l. Municipal government:

1. History of progress.

2. Public utilities; fire departments; police system; water works; public sanitation; municipal ownership.

m. Social legislation.

n. Passing of the South American type of revolution.

Readings: Garcia Calderon, 222-248, 365-677; Shepherd, 141-150; Scruggs, _The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics; Vera y Gonzalez, Elementos de historia contemporanea de America_; Heredia, _Memorias sobre las revoluciones de Venezuela_; books on individual countries.

2. Social and Religious:

A. Social:

1. Population:

a. Census statistics available.

b. Population and resources.

2. Social types: Spanish; immigrant; Indian, savage and civilized; mixed races; negro.

3. Laboring classes and types: _"vaquero;" "gaucho;" "llanero;"_ industrial laborers.

4. Labor system and laws.

a. Peonage:

1. Feudal status of labor in colonies.

2. Origin of peonage; inheritance of debt.

3. The "inquilino" and "colono"; "cholo."

4. Ignorance, wages, and living conditions.

5. Peon in government and politics.

6. Peonage in Mexico; in South America.

b. Labor regulations in general.

c. Labor organizations.

d. Dearth of labor in certain countries.

e. Strikes; radicalism; labor conditions in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.

5. Aristocratic and professional society.

6. Language.

7. Position of woman:

a. In society.

b. Family life.

c. The matter of divorce.

8. Amusements and social customs:

a. Sports and games.

b. Carnivals and festivals.

c. Dress and etiquette.

d. Gambling and lotteries.

e. Social customs in business.

9. Influence of the Basques in Latin America.

Readings: Shepherd, 121-141; ----, _Psychology of the Latin American_ (Jour. of Race Devel. 1919); Garcia Calderon, 283-290; Bryce, 432, 528-530; Romero, _Mexico and the United States_; Bingham, _Across South America_; books on individual countries and on travel; Bunge, _Nuestra America_; Colmo, _America Latina_.

B. Religious:

1. Prevalence of Roman Catholic Church.

2. Church and State; tendency toward separation.

3. Clericalism in politics.

4. The work of the Church.

5. Toleration in Hispanic America.

6. Protestant missionary activities.

7. Foreign opinion of Hispanic-American morality.

Required Readings: Shepherd, 139; Koebel, _The South Americans_ 41-44, 91-108, 152-169.

Additional Readings: Speer, _South American Problems_; Brown, _Latin America_; Neely, _South America: Its Missionary Problem_; Planchet, _La Cuestion religiosa en Mexico_.

3. Immigration:

a. History of immigration in the 19th century:

1. Causes of scarcity before 1857; colonial exclusion; revolutions; greater inducements of the United States; economic reasons.

2. Increase since 1857.

Ideas of Alberdi and Sarmiento on immigration.

3. Drift toward the Southern republics.

4. Immigration in the North American republics.

b. Political and economic effects of immigration.

c. Effects on society.