CHAPTER V.--Dakota and Assiniboin cults 431

Alleged Dakota belief in a Great Spirit 431 Riggs on the Taku wakan 432 Meaning of wakan 433 Daimonism 433 Animism 433 Principal Dakota gods 434 Miss Fletcher on Indian religion 434 Prayer 435 Sacrifice 435 Use of paint in worship 438 The unkteḣi, or subaquatic and subterranean powers 438 Character of the unkteḣi 438 Power of the unkteḣi 439 Subordinates of the unkteḣi 439 The mystery dance 440 The miniwatu 440 The Wakiⁿyaⁿ, or thunder-beings 441 The armor gods 443 The war prophet 444 The spirits of the mystery sacks 445 Takuśkaŋśkaŋ, the Moving deity 445 Tunkan or Inyan, the Stone god or Lingam 447 Iŋyaŋ śa 448 Mato tipi 448 The sun and moon 449 Nature of concepts 449 The sun dance 450 A Dakota’s account of the sun dance 450 Object of the sun dance 451 Rules observed by households 451 The “u-ma-ne” 451 Rules observed by the devotee 452 Tribes invited to the sun dance 452 Discipline maintained 452 Camping circle formed 453 Men selected to seek the mystery tree 453 Tent of preparation 454 Expedition to the mystery tree 455 Felling the tree 456 Tree taken to camp 457 Raising the sun pole 457 Building of dancing lodge 458 The Uuȼita 458 Decoration of candidates or devotees 458 Offerings of candidates 459 Ceremonies at the dancing lodge 460 The dance 460 Candidates scarified 460 Pieces of flesh offered 462 Torture of owner of horse 462 End of the dance 462 Intrusive dances 463 Captain Bourke on the sun dance 464 Berdaches 467 Astronomical lore 467 Day and night 467 The dawn 468 Weather spirit 468 Heyoka 468 The concepts of Heyoka 468 Heyoka feast 469 Story of a Heyoka man 469 Heyoka women 471 Iya, the god of gluttony 471 Ikto, Iktomi, or Unktomi 471 Ćaŋotidaŋ and Hoḣnoġića 473 Anuŋg-ite 473 Penates 475 Guardian spirits 475 Beliefs about the buffalo 475 Prevalence of the beliefs 475 Origin of the buffalo 476 The Tataŋgnaśkiŋyaŋ, or Mythic buffalo 477 The bear 477 The wolf 477 Horses 479 Spiders 479 Snake lore 479 The double woman 480 Deer women 480 Dwarfs or elves 481 Bogs 481 Trees 482 Customs relating to childhood 482 Puberty 483 Ghost lore and the future life 484 Meaning of wanaġi 484 Assiniboin beliefs about the dead 485 Ghosts not always visible 485 Death and burial lore 485 Why the Teton stopped burying in the ground 486 Importance of tattooing 486 Ceremonies at the ghost lodge 487 Good and bad ghosts 489 Intercourse with ghosts 489 Ghost stories 489 The ghost husband 489 The solitary traveler 489 The ghost on the hill 489 The Indian who wrestled with a ghost 489 The man who shot a ghost 492 Assiniboin beliefs about ghosts 492 Prayers to the dead, including ancestors 493 Metamorphoses and transmigration of souls 493 Exhortations to absent warriors 493 Mysterious men and women 493 Gopher lore 496 Causes of boils and sores 496 Results of lying, stealing, etc. 497 Secret societies 497 Fetichism 498 Public or tribal fetiches 498 Private or personal fetiches 498 Ordeals, or modes of swearing 499 Sorcery and jugglery 499 Omens 500 Bodily omens 500 Animal omens 500 Omens from dreams 500