all the cause, are gathered together into one place that y^e oracion shulde be the wayghtier, & rebukefuller, thus: What faute is he without? why shuld you O Iudges be mynded to deliuer hym? He is an harlot of hys owne bodye, he lyeth in wayte for others, gredy, intemperate, wanton, proud, vnnatural to his parentes, vnkynd to hys frindes, troubleous to hys kynsefolke, stubborn to hys betters, dysdaynful to his equals, cruel to hys inferiours, finally, intollerable to all men.

[Sidenote: Epiphonesis.] _Exclamacio_, exclamaciõ is, whiche sheweth the signification of sorowe, or of anger, by callyng vpon eyther a man, a place, or a thynge? Cicero in hys oratour: O deceitful hope of men, and frayle fortune: & our vayne contencions, whych oft[en] tymes are broken in the myd way, rushe downe, and in the fal ar quite ouerthrowen before they can se the hauen. Hereunto belõgeth expectaciõ, obtestaciõ, wishyng, rebuking.

[Sidenote: Areia.] _Execracio_, execracion: O fye vpon Idolatry, that taketh away the honoure due vnto God alone, and geueth it to synfull creatures, and Images made by mans hand.

[Sidenote: Deesis.] _Obtestacio_, obtestacion, wh[en] for God, or for mannes sake we vehemently desyre to haue any thynge. As Cicero for Publius Sestius: O I praye you, & for the Gods sakes most herteli besech you, y^t as it was your wylles to saue me, so you wyl vouchsaf to saue th[em] thorew whose helpe you receiued me agayne.

[Sidenote: Euche.] _Votum_, wyshynge: O wolde God that the adulterer had bene drowned in the ragyng sea, whan wyth hys nauye of shyppes he sayled to Lacedemonia.

[Sidenote: Epiplexis] _Increpacio_, Cicero agaynst Catiline: Thynkest thou that thy counselles are not knowen? and that we knowe not what thou dyddest the laste nyghte? and what the nyghte before?

[Sidenote: Erotesis.] _Interrogacio_, Euerye interrogaciõ is not of grauity, neither yet a Scheme, but thys whyche when those thinges be rehearsed vp whiche hurte oure aduersaryes cause, strengthneth that thynge that is gone before, thus seynge then that he spake all these wordes, and dyd all these thynges, whether dyd he put away our felowes myndes frõ the cõmon wealthe or not?

[Sidenote: Erotema.] _Raciocinatio_, raciocinacion is, by the whych we our selues axe a reason of oure selfe, wherefore euerye thynge shulde be spoken, & that oftentymes we demaund of our selues a declaracion of euery proposicion after thys maner: Thys was well ordeined of oure elders to depryue no kynge of hys lyfe whome they had taken in batayl. Why so? for the power whyche fortune had geuen vs, it to consume in the punyshement of them whom the same fortune a lytle before had set in hyeste degree, were agaynste reason. Yea but he brought a greate army agaynst you? I wyl not remember it. Why so? For it is the poynte of a valiaunte man, suche as contend for the vyctorye, them to count enemyes: suche as be ouercome, those to count m[en]: so that fortitude maye diminishe war, humanitie increase peace. But he if he had ouercome, wolde he haue done so? Verelye he wolde not haue bene so wyse. Why shulde ye spare hym then? because such foly I am wont to despise, not to folowe.

[Sidenote: Prosapodosis.] _Subiectio_, when we axe of oure selfe what can be saide agaynst vs, and answere to our selues thus: ¶ Shall we tary in synne? God forbyd. Or compell our aduersarye to answer thus: O Iewes, what can you say for denyall of Christe. Wyl you saye that you haue not youre Messias? but your prophets say the contrarye. Your Types are confo[un]ded. Whom wyl you be iudged by? by Hystories? Oures declare that you be out of the way, & shall come agayne to Christ.

[Sidenote: Antiphora.] _Tacite obiectioni responsio._ wh[en] we make answere to a thynge that myght priuely be obiected agaynst vs, as in the fyrst epystle of Ouide, Penelope wylling her husband Vlysses to come home hymselfe, and wryte nothyng vnto her. Wher he myght haue layed for hys tarying the warres, she priuely toke away y^t excuse, saying: Troy is destroied.

[Sidenote: Aporia.] _Dubitatio_, Dubitacion; when wee doute of two thynges, or of many, which we shuld inespecially speke of. Much hurted the cõmonwealth at that tyme, whether I shuld saye the folyshenesse of the consolles, or the malyce, or bothe, I can not tell.

[Sidenote: Apophasis.] _Expeditio_, expedicion, when many reasons rehearsed vp, wherby a thynge myghte be done or not, the other are taken away, and one left that we entende, thus: It muste needes bee that thys controuersie touching the sacrament must stand eyther vpon the much pressyng and rigour of the wordes; or vpon the meanynge and vnderstandynge of them. The wordes as they stande, brynge wyth them greate inconuenience, to wytte, to expositoures, and the other textes. The meaning doth not so but auoydeth al these incõueniences, & satisfieth reason, expositours, & texts of the scripture, wherfore wyt, expositour, & scripture thinketh it better to take the sentence, then the worde.

[Sidenote: Epilogus.] _Conclusio_, conclusiõ is, which by a brief argum[en]tacion of these thinges that be spoken before or done, inferreth that thynge that necessarilye shulde folowe, thus: And if a reuelacion wer geuen to the Troianes, y^t Troy myght not be taken without y^e arowes of Philectetes, and thei did nothing else but strike Alexander to kyl him that in dede was Troy to be taken.

[Sidenote: Epitrope.] _Permissio_, permission, when we shew y^t we geue & gra[un]t any thyng altogether to a mans wyll, thus: ¶ Because al thynges tak[en] away, only is left vnto me my body & mynd, these thynges, whych only ar lefte vnto me of many, I graunte th[em] to you and to your power.

[Sidenote: Anacinosis.] _Cõmunicacio_, cõmunicacion is, when we leaue sumwhat to y^e Iudges to be estemed, thus: I leaue vnto you o iudges to be thought what hurt y^e cõmõ welth shal take hereof _Diuisio_, [Sidenote: Dialisis.] diuision is which diuiding one thyng frõ another, endeth th[em] both by shewing a reasõ, thus: why shuld I lay ani thing to thi charge? if y^u bee good, y^u haste not deserued it, if thou be naught, thou carest not for it. Also, what shuld I speake of myne owne good turnes towarde the. If thou do remember them, I shuld but trouble you: If you haue forgotten them, when by deede I haue profited nothyng, what good can I do in wordes?

[Sidenote: Antitheton.] _Contentio_, contencion, when the reason stãdeth by contrary wordes or contraries be rehearsed by cõparison, thus: Flattery hath pleasa[un]t begynnynges, but the same hathe verye bytter endynges. Cicero agaynst Catiline: when they coulde not lyue honestlye, they had rather dye shamefully. They that be after the fleshe, care for these thynges y^t be of the fleshe. They that be after the spirite, care for the thynges of the spirite.

[Sidenote: Antithesis.] _Contrarium_, contrary is, that of two diuerse thynges confirmeth y^e one bryefely and easelye, thus: For he that alwayes wyll be an enemy to hys owne rekenyngs, how shuld a man trust that he wold be a frind to other mens matters? He that in familiare cõmunicacion and company of hys friendes wyl neuer say truth, thinkest th[en] y^t he wil absteine from a lye in a cõmon audience.

[Sidenote: Colon.] _Membrum oracionis_, a m[em]ber of the reasõ is so called when a thinge is shewed perfitely in fewe wordes the whole sentence not shewed, but receyued agayne w^t an other parte, thus: Thou dyddest bothe profite thyne enemie, and hurte thy frynd. Thys exornacion may be made of two partes only, but the perfiteste is made of thre, thus: Thou diddest profite thine enemy, hurt thi frind, and dydst no good to thy selfe.

[Sidenote: Dialyton.] _Articulus_, article is, when eche word is set asunder by cutting the oracion thus. By sharpnes, voyce, countenaunce, thou madeste thyne enemyes afrayd. Thou destroyedst thyne enemyes wyth enuye, wronges, power, falsehead.

[Sidenote: Isocolon.] _Compar_, euen or equall, is when the oracion hath in it the partes of the whyche we spake before, & that they be made of euen number of sillables: but thys equalitie must not stand by numbrynge of them, but by perceyuyng of it in y^e mynd. Christe afore the Iudge was led, & on hys head a croune of thorne was putte, in token that in dede, the kynge of Iews he was borne. Here be some mo wordes in on m[em]ber then in an other, yet sound they to the eare of lyke lengthe.

[Sidenote: Homioptotõ] _Similiter cadens_, fallyng al alike is, when in the same construccion of wordes ther be two wordes or mo which be spoken alyke in the selfe same cases, thus: Thou praysest a man nedye of vertue, plenteful of money. Cicero for Flaccus: There is in th[em] no varietie of opinion, none of wyll, none of talke.

[Sidenote: Homoteleto.] _Similiter desinens_, endynge al alyke, when words or sent[en]ces haue alyke endyng, as: Thou dareste do fylthely, and studiest to speke baudely. Content thy selfe w^t thy state, in thy herte do no man hate, be not the cause of stryfe and bate.

[Sidenote: Climax.] _Gradacio_, is, when we rehearse again the word y^t goth next before, & desc[en]d to other thinges by degrees thus: To Affrican industry gat vertue, vertue glory, glory hatered. [Sidenote: Orismus.] _Definicio_, definiciõ, wher by y^e proper effect of any thynge is declared briefely & absolutely in this wyse: This is not dilig[en]ce but couetousnes, because y^t dilig[en]ce is a nedy sauing of thine own: couetousnes is a wrongful desyre of other mens. ¶ [Sidenote: Metabasis.] _Transicio_, transiciõ is, wherby briefly we monyshe what hath ben spoken, & what may folowe, as: What he hath ben to hys contrey I haue told, now ye shal hear how he hath shewed him self to hys par[en]tes. Also Cicero for the law of Manilius: Because we haue spoken of y^e kind of the warre, now wyll we shewe a fewe thynges of the greatnes of it. ¶ [Sidenote: Paralepsis.] _Occupatia_, occupacion is, when we make as though we do not knowe, or wyl not know of y^e thyng y^t wee speke of most of al, in this wyse: I wyl not say that y^u tokest money of our felowes, I wyl not stand much in thys that y^u robbedst kingdoms, cityes, and al mens houses: I passe ouer thy theftes, & al thy rauyns. ¶ [Sidenote: Asindeton.] _Dissolutio_, when the oracion lacketh coni[un]ccions, thus: Obey thy par[en]tes, be ruled by thi kinsfolke, folow thy fryndes, obey the lawes.

[Sidenote: Apostrophe.] _Auersio_, auersion, when we turne our speche from them to whom we dyd speake to another personne, eyther present or absent, or to a thing to the whych we fayne a person, as a precher, speaking of priestes, that feede not the flocke, may fytly turn hys speche vnto Peter, sayinge: O Peter, I wold thou liuedst, & sawest what thy brethren do, howe far they be gone frõ that thou prescribedst them to do. Againe: O world, howe pleasant be the thynges that thou dost promyse, how bytter ben they that thou geuest.

[Sidenote: Anangeon.] _Necessum_, necessitie, when we cõfesse the thynge to be done, but excuse it by necessitye, eyther of y^e person or tyme, thus: I confesse that thys I dyd. But the woman that thou gauest me, dyd deceyue me. Also, somtyme I was in that opinion, but the tyme so required.

[Sidenote: Anaclasis.] _Refractio_, that is the turninge backe agayne of a worde into a cõtrary significacion, thus: I knowe kynge Ezechias that all thys lyfe is but bitternes, but I praye thee, gyue me suche bytternes.

[Sidenote: Bomphiologia.] _Verborum bombus_, when small & triflyng thynges are set out wyth great gasyng wordes. Example of this haue you in Terrence of the boasting souldiar, & creping smel feast.

[Sidenote: Miosis.] _Diminutio_, when greate matters are made lyghte of by wordes, as when he was wel beat[en] bi a knaue, that knaue wyll saye he dyd but a lytle stryke hym.

[Sidenote: Liptote.] _Extenuatio_, the makyng lesse of a thynge to auoyde arrogance, thus: If I haue any wit O Iudges, if any exercyse of endyghtyng, al may I thanke Archias the Poete of. ¶ Cicero for Archias.

[Sidenote: Diasirmus.] _Eleuacio_, when we make lyghte of, and dyspyse great argumentes brought agaynst vs, whych to aunswer vnto it is labour, and we saye they perteyne not to the purpose, or that they are vnworthy to be answered vnto, or that we kepe them tyll another tyme: Of thys ther nedeth none example.

As oute of lytle springs ariseth greate fluddes: so now these preceptes of grammer finyshed, and the fyrste order of the Rethorical figures: We nowe come vnto that greate declaracion of eloquence, called of Quintilian & Cicero, the ornamet[en]s of sentence.

Figures of sentence.

[Sidenote: Particio.] Particion called also diuision & distribucion rethoricall, is when a thing that mai be generally spok[en], is more largely declared, and diuided into partes. Example: He is perfitely seene in all the sciences. ¶ This s[en]tence spoken as it were in a s[um]me, may be enlarged, if seuerally you reherse vp al the kindes of learning. There is no kynd of doctrine at al but he is exquisitely sene in it. There is no science, but he hathe learned it thorowly, and so learned it, that you wolde thynke he had labored onely in it. So maruelouslye he knoweth all the fables of al the Poetes, he so aboundeth in the floures of the Rethoricians: He hath so boulted oute the paynefull rules of the gramarians. So perfitely knoweth he the subtilnesse of the Logicians, and hath so soughte oute the priuities of natural thynges, and ouercome the harde poyntes of supernaturall wisedome: he hathe passed thorowe the secretes of the diuines, and hath thorowlie perceyued the mathematical demõstracions. He so knoweth the mocions of the starres, the reasons of numbers, the measurynges of the earth, the situacions, names & spaces of cities, mountaynes, fluddes, and fountaynes, he so knoweth the difference and harmonies of tunes: He so rem[em]breth all hystoryes olde and late: So knoweth all good authors, all antiquities & nouelties, and also is perfitelye well seene as wel in Greke as latyne. Finallye whatsoeuer learnynge hathe bene found and taught of good authors, al that thorowlye hath he perceyued, knowen and rem[em]bred. Here these wordes, he is perfitelye seene in all the sciences, bee declared in theyr partes.

[Sidenote: Enumeracio.] Enumeracion is much lyke vnto thys, when not beynge contente at once to declare the ende of the matter, we rehearse vp all y^t went before it was done. [Sidenote: Enumeraciõ of thynges that go before] Example: Cicero oppressed the mischeuous purposes of Catiline. Thus maye you set it forth: The myscheuous enterpryses of Catiline by most vngracious yonge men, whych went about the destruccion of the citie of Rome, M Tullius the consull dyd quickelye smell out by hys foresyghte, and by hys singuler vigilancye sought th[em] oute, by his hyghe prudence espyed them, by his incredible eloquence conuinced them, and by hys graue authoritie repressed th[em], by force of armes subdued them, & with great happines toke them quyte awaye.