CHAPTER VI.
OF THE FURNITURE, OR DECORATIONS FOR FIRE-WORKS.
By the term _garniture_, used by the French, we understand the furniture, equipage, embellishments, or decorations for sundry fire-works, as rockets, bombs, batteries, fire-pots, &c.
_Sec. I. Of Serpents._
The directions, given for the formation of serpents, are the same in Morel and Bigot. Paper is rolled lengthwise on a mandril, or form, which is a quarter of an inch in diameter, of three thicknesses, according as it is stout, and the last turn of the paper is pasted. They are made tight and strong, and strangled first at one end. They are then put upright in a square or round box, called a _bushel_, for the purpose of charging them. For this end we must have a small mallet, and a rammer of brass, of a smaller diameter than the form. The composition is put in and rammed, proportioning the number and force of the blows to the size of the case. The _petard_ is formed, with extremely fine powder, then rammed, and the case choaked. To prime them, we open the ends with a piercer, and by means of a spatula introduce a portion of priming paste, or priming powder, in order that the fire may communicate.
We may here remark, that large cases for serpents, as well as wheel cases, are driven solid. There is usually a mould, in which is a nipple, with a point at top, that serves, when the case is filling, to stop the neck, and prevent the composition from falling out. The air, in that event, would get into the case, and cause it to burst. These sorts of moulds are made of any length or diameter, as the cases are required; but the diameter of the form must be equal to half the caliber, and the rammers solid.
_Lardons_ are of much the same nature as serpents, but are made stronger. They are charged in the same manner. To prime them, they are first pierced about five or six lines (or half an inch,) in depth, which presents a greater surface to the fire, and produces, when inflamed, more scintillations than serpents.
_Composition of ordinary serpents._
1st proportion, 2nd proportion. Meal powder, 16 parts. Saltpetre, 3 do. 15 parts. Sulphur, 2 do. 4 do. Charcoal, ½ do. 2½ do.
_Mine pots, or Serpents._
Meal powder, 1 lb. Charcoal, 1 oz.
_Ibid._
Meal powder, 9 oz. Charcoal, 1 --
_Serpents for Pots de Brins._
Meal powder, 1½ lbs. Saltpetre, 12 oz. Charcoal, 2 --
The serpents or snakes for pots of aigrettes, small mortars, skyrockets, &c. are made from two and a half inches, to seven inches long. Their formers are from three-sixteenths to five-eighths of an inch in diameter; but the diameter of the cases must always be equal to two diameters of the former. They are rolled and choaked like other cases, and filled with composition, five-eighths of an inch to one and a half inches high, according to the size of the mortars or rockets, they are designed for. The remainder of the cases are charged or _bounced_ with grained powder, and their ends pinched and tied close. Before they are used, their mouths must be primed with wet meal powder or priming paste as before-mentioned.
Serpents, or snakes, in fire-works, are so called from the particular appearance, and the effect which ensues, namely, a _hissing_ and _spitting_. This peculiar character is given by the charcoal; for, while one part is actually consumed, in immediate contact with the substances that enter into the composition; another part is thrown out with violence in the state of ignition, in the form of sparks, and receives, for the support of its combustion, the oxygen of the air, in consequence of which carbonic acid is produced.
_Sec. II. Of Crackers._
Crackers are made in the following manner; cut some cartridge paper into pieces, three and a half inches broad, and one foot long. One edge of each paper fold down lengthwise, about three-quarters of an inch broad. Then fold the double edge down one quarter of an inch, and turn the single edge back half over the double fold. Open it, and lay all along the channel, which is formed by the folding of the paper, some meal powder. It must now be folded over and over till all the paper is doubled up, rubbing it at every turn. It is now to be bent backwards and forwards, two and a half inches or more, as often as the paper will allow. These folds are to be held flat and close; and, with a small pinching cord, give one turn round the middle of the cracker, and pinch it close. Bind, as usual, with pack thread, in the place where it was pinched. Prime one end of it, and cap it with touch paper. When these crackers are fired, they will give a report at every turn of the paper. If there are to be a great number of _bounces_, the paper must be cut longer, or be joined after they are made. If, however, they are made very long before they are pinched, there must be a piece of wood, having a groove sufficiently deep to let in half the cracker, which will hold it straight, while it is pinching.
The report, produced by crackers, is on the same principle as the report of a gun. The reports, which succeed each other, in crackers, formed in this manner, depends, as we remarked, on the turn of the paper, each turn producing that effect. Every part of the cracker, by this division, represents in fact a gun; and hence, as the combustion of one part necessarily succeeds that of another, we have, according to the number of turns, successive explosions.
Crackers, formed in this way, may furnish a variety in exhibitions. They may be either hung on a board, or set off on the ground. As to the report itself, it may be increased or diminished by enlarging or diminishing the size of each cracker, or division.
Crackers, as they are usually called, are nothing more than small cases charged with gunpowder. The Chinese squibs are crackers of this description. Some are four ounce cases; but the squibs, so named, hold about half a thimble full of powder. A piece of twisted match paper is inserted in the mouth of each of them. They are made of five or six turns of paper, and the last one is pasted and formed of red paper. The interior diameter is about a quarter of an inch.
_Sec. III. Of Single Reports._
Cases for reports are generally rolled on one or two ounce formers, and seldom made larger, except on particular occasions. They are from two to four inches in length, and are formed of thick paper. Having rolled a case, pinch one end, quite close, and drive it down. Then fill the case with grain powder, leaving sufficient room to pinch at the top. Before it is pinched, a piece of paper is to be put on the powder at the top. Reports are fired by a vent bored in the middle, or at one end. Among the portable Chinese fire-works, reports form usually a large number. They are closed with clay, which is perforated to admit the match and priming.
_Sec. IV. Of Serpent Stars._
There are a variety of compositions, used to produce the appearance of stars. Thus, there are stars of different colours, which also produce tails of sparks, scintillations, more or less vivid, &c. and are calculated for particular exhibitions. The serpent stars, however, have a different object, namely, to imitate a star at first, and afterwards a serpent.
The cases for serpent stars are choaked half an inch lower than the common kind; and, after filling the hole with meal powder, the following composition is put in. It is finished, but without the operation of choaking, by adapting a piece of quickmatch, and adding more priming powder.
_Composition for serpent stars._
Saltpetre, 16 oz. Sulphur, 8 -- Meal powder, 4 -- Antimony, 1 --
This is the formula, given by Morel; but the formulæ of Bigot are in some respects different, namely:
1. Saltpetre, 16 oz. Sulphur, 8 -- Meal powder, 5 -- Antimony, 2 -- 2. Saltpetre, 19¾ -- Sulphur, 8⅝ -- Antimony, 2 -- Charcoal, 0⅝ --
Serpent stars are of two kinds. The one is intended as the furniture for rockets, &c. and the other, when moulded, to be employed in the Roman candles.
When required to be moulded, or made into cakes, the composition is mixed with gum and brandy, into a paste, which is spread upon a table, having previously covered the table with meal powder. Small cubical or other shaped pieces are cut out, sprinkled with meal powder, and dried in the shade. The meal powder serves as a priming, so that they may all take fire at the same time. The composition may be formed into balls.
Serpent stars, being designed to produce a combined effect, it appears, that, while charcoal, (and, in some instances, the sulphur, according to the formula, but more especially the charcoal), imparts the serpentlike appearance, the antimony, in its turn, diversifies the flame by giving to it an asteroid character. The antimony, used in these compositions, is not the regulus, but the crude, or common sulphuret. Metallic antimony, however, would produce the effect in a greater degree: but as sulphur enters into their composition, and also into the crude antimony, there would be but little, if any, advantage, gained in the use of the regulus.
Besides the ordinary products of the combustion of gunpowder, or similar products, by employing nitre, charcoal, and sulphur, the antimony, by its combustion, would be changed into an oxide, or, if the combustion is sufficiently rapid, and the quantity of oxygen absorbed proportionate thereto, it would form the antimonic acid. That it is oxidized, however, and that during its oxidizement, the appearance we have mentioned takes place, there can be no doubt.
_Sec. V. Of Whirling Serpents._
Serpents, prepared in the following manner, have a peculiar effect, by which they are characterized. They form in the air a kind of whirling sun; and, as they revolve by reason of their fire issuing out at the opposite sides of their extremities, they resemble the sun turning on its axis.
Barker's hydraulic machine, described in Gregory's Mechanics, which is put in motion by two opposite currents of water, acting from the two extremities of an oblong box, supported by a perpendicular hollow shaft, through which the water first passes, acts upon the same principle as this revolving sun. The ascension of rockets is also to be accounted for in the same way. See _General Theory of Fire-works_.
The whirling serpents are charged entirely with composition. No grain powder is used. A small paper stopper is rammed on the top of the composition. Near the two chokes, but in opposite sides, the cases are pierced with small holes, which are made to communicate with each other, and with the composition, by means of a short leader or match.
_Sec. VI. Of Chinese Flyers._
Somewhat similar to whirling serpents are the Chinese flyers. Cases for flyers may be made of different sizes, from one to eight ounces. They are formed of thick paper, and are eight interior diameters long. They are rolled in the same manner as tourbillons, with a straight pasted edge, and pinched close at one end.
The case, being put in a mould, whose cylinder, or foot, must be flat at top, without a nipple, is to be filled within half a diameter of the middle. Then ram in half a diameter of clay, and, on that, as much composition as before; and again put in half a diameter of clay. Pinch the case then close, and drive it down flat, and afterwards bore a hole exactly through the centre of the clay in the middle. In opposite sides, at both ends, make a vent, and, in that side, intended to be fired first, a small hole to the composition, near the clay in the middle, from which carry a quickmatch, covered with a single paper, to the vent at the other end. Then, when the charge is burnt on one side, it will, by means of the quickmatch, communicate to the charge on the other, which may be of a different sort.
The flyers being thus prepared, put an iron pin, that must be fixed in the work, in which they are to be fired, and on which they are to run, through the hole in the middle. On the end of this pin, must be a nut to secure it. If they are required to turn back again, after they are burnt, make both the vents at the ends in the same side, which will alter its course the contrary way.
These flyers are intended to revolve on an axis, and to discharge at different periods. For this purpose, a communication is made from one vent to the other. It is evident, that the clay, which occupies the middle of the case, is intended to prevent any communication of fire, in the tube, from one end to the other, as this is effected on the outside.
_Sec. VII. Of Simple Stars._
The stars, which are not made upon the former, or roller, serve to furnish bombs and rockets. They are made in the following manner: The composition being well mixed, and passed through a fine sieve, is made into a paste, with gum arabic and brandy. The proportion of the gum to the composition, is as one to sixteen. The composition is spread equally on a table, about the thickness of a finger, and cut into small square pieces. They are then covered with meal-powder, which will serve for priming, and are dried in the shade.
_Composition for Simple Stars._
Saltpetre, 2 lbs. Sulphur, 1 -- Meal-powder, ½ -- Antimony, 3/16 --
This is the general composition, however, for stars.
_Sec. VIII. Of Rolled Stars._
It will be sufficient to remark, that rolled stars are formed of the same composition as the simple stars. The composition is mixed with gum and brandy, formed into a paste, spread upon a table, and cut, by a circular instrument, into pieces of the size of the Roman candle, of which we shall speak hereafter. They are primed with the best pistol powder, and dried in the shade. See _Roman Candle_.
_Sec. IX. Of Cracking Stars._
Cracking stars are nothing more than small marrons. They are primed, and covered afterwards with _star-paste_, in the same manner as meteors. They are employed as furniture for serpents and stars. They are rolled in meal-powder, before they are used. They are the _étoiles à pet_ of the French.
_Sec. X. Of Sundry Compositions for Stars designed for Various Purposes._
We purpose, in this section, to present a connected view of the different star-compositions, by merely introducing the formulæ for their preparation. Their application will claim our attention hereafter, when we treat of rockets and other works.
_Rocket Stars._
_White._ Meal-powder, 4 oz. Saltpetre, 12 -- Sulphur vivum, 6 -- Oil of spike, 2 -- Camphor, 5 -- _Blue stars._ Meal-powder, 8 oz. Saltpetre, 4 -- Sulphur, 2 -- Spirit of wine, 2 -- Oil of spike, 2 -- _Variegated._ Meal-powder, 8 drachms. Saltpetre, 4 oz. Sulphur vivum, 2 -- Camphor, 2 -- _Brilliant._ Saltpetre, 3½ -- Sulphur, 1½ -- Meal powder, ¾ --
Worked up with spirit of wine only.
_Common._ Saltpetre, 1 lb. Sulphur, ¼ -- Antimony, 4¾ oz. Isinglass, ½ -- Camphor, ½ -- Spirit of wine, ¾ -- _Tailed._ Meal-powder, 3 oz Sulphur, 2 -- Saltpetre, 1 -- Charcoal, coarsely ground, ¾ -- _Drove._ 1. Saltpetre, 3 lbs. Sulphur, 1 -- Brass filings, fine, ¾ -- Antimony, 3 oz. Or 2. Saltpetre, 1 lb. Antimony, ¼ -- Sulphur, ½ -- _Fixed pointed._ Saltpetre, 8½ oz. Sulphur, 2 -- Antimony, 1 oz. 10 dr. _Fine colour._ Sulphur, 1 oz. Meal-powder, 1 -- Saltpetre, 1 -- Camphor, ½ -- Spirits of Turpentine, ½ --
_Composition of stars of different colours._
1. Meal-powder, 4 oz. Saltpetre, 2 -- Sulphur, 2 -- Steel-filings, 1½ -- Camphor, ½ oz. White amber, ½ -- Corrosive sublimate, ½ -- Antimony, ½ -- 2. Roche-petre, 10 oz. Sulphur, ¾ -- Charcoal, ¾ -- Antimony, ¾ -- Meal-powder, ¾ -- Camphor, ¾ -- Oil of Turpentine, sufficient to moisten them.
These compositions are made into stars, by being first worked into a paste with brandy, in which has been dissolved some gum, usually gum arabic, or gum tragacanth. After being rolled in powder, a hole is made through the middle of each, and they are then strung on quick-match, leaving about two inches between each.
3. Saltpetre, 8 oz. Sulphur, 2 -- Amber, 1 -- Antimony, 1 -- Meal-powder, 3 -- 4. Sulphur, 2½ oz. Saltpetre, 6 -- Frankincense, 4 -- Mastich, 4 -- Corrosive sublimate, 4 -- Meal-powder, 5 -- White and yellow amber, of each, 1 -- Camphor, 1 -- Antimony and orpiment, each, ½ -- 5. Saltpetre, 1 lb. Sulphur, ½ -- Meal-powder, ½ -- Oil of petroleum, sufficient to moisten them. 6. Meal-powder, ½ lb. Sulphur, 4 oz. Saltpetre, 4 -- 7. Saltpetre, 4 oz. Sulphur, 2 -- Meal-powder, 1 --
The composition of stars, which carry tails of sparks, is the following:
1. Sulphur, 6 oz. Antimony, 2 -- Saltpetre, 4 oz Rosin, 4 -- 2. Saltpetre, rosin, and charcoal, of each, 2 oz Sulphur, 1 -- Pitch, 1 --
These compositions are sometimes melted in a pan, and, before they are made into stars, mixed with chopped cotton match. They may be worked in the usual manner.
The composition for stars, which yield some sparks, is the following. To be made into stars, it must be wetted in gum-water, and spirits of wine, that the whole may have the consistence of a thick fluid. One ounce of lint is put into the composition; where it remains, until it has taken up enough to be rolled into stars.
1. Camphor, 2 oz. Saltpetre, 1 -- Meal-powder, 1 -- 2. Saltpetre, 1 oz. Sal prunelle, ½ -- Camphor, 2 --
The composition for stars of a yellowish colour is to be incorporated, and made into stars after the common method.
_Composition for Yellow Stars._
Gum arabic, finely pulverized, 4 oz. Camphor, dissolved in brandy, 2 -- Saltpetre, 1 lb. Sulphur, ½ -- Glass, in coarse powder, 4 oz. White amber, 1½ -- Orpiment, 2 --
The composition for another kind of star, is the following: The ingredients to be well mixed, and then rolled into stars, proportionable to the rockets they are intended for.
Camphor, dissolved in spirit of wine by heat, 1 lb. Gum arabic, dissolved in water, 1 -- Saltpetre, 1 -- Sulphur, 6 oz. Meal-powder, 5 --
We will have occasion hereafter, to notice the different modes of fixing, and arranging stars; the formation of strung stars, rolled and drove stars, &c. Great care must be taken in making stars, that the several ingredients are reduced to a fine powder, and the composition is well worked and mixed. The instructions for rolling of stars, are the following: Before we begin to roll, take a pound of the composition, and wet it with the following liquid, sufficient to make it stick together, and roll easy, _viz_: Spirit of wine one quart, in which dissolve 1/4 of an ounce of isinglass. If a great quantity of composition be wetted at once, the spirit will evaporate, and leave it dry, before all the stars are rolled. Having rolled one portion, shake the stars in meal-powder, and set them to dry, which will require three or four days; but, if wanted for immediate use, they may be dried in an earthen pan, over a slow heat, or in an oven. It is very difficult to make the stars all of an equal size, when the composition is taken up promiscuously with the fingers; but, by the following method, they may be made very exact: When the mixture is moistened properly, roll it on a flat smooth stone, and cut it into square pieces, making each square large enough for the stars required. There is another method used by some, which consists in rolling the composition in long pieces, and then cutting off the stars; so that each star will be of a cylindrical form. This method, however, is not so good as the former; for, in order to make the composition roll in this manner, it must be made very wet, which makes the stars heavy, as well as weakens their effect. All stars must be kept as much from the air as possible; otherwise they will lose their properties.
What are called, in pyrotechny, the flaming stars, with brilliant wheels, the moon and seven stars, the transparent stars with illuminated rays, the transparent table star, the projected star, and the illuminated star wheel, are all particular exhibitions, which are produced by disposing the works in a certain form and order. They have, therefore, no relation to those preparations, or compositions, which produce stars. They will be considered, however, in their respective places, when we treat of the disposition and arrangement of fire-works.
As a general theory of stars, we may remark, that while combustion ensues, as in other fire-works, in the manner explained in our chapter on that subject, some substances are always employed, which have, for their object, two effects in particular; _viz._ that of modifying the appearance of the flame, by producing certain colours, and increasing or diminishing the degree of combustion, and that of throwing out, at the same time, scintillations or sparks. The latter effect, however, is not so great in stars, as in some other preparations, which are designed especially for the purpose. That certain substances have a particular effect, which uniformly ensues, under the same circumstances, is a fact obvious to all. Hence, we see in all the numerous formulæ for stars, for those that produce a red, a blue, a yellow, or any other flame, and those which form tails, sparks, &c. being modified according to circumstances, that the _effect_ is owing to the presence of one, and sometimes to the action of two, three, and more substances, co-operating together. That combustion may be greater or less; that it may be accelerated, retarded, and otherwise modified; that the flame of inflammable bodies may be varied, as to colour, by the presence of foreign substances; that the action of one substance upon another, in certain elevated temperatures, may produce results which would not take place at a reduced temperature; that, for the support of combustion, the oxygen of the nitre, or the oxygen gas of the atmosphere, may, singly, or jointly, produce that effect, as in instances of rapid combustion, and in the combustion of bodies actually thrown out in the state of ignition;--these are so many considerations, all necessary to be attended to, in establishing a theory of stars, as well as of fire-works in general.
_Sec. XI. Of the Fire-rain, (filamentous.)_
Fire-rains are generally two inches long, and formed on a small copper, iron, or wooden roller, two and a half lines in diameter. Two turns of the paper are considered sufficient for them. They are twisted at their extremities, and struck afterwards on a table, to flatten and close them in the same manner as common cases. Using a small funnel, they are charged with the following composition, in the same manner as serpents. Grained powder, however, is not employed. When charged, they are primed with paste, having also, a piece of cotton-match attached to them.
_Composition._
Meal-powder, 16 oz. Fine oak charcoal, 3 --
Six ounces of charcoal to a pound of powder, is the formula of Bigot. The one given is that of Morel.
_Sec. XII. Of Sparks._
The second kind of rain-fire, called sparks, is made in the following manner: The composition is formed into a thick liquid paste with brandy; and eight ounces of flax are immersed in it, and kept there for some time. The flax is then rolled into small balls, about the size of peas. They are then rolled in dry meal-powder, and hung up in the open air, in the shade to dry.
_Composition._
Saltpetre, 8 oz. Meal-powder, 8 -- Camphor, 16 -- Flax, 8 --
_Sec. XIII. Of Gold Rain._
We purpose to enumerate, in the following section, all the compositions which have been used for forming gold, as well as silver rain. The recipe here given, it may be proper to remark, appears to have been preferred to all others; as some French authors, and particularly Morel, have given it a distinct place.
_Composition for Gold Rain._
Meal-powder, 8 oz. Sulphur, 1½ -- Gum arabic, ½ -- Pulverized soot, ½ -- Lampblack, ½ -- Saltpetre, ½ --
These substances are mixed, treated, cut, and primed in the same way as simple stars. They must be cut all of the same size. In the furnishing of rockets and bombs, the effect they produce, is very striking. With respect to the scintillated rain-fire, or that which appears in sparks, the effect is owing to the flax, which, being soaked in a mixture of meal-powder, saltpetre, camphor, and brandy, in the same manner as before stated, produces, when inflamed, a succession of fire, under the form we have mentioned. The camphor seems to add to the brilliancy of the flame. There is no doubt but a part, at least, if not the whole, is burnt, in consequence of the oxygen of the air, the inflammation of the gunpowder bringing it to the state of ignition. The powder itself produces at first the combustion. The flax is, therefore, consumed, which seems to be the last of the process, filaments, at the same time, being produced, and the combustion accelerated by the nitre.
The fire-rain owes its effect to the charcoal, which is thrown out in the state of ignition. In the gold fire, the effect is owing to the presence of lampblack, soot, and nitre. There are several methods of producing both gold and silver rains, which we will notice in the following section.
_Sec. XIV. Of Rains in General, for Sky-Rockets, &c._
The following compositions are also used in the formation of fire-rain;
_Gold rain_, 1. Saltpetre, 1 lb. Meal powder, 4 oz. Sulphur, 4 -- Brass filings, 1 -- Sawdust, 2¼ -- Pulverized glass, ¾ -- 2. Meal powder, 12 oz. Saltpetre, 2 -- Charcoal, 4 -- 3. Saltpetre, 8 oz. Sulphur, 2 -- Glass dust, 1 -- Antimony, ¾ -- Brass filings, ¼ -- Sawdust, 1½ --
_Silver-rain._ 1. Saltpetre, 4 oz. Sulphur, 2 -- Meal-powder, 2 -- Antimony, 2 -- Sal prunelle, ½ -- 2. Saltpetre, ½ lb. Sulphur, 2 oz. Charcoal, 4 -- 3. Saltpetre, 1 lb. Sulphur, ¼ -- Antimony, 6 oz. 4. Saltpetre, 4 oz. Sulphur, 1 -- Powder, 2 -- Steel dust, ¾ --
_For Calibers above two-thirds of an inch._
5. Meal-powder, 16 parts. Saltpetre, 1 ---- Sulphur, 1 ---- Steel filings, 4½ ----
_Sec. XV. Of Rain-Falls, and Stars, double and single._
The cases which contain the gold and silver rain composition, are pinched close at one end. If they are rolled dry, four or five rounds of paper will be sufficient; but, if they are pasted, three rounds will be strong enough. The thin sort of cartridge paper is best for those small cases, which, in rolling, must not have the inside edge turned down, as in other cases, for a double edge would be too thick for so small a caliber. The moulds for rain falls should be made of brass, and turned very smooth in the inside; or the cases, being very thin, would tear in coming out. The charge must be driven in light, and the better the case fits the mould, the more driving it will bear. These moulds have no nipple, but are made flat. It is necessary to have a funnel made of thin tin, to fit on the top of the case, by the help of which, they may be filled very fast. For single rain-falls for four ounce rockets, let the diameter of the former or roller be two-sixteenths of an inch, and the length of the case two inches; for eight-ounce rockets, four-sixteenths, and two diameters of the rocket long; for two-pound rockets, five-sixteenths, and three and a half inches long; for four-pound rockets, six-sixteenths, and four and a half inches long; and for six pounders, seven-sixteenths, in diameter, and five inches long.
There are two kinds of double rain-falls described: some appear first like a star, and then as rain; and some appear first as rain, and then like a star. These different appearances may be produced in the following manner: When stars are to be formed first, the cases must be filled within half an inch of the top, with rain composition, and the remainder with star composition; but when it is intended that the rain should be first, we must drive the case half an inch with star composition, and the rest with rain. By this method, they may make many changes of fire; for in large rockets, they may be made to burn first as stars, then as rain, and again as stars; or, they may first show rain, then stars, and finish with a report. When they are thus managed, cut open the first rammed end, after they are filled and _bounced_, at which place they are to be primed. The star composition for this purpose, must be a little stronger than that for rolled stars.
_Sec. XVI. Of Substances which show in Sparks._
There are many substances, which show in sparks, when rammed in choaked cases. The set colours are produced by regular charges. Other charges are called compound and brilliant. Set colours, produced by sparks, are divided into four sorts, which are denominated, the white, black, gray, and red. The charges, to produce these several effects, are composed of various ingredients. Thus, meal-powder and charcoal compose the black charges; saltpetre, sulphur, and charcoal, the white; meal powder, saltpetre, sulphur, and charcoal, the gray; and saltpetre, charcoal, and sawdust, the red.
With respect to compound and brilliant charges, the former is composed of many ingredients; such as meal-powder, saltpetre, sulphur, charcoal, sawdust, sea-coal, antimony, glass-dust, brass-dust, steel dust, cast-iron, tanner's dust, &c. or any thing that will yield sparks; all which must be managed with discretion, or judgment. Brilliant charges, on the contrary, are composed of meal-powder, saltpetre, sulphur, and steel-filings, or of meal-powder and steel-filings only, and sometimes of Chinese fire.
_Sec. XVII. Of Italian Roses, or Fixed Stars._
We prepare cases for these works, in the same manner as described in the article respecting fixed stars. Half a spoonful of clay is put into them, which is rammed tightly, with twelve blows of a mallet of a moderate size. The height of the clay is then marked upon the case, which is then charged with four spoonfuls of the composition, ramming each spoonful with twelve blows of the mallet. These four charges should occupy about two fingers in height. After this we add another spoonful of earth; and divide, on the outside of the case, from the point we marked, five equal parts. We then apply the quick-match and paste. One end of the match is of a sufficient length, in order that it may turn round, and come out above the other choke. We afterwards roll the case in white paper, which must go twice round, and extend beyond each extremity about one and a half inches. This is called the covering. The lower end is twisted. The other end, the side of which is twisted, resembles a goblet, and serves to inflame the rose.
The composition of the rose is given in the table for those of revolving and fixed pieces. Their effect is, that they will produce as many _streams_ of flames as there are holes, and consequently form the roses or stars. The composition is six parts of powder, eight saltpetre, five sulphur, and half a part of antimony; or two powder, four saltpetre, and one sulphur.
_Sec. XVIII. Of Lances of Illumination, white, blue, and yellow._
We have already given the caliber, and the manner of forming the lances. They are charged by using the funnel and rammer, in the same manner as serpents, but without any grain-powder. They are filled within two-twelfths of their end, and primed with the paste without the match. The blue and yellow lances are loaded in the same manner. The yellow are made one-third of an inch in diameter, and one inch and a third in length; so as not to be of a longer duration in burning than the others.
_Composition of lances._
White lances. | Blue lances. | Yellow lances. -------------------+--------------------+-------------------- Saltpetre 16 oz. | Saltpetre 16 oz. | Saltpetre 16 oz. Sulphur 8 oz. | Antimony 8 oz. | Sulphur 16 oz. Powder 4 oz. | | Powder 8 oz. Antimony 1 oz. | | Amber 8 oz.
Lances, or port-fires of illumination, may be made also without antimony, as follows:
_Port-fire composition for Illuminations._
Saltpetre, 1 lb. Sulphur, 6 oz. Meal-powder, 6 oz.
The composition of the _lance à feu_ of the French, which is used chiefly to throw occasional light across the platform, whilst artificial fire-works are preparing, and like port-fires and matches, to communicate fire, is given as follows: (_Œuvres Militaires_, tom xi, p. 208.)
_Composition of the lance à feu._
Saltpetre, 3 parts. Sulphur, 2 ---- Antimony, 2 ----
The _lance à feu puant_ is of a different kind. It is the stink-fire lance, used for military purposes, and prepared in the same manner as stink-pots. They are used principally in the mine, and produce so powerful an exhalation, as to render it impossible to approach the quarter for three or four days, and occasion also, even to the miners, an apparent suffocation. The _lance de feu_, however, is a different preparation from either. It is a species of squib, which is used by the garrison of a besieged town against a scaling party. For the preparation of _fire lances_, see the subsequent part.
_Sec. XIX. Of Slow White-flame Lances._
The composition of this lance, or port-fire, is such, that it will burn longer than the ordinary lance. There are two formulæ given for it. Both compositions, when driven one and a quarter inches in an ounce case, will burn one minute, which is considered by some a much longer time than an equal quantity of any composition, yet known, will last.
_Composition of slow Fire._
1. Saltpetre, 2 lbs. Sulphur, 3 lbs. Antimony, 1 lb. 2. Saltpetre, 3½ lbs. Sulphur, 2½ lbs. Meal-powder, 1 lb. Antimony, ½ lb. Glass-dust, ¼ lb. Brass-dust, 1 oz.
_Sec. XX. Of Lights._
We purpose hereafter to treat particularly of the Chinese lights, Bengal lights, amber lights, blue lights, &c. We will merely mention in this place, the composition of some of them.
_Composition for Lights._
1. Saltpetre, 3 lbs. Sulphur, 1 lb. Meal-powder, 1 lb. Antimony, 10½ oz. Oil of Spike, sufficient to mix them.
_Composition for common fire._
Saltpetre, 3 lbs. Charcoal, 10 oz. Sulphur, 2 oz.
_Composition for red Fire._
Meal-powder, 3 lbs. Charcoal, 12 oz. Sawdust, 8 oz.
_Common fire for a caliber of one-third of an inch._
Meal-powder, 16 parts. Charcoal, pulverized, 3 ----
_Idem, for a caliber half an inch._
Meal-powder, 32 parts. Charcoal, 7 ----
_Idem, for a caliber above half an inch._
Meal-powder, 4 parts. Charcoal, 1 ----
_Brilliant fire for ordinary calibers._
Meal-powder, 4 parts. Iron-filings, 1 ----
_Idem, more brilliant._
Meal-powder, 4 parts. Steel-filings, 1 ----
_Brilliant fire for all calibers._
Meal-powder, 9 parts. Sulphur, 1 ---- Steel, 2½ ----
_Grand brilliant fire, for calibers of three-quarters of an inch, and upwards._
Meal powder, 16 parts. Sulphur, 1 ---- Saltpetre, 1 ---- Steel filings, 7 ----
_Idem, clear and brilliant for any caliber._
Meal powder, 16 parts. Saltpetre, 1 part. Filings of the best steel, 3 ----
_Idem, large jessamine for any caliber._
Meal powder, 16 parts. Saltpetre, 1 ---- Sulphur, 1 ---- Best steel, 6 ----
_Idem, small jessamine for any caliber._
Meal powder, 16 parts. Saltpetre, 1 ---- Sulphur, 1 ---- Best steel, 5 ----
_White fire for any caliber._
Meal powder, 8 parts. Saltpetre, 4 ---- Sulphur, 1 ----
TABULAR VIEW OF SOME OTHER COMPOSITIONS.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- | PARTS OF COMPOSITIONS. +------+------+-----+-----+-------+----- | Meal |Salt- |Sul- |Char-|Filings| |powder| petre| phur| coal| &c. | -----------------------------------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+------- White fire for any caliber, | 16 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | Blue, for parasols and cascades, | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0 3 |Zinc. Do. for calibers, half an inch } | 4 | 8 | 4 | 0 | 17 |Zinc. and above, } | | | | | | Do. for any caliber, | 6 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 0 | Sparkling, or shining fire for } | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |Brass. any caliber, } | | | | | | Green fire, for any caliber, | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3¼ |Brass. Aurora colour, | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |Gold | | | | | | powder Chinese fire, for calibers under } | 8 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 7 |Ct.iron an inch, } | | | | | | Do. for calibers above an inch, | 16 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 7 |Do. Do. for palmtrees and cascades, | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 5 |Do. Do. in white for two-thirds and } | 8 | 8 | 4 | 0 | 6 |Do. five-sixths of an inch cal., } | | | | | | Do. for gerbes, of ten, eleven, } | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |Do. and twelve lines in diam., } | | | | | | Bengal lights, | 0 | 32 | 9 | 0 | 5 |Ant'y. Amber lights, | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |Amber. Water squibs, | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Do. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0½ | 0 | -----------------------------------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-------
_Sec. XXI. Of Lances for Petards._
Lances for petards are a kind of port-fire, used in war, but not very often. As they will be noticed hereafter, it may be sufficient to remark, that they are formed of cartridge paper, and the case is strangled in the usual manner; that a small portion of bran is put in, and then about as much good priming pistol powder in grains; that the case is then strangled, or choaked, about two-thirds of its length, the remaining one-third serving for a handle; and, in using it, that the twisted end is cut off, so that the fire may communicate to the petard.
_Sec. XXII. Of Lances of Service._
These lances serve for setting fire to works, &c. They are commonly made fifteen inches long, upon a former or roller, one-fourth of an inch in diameter. Four turns of the paper are sufficient for the case. They are charged in the same way as the petard lances, and also in the manner described for port-fires. They are primed with the match and paste.
_Composition for the lances of service._
Saltpetre, 2 lbs. Sulphur, 1 -- Meal powder, 5 oz.
_Sec. XXIII. Of Marrons._
Marrons are made in several ways. We shall first describe those in cases. Formers for marrons are from three-fourths of an inch, to one and a half in diameter. The paper for the cases must be cut twice the diameter of the former; broad, and sufficiently long to make three revolutions. When a case is rolled, paste down the edge, and tie one end close; and to remove the wrinkles, and make it flat at bottom, put in the former and drive it down. The case is then to be charged with granulated powder, one diameter and a quarter high, and the rest of the case, folded down tight on the powder.
The marrons being thus made, wax some strong pack-thread with shoemaker's wax, and wind it up in a ball. Then unwind two or three yards of it, and that part, which is near the ball, make fast to a hook. Now take a marron, and stand as far from the hook as the pack-thread will reach, and wind it lengthwise round it, as close as possible, till it will hold no more in that direction; then turn it, and wind the pack-thread on the short way; then lengthwise again, and continue this winding until the paper is all covered. Make fast the end of the pack-thread, and beat down both ends of the marron to bring it in shape.
The method of firing marrons is by making a hole at one end with an awl, and putting in a piece of quickmatch. Then take a piece of strong paper, in which wrap the marron with two leaders, put down to the vent, and tie the paper tight round with small twine. These leaders are bent on each side, and their loose ends tied to other marrons, and nailed, in the middle, to the rail of the stand.
Marron batteries are made of several stands, with a number of cross rails for the marrons, which are regulated by leaders, by cutting them of different lengths, and nailing them tight or loose. This arrangement, however, is only intended for a certain purpose. For as marrons, if well managed, will keep time to a march or a piece of music; so, by regulating them in that way, that is to say, by cutting the leaders of different lengths and nailing them tight or loose, we may adjust the time of their explosion by the time of the music. In forming batteries with marrons, the large and small kinds must be used, and the nails for the leaders, or pipes of communication must have flat heads. The _marrons for service_ are a different kind; they resemble the incendiary bombs. See Fourth Part of the work.
The other kind of marron for fire-works, as described by Morel, (_Traité Practique des Feux D'Artifice_ p. 37,) and Bigot, (_Traité d'Artifice de Guerre_ p. 141,) are of a cubical form and of a suitable size for the _pot_, in which it is to enter, or of any dimensions, if it be fired alone, or without being employed as a decoration. These cubes are filled with grain powder, and are covered with two layers of pack-thread, which is bound very tightly, and over this, a coat of pitch or tar. They are pierced to the powder, and a match is adapted in the usual manner. Port-fire has been used, but is considered to possess no advantages.
The cubical marrons are formed in the following manner: Divide a piece of strong pasteboard in such a manner, as that each division will form one of the sides of the cube, as represented in the following figure.
k +-----+ k| |k | d | +-----+ | c | | | | b | +------+-----+------+ | c b | (A) | b c | | | | | +------+-----+------+ | b | | | | c | +-----+
Pasteboard, formed in the above manner, it is evident, when put together, will make a cube. (A) will be the base, and b c respectively, will form the sides, and d the top, k k k will come in contact with the edge of three sides. In d, (the cover), is a hole, in order to charge it, and, if necessary, to hold the match and priming. This, however, may be attached to either side. All the angles are well secured with paper pasted over them. The pack-thread must be well waxed with shoemakers' wax, before it is wound on it.
_Sec. XXIV. Of Shining Marrons._
Shining marrons are cubes of an inch at least on each surface, and prepared in the same manner as the preceding. The excess of the match, which is cut off in the former marron, is sufficient for these smaller marrons. Cotton is macerated, or soaked in a paste of the star composition, in the usual manner, viz: by mixing the composition with brandy, and a small portion of gum, or a solution of isinglass. The marron is then covered, about a finger in thickness, with this cotton; or more may be used, according to circumstances. It is afterwards rolled in meal powder, which serves for priming, and then dried in the shade.
Shining marrons are used in furnishing bombs, fire-pots, and rockets. They produce a brilliant effect; a vivid white light, which finishes with a report.
_Sec. XXV. Of Saucissons._
Saucissons differ from marrons only in form. They are intended, like them, for simple detonations. They are generally fired out of large mortars without chambers, the same as those for aigrettes, only somewhat stronger.
Saucissons are made of one or two-ounce cases, five or six inches long, and choaked in the same manner as serpents. Half the number which the mortar contains must be driven one and a half diameters with composition, and the other half, two diameters; so that, when fired, they may give two vollies of reports. But, if the mortars are very strong, and will bear a sufficient charge to throw the saucissons very high, there may be three vollies of reports, by dividing the number of cases into three parts, and making a difference in the height of the charge. After they are filled, pinch and tie them at the top of the charge, almost close; only leaving a small vent to communicate the fire to the upper part of the case, which must be filled with grain powder very near the top. The end then is to be pinched close and tied, and the case, bound very tightly with waxed pack-thread, from the choak, at the top of the composition, to the end of the case. This will strengthen the case, and cause the report to be very loud. Saucissons should be rolled a little thicker of paper than the common proportion. When they are to be put in the mortar, they must be primed in their _mouths_, and fired by a case of brilliant fire, fixed in their centre. The charge for these mortars should be 1/6th or 1/8th more than for _pots d'aigrettes_ of the same diameter.
For flying saucissons, the French make use of cases of three-quarters of an inch in exterior diameter. They are charged, to the height of half an inch, with the composition for mosaic tourbillons, which see. They are then choaked and bound at this place, and four fingers of grain powder are put into each, which is then covered with a stopper of paper. They are then again choaked and bound, and the excess of the case is cut off. They are primed with a piece of match, using the priming paste at the same time. When the saucissons are required to make a louder report, the part of the case, in which the powder is, should be wrapped round with pack-thread, much in the same manner as already described, and then covered with glue or pitch. These saucissons are usually put in the pots of the _mosaics_, some times in the place of them, and are arranged for exhibition on the same frame. We may, if we wish to vary the effect, put a saucisson in one pot, and a mosaic in another. When thrown in the air, their effect is to occasion a report. They first, however, form a tail of fire, and finish with an explosion. Bigot gives the difference between their internal and external diameters at four lines, or one-third of an inch.
Saucissons may either be used in the manner we have mentioned or thrown by hand. According to their size, and the strength of the case, so will be the report. They resemble a thick and short sausage, hence their name.
_Sec. XXVI. Of Fire-Pumps._
Fire-pumps are intended for a particular use, which we will describe hereafter. The composition is the following:
1. Saltpetre, 5 lbs. Sulphur, 1 -- Meal powder, 1½ -- Glass-dust, 1 -- 2. Saltpetre, 5 lbs. 8 oz. Sulphur, 2 -- Meal powder, 1 -- 8 -- Glass-dust, 1 -- 8 --
Cases for fire-pumps are made like those for tourbillons, except that they are pasted, instead of being rolled dry. In charging them, first put in a little meal powder, and then a star; then a ladleful or two of the above composition, which ram tightly; then a little meal powder, on that a star, and then composition again, and so on until the case is filled. Stars for fire-pumps should not be round; but must be made either square, or flat and circular, with a hole through the middle. The quantity of powder for throwing the stars must increase as we come near the top of the case; for, if much powder be put at the bottom, it will burst the case. The stars must differ in size in this manner: Let the star, which is first put in, be about one-fourth less than the caliber of the case; but let the next star be a little larger, and the third star a little larger than the second, and so on for the rest. Let them increase in diameter till within two of the top of the case, which two must fit in tight. As the loading of fire-pumps requires some skill, it will be necessary to make two or three trials before depending on their performance.
When a number of pumps are filled, care must be taken not to put in each an equal quantity of charge between the stars; so that, when they are fired, they may not throw up too many stars together. Cases for fire-pumps should be made very strong, and rolled on four or eight-ounce formers, each ten or twelve inches long. For the composition and preparation of stars, see _stars_.
_Sec. XXVII. Of the Volcano of Lemery._
The artificial earthquake, or volcano of Lemery, is formed by mixing into a paste with water, about equal parts of sulphur and steel or iron filings, and burying the mixture in the earth. The composition in a short time, will grow hot, and burst out; the earth will break, and open in several places.
Baumé mixed 100 pounds of iron filings and the same quantity of sulphur together, with water, and rammed the mixture into an iron pot. After ten hours, the mass swelled up and grew warm, aqueous vapours arose, and the mass burst. Ten hours afterwards, the heat, vapours, &c. greatly increased, and a flame issued forth, lasting only from 2 to 3 minutes. Finally, the mass became red-hot, and the burning and heat continued 40 hours longer; but without flame.
We may merely remark, that this effect is produced by the chemical union, which takes place between the sulphur and iron, forming a sulphuret of iron, analogous in composition to the native martial pyrites. The water is at the same time, decomposed, during which the mixture swells, becomes hot, and throws up the earth, producing at the same time a large quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen gas. This gas is formed by the combination of a part of the sulphur with the hydrogen of the water; whilst the oxygen, the other element of the water, goes to oxidize the metal and to acidify the remaining sulphur. Hence sulphate of iron, or green vitriol is produced. The experiment may be made in a common basin.
It is a remarkable fact, that spontaneous combustion, which takes place without the application of an ignited body, ensues in a variety of instances; and new facts daily occur, which show, that cases of this kind are more numerous than we had reason to suspect. Besides the old and well known effect of quicklime, pyrites, pyritous schist, &c. in producing spontaneous combustion, it is found, that ashes and oil, oil and cotton, and a number of substances have set fire to cotton mills, and other works.
It is known, that, in the slaking of quicklime, a considerable degree of heat is produced. This is owing to the solidification of the water, or its union with the lime in the form of a hydrate, and the consequent change, which the caloric undergoes from a latent to an uncombined state. Hence inflammable substances, in contact with lime, under these circumstances, are necessarily set on fire.
Spontaneous combustion arises simply from a play of chemical affinities. The following general observations on this subject are given by Nicholson, (_Chemical Dictionary_); and an enumeration of the effects may lead to cautions of importance for preventing serious accidents: "If quicklime, in any quantity, be laid in contact with any combustible, as wood, and be wetted by accident, or to make it into mortar, a sufficient quantity of heat may be extricated to set fire to the wood. Animal or vegetable substances, laid together damp in large heaps, undergo a fermentation, which often excites combustion, as in the case of hay-ricks. Woollen cloth, not freed from the oil used in dressing it, and laid up damp in large heaps, has been known to take fire; and so has painted canvass. Flowers and herbs boiled in oil, as is done by druggists, and then laid in heaps, sometimes do the same. The mixture of linseed oil and lampblack, or of linseed oil and black wad, is very liable to inflame. Torrefied vegetables, as malt, coffee, or bran, put while hot, into coarse bags, are apt to take fire. The spontaneous combustion of phosphorus, and various pyrophori, is well known. It is suspected to be owing to the presence of one or other of these, that charcoal sometimes takes fire without any apparent cause; and the charcoal of peat is said to be particularly liable to this. Hyperoxygenated muriate of potassa, mixed with sulphur, or with sulphur and charcoal, is apt to detonate spontaneously.
"Many cases of spontaneous combustion taking place in the human body too are on record: and it has been observed, that all the persons, who thus suffered, were much addicted to the use of spirituous liquors."
_Sec. XXVIII. Of the blue and green Match, for Cyphers Devices, and Decorations._
We had occasion to mention, that blue and green flame may be produced by employing sundry substances, which have the property of changing the colour of flame. This is effected in the present instance.
For the preparation of the match, we melt one pound of roll brimstone in a glazed earthen vessel, over a slow fire, and add one ounce of finely pulverized verdigris, and half an ounce of antimony. The cotton for the match, may be of any length and thickness, as we judge proper; and is to be immersed, and well soaked, in the wetted sulphur, having previously put in the verdigris, and antimony. Sulphur alone will form a blue light.
The matches are afterwards tied to a rod of iron, which is bent according to the design we purpose to form, and to which they are fastened with a very fine iron wire, called the _carcase_. They are covered with priming paste, and a quick match is tied along the whole length. They are then covered with bands of gray paper, and a piece of port-fire is fixed on the end, to communicate fire.
_Sec. XXIX. Of the Purple or Violet Match._
The design is made, and the match is attached, in the same manner as described in the last section; but without bending it. The preparation is as follows: Make a decoction of _jujubes_, which have been peeled, and stoned, and thicken it by adding as much of the flour of sulphur, as will bring it to a proper consistence. The cotton is then covered with this mixture, in the manner before stated; its thickness to be determined, according to the time required for it to burn. While hot, the match is primed by rolling it in meal powder. It is then suffered to dry. The design, it is to be observed, ought to be supported at the distance of four or five inches from the rods which hold it, by small cross pieces of iron, to prevent it taking fire; a circumstance necessary to be guarded against.
_Sec. XXX. Of Meteors._
Artificial fire-works, to resemble meteors in the atmosphere, have, if properly prepared and exhibited, a brilliant appearance. The composition must be projected to a great height, which is either done by rockets, or from mortars. Meteors are made in the same manner as shining marrons, which we have already described, except, however, that they are of a very large size and usually weigh ten pounds. The larger they are made the better, and the more grand is their effect. See _Shining Marrons_.