d. Spanish, Italian, German, Russian and Polish, English,

French, Portuguese, Oriental, Turkish and Assyrian immigration.

e. Favorite occupations of aliens.

f. The question of assimilation and citizenship.

Required Readings: Shepherd, 81-84, 126-129, 169; Koebel, _The South Americans_, 152-169; Garcia Calderon, 290-298, 323-335.

Additional Readings: _Atlas America Latina_; Koebel, _British Exploits_, 481-551; Mulhall, _The English in South America_; Wintzer, _Die Deutschen im tropischen Amerika_.

4. Financial:

a. Monetary systems in Hispanic America.

1. Standards and values.

2. Paper currency.

3. Fluctuations.

b. Capital and Banking:

1. Number of banks.

2. Domestic and foreign control of banking.

3. Branch banks:

a. European.

b. United States.

4. Scarcity of capital.

c. Hispanic-American finance.

1. Credits, exchange, solvency.

2. Stock exchanges.

3. Bond issues.

4. Public debts.

5. Sinking funds.

6. Insurance.

7. Trusts and corporations.

d. Foreign influences upon financial policies.

e. Business enterprises:

1. Habits of business.

2. Buying and selling; advertising.

f. Tariff systems:

1. Tariff for revenue.

2. Rates: specific rather than _ad valorem_.

3. Variations and complexity.

g. Taxation:

1. On personal property.

2. On lands and real estate.

3. On industries.

4. Licenses and concessions.

h. Internal improvements and public works.

1. History of internal improvements in Latin America.

2. Public works; postal service; parcel post.

i. Movement for single, Pan-American monetary standard.

j. Movement for a Pan-American, standardized tariff system.

Readings: Shepherd, 43, 48, 150-153, 173; Wolfe, _Foreign Credits_, (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 62, 1913, Department of Commerce); Hurley, _Banking and Credit in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru_, (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 90, 1914, ibid.); Verrill, Aughinbaugh, and Babson; Crosby, _Latin American Monetary System and Exchange Conditions_; The South American Year-Book; Consular reports; Reports of the Board of Trade (Eng.); books on individual countries; Roper, _The Postal Service and the Latin American Trade_.

5. Industrial:

A. The most important industries:

1. Mining:

a. Areas of ore fields.

b. Facilities.

c. Acquisition of mining properties.

d. Labor supply.

e. Gold, silver, diamonds, copper, tin, nitrate, coal, and other mines.

2. Stock-raising:

a. Areas adapted.

b. Cattle, horse, sheep ranches.

c. Stock-yards and slaughter-houses.

d. Wool and hides.

Readings: Whelpley, _Trade Development in Argentina_, (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 43, 1911, Dept. of Commerce and Labor); _Atlas America Latina_.

3. Rubber:

a. Areas of growth.

b. Processes employed.

c. Labor supply; labor scandals; "black gold."

4. Agriculture:

a. Arable lands and climatic conditions.

b. Agriculture in connection with stock-raising.

c. Ownership of land.

d. The agrarian situation in Hispanic America.

e. The "haciendas," "fazendas;" the "chacras" and "potreros."

f. Agricultural products: Coffee, cacao yerba, foodstuffs.

5. Manufacturing:

a. General characteristics: domestic and factory methods.

b. Connection with other industries.

c. Obstacles in the way.

d. Products: foodstuffs, textiles, machinery.

B. European and American capital invested in industries.

C. Occupations of foreigners in Hispanic America.

Readings: Koebel, _The South Americans_, 132-151, 193-204; books on individual countries; Pearson, _The Rubber Country of the Amazon_; Gemmingen, _Die entwickelung der fabrikindustrie im lateinischen Amerika_.

6. Commercial:

a. History of Hispanic-American commerce.

b. Exports and imports:

1. Character and value.

2. Destination.

c. Commercial enterprises.

d. Trade marks and their use.

e. Customs regulations.

f. Modern transportation and communication.

1. Development of transportation facilities.

2. Survival of colonial methods in certain areas.

3. Pack-trains, stage routes, llama trains.

4. Roads and highways.

5. Land transportation:

a. Railroads: trunk lines; short lines.

b. International and transcontinental lines.

c. Projected lines.

d. Horse cars and trolleys; subways.

e. Mileage and rates.

f. Freight rates.

g. Capital and ownership.

6. Water transportation:

a. River steamers and barges.

b. Oceanic lines.

c. Harbor facilities.

d. Rates.

g. Communication:

1. Telegraph lines.

2. Cable lines.

3. Postal service; international service.

h. The metric system of weights and measures.