Part 24

Bill a third longer than the head, slender, very slightly decurved; greenish-black; legs long, slender, yellowish-green. In summer, their upper parts brownish-black, the feathers margined with reddish-white, the edges of the scapulars with semiform markings of the same; rump and upper tail-coverts white, transversely barred with dusky; tail light grey, the feathers white at the base and along the middle; primary quills and coverts brownish-black, inner tinged with grey, the shaft of the outer primary white; secondaries brownish-grey, margined with reddish-white, the inner dusky; a broad whitish line over the eye; loral space dusky; auriculars pale brownish-red; fore part and sides of neck greyish-white tinged with red, and longitudinally streaked with dusky, the rest of the lower parts pale reddish, transversely barred with dusky, the middle of the breast and the abdomen without markings. In winter, the upper parts brownish-grey, the head narrowly streaked with dusky, the scapulars plainly margined with whitish; the rump and wings as in summer; the band over the eye lighter, the fore part and sides of neck greyish-white, longitudinally streaked with grey, the sides similar, and with the lower coverts barred with grey, the rest of the lower parts white.

_Male_, 7-1/2-8-3/4, 15-1/2-17. _Female_, 8-1/2-10-1/2, 16-1/2-18.

Abundant in Texas in spring. Rare in the Middle Districts. Breeds in the Fur Countries. Migratory.

Tringa himantopus, Bonap. Syn. p. 316.

Tringa Douglassii, Swains. Douglass' Sandpiper, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 379.

Tringa himantopus, Slender-shank Sandpiper, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 380.

Long-legged Sandpiper, Audubon's Stilt Sandpiper, Douglass' Stilt Sandpiper. Nutt. Man. v. ii. pp. 138, 140, 141.

Long-legged Sandpiper, Tringa himantopus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 332.

336. 9. Tringa Schinzii, Brehm. Schinz's Sandpiper.

Plate CCLXXVIII. Male and Female.

Bill about the length of the head, straight, and with the feet greenish-dusky; general colour of upper parts brownish-black, each feather edged with yellowish-grey, the scapulars with light red; wing-coverts greyish-brown, the shaft black; primary and secondary coverts tipped with white; quills brownish-grey, darker toward the tips, inner primaries and outer secondaries more or less edged and tipped with white; tail-feathers white, with a dusky spot, excepting the central two, which are blackish, with a few greyish-white markings; tail-feathers light grey, the two middle brownish-black towards the end; sides of the head, fore neck, anterior part of breast and sides greyish-white, with small lanceolate central brownish-black spots; the rest of the lower parts white.

_Male_, 7-1/2, 14-3/4.

From Labrador to St Augustine in Florida, and Kentucky, during autumn. Missouri. Saskatchewan Plains. Not very rare. Migratory. Breeds in high northern latitudes.

Tringa Schinzii, Bonap. Syn. p. 249.

Tringa Schinzii, Schinz's Sandpiper, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 384.

Schinz's Sandpiper, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 109.

Schinz's Sandpiper, Tringa Schinzii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 529.

337. 10. Tringa semipalmata, Wils. Semipalmated Sandpiper.

Plate CCCCV. Adult.

Bill as long as the head, greenish-dusky; feet dull yellowish-green; upper part of head, cheeks, hind part and sides of neck, ash-grey, streaked with dusky; on the rest of the upper parts the feathers dusky-brown, margined with pale grey, those on the rump and the upper tail-coverts blackish-brown; secondary coverts tipped with white; alula and primary coverts brownish-black, the latter tipped with white; primary quills greyish-black, with white shafts; secondary quills more grey; primaries externally edged with white towards the base, as are the outer secondaries in a fainter degree, as well as terminally, some of them also having the greater part of the inner web greyish-white; two middle tail-feathers greyish-black on the inner web, their outer web and all the other feathers ash-grey; anterior part of forehead, and a band over the eye greyish-white; lower parts white.

_Adult_, 6-3/4, 12-1/2.

Exceedingly abundant from Texas to Maine, in winter, spring, and autumn. Breeds from Labrador northward. Columbia River. Migratory.

Semipalmated Sandpiper, Tringa semipalmata, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 131.

Tringa semipalmata. Bonap. Syn. p. 316.

Semipalmated Sandpiper, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 136.

Semipalmated Sandpiper, Tringa semipalmata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 111.

338. 11. Tringa pusilla, Wils. Little Sandpiper.

Plate CCCXX. Male and Female.

Bill a little shorter than the head, straight, greenish-dusky, feet pale dull yellowish-green; feathers of the upper parts brownish-black, broadly margined with light brownish-red, some of the scapulars margined externally with white, and the larger glossed with green; alula, primary coverts, primary quills, and outer secondaries, greyish-black, all more or less narrowly tipped with greyish-white; secondary coverts largely tipped with the same; primaries externally edged with white toward the base, as are the outer secondaries in a fainter degree, the inner webs of some of the latter greyish-white toward the base, their shafts white; rump and upper tail-coverts black; two middle tail-feathers black, with pale brownish-red edges, the next feather on each side greyish-brown, edged with greyish-white, the outer four pale greyish-brown, very narrowly margined externally, more broadly internally, and along their points with greyish-white; lateral tail-coverts with the outer web white; from the forehead over the eye to the occiput, a band of dull greyish-white, faintly streaked with dusky; loral band and ear-coverts brownish-dusky; cheeks dull greyish-white, faintly streaked with dusky; throat greyish-white; sides and fore part of neck of the same colour, faintly streaked with dusky; the rest of the lower parts, including the axillars, pure white; lower surface of wing pale brownish-grey. In autumn and winter the red edgings of the upper parts are substituted by light grey.

_Male_, 5-5/8, 11-3/8.

Distributed along the whole coast from Texas eastward, and throughout all intermediate districts to the Columbia River. Breeds in Labrador and the Fur Countries. Found even along the lakes and ponds in the woods. Very abundant. Migratory.

Little Sandpiper, Tringa pusilla, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 32.

Tringa pusilla, Bonap. Syn. p. 319.

Wilson's Sandpiper, Tringa Wilsonii, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 120.

Little Sandpiper, Tringa pusilla, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 180.

* Third toe wanting.

339. 12. Tringa arenaria. Sanderling Sandpiper.

Plate CCLXXXV. Summer. Plate CCXXX. Male and Female in winter.

Bill about the length of the head, straight, and with the feet black; hind toe wanting. In winter the general colour of the plumage ash-grey, the lower parts pure white; alula and primaries brownish-black, the latter with more or less white on their outer webs, or along the shaft; secondaries white, the outer with a patch of black towards the end, the inner ash-grey; primary coverts greyish-black, tipped with white; middle tail-feathers greyish-brown, their shafts white, the rest of a paler tint on the outer webs, white on the inner, the lateral almost pure white. In summer the upper parts of the head, hind neck, lateral, and fore part of the neck, pale yellowish-red, streaked with brownish-black; the back similarly marked, with larger spots, and on the scapulars disposed in bars; the tips of most of the feathers greyish-white; the other parts as in winter.

_Male_, 7-10/12, 12-1/2.

From Texas along the coast to Maine in autumn and spring, extremely abundant. Breeds from Lat. 55° northward.

Ruddy Plover, Charadrius rubidus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 129. Summer.

Sanderling Plover, Charadrius Calidris, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 68. Winter.

Calidris arenaria, Sanderling, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 366.

Sanderling Plover, Calidris arenaria, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 4.

Sanderling, Tringa arenaria, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 231; v. v. p. 582.

GENUS II. PHALAROPUS, Briss. PHALAROPE.

Bill scarcely longer than the head, straight, slender, at the base somewhat cylindrical, toward the end broader and flattened, the tips narrowed; upper mandible with the dorsal line straight, excepting at the end, where it is a little decurved, the ridge convex, flattened at the broad part, the sides slightly sloping, the edges rounded, and near the tip inflected; nasal groove linear, extending to near the tip; lower mandible with the angle very long and narrow, the sides convex and sloping outwards, the tip narrowed. Nostrils basal, linear-elliptical. Head small, with the fore part high and rounded; neck of moderate length; body rather full. Feet rather short, slender; tibia bare a short way above the joint; tarsus much compressed, narrowed before and behind, covered anteriorly with numerous scutella; toes very slender, first extremely small, free, with a slight membrane beneath; second shorter than the fourth; third toe much longer, all scutellate above, the anterior margined on both sides with lobed and pectinated membranes, which are united at the base, so as to render the foot nearly half-webbed, the outer web much longer than the inner. Claws very small, compressed, arched, obtuse. Plumage soft and blended; wings long and pointed, first quill longest, secondary quills rather short, the inner much elongated. Tail of moderate length, much rounded, of twelve feathers, the lower tail-coverts as long.

340. 1. Phalaropus fulicarius, Bonap. Red Phalarope.

Plate CCLV. Male and Female in summer. Male in winter.

In summer, the bill greenish-yellow, black at the point; feet pale green; upper part of head black; loral space and chin blackish-grey; sides of head, and a band round the occiput, white; sides and fore part of neck, breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts deep orange-red; fore part of back, scapulars, and inner secondaries, black, the feathers edged with whitish; wing-coverts deep ash-grey; quills dark greenish-brown, their shafts and basal parts white; the ends of the secondary and primary coverts, and the basal part of the outer webs of the primaries white, forming a band of that colour on the wing; upper tail-coverts orange-red; tail deep grey, darker towards the end, slightly tipped with reddish. Female in summer with the upper part variegated with light red and brownish-black, the central part of each feather being of the latter colour; the upper tail-coverts entirely of the former; tail deep grey, as in the male; lower parts of a less pure red, being paler, and tinged with grey. In winter the bill nearly black, upper and fore part of head, fore part and sides of neck, breast, abdomen, lower and lateral upper tail-coverts, with a band across the wing, white; a brownish-black line from the eye to the occiput, which is of the same colour, as well as in the middle of the hind neck; back, scapulars, and inner secondaries, ash-grey.

_Adult_, 7-1/2, 13.

Occasionally in flocks in Kentucky, on the Ohio, during autumn often at sea on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Breeds in high northern latitudes, as far as Melville Peninsula. Stragglers at times reach as far south as New Jersey, but the route of this species toward warmer regions, is along the Pacific coast.

Red Phalarope, Phalaropus hyperboreus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ix. p. 75.

Phalaropus fulicarius, Bonap. Syn. p. 341.

Phalaropus fulicarius, Flat-billed Phalarope, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 407.

Red Phalarope, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 236.

Red Phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 404.

GENUS III. LOBIPES, Cuv. LOBEFOOT.

Bill at least as long as the head, extremely slender, straight, nearly cylindrical, towards the end tapering; upper mandible with the dorsal line straight, unless at the end, where it is a little decurved, the ridge broad and depressed, the sides slightly sloping, the edges rounded, and inflected towards the narrow acute tip; nasal groove long, linear; lower mandible with the angle very long and narrow, the sides convex, the tip narrowed. Head small, with the fore part high and rounded; neck of moderate length; body rather slender. Feet moderate, slender; tibia bare at the lower part; tarsus extremely compressed, narrowed before and behind, covered anteriorly with numerous scutella; toes slender, first extremely small, free, with a slight membrane beneath, second slightly shorter than fourth; toes all scutellate above, the anterior webbed at the base, and margined on both sides with a lobed or sinuated membrane. Claws very small, arched, compressed, acute. Plumage soft, and blended. Wings long and pointed, the first quill longest; inner secondaries very long and tapering; tail of twelve feathers rounded or nearly even. Tongue extremely slender, grooved above, tapering to a horny point; œsophagus narrow, uniform; stomach rounded, muscular, with the epithelium dense and longitudinally rugous; intestine of moderate length and width; cœca rather long. Trachea much flattened, with a single pair of inferior laryngeal muscles.

341. 1. Lobipes hyperboreus, Lath. Hyperborean Lobefoot.

Plate CCXV. Male and Female.

Bill about the same length as the head, membranes of the toes scolloped, tail much rounded; upper parts greyish-black, the head lighter and more tinged with grey, the scapulars and some of the feathers of the back edged with yellowish-red, of which colour are the sides of the head and neck; throat and sides of the upper part of the neck white; wing-coverts and quills brownish-black, tinged with grey, the shafts of the quills, margins, and tips of secondaries, and a broad bar on the tip of the secondary coverts white; tail light grey, the feathers margined with white, the two middle dark brownish-grey, lateral upper tail-coverts white, barred with dusky; breast and abdomen white. Young similar, but with the colours paler.

_Male_, 6, 13-1/2; wing 5-3/4.

Rarely seen south of New York. Plentiful at some periods from Massachusetts to Maine. Abundant in the Bay of Fundy during spring and autumn. Breeds in Labrador and along all the Arctic coast. Migratory.

Phalaropus hyperboreus. Bonap. Syn. p. 342.

Hyperborean Phalarope, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 239.

Hyperborean Phalarope, Phalaropus hyperboreus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 118; v. v. p. 595.

342. 2. Lobipes Wilsonii, Sabine. Wilson's Lobefoot.

Plate CCLIV. Male and Young.

Bill half as long again as the head; membranes of the toes merely sinuous, tail nearly even; general colour of upper parts brownish-grey, hind neck and rump greyish-white, crown of head ash-grey; a white line over the eye; a band of black on the lore, under the eye, and down the side of the neck, where it enlarges, and changes into chestnut-red, extending down the back; another chestnut band crosses the wing, and includes part of the inner secondaries; quills greyish-brown, outer primaries and their coverts much darker, the shaft of the first white, tail-feathers pale brownish-grey on the outer, white more or less mottled on the inner webs; throat and cheeks white; fore neck orange-brown, fading below, and extending paler over the sides of the body; breast, abdomen, and lower wing-coverts white.

_Adult_, 10, 17-1/2.

Procured in Kentucky, New Jersey, and Boston. Breeds abundantly on the Rocky Mountains. Saskatchewan River. Winters in Mexico.

Grey Phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ix. p. 72.

Phalaropus Wilsonii, Bonap. Syn. p. 342.

Wilson's Phalarope, Phalaropus Wilsonii, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 59.

Phalaropus Wilsonii, Wilson's Phalarope, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 405.

American Phalarope, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 245.

Wilson's Phalarope, Phalaropus Wilsonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 400.

GENUS IV. TOTANUS, Bechst. TATLER.

Bill much longer than the head, very slender, subcylindrical, straight, flexible, compressed at the base, the point rather depressed and obtuse; upper mandible with the dorsal line straight, the ridge convex, as are the sides, the edges thick, the tip slightly deflected; lower mandible with the angle very long and narrow, the dorsal line straight, the sides convex, with a slight groove in their basal half, the edges grooved longitudinally, as are those of the upper, the tip narrow. Nostrils basal, linear. Head of moderate size, oblong; neck rather long and slender; body slender. Feet very long and slender; tibia bare for half its length; tarsus compressed, scutellate before and behind; hind toe very small, anterior of moderate length, connected by webs at the base, all scutellate above. Claws small, slightly arched, rather obtuse. Plumage soft and blended; wings long, narrow, pointed; first quill longest, inner secondaries long; tail short, of twelve rounded feathers.

343. 1. Totanus macularius, Wils. Spotted Tatler.--Spotted Sandpiper. Peet-weet.

Plate CCCX. Male and Female.

Bill a little longer than the head, very slender, flexible, greenish above, yellow beneath, legs rather long and slender, pale flesh-colour; upper parts glossy greenish-olive, with bronze reflections, the head longitudinally streaked, the back transversely undulated with dusky; lower parts white, marked with numerous brownish-black spots, smaller on the throat, largest and roundish on the breast and sides. Young with the upper feathers of the upper parts terminally margined with dusky, the wing-coverts barred, the lower parts pure white.

_Male_, 8, 13-3/4.

Breeds from the Texas along the shores to Maine, the islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Labrador. Inland all over the country. Very common. Resident in the Southern States. Columbia River.

Spotted Sandpiper, Tringa macularia, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 60.

Totanus macularius, Bonap. Syn. p. 325.

Spotted Tatler or Peet-weet, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 162.

Spotted Sandpiper, Totanus macularius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 81.

344. 2. Totanus solitarius, Wils. Solitary Tatler.--Solitary Sandpiper.

Plate CCLXXXIX. Male and Female.

Bill a little longer than the head, very slender, greenish-black; feet greenish-grey, long; upper part of head, lores, cheeks, hind part and sides of neck greyish-brown, streaked with brownish-white; a dull white line from the bill to the eye; upper part of throat greyish-white; fore neck of the same colour, streaked with greyish-brown; the rest of the lower parts white; the axillars and wing-coverts broadly barred with dusky; back and scapulars deep greenish-brown, the feathers edged with a few small spots of white and dusky, those of the inner secondaries more numerous; larger wing-coverts similar; smaller coverts, primary coverts, and primaries, deep brownish-black, secondaries greyish-brown; tail feathers and coverts broadly banded with white and brownish-black, except the two middle, which are merely spotted with white on the edges.

_Male_, 8-1/2, 16-1/2.

Distributed from Texas over the United States, breeding in deep woody situations, in the Fur Countries on the bare sand. Columbia River. Partially migratory.

Solitary Sandpiper, Tringa solitaria, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 53.

Totanus chloropygius, Bonap. Syn. p. 325.

Totanus chloropygius, Green rump Tatler, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 393.

Green-rump Tatler, Totanus chloropygius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 576; v. v. p. 583.

345. 3. Totanus flavipes, Lath. Yellowshanks Tatler.--Yellowshanks Snipe.

Plate CCLXXXVIII. Male.

Bill a fourth longer than the head, black; feet long, bright yellow; upper part of the head, lores, cheeks, hind part and sides of the neck deep brownish-grey, streaked with greyish-white; a white line from the bill to the eye; fore neck greyish-white, streaked with greyish-brown, as are the sides; the rest of the lower parts white; the lower tail-coverts slightly marked with grey, the axillars and loral wing-coverts banded or spotted with the same; back and scapulars olivaceous brown, tinged with grey, the feathers edged with small dusky and white spots; wing-coverts and inner secondary quills similar, the marginal spots on the latter forming bands; primary quills blackish-brown, the shaft of the outer brownish-white, of the rest dark brown, the edges of the inner, and of the middle secondaries white; hind part of back brownish-grey; rump white, upper tail-coverts and tail barred with greyish-brown and white.

_Male_, 10-3/ , 20.

From Texas to Maine, in autumn and spring. Very abundant at the same seasons throughout the interior. Breeds in the Fur Countries, up to the highest northern latitudes.

Yellowshanks Snipe, Scolopax flavipes, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 55.

Totanus flavipes, Bonap. Syn. p. 324.

Totanus flavipes, Yellowshanks Tatler, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 390.

Yellowshanks Tatler, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 152.

Yellowshank, Totanus flavipes, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 573; v. v. p. 586.

346. 4. Totanus vociferus, Wils. Tell-tale Tatler.--Tell-tale Godwit or Snipe. Greater Yellowshanks. Long-shanks. Humility. Clou-Clou.

Plate CCCVIII. Male and Female in winter.

Bill about half longer than the head, black, at the base bluish-grey; legs long, bright yellow. Upper part of head, lores, cheeks, and neck all round, excepting the throat, streaked with brownish-black, on a white ground, tinged with grey on the head and hind neck; breast, and abdomen, white; almost entirely spotted and barred with brownish-black, as are the sides and tail-coverts, together with the axillar feathers and lower wing-coverts; the lower surface of the primaries light grey, their shafts white; upper parts black, glossed with green, and variegated with white, each feather being margined with triangular spots of that colour; hind part of rump and upper tail-coverts white, barred with dusky; anterior small. Wing-coverts, alula, primary coverts, and primary quills, brownish-black, without spots, shaft of first primary white, of the rest brown; tail-feathers white, with numerous bands of dark greyish-brown, the middle six feathers more or less of a light brownish-grey toward the end, the bars not extending over their central part. In winter, the upper parts much paler, the lower having the greater part of the breast and abdomen pure white.

_Male_, 14, 24-3/4. _Female_, 13-3/4, 25-1/2.

Abundant during autumn, winter, and spring, from Texas along the Atlantic, and throughout the interior to Labrador. Few breed in the Jerseys; most from Labrador northward.

Tell-tale Godwit or Snipe, Scolopax vociferus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 57.

Totanus melanoleucus, Bonap. Syn. p. 324.

Totanus vociferus, Tell-tale, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 389.

Tell-tale or Greater Yellowshanks, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 148.

Tell-tale Godwit, Totanus melanoleucus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 68.

347. 5. Totanus Glottis, Linn. Greenshank Tatler.

Plate CCLXIX. Male.