c. Early types of executives: tyrants; dictators;

liberators; restorers; caudillos.

10. Character and powers of Congress; congress _versus_ president; experiments with unicameral legislatures.

11. Influence of English and French cabinet systems of government.

12. The judiciary in Latin America:

a. Constitutional powers and position in administration.

b. Judicial review of legislation.

13. Early conventions and platforms.

14. Municipal government:

a. General characteristics.

b. Police systems.

c. Public service.

d. Prisons.

Readings: Shepherd, 81-96; Garcia Calderon, 100-350; Crichfield, _American Supremacy_; Alberdi, _Bases ..._; ----, _Estudios economicos_; ----, _Del Gobierno en Sud America_; Sarmiento, _El Facundo_; Lastarria, _Lecciones de politica positiva en la Academia de bellas letras_; Balbin de Unquera, _Andres Bello, su epoca y sus obras_; books on individual countries.

=Chapter VIII. Political History, 1826-1920; Political Heritage of Colonial Times.=

1. The three phases:

a. 1826-1850, Age of Dictators.

b. 1850-1876, Struggle for Stability.

c. 1876----, Rise of Great States and Economic Progress.

2. Typical dictators:

a. Garcia Moreno,--Ecuador.

b. Ramon Castilla,--Peru.

c. Rosas,--Argentina.

d. Paez and Guzman Blanco,--Venezuela.

e. Santa Anna and Diaz,--Mexico.

3. Progressive States of South America:

A. Argentina:

1. The presidency of Rivadavia; War with Brazil; conflict between Buenos Aires and provinces.

2. Rosas and Urquiza.

3. Mitre and Sarmiento.

4. Political program and stability; President Roca.

5. Economic development and growth of population.

6. The southward movement in Argentina.

7. Contemporary government and politics.

Suggested Readings: Koebel, _Argentina, Past and Present_; ----, _The South Americans_; Hirst, _Argentina_; Hammerton, _The Real Argentine_; Chandler, _The Argentine Southward Movement_, (Bulletin Pan. Am. Un., 1914).

Additional Readings: Martinez and Lewandowski, _Argentina in the Twentieth Century_; Merou, _Historia de la Republica Argentina_; V. F. Lopez, _Historia de la Republica Argentina_ (Vols IX and X).

B. Brazil.

1. Brazil and Portugal, 1807-1822.

2. The empire: Pedro I and Pedro II.

3. Economic development; international relations.

4. Emancipation of slaves.

5. The Republic: early disorders; progress toward stability.

6. The westward movement in Brazil.

7. Colonization experiments--State and National.

8. Contemporary government and politics.

Readings: Denis, _Brasil_; Watson, Vol. II, 256-270; _Cambridge Modern History_, Vol. X, 310-339; Vol. XII, 674-676; Varnhagen, Vol. II; Pinheiro, _Historia do Brasil_; Bennett, _Forty Years in Brazil_; Buley, _North Brazil_; ----, _South Brasil_; Winter, _Brazil and her people of today_; Domville-Fife, _The United States of Brasil_; Grossi, _Storia della Colonizazione Europea al Brasile_.

C. Chile:

1. Dictatorship of O'Higgins.

2. Work of Portales and the _pelucones_.

3. The conservative regime; ten year presidents.

4. War with Spain.

5. The problem of the Araucanians.

6. War with Peru and Bolivia.

7. Balmaceda and the congress.

8. Relations with the United States; with Argentina; the "Christ of the Andes."

9. Contemporary government and politics.

a. Operation of the cabinet system in Chile.

b. Contemporary political parties.

c. Local government.

Readings: Elliot, _Chile_; Garcia Calderon, 164-179; Hancock, _A History of Chile_; Amunategui and Vicuña MacKenna, _La dictadura de O'Higgins_; Bulnes, _Las Causas de la Guerra entre Chile y Peru_; Markham, _The War between Peru and Chile_; Olivares, _Historia de Chile_; Guiterez, _La Guerra de 1879_; Barros Arana, _La Guerre du Pacifique_; ----, _Historia general de Chile_; Egaña, _The Tacna and Arica Question_; Macy and Gannaway, _Comparative Free Government_, 663-672; Reinsch, _Parliamentary Government in Chile_ (Am. Pol. Science Rev., III, 507, _et seq._)

D. Uruguay.

1. Relations with Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.

2. Political organization and progress.

3. Economic, educational, and religious developments.

4. Contemporary government and politics.

Readings: Koebel, _Uruguay_; Roxlo, _Uruguay en 1904_; Acevedo, _Historia de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay_; Zorilla de San Martin, _La Epopeya de Artigas_.

4. Less Progressive and Backward States of South America.

A. Venezuela:

1. Revolutions and tyrants: Guzman Blanco; Castro.

2. Foreign relations.

3. Contemporary government and politics.

Readings: Dalton, _Venezuela_; Scruggs, _The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics_.

B. Colombia:

1. Political record.

2. Foreign relations.

Readings: Scruggs, _The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics_; Levine, _Colombia_; Eder, _Columbia_; Arboleda, _Historia contemporanea de Colombia_.

C. Ecuador.

Readings: Enock, _Ecuador_; Mejia, _Ecuador_; Cevalles, _Compendio de la historia del Ecuador_.

D. Peru.

1. Political record.

2. Foreign relations.

3. Contemporary government and politics.

Readings: Enock, _Peru_; Wright, _Peru_; Markham, _A History of Peru_; Llorente, _Historia de Peru_.

E. Bolivia.

1. Presidency of Sucre and dictatorship of Santa Cruz.

2. Political disorder.

3. Foreign relations; part of Bolivia in war, 1879-83.

4. Constitution of 1880.

Readings: Wright, _Bolivia_; Walle, _Bolivia_; Valdes, _Estudio historico de Bolivia_.

F. Paraguay.

1. Period of Francia.

2. The Lopez group.

3. War with Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay.

4. Contemporary government and politics.

Readings: Washburn, _History of Paraguay_; Hardy, _Paraguay_; Decoud, _Paraguay_; Funes, _Historia civil del Paraguay_; Mitre, _Guerra del Paraguay_; Yubero, _El Paraguay moderno_.

5. Mexico.

a. Empire and early republic: Iturbide and Santa Anna.

b. Relations with Texas.

c. The war with the United States.

d. Struggle with the church: Juarez.

e. Maximilian.

f. The Diaz regime; economic development.

g. Contemporary period: the revolution.

Madero; Huerta; Carranza; Villa; Obregon.

h. Relations with the United States; with Japan; with Germany.

i. Constitution and politics.

Suggested Readings: Enock, _Mexico_; Noll, _From Empire to Republic_; ----, _History of Mexico_; Fortier and Ficklen, _Central America and Mexico_; Bancroft, _History of Mexico_; Rives, _Relations of Mexico and the United States_; Bancroft, _Porfirio Diaz_; Pinchon and de Lara, _Mexico_; Stevenson, _Maximilian in Mexico_; Martin, _Maximilian_; ----, _Mexico of the XXth Century_; Prida, _From Despotism to Anarchy_; Fornaro, _Carranza and Mexico_; Trowbridge, _Mexico Today and Tomorrow_.

Additional Readings: Alaman, _Historia de Mexico_; Esquivel, _Democracia y personalismo_; Estrada, _La Revolution y Francisco I. Madero_; Gonzalez, _La Revolucion y sus heroes_; Zamacois, _Historia de Mexico_; Planchet, _La Cuestion religiosa en Mexico_.

6. The Central American States:

First Class: Costa Rica and Guatemala.

Second Class: Honduras, Salvador, and Nicaragua.

1. Race distribution.

2. Projects of union: 1824-1838; 1842; 1848; 1852; 1862; 1872; 1876; 1887; 1889; 1895; 1897.

3. The peace conference of 1907; the court.

4. Political and economic conditions.

5. Foreign relations.

Readings: Villafranca, _Costa Rica_; Winter, _Guatemala_; Guardia, _Costa Rica_; Squier, _States of Central America_; Palmer, _Central America_; Fortier and Ficklen, _Central America and Mexico_; Martin, _Salvador_; Koebel, _Central America_; Munro, _The Five Central American Republics_; Shepherd, _Central and South America_.

7. The Insular Republics.

A. Cuba.

1. Cuba in the early part of the 19th century.

2. Plans made in South America for the revolutionizing of Cuba.

3. Cuba in diplomacy; attitude of the United States and Europe.

4. Slavery in Cuba.

5. Filibusters.

6. The ten year war; the problem of reform.

7. The Spanish-American War; status of Cuba after the peace.

8. American occupation; the Platt Amendment.

9. Republican government in Cuba; interventions by the United States; diplomatic and economic relations with the United States.

Readings: Callahan, _Cuba and International Relations_; Leroy-Beaulieu, 251-268; Cabrera, _Cuba and the Cubans_; Porter, _Industrial Cuba_; Lindsay, _Cuba and her People of Today_; Quesada, _The War in Cuba_; Guiteras, _Historia de la Isla de Cuba_; Ramon de la Sagra, _Historia de la Isla de Cuba_ (13t); Canini, _Four Centuries of Spanish Rule in Cuba_; Johnson, _The History of Cuba_ (5v); Hill, _Cuba and Porto Rico_.

B. Haiti and Santo Domingo:

1. Monarchy and republicanism in Haiti and Santo Domingo.

2. Social and racial problems.

3. Political disorders.

4. International relations:

a. Financial conditions; foreign claims.

b. Interventions.

c. Relations of Santo Domingo and the United States.

d. Haiti and the United States.

5. Attitude toward the United States.

6. Contemporary government and politics.

Readings: Fiske, _West Indies_; Eves, _West Indies_; St. John, _Haiti, the Black Republic_; Schoenrich, _Santo Domingo_; Hazard, _Santo Domingo, Past and Present_; Hollander, _Report on the Debt of Santo Domingo_ (Sen. Ex. Document, 59th Cong.); Garcia, _Compendio de la Historia de Santo Domingo_.

8. Panama:

a. Secessionist tendencies in Panama.

b. The revolution.

c. The republic.

d. Relations with Colombia and the United States.

Required Readings: Bishop, _Panama, Past and Present_; Gause and Carr, _The Story of Panama_; Bunau-Varilla, _Panama; the Creation, Destruction and Resurrection_; Villegas, _The Republic of Panama_.

Readings in general for political history: Dawson, _The South American Republics_; Akers, _History of South America_; Dodd, _Modern Constitutions_; Rodriguez, _American Constitutions_; Sweet, _History of Latin America_; Koebel, _South America_; Garcia Calderon, _Latin-America_, 86-231; _Cambridge Modern History_, XII, 672-689; Domville-Fife, _Great States of South America_; Enock, _The Republics of Central and South America_; Porter, _The Ten Republics_; Colmo, _Los paises de la America latina_; Amunategui, _Ensayos biographicos_ (4v); Shepherd, _Hispanic Nations of the New World_.

=Chapter IX. Relations with One Another and with Europe.=

1. Boundary disputes and commissions; the principle of _uti possedetis_.

2. Filibustering expeditions and reprisals.

3. The status of Uruguay.

4. The war against Paraguay.

5. The Chile-Peru-Bolivia war; the Tacna-Arica question.

6. International standing of Latin America.

7. The problem of unity:

a. Proposals for a league of states of Spanish origin.

b. Proposals for inclusion of Brazil in this league.