CHAPTER III.--Cults of the Omaha, Ponka, Kansa, and Osage 371

Beliefs and practices not found 371 Omaha, Ponka, and Kansa belief in a wakanda 372 Seven great wakandas 372 Invocation of warmth and streams 372 Prayer to wakanda 373 Accessories of prayer 373 Omaha and Kansa expressions about wakanda 374 Ponka belief about malevolent spirits 374 An old Omaha custom 375 The sun a wakanda 376 Invocations 376 The offering of tobacco 377 The Ponka sun dance of 1873 378 The moon a wakanda 378 Berdaches 378 Stars as wakandas 379 The winds as wakandas 380 Invocation 380 Kansa sacrifice to the winds 380 Osage consecration of mystic fireplaces 380 The thunder-being a wakanda 381 Omaha and Ponka invocation of the thunder-being 381 Thunder-being invoked by warriors 382 Ictasanda custom 383 Kansa worship of the thunder-being 385 Subterranean and subaquatic wakandas 386 The indaȼiñga 386 Other Kansa wakandas 387 Omaha invocations of the trap, etc. 387 Fasting 390 Mystic trees and plants 390 Iȼa‘eȼĕ 392 Personal mystery decorations 394 Order of thunder shamans 395 Generic forms of decoration 397 Specific forms of decoration 398 Corn and the buffalo 403 Other Omaha mystery decorations 403 Kansa mystery decorations 405 Omaha nikie decorations 407 Omaha nikie customs 410 Governmental instrumentalities 411 Omaha and Ponka taboos 411 Fetichism 412 Fetiches of the tribe and gens 413 Omaha tribal fetiches 413 Osage tribal fetiches 414 Kansa tribal fetiches 415 Personal fetiches 415 Sorcery 416 Jugglery 417 Omaha and Ponka belief as to a future life 419 Kansa beliefs respecting death and a future life 421