Chapter 3

CONCLUSION 321

INDEX 349

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE

1. Diagram to illustrate Simple Harmonic Motion 4

2. Isoseismal Lines of the Neapolitan Earthquake 9

3. Diagram to illustrate Wave-path and Angle of Emergence 12

4. Diagram to illustrate Mallet's Method of determining Position of Epicentre 14

5. Plan of Cathedral Church at Potenza 16

6. Fallen Gate-pillars near Saponara 17

7. Model to illustrate the Motion of an Earth-particle during an Earthquake 19

8. Plan of Directions of Fall of Overturned Stone-lamps at Tokio during the Earthquake of 1894 19

9. Meizoseismal Area of Neapolitan Earthquake 22

10. Distribution of Death-rate within Meizoseismal Area of Neapolitan Earthquake 24

11. Diagram to illustrate Mallet's Method of determining Depth of Seismic Focus 26

12. Vertical Section of Cathedral Church at Potenza 27

13. Diagram of Wave-paths at Seismic Vertical of Neapolitan Earthquake 29

14. Geological Sketch-map of Ischia 47

15. Isoseismal Lines of Ischian Earthquake of 1881 51

16. Isoseismal Lines of Ischian Earthquake of 1883 59

17. Diagram of Wave-paths at Seismic Vertical of Ischian Earthquake of 1883 62

18. Diagram showing connection between Depth of Focus and Rate of Decline in Intensity 68

19. Isoseismal Lines of Andalusian Earthquake according to Taramelli and Mercalli 79

20. Isoseismal Lines of Andalusian Earthquake according to Fouqué, etc. 81

21. Magnetograph Records of Andalusian Earthquake at Lisbon 83

22. Nature of Shock of Andalusian Earthquake 88

23. Diagram to illustrate Variation in Nature of Shock 89

24. Structure of Meizoseismal Area of Andalusian Earthquake 100

25. Isoseismal Lines of Charleston Earthquake 106

26. Curve of Intensity at Charleston 110

27. Flexure of Rails at Jedburgh 113

28. Epicentral Isoseismal Lines of Charleston Earthquake according to Sloan 118

29. Epicentral Isoseismal Lines of Charleston Earthquake according to Dutton 119

30. Planes of Oscillation of Stopped Pendulum Clocks at Charleston 121

31. Diagram to illustrate Dutton's Method of determining Depth of Seismic Focus 124

32. Diagram to explain Origin of Regions of Defective Intensity 136

33. Isoseismal Lines of Riviera Earthquake 144

34. Meizoseismal Area of Riviera Earthquake 148

35. Nature of Shock of Riviera Earthquake 152

36. Seismographic Record at Moncalieri 155

37. Distribution of Observatories at which Magnetographs were disturbed by Riviera Earthquake 158

38. Record of Tide-gauge at Nice 163

39. Record of Tide-gauge at Genoa 164

40. Distribution of Seismic Activity in the Riviera 172

41. Isoseismal Lines of Japanese Earthquake 178

42. Structure of Meizoseismal Area of Japanese Earthquake 180

43. Plan of Directions of Fall of Overturned Bodies at Nagoya 187

44. Map of Mean Directions of Shock and Isoseismal Lines in Central District of Japanese Earthquake 188

45. Meizoseismal Area of Japanese Earthquake 190

46. Fault-scarp near Fujitani 191

47. Fault-scarp at Midori 192

48. Displacement of Field-divisions by the Fault near Nishi-Katabira 193

49. Map of Swamp formed by Stoppage of River Toba by Fault-scarp 194

50. Shifting of Trees by Fault at Uméhara 195

51. Daily Frequency of After-shocks at Gifu and Nagoya 196

52. Monthly Frequency of After-shocks at Gifu 197

53. Distribution of Preliminary Shocks in Space 202

54. Distribution of After-shocks in Space, Nov.-Dec. 1891 203

55. Distribution of After-shocks in Space, Jan.-Feb. 1892 204

56. Distribution of After-shocks in Space, March-April 1892 205

57. Distribution of After-shocks in Space, May-June 1892 206

58. Distribution of Audible After-shocks in Space, Nov. 1891-Dec. 1892 208

59. Map of Adjoining Regions in which Seismic Activity was affected by Japanese Earthquake 210

60. Isoseismal and Isacoustic Lines of Hereford Earthquake 216

61. Nature of Shock of Hereford Earthquake 222

62. Coseismal Lines of Hereford Earthquake 228

63. Map of Minor Shocks of Hereford Earthquake 239

64. Geology of Meizoseismal Area of Hereford Earthquake 241

65. Isoseismal Lines of Inverness Earthquake 248

66. Diagram to illustrate supposed Fault-displacement causing Inverness Earthquake 256

67. Map of Epicentres of After-shocks of Inverness Earthquake 258

68. Isoseismal Lines of Indian Earthquake 263

69. Section of Tombs in Cemetery at Cherrapunji 270

70. Time-curve of Indian Earthquake 278

71. Seismographic Record of Indian Earthquake at Rocca di Papa 282

72. Seismographic Record of Indian Earthquake at Edinburgh 283

73. Displacement of Alluvium at Foot of a Hill 287

74. Twisting of Monument at Chhatak 294

75. Epicentral Area of Indian Earthquake 303

76. Plan of Chedrang Fault 305

77. Re-triangulation of Khasi Hills 313

78. Diagram of Thrust-planes 318

79. Seismographic Record of Tokio Earthquake of 1894 329

80. Time-curves of Principal Epochs of Earthquake-waves of Distant Origin 338

A STUDY OF RECENT EARTHQUAKES.