d. Comparison with Portuguese colonial system in the East

Indies.

e. The church in colonial Brazil; the _aldeias_; work of Anchieta, Nobrega, Vieyra.

4. Treatment of the natives; intermarriage; regulations as to labor system.

5. Importation of negro slaves, 1502; slave trade; the _Companhia do Grao Para_; slave codes.

6. The Portuguese commercial system:

a. The "India House" and the "Guinea House."

b. Mercantilism and monopoly.

c. Participation of the English in the Portuguese trade.

d. Colonial products of Brazil.

7. Beginning of Westward Movement in Brazil.

a. Settlement of Sao Paulo.

b. Government of the frontier; the _Paulistas_; _Mamelucos_.

c. Discovery of Gold, 1693; diamonds, 1730.

8. Society and thought in Brazil.

9. Conflict with the French and Dutch.

10. Relations of Brazil and Portugal.

Required Readings: Denis, _Brazil_, 27-78; Morris, I, 214-220; Keller, 131-167; Watson, Vol. II, 1-26; Rio Branco, _Esquisse de l'Histoire du Brésil_, 105-152.

Additional Readings: De Lannoy and Van der Linden, 11-26; 172-181; 225-238; Merivale, _Lectures_, 47 _et seq._; Pinheiro, _Historia do Brazil_; Southey, _History of Brazil_; Varnhagen, _Historia Geral do Brazil_, Vol. I.

=Chapter IV. Geography and Resources of Hispanic America.=

1. Geographic situation of South America.

2. Area of states in comparison with that of the United States and Europe.

3. Climate.

a. Seasons and temperature.

b. Rainfall.

4. Mountain ranges; rivers; water power.

5. Harbors.

6. Forests; commercial value of forest products.

7. Mineral deposits.

8. Animal life; introduction of animals and plants by Spanish.

9. Drugs and medicines.

10. Agricultural possibilities. Products in general: fruits; rubber; coffee; cacao; yerba; sugar; grasses; tobacco.

Required Readings: Shepherd, 107-121; _Atlas America Latina_; Koebel, _The South Americans_, 184-304; Bryce, _South America_, 37-483; books on individual countries listed in Chapter VIII; Keane, _Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel--Central and South America_; Boero, _Geografia de America_.

Additional Readings: Tschudi, _Travels in Peru_; Whymper, _Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator_; Schanz, _Quer durch Sud-America_; Darwin, _Journal of Researches_--(Voyage of the _Beagle_); Zahm's works.

=Chapter V. The Struggle for Independence, 1806-1826.=

1. Sources and elements of discontent in Latin America; political and economic.

2. Influence of the American War of Independence; new economic doctrines, French Revolution; English political philosophy.

3. Pre-revolutionary revolts; foreign stimulation.

4. Diffusion of new ideas; decline in effectiveness of the Spanish policy of exclusion; the expedition of Miranda, 1806; representative Hispanic-Americans in Europe and United States; English expeditions against Buenos Aires and Montevideo, 1806-1807.

5. Invasion of Spain by Napoleon; overthrow of the legitimate government; establishment of the Napoleonic government and of Spanish _juntas_.

6. Disturbance in the colonies; attitude of the cities; Caracas, Buenos Aires, Bogota, Cordoba, Santiago de Chile, etc.

7. The interregnum; development of local _juntas_; manifestations of loyalty to Spain; theories applied to the relations with Spain.

8. Gradual growth of desire and formation of plans for independence; refusal of Spanish terms; character of the revolutionary movement.

9. The revolution in the North, 1809-1821:

a. Formation of _juntas_; collaboration of Miranda and Bolivar.

b. General character of the struggle; atrocities and reprisals; Monteverde, Boves, and Morillo; the fate of Miranda, the campaigns.

c. The constitution of Angostura.

d. The crossing of the Andes and the battle of Boyaca.

e. Services of Santander, Paez, Sucre, and others.

f. Altered character of the war after the Spanish revolution of 1820.

g. Battle of Carabobo; the invasion of Ecuador.

h. Bolivar as organizer, military leader, liberator.

10. Attitude of foreign countries; aid of Great Britain:

a. Englishmen and Irish in the war.

b. Citizens of the United States in the northern campaigns.

11. The revolution in the South, 1809-1821:

a. Conditions in Buenos Aires and the South which produced revolution; political services of Mariano Moreno, Castelli, Belgrano, Pueyrredon, Rivadavia, Monteagudo, etc.

b. Campaigns: Belgrano at Tucuman; revolutionizing of Paraguay; Artigas in Uruguay.