Part 2

AMBLYODON (56). Caps. clavate or sub-pyriform, incurved sub-erect; perist. outer, 16 short, erect, obtuse teeth; inner (longer) a membrane divided into 16 carinate processes, without cilia. Calyptra indexed at base; leaves loosely reticulated. 125.

MEESIA (55). Caps, obovate or clavate, curved, gibbous, sub-erect, neck long, tapering into seta; perist. outer 16 short, obtuse teeth, somewhat united to inner, entire or split along medial line; inner same as last; leaves of close firm texture, strongly nerved. 125.

_e._ Capsule striated.

ZYGODON (37). _vide ante p. 7._

AULACOMNION (47). Caps. oval or oblong apophysate, cernuous on a flexuose seta; perist. outer 16 teeth, lanceolate-subulate, barred; inner a thin membrane divided half way into 16 carinate lacunose processes, with cilia two or three together. Branches bearing terminal globular masses (_pseudopodia_) of rudimentary leaves or gemmæ. 105.

BARTRAMIA (61). Caps. globose, rather large, erect or cernuous, rarely pendulous, not apophysate; perist. double, single, or wanting; outer 16 equidistant lanceolate teeth; inner a membrane divided into 16 carinate lanceolate processes, splitting along the middle, alternating, sometimes with cilia; calyptra small dimidiate; leaves papillose or muriculate. 128.

_f._ Caps. smooth, mostly pyriform.

PALUDELLA (54). Caps. oval-oblong, slightly curved, cernuous or sub-erect, lid mammillate; peristome as in _Bryum_, inner without cilia; leaves squarrose. 125.

TIMMIA (46). Caps. obovate, cernuous; perist. outer 16 teeth, inner, a membrane divided half way into 64 filiform processes; variously united at the summits; leaves sheathing, rigid, lanceolate; barren fl. axillary, gemmiform. Infl. monoicous. 104.

ORTHODONTIUM (48). Caps. clavoto-pyriform, inclined; perist. outer 16 teeth indexed when dry; inner deeply divided into 16 narrow carinate processes; leaves very tender, narrow, not sheathing; barren fl. axillary, gemmiform, aggregate. Infl. monoicous. 106.

LEPTOBRYUM (49). Caps. and perist. as in _Bryum_; stems of annual growth without innovations; leaves almost setaceous. Infl. synoicous. 106.

BRYUM (50). Caps. pyriform cernuous or inclined; perist. outer 16 teeth, inner a membrane divided half way into 16 carinate segments with or without cilia; stems perennial, with innovations below the terminal flower; barren fl. gemmiform or naked. 106.

MNIUM (51). Caps. oblong pendulous; perist. as in _Bryum_; stems with innovations from the lower part; leaves large; barren fl. discoid; infl. dioicous or synoicous. 121.

CINCLIDIUM (52). Caps., leaves and stem as in _Mnium_, outer teeth 16 short, inner cupuliform. 124.

SECT. I. _b._ CLADOCARPI.

Fruit terminal on very short lateral branches.

DIV. I. _Peristome none._

SPHAGNUM (2). _vide ante p. 1._

DIV. II. _Peristome single._

MIELICHHOFERIA (53). _vide ante p. 8._

FISSIDENS (71) partly. _vide ante p. 10._

CINCLIDOTUS (28) occasionally. _vide ante p. 12._

SECT. II. PLEUROCARPI.

Fructification truly lateral.

DIV. I. _Calyptra dimidiate._

SUB-DIV. I. _Peristome none._

ANŒCTANGIUM (72). Caps. oval or obovate, erect, with a short slightly inflated neck; lid conico-convex with a long slender oblique beak; stems erect, cæspitose. 139.

SUB-DIV. II. _Perist. single, of 16 teeth._

HABRODON (77). Caps. oval-oblong erect, calyptra large, lid conical; st. sub-erect, l. spreading, nerveless, soft and opaque; per. teeth simple, linear, inserted below mouth of caps., remotely articulate: dioicous. 141.

SUB-DIV. III. _Peristome almost single._

_a._ _inner peristome very short and indistinct._

LEUCODON (73). Caps. oval erect, on a short pedicel; calyptra large; outer teeth 16 bifid or perforate, not hygroscopic; surculi erect simple; leaves plicato-striate, nerveless. 139.

PTEROGONIUM (78). Caps. oblong erect, on a long seta; calyptra small; outer teeth 16 simple, hygroscopic; surculi dendroid, with fasciculate curved branches; leaves not striate. 141.

LEPTODON (75). Caps. oval on a very short seta; calyptra and vaginula hairy; teeth 16 linear-lanceolate, entire or fissile, not hygroscopic; surculi pinnate; branches curled when dry; leaves very obtuse. 140.

SUB-DIV. IV. _Peristome double._

_a._ _Inner perist. of 16 cilia._

ANTITRICHIA (74). Caps, oval, regular, on a short curved seta; calyptra rather large smooth; inner peristome of 16 filiform processes; outer 16 tapering teeth with a medial line; surculi procumbent, pinnate. 140.

ANOMODON (76). Caps. oval-oblong erect, on a long seta; lid obliquely rostrate; calyptra small; perist. as in last: stems erect with erect branches, cæspitose; leaves of close texture acuminate, nerved. 140.

CYLINDROTHECIUM (81). Caps. cylindrical, regular, erect; outer teeth 16 inserted below mouth of capsule; inner of 16 narrow carinate processes; lid shortly rostellate; stem procumbent pinnate; leaves ovate concave, faintly two-nerved at base. 142.

NECKERA (85). Caps. oval-oblong, immersed or pedicillate; lid obliquely rostrate, outer teeth 16 linear-subulate, long, connivent into a cone; inner as above; stems pinnate; leaves complanate. St. sub-erect from a creeping rhizome. 182.

_b._ _Inner peristome a membrane divided half way into 16 carinate segments with or without cilia._

* Caps. symmetrical, erect or sub-erect.

OMALIA (84). Leaves complanate smooth, falciform, obtuse, serrulate at apex, not undulate (allied to _Neckera_).

LESKEA (82). Perist. outer of 16 narrow barred teeth, inner without (rarely with) intermediate cilia, leaves mostly ovate, nerved or nerveless, entire, spreading every way. 143.

CLIMACIUM (80). Caps. oblong, erect; lid adhering to the persistent columella; outer teeth linear-lanceolate, confluent at base, trabeculate, with a medial line; inner alternate and longer than outer, lacunose without cilia, the two segments of each process united only at apex; stem dendroid, erect. 142.

ISOTHECIUM (79). Caps. oval, sub-erect, symmetrical; lid not adhering to columella; outer teeth 16 barred, with a medial line; inner with intermediate cilia, two or three together; stem dendroid drooping; branches fasciculate or pinnate. 142.

* * Caps. unequal, cernuous.

HYPNUM (83). Caps. cernuous, sometimes nearly erect, rarely pendulous, ovate or oblong, more or less curved, and sometimes slightly apophysate; outer teeth 16 equidistant lanceolate acuminate, barred, inner alternating, often perforate, with intermediate cilia, one, two or three together. 145.

_c._ Inner perist. a reticulated cone.

DICHELYMA (90). Peristome like _Fontinalis_; caps. scarcely exserted; calyptra long twisted; leaves nerved. 185.

DIV. II. _Calyptra mitriform._

HOOKERIA (86). Caps. ovate or elliptical, cernuous, lid with a straight beak; perist. as in _Leskia_; calyptra not fringed at base; leaves complanate, loosely reticulated. 184.

DALTONIA (87). Caps. erect oval-oblong, obscurely apophysate; calyptra fringed at base; leaves spreading every way; inner perist. divided nearly to base. 184.

CRYPHÆA (88). Caps. oval-oblong or roundish, sub-sessile, immersed; calyptra conical small, not fringed; peristome as in _Neckera_. 184.

FONTINALIS (89). Caps. ovate or oval, immersed, sub-sessile; calyptra conical, crenate or slightly lacerate at base, small; outer teeth 16 linear-lanceolate, very long, cohering at apex in pairs, barred, twisted; inner a plicate cone, with 16 angles, consisting of filiform cilia, united by crossbars. 185.

DIVISION I. ACROCARPI. (Genera 1–72.)

1. ANDREÆA. Ehr.

_a._ _L. nerveless._

1. A. PETROPHILA. Ehr. (_A. rupestris_ Hedw.) St. ¼ inch loosely tufted, with fastigiate branches; l. erect imbricate, with a sheathing base, generally secund, ovate or ovate-subulate, tapering above, and rather obtuse; papillose, areolæ dotted; per. l. larger; all reddish brown.

Sub-alpine rocks, frequent. V. VI.

2. A. ALPESTRIS. Schimp. St. taller, densely tufted, with slender branches; l. crowded, very small, patent on all sides when moist, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, areolæ quadrate at margin; per. l. shorter and more obtuse.

Damp alpine rocks. Glen Callater; Perthshire.

3. A. OBOVATA. Thed. “Densely tufted, blackish brown, tall and robust; l. somewhat like those of _alpina_, from an imbricate base ovate-panduriform, gradually lanceolate, nearly smooth, glossy, quite entire at margin, areolæ much laxer.” Dr. Braithwaite, Jour, of Bot., VIII. p. 95.

Glen Callater.

4. A. ALPINA. Turner. St. tall 1–3in. densely tufted, with long fastigiate branches; l. imbricate, spreading, reddish or purplish brown, obovate, almost panduriform concave; per. l. larger elliptic sheathing, acute, areolæ dot-like.

Alpine rocks. V. VI.

_b._ _L. nerved._

5. A. RUPESTRIS. Turn. (_A. Rothii_ W. & M.) St. scarcely ½ inch, loosely tufted; l. imbricate, falcato-secund, longly subulate from an ovate base, thickly nerved to apex, rigid almost black; per. l. larger convolute.

Alpine and sub-alpine rocks. V. VI.

6. A. GRIMSULANA. Bruch. Much more robust than the last, rufous black; l. lanceolate acute broader, more solid, falcato-secund; per. l. broadly ovate not acuminate.

Brandsley Falls, Yorkshire, J. G. Baker 1858. Herb. Kew.—Ingleborough.

7. A. CRASSINERVIA. Bruch. Tufts depressed deep black, st. prostrate ascending, fragile; l. shining falcato-secund, subulate from an oblong base; nerve thick excurrent into the round papillose _subula_, margin entire, cells quadrate; per. l. erecto-patent convolute nerveless.

Alpine rocks; Hebden Bridge 1865; Scotland; Snowdon 1853.

8. A. FALCATA. Schimp. Smaller than last, very fragile black; l. falcato-secund, opaque, from a dilated obovate base abruptly lanceolate-subulate, nerve flattened, ending at or below the apex, which is erose at margin.

Snowdon 1865 and Cader Idris (Schimper); Perthshire (McKinlay).

9. A. NIVALIS. Hooker. St. longer tufted slender, l. reddish brown, falcato-secund, lanceolate-subulate, acute, gradually tapering and nerved to apex.

Alpine rocks at limit of perpetual snow; Ben Nevis, &c. Summer.

2. SPHAGNUM. Dill.

[Dr. Braithwaite is at present publishing in the “Monthly Microscopical Journal” a Monograph of this genus, but as he has only got some three or four species described, I regret that I cannot avail myself of his valuable researches, and can only publish such species as are known to me. His division of species is as follows:—

A. 1 _S. cymbifolium_ Ehr. B. 2 _S. tenellum_ Ehr. 3 _S. rubellum_ Wils. 4 _S. neglectum_ Angst. 5 _S. subsecundum_ N. von E. C. 6 _S. molle_ Sulot. 7 _S. rigidum._ N. H. & S. D. 8 _S. squarrosum_ Pers. 9 _S. teres_ Angst. 10 _S. acutifolium_ Ehr. 11 _S. strictum_ Lindb. 12 _S. fimbriatum_ Wils. 13 _S. Lindbergii_ Schp. 14 _S. intermedium_ Hoff. 15 _S. cuspidatum_ Ehr.]

SECT. I. _Leaves obtuse roundish or elliptical._

_a._ Utricles of branches lined with spiral fibres.

10. S. CYMBIFOLIUM. Ehr. St. 3–12 inches robust tufted solid, covered with a cortical web. Stem l. lingulate-spathulate with a rounded apex; br. l. imbricate broadly ovate concave cucullate and muriculate at apex; caps. large globose on a short seta: dioicous.

Bogs, common. VI. VII.

_b._ Branch cells without spiral fibres.

11. S. COMPACTUM. Brid. St. erect, 2–4in. dichotomous, densely cæspitose; branches crowded short, almost erect, br. l. ovate-subulate, obtuse, concave, slightly cucullate and smooth at apex, præmorse with 3–4 teeth; st. l. small elliptical: dioicous.

Wet moors. VII. VIII.

12. S. TENELLUM. Ehr. (_S. molluscum._ Bruch.) Stems rarely 2in. slender, soft, fragile, branches similar; l. erecto-patent reflexed, ovate-oblong, with a broadish border, very concave on the branches, pale yellowish white; utricles of the branches between the leaves recurved at points; caps. small orange-red, on a long pedicel: dioicous.

Wet hollows on peat bogs. V. VI.

13. S. RUBELLUM. Wils. St. 2–5in. slender loosely tufted with slender deflexed sometimes curved branches; st. l. large ovate-oblong concave obtuse sub-secund with a minutely toothed apex; br. l. ovate or oblong-ovate, margins indexed, capsule almost included: dioicous.

Peat mosses, fr. rare. VI. VII.

SECT. II. _Leaves acuminate, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate._

_a._ Leaves erecto-patent.

14. S. ACUTIFOLIUM. Ehr. St. 3–6in. with slender attenuated branches; stem. l. small ovate acute erect; branch l. ovate-lanceolate slightly præmorse with a 3–4 toothed apex, erecto-patent, often with a pinkish tinge, sometimes almost white; pedicel long; monoicous.

Bogs and marshes. VI. VII.

15. S. FIMBRIATUM. Wils. St. slender 6–12in. loosely cæspitose, with slender deflexed branches; st. l. obovate broad very obtuse, and fringed at the summit; br. l. ovate-lanceolate acute erecto-patent, whitish, never reddish; p. l. very large obtuse, cucullate; caps. on a short pedicel, nearly enclosed in the per. leaves: monoicous.

Bogs and marshes. VI. VII.

16. S. CUSPIDATUM. Dill. Ehr. St. 3–12in., flaccid with distant deflexed attenuated branches, the younger ones cuspidate; st. l. ovate acute, br. l. lanceolate acute præmorse slightly fringed and bordered; per. l. broadly ovate, acute, ped. short: dioicous.

Wet bogs. VI. VII.

17. S. RECURVUM. P. Beauv. “Distinguished from the last by its branch leaves, recurved when dry, elliptical, not attenuated towards the apex; usually growing out of the water, whilst _S. cuspidatum_ is almost submerged.”—G. E. Hunt.

Common in bogs.

var. δ. _laricinum_. Spruce. l. loosely imbricated, slightly undulate when dry, areolæ very minute.

18. S. CONTORTUM. Schultz. St. 3–6in. rigid blackish, “with a single layer of cortical cellules”, and with crowded generally contorted attenuated branches; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute concave, frequently 3–toothed at the apex, the cellules bordered with a row of small pores at the back of the leaf: dioicous.

Bogs and ditches. VII.

var. γ. _obesum_; stem more robust, branches thicker and longer, leaves larger.

19. S. SUBSECUNDUM. Nees & H. Allied to _contortum_, but more lax in habit, stems more slender, with shorter branches and with the branch leaves generally more or less secund.

20. S. CURVIFOLIUM. Wils. MS. Allied to the last; stem with a cortical layer of two or three rows of cellules, leaves without marginal pores, entire, acute.

_b._ Leaves squarrose.

21. S. SQUARROSUM. Pers. St. 4–12in. rigid, often forked, with long deflexed attenuated branches; l. ovate-acuminate acute, recurved; caps. large on a longish pedicel.

Bogs. VI. VII.

3. ARCHIDIUM. BRIDEL.

22. A. PHASCOIDES Brid. St. ¼in., second year branched sometimes 1in.; fertile branches short, barren ones longer, slender, and with more distant leaves; l. lanceolate pointed, upper ones longest, entire, nerved nearly to or beyond apex; p.l. ovate-lanceolate, toothed near the apex, nerve excurrent.

Moist clayey or chalky banks, &c. III. IV.

4. PHASCUM. LINN.

SECT. I. (EPHEMERUM.) Almost stemless, capsule immersed, barren fl. gemmiform at base of, or near to, fertile fl.

_a._ Growing from a conferva-like thallus, columella fugacious.

23. P. SERRATUM. Schreb. “Stemless, leaves lanceolate, nerveless (?) serrated, connivent; capsule large roundish ovate, sub-sessile.” (Wils.)

Sandy banks or fallows. Spring or Autumn.

var. β. _angustifolium._ “Leaves narrower, linear-lanceolate, obscurely toothed; caps. smaller.”

24. P. COHÆRENS. Hed. Stemless, very minute; l. ovate-lanceolate, keeled, erect, nerved to apex, and serrated about half way from summit; capsule immersed sub-sessile.

On the ground. Winter.

25. P. TENERUM. Bruch. Inconspicuous; l. broad ovate-lanceolate, slightly denticulate at apex, very flaccid; caps. small, pale yellow, calyptra conical. Bry. Europ. vol. I.

On the mud of dried-up pools. Winter.

Weald of Sussex, Mr. Mitten.

26. P. SESSILE. B. & S. Very minute, almost stemless; l. lanceolate-subulate, denticulate more than two-thirds from summit, rigid, with an almost excurrent nerve; caps. sessile small, rounded, brownish: monoicous.

Clay and chalky heaths, rare. Autumn, Winter.

var. β. _stenophyllum_. l. shorter, linear-lanceolate, slightly serrulate.

27. P. RECURVIFOLIUM. Dicks. Minute, st. almost none; l. lingulate, rarely linear-lanceolate, erect, frequently recurved, denticulate at the apex, with a strong generally excurrent nerve; caps. roundish ovate, nearly sessile.

Heaths and fallows. Autumn, Winter.

_b._ Mature plants without confervoid shoots.

28. P. MUTICUM. Schreb. Minute, almost stemless; l. convolute, broadly ovate, tapering pointed, concave, toothed above, nerved nearly to the apex; caps. round, reddish, erect, sub-sessile.

Moist banks and fallows. Autumn, Spring.

var. β. _minus_, leaves entire.

29. P. TRIQUETRUM. Spruce. Almost stemless; l. in three rows, lowest minute ovate nerveless, three uppermost (perichætial) cucullate, pointed, obovate, keeled, margins reflexed, denticulate above, nerve excurrent; caps. spherical, horizontal or drooping, pedicel long, slender, suddenly bent near its union with the capsule.

Cliffs, Sussex coast. III.

SECT. II. Barren fl. axillary, antheridia naked.

30. P. FLOERKEANUM. Web. & M. Almost stemless, very minute; leaves broadly ovate, tapering to a point, lower ones small nerveless, upper ones larger nerve excurrent, margins reflexed; caps. ovate-spherical, shortly beaked, immersed with sub-conical curved-pointed calyptra.

Clay or chalky fields, rare. IX.–XI.

31. P. RECTUM. Sm. Stem short; l. closely crowded, erecto-patent, elliptic-lanceolate pointed with an excurrent nerve, often reddish, margins recurved; caps. exserted, roundish ovoid, on a longish straight pedicel.

Fields and banks near the coast, frequent. Winter.

32. P. CURVICOLLUM. Hedw. St. short reddish; l. erecto-patent, lanceolate, tapering, pointed with an excurrent nerve, entire, margin reflexed; caps. roundish, blunt-pointed, cernuous, exserted, on a longish curved pedicel; cal. dimidiate.

Moist banks and fields.

SECT. III. Barren fl. axillary, gemmiform.

33. P. CUSPIDATUM. Schreb. From ⅛ to ¼in. high, st. simple or branched; l. ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, erect concave, keeled, with the nerve prominently excurrent; caps. roundish, immersed on a short pedicel.

Moist banks, hedges, and fields, common. III.

var. β. leaves longer, lanceolate; caps. smaller.

γ. _Schreberianum._ St. elongated, branches dichotomous; leaves distant spreading.

δ. _piliferum._ Pedicel curved; leaves with long white filiform points.

ε. _curvisetum._ Caps. laterally exserted, on a longish curved pedicel.

ζ. _elatum._ Upper leaves lanceolate, cuspidate caps. sub-pendulous, similar to the last.

34. P. BRYOIDES. Dicks. St. ⅛–¼in. simple or branched; l. lower, ovate pointed, upper elliptic ovate concave erect, margin reflexed, pointed with the excurrent nerve; caps. elliptical, with an oblique blunt point, brown, exserted. Barren fl. sometimes terminal on a short branch.

Banks and fields, rare. Spring.

var. β. leaves piliferous.

γ. _curvisetum._ Pedicel curved, longer.

δ. caps. roundish, pedicel very short.

ε. smaller, with piliferous leaves. (_P. pusillum_ Schleich.)

ζ. _Thornhillii._ “l. spreading sub-reflexed spathulato-lanceolate, margin plane, nerve slightly excurrent; caps. narrowly elliptical, rostrate, pedicel elongated.”

SECT. IV. Barren fl. naked in the axil of a perichætial leaf.

35. P. PATENS. Hedw. St. ⅛in. l. more or less spreading, sometimes recurved, obovate-lanceolate, serrulate near the apex, concave, nerve ceasing below apex; caps. immersed spherical pointed, pale brown, sub-sessile.

Clay banks and fields. Autumn.

SECT. V. Stems growing by innovations, caps. therefore often apparently lateral, leaves narrow, almost setaceous.

36. P. NITIDUM. Hedw. L. generally erect, linear-lanceolate, keeled, sub-denticulate near apex, nerved (thin) nearly to summit; caps. elliptical, with a short oblique point, sometimes pendulous, on a short pedicel.

Moist banks, &c. Autumn, Spring.

37. P. SUBULATUM. L. St. ⅛in. l. lanceolate, sharply tapering from a broadish base, not keeled, with a broad nerve ceasing near the apex; per. l. almost setaceous; caps. roundish-ovoid pale brown, immersed, on a very short pedicel.

Banks and fields, common. Spring.

38. P. ALTERNIFOLIUM. Bruch. & S. St. sometimes with innovations, ½in. long, or more; st. l. lanceolate acuminate from a broad base; per. l. subulate-setaceous, with a thick nerve, excurrent and forming nearly the upper half of the leaf; caps. ovoid immersed, brownish, with an oblique point.

Banks and fallow ground. Spring.

SECT. VI. Stems perennial branched; leaves linear-lanceolate firm strongly nerved; caps. with traces of a dehiscent lid; barren fl. gemmiform, terminal on a branch or sometimes axillary.

39. P. CRISPUM. Hedw. St. ¼in. cæspitose; with fastigiate branches; l. lanceolate-subulate, grooved erect or spreading, margins involute, nerve excurrent; per. l. very long, concave at base, sometimes almost secund; caps. roundish, immersed, pale brown, with an oblique beak.

Banks and fields, chiefly limestone. Spring.

40. P. MULTICAPSULARE. Smith. St. ½in., loosely tufted; leaves distant, alternate, spreading, lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, with an excurrent nerve and plane margin; per. l. longer and broader, erect, incurved; capsule ovoid tapering to an oblique short beak, on a longish pedicel, sometimes two together.

Fields, &c., rare. III.

var. β. _Mittenii._ Stems fragile, l. shorter, acute, recurved; p. l. smaller; caps. on a longer pedicel.

41. P. ROSTELLATUM. Brid. St. ⅛–¼in., tufted; l. linear-lanceolate, spreading obtuse, nerve excurrent, margin plane; caps. olive-brown ovoid elliptical with a straight beak; pedicel equalling caps. in length: a smaller plant than the last.

Dried beds of pools, &c. Autumn, Spring.

5. GYMNOSTOMUM. HEDW.

SECT. I. Infl. dioicous, margin of l. reflexed or plane, not incurved.

_a._ St. short, per. l. sheathing; caps. elliptic-oblong, narrow at mouth, lid conical, annulus large persistent.

42. G. TENUE. Schrad. St. tufted; l. lingulate, sub-erect, upper ones longest entire, nerved nearly to apex; caps. pale brown, lid obtuse.

Sandstone rocks and walls. VII. VIII.

_b._ St. taller, branched; per. l. slightly sheathing, caps. oval or ovoid, truncate; lid with a long beak, annulus narrow, persistent.