c. Labor laws and customs:

1. _Encomienda._

2. _Repartimiento._

3. _Mita._

4. Office of _corregidor_.

d. Indian slavery; service in _obrages_ and _trapiches_; effect of labor system on Indians.

e. Law and practice.

6. Taxation of Indians.

7. Work of Las Casas, Nobrega, and Anchieta.

8. Indian resistance against Spanish system; Tupac-Amaru, II, 1780-1781.

9. Importation of negro slaves:

a. The Spanish theory.

b. The asiento.

c. Laws governing negro slave labor.

Required Readings: Shepherd, 29-32; Morris, I, 239-241; 245-251; Keller, 257-282; Moses, _South America on the Eve of Emancipation_, 167-217; ----, _Spanish Dependencies_, Vol. I, 204-229; Barros Arana, _Compendio de historia de America_, part I; Watson, _Spanish and Portuguese South America_, Vol. I, 65-85; 209-249; Means, _The Rebellion of Tupac-Amaru_ II, 1780-1781, (His. Am. Hist. Rev., 1919); Church, _The Aborigines of South America_; Hrdlicka, _Early Man in South America_; Nordenskiold, _Indianerleben_.

Additional Readings: Gage, _New Survey of the West Indies_; MacNutt, _Bartholomew de las Casas_; Prescott, _Conquest of Mexico_; ----, _Conquest of Peru_; Robertson, _History of America_, Book VIII; Helps, _Spanish Conquest in America_; Saco, _Revista de Cuba_; Markham, _The Incas of Peru_; Spinden, _Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America_.

E. Social Classes and Colonial Society.

1. Spanish types in the colonies:

Basque; Gallego; Catalan; Andalusian.

2. Classes and race distinctions:

Chapeton (gachupines); Creole; Mestizo; Mulatto; Zambo.

3. Classes and the government; the _divide et impera_ policy.

4. Legacy of class distinction.

5. Spanish recognition of Creoles and natives; numbers ennobled.

6. Colonial society; diversions; pursuits; occupations.

7. The towns; _pueblos_; the cercados.

Required Readings: Shepherd, 29-38; Morris, 252-254; Garcia Calderon, _Latin America: Its Rise and Progress_, 44-58; Bourne, 253-268; Keller, 211-220; Moses, _Establishment of Spanish Rule_, Chapter II; ----, _South America on the Eve of Emancipation_, 100-118.

Additional Readings: Humboldt, _Personal Narrative of Travels_; Reclus, _The Earth and Its Inhabitants--South America_; Frezier, _Voyage a la Mer de Sud_; Ulloa, _A Voyage to South America_.

F. Colonial Agriculture, Manufacturing, and Mining.

1. The land system:

a. Primogeniture, entails, and mortmain.

b. Spanish _repartimientos_ and _encomiendas_; Portuguese _capitanias_ and _prazos_.

2. Methods of acquiring real estate.

3. Attitude of home government toward colonial manufactures.

4. Stock raising; the Mesta; agricultural products introduced by the Spanish.

5. Mines and mining in South and North America.

Readings: Bourne, 282-301; Payne, _History of America_, Vol. I, 254-362; Shepherd, 38-49; Moses, _South America on the Eve of Emancipation_, 328-340; Keller, 221-225.

G. Trade System and Means of Transportation.

1. The Spanish trade regulations; mercantilism; the staple cities.

2. Trade routes; oceanic; inland.

3. Convoys and fleet system; taxes levied; concessions of 1620.

4. Depots and staple cities; fairs.

5. Means of transportation in colonial Spanish America.

6. The _Consulado_; guilds; _cofradias_.

7. Trade companies:

The Guipuzcoa company, 1728-1778.

8. The War of Spanish Succession; Treaty of Utrecht.

9. The Anglo-Spanish relations at Porto Bello.

10. Obstacles to success of system:

a. Smuggling.

b. Buccaneers, pirates, and public enemies.

11. Final changes in system, 1740, 1748, 1765, 1778; work of Charles III, Aranda, and Galvez.

12. Portuguese trade regulations.

Required Readings: Shepherd, 43-47; Bourne, 282-301; Morris, 260-277; Moses, _Spanish Dependencies_, Vol. II, 244-365; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 254-257; Keller, 226-241; 244-249; Smith, 248-254; Priestley, _Reforms of Jose de Galvez in New Spain_ (The Pacific Ocean in History); Mimms, _Colbert's West India Policy_; Koebel, _British Exploits in South America_, 47-98; Haring, _The Buccaneers in the West Indies in the Seventeenth Century_; Colmeiro, II, 401-463; Alberdi, _Estudios Economicos_, 100-101.

Additional Readings: Blackmar, _Spanish Institutions in the Southwest_; Stevens, _Spanish Rule of Trade in the West Indies_; Esquemeling, _History of the Buccaneers_; Rubalcava, _Tratado Historico Politico y Legal del Commercio_; Walton, _Spanish Colonies_, Vol. II, 153-181.

H. The Colonial Taxation System.

1. The sources of revenue.

2. Taxes: _Alcabala_; _Armada_ and _armadilla_; _media anata_; royal ninths; Indian tribute; taxes on: salt; mineral products; tobacco.

3. Sale of offices.

Readings: Moses, _South America on the Eve of Emancipation_, 328-339.

I. Education and Thought.

1. The universities.

Institutions established at Lima, Mexico City, Bogota, Cordoba, Cuzco, Caracas, Santiago de Chile, Quito, etc.

2. The clergy and education.

3. Colonial literature:

a. Clerical influences.

b. Early tendencies and schools.