Chapter VI

CAMP DUTIES AND DISCIPLINE

The soldier's day began with reveille at sunrise or "when a Sentra Can See Clearly one thousand yards around him and not Before"[177] and ended with tat-too heating at eight o'clock;[178] for after tat-too there was to be no straying about camp without a written pass.[179]

Between reveille and tat-too there were numerous duties to be performed and orders to be obeyed. Some of them seemed foolish and most unnecessary to the average soldier. The first thing was roll call before the doors of the barracks[180] which every one was to appear in full dress, well shaved and with hat cocked.[181] Then came breakfast prepared either by one of the company in the camp kitchen or by each one for himself over the open fire. The breakfast was anything from the "usual dish, a large plate of rice with a little salt"[182] to a heavier meal of meat and potatoes.

Morning prayers[7] followed breakfast and of the routine of the rest of the day Simon Lyman of Sharon wrote "we marched out in the morning and exercised and in the afternoon we marched out again and exercised again".[183] Captain Lewis in his _Orderly Book_ recorded the following order "For the future the fatigue parties to parade at 7 o'clock in the morning and return at eleven to their dinners and parade again at two".[184] Then came supper, evening prayers[185] and tat-too.

Camp life was, however, not all a routine of reveille, prayers, drills, meals, and tat-too for there were hundreds of other things which had to be done. There were huts to build[186], roads to make,[187] entrenchments to construct,[188] fuel to collect,[189] supplies to provide,[190] armaments to make or clean, and drills for the "awkward squad",[191] besides guard and fatigue duty;[192] not to mention the more domestic duties of cooking,[193] of washing and mending clothes,[194] and cleaning huts, or acting as 'grass guard.'[195]

It can hardly be said that any hard and fast rule was followed in the matter of camp activities for there were circumstances continually arising which altered affairs; there were parades before a visiting officer,[196] and days taken off for washing. Then, too, there was the lack of a permanent organization of the army, which was a serious hindrance in following any different course, for the short time enlistment men were constantly leaving and the new recruits were coming into camp, all of which broke into the routine of camp[197] and often nothing of importance was accomplished for weeks at a time. Simon Lyman of Sharon wrote of the week following August 29, 1775. "Friday, 29th, In the forenoon we went round the town, and in the afternoon we putted up our tents and marched through Cambridge to Charlestound, there we was stationed, we put up our tents.

Tuesday, 3th I rubbed up my gun and looked round the forts.

Wednesday 4th w(eg)ot some boards to fix out tents and it rained and we did not do it.

Thursday 5th It rained, and I wrote a letter home and staid around the house."[198]

When the new recruit was given the duty of being on guard with the orders that he was not to sleep or leave his post he felt for the first time the hand of authority, he felt that the orders were ridiculous when he must shave every day and appear at roll call every morning with his hair powdered, but when he could not go more than a mile from camp without a pass and that only two furloughs were allowed at one time,[199] then he was sure that his personal liberty was imposed upon.

It was just that attitude taken by the soldiers toward their officers and the orders given by them or toward the duties they were ordered to perform that made the question of discipline a serious one. Army life was a novelty at first, but before many weeks had passed the aspect changed. The soldiers were in new conditions and new modes of doing things had to be learned. What to do and what not to do were questions with the new recruits. There had been little of the "being ordered" by anybody at home especially among the New Englanders.[200] Now the private had to salute, take orders from and ask permission of an individual, who in all probability had been his next door neighbor at home with no more training than himself and perhaps one who had just "taken" command without having been appointed by the proper authority.[201]

The trouble came from both sides; the officer felt the importance of his position to such an extent that he could not see the private's view point, but on the other hand the private was not willing to endure an ordinary amount of subordination. The orders sent out from headquarters concerning the matter were numerous depicting to the soldiers and to the officers as well, their duties and privileges.[202] The question of discipline was one which caused Washington a great deal of concern on first entering camp,[203] and a matter which always brought comment from the foreigners who visited our camps or worked with our army.[204] As the war progressed the conditions grew better, but the personnel changed so often that one group just reached the stage where some sort of law and order was made possible when they left and the whole process was to be gone through again with the newly enlisted group.

The general rules of discipline were laid down by the Continental Congress in what were called "The Rules and Regulations for the Government of the Army". Congress there described the general conduct of the soldiers, as to their duties and privileges and also recommended the punishments which should be inflicted by the court martial in case of violation of the rules by any one.[205] There were also orders issued from headquarters, which gave more detailed directions in respect to the personal appearance of the soldier, how his hat should be cocked, how his hair should be cut, and the like,[31] others in respect to the duties of the soldier on fatigue,[206] on guard or about the camp, his conduct toward citizens, the punishment for stealing, and numerous other things which were incident to camp life, as the regulation of 'Grog shops'[207] orders, concerning the morale of the soldiers,[208] and health precautions.

The means of enforcing the disciplinary rules was the court martial, an instrument which is of common use in time of war, but some of the trials and decisions of the revolutionary court martial are interesting if not amusing and yet significant because of the state of affairs which they reflect.

First as to the organization of the court martial, there was to be a general and a regimental court, the general, the higher and the regimental the lower court. The general court was to consist of not less than thirteen members none of whom were to be under the rank of a commissioned officer and the president was to be a field officer. The regimental court was to consist of not more than five members and in case five could not be assembled three were sufficient, and any commissioned officer of a regiment by the appointment of his colonel could hold the court in the regiment for minor cases.[209]

All crimes not capital and all disorders and neglect that officers and soldiers might be guilty of, though not mentioned in the Articles of war, were to be taken into a general or regimental court according to the nature of the crime. The offense could be punished at the court's discretion, but no one was to be sentenced to death except in the cases mentioned in the rules layed down by congress and no sentence was to be executed until the commanding officer had approved it. The commanding officer also had the power to pardon or suspend sentence if he saw fit. According to the organization of the court martial, it was to inflict at its own discretion only degrading, cashiering, drumming out of camp and whipping not exceeding thirty-nine lashes.[210]

According to entries made in orderly books and diaries, those orders were often overlooked and the originality of the members of the court was worked into service.

Thacher said of the punishments ordered by the court martial "Death has been inflicted in a few instances of an atrocious nature, but in general, the punishment consists in a public whipping, and the number of stripes is proportioned to the degree of offense. The law of Moses prescribing forty stripes save one but that number has often been exceeded in our camp. In aggravated cases, and with old offenders in our camp the culprit is sentenced to receive one hundred lashes or more. It is the duty of the drummers and fifers to inflict the chastisement, and the drum major must attend and see that the duty is faithfully performed. The culprit being securely tied to a tree or post receives on his naked back the number of lashes assigned him by a whip formed of several small knotted cords which sometimes cut through the skin at every stroke. However, strange it may appear, a soldier will often receive the severest stripes without uttering a groan or once shrinking from the lash even while the blood flows freely from the lacerated wounds.

"They have now, however, adopted a method which they say mitigates the anguish in some measure. It is by putting between the teeth a leaden bullet, on which they chew while under the lash till it is made quite flat and jagged. In some instances of incorrigibles villians it is adjudged by the court that the culprit receive his punishment at several different times, a certain number of stripes repeated at intervals of two or three days in which case the wounds are in a state of inflammation, and the skin rendered tender and the terror of the punishment is greatly aggravated.

"Another mode of punishment is that of running the gauntlet, this is done by a company of soldiers standing in two lines, each one furnished with a switch and the criminal is made to run between them and receive the scourge from their hands on his naked back; but the delinquent runs so rapidly and the soldiers are so apt to favor a comrade that it often happens in this way punishment is very slight".[211]

Boardman thus recorded a punishment, "This morning another rifleman was drummed out of camp not whipped, but if he ever returns again he is to receive thirty lashes."[212] Other punishments were riding the wooden horse for fifteen minutes with two guns tied to the victim's feet and then ten minutes without guns, or riding a rail. There were, too, the fines and imprisonments, but often the the penalties bordered on the humorous line and furnished real amusement to the rest of the soldiers, one man was sentenced to wear "A clogg chained at his legg for three days, another was to wear a clog four days with his coat turned wrong side outwards".[213] The last penalty was for Major Carnes's cordage. Trials were held for anything from disorderly conduct or stealing a shirt to treason.

In the court martial and its actions it is possible to see a reflection of England and the methods of torture used there. The colonists had not been away from the mother country long enough to get away from those devices for the punishment of offenders.

The number and kind of trials also show that the soldiers as a rule were inclined to have their own way and disregard orders for the majority of the trials were for the disobedience of minor orders.

A study of conditions during the Revolutionary War in the light of the present day and especially in the light of the Great War with the care given the soldiers in the way of housing, medical aid, sanitation and recreation makes the soldier of 1776 more of a hero than he had been before. That he under the most adverse circumstances withstood the war conditions and came out victorious for liberty seems almost a miracle.

John Adams described the continental army as follows: "Our Army at Crown point is an object of wretchness enough to fill a human mind with horror, disgraced, defeated, discontented, dispirited diseased, naked, undisciplined, eaten up with vermin, no clothes, bed, blankets, no medicines, no vituals but salt pork and flour". One almost wonders that it is not a true characterization but it is interesting to note that of the fifty diaries and journals studied only one or two reflected a pronounced discontented or dissatisified spirit, the others mentioned the sufferings and hardships but did not complain.

The leaders of the War for Independnece have long been appreciated for the part they played, perhaps over appreciated. But the leaders could not have accomplished their goal had it not been for the private. The private was undisciplined it is true and willful at times, but to him with his sufferings, hardships and even willfullness must be given a great amount of the honor.

[Footnote 177: Coits, _Orderly Book_, (July 20, 1775), p. 54.]

[Footnote 178: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (June 6, 1776), p. 47.]

[Footnote 179: _Journals of Continental Congress_, Vol. II, p. 115.]

[Footnote 180: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (March 28, 1776), p. 8.]

[Footnote 181: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (March 28, 1776), p. 8.]

[Footnote 182: McDowell, _Journal_, (Jan. 11, 1782).]

[Footnote 183: Lyman, _Journal_, (Aug. 28, 1775), p. 115.]

[Footnote 184: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, April 6, 1776.]

[Footnote 185: Farnsworth, _Journal_, (May 1, 1775) p. 179.]

[Footnote 186: Greene, _Life of Greene_, Vol. I, p. 538.]

[Footnote 187: Wild, _Journal_, (Dec. 27, 1778) p. 120.]

[Footnote 188: Hutchinson, _Orderly Book_, p. 23, quoted by Bolton.]

[Footnote 189: Wild, _Journal_, (Dec. 27, 1778) p. 120.]

[Footnote 190: Lyman, _Journal_, (Nov. 2, 1775) p. 124.]

[Footnote 191: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (March 28, 1776), p. 8.]

[Footnote 192: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (April 6, 1776), p. 16.]

[Footnote 193: Lyman, _Journal_, (Nov. 21, 1775), p. 127.]

[Footnote 194: Waldo, _Journal_, (Dec. 31, 1778), p.]

[Footnote 195: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, p. 10.]

[Footnote 196: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (March 31, 1779) p. 10; Lyman, _Journal_, (Nov. 29, 1775) p. 125.]

[Footnote 197: Thacher, _Journal_, (Sept. 1776) p. 60.]

[Footnote 198: Lyman, _Journal_ (Aug. 29, Oct. 3, 4 and 5, 1775), p. 116.]

[Footnote 199: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (June 21, 1776), p. 54.]

[Footnote 200: Thacher, _Military Journal_, p. 60.]

[Footnote 201: Ibid.]

[Footnote 202: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (Aug. 12, & 19, 1775); Ford, _Writings of Washington_, Vol. VII, p. 5.]

[Footnote 203: Ford, _Writings of Washington_, Vol. III, p. 267.]

[Footnote 204: Ford, _Writings of Washington_, Vol. III, p. 141 and Kapp, _Life of Steuben_.]

[Footnote 205: _Journals of Continental Congress._ Vol. III, p. 114.]

[Footnote 206: Ibid., (April 6, 1776) p. 16.]

[Footnote 207: Henshaw, _Journal_.]

[Footnote 208: Coit, _Orderly Book_, (June 30, 1775), p. 28.]

[Footnote 209: _Journals of Continental Congress_, Vol. III, p. 114.]

[Footnote 210: _Journals of Continental Congress_, Vol. III, p. 115.]

[Footnote 211: Thacher, _Military Journal_, (Jan. 1780), p. 182.]

[Footnote 212: Boardman, B., _Journal_, (Oct. 11, 1775).]

[Footnote 213: Quoted by Bolton, _Private Under Washington_, p. 176.]

BIBLIOGRAPHY

In the citation of footnotes, the following form has been followed, Farnsworth, Diary, (May 12, 1775) p. 83 when referring to _Amos Farnsworth's Diary in Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings_, series 2, Volume VII, p. 83.

Source Material

I Diaries and Journals of Contemporaries

Barton, William,

_Journal of Lieut. William Barton; in General John Sullivan's Indian Expedition 1779_, pp. 3-14 edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.

The journal embraces from June 8 to October 9, 1779.

Beatty, Lieutenant Erkuries,

_Journal of Lieut. Erkuries Beatty in General John Sullivan's Indian Expedition 1779_, pp. 16-37, edited, by F. Cook. Auburn, N. Y. 1887.

Part first covers expedition to Onondaga from April 14 to 29, 1779.

Part second covers Sullivan's expedition June 11, to October 22, 1779.

Blake Lieutenant Thomas,

_Journal of Lieutenant Thomas Blake_, An extract in _General John Sullivan's Indian Expedition_, edited, pp. 38-41, by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887. The whole in _History of the First New Hampshire Regiment in the War of the Revolution_ by Frederick Kidder. Albany, 1868.

Boardman, Reverend Benjamin,

_Diary of Rev. Benjamin Boardman in Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings_ series 2 volume VII, pp. 221-231. Boston, 1892.

The diary covers the period from July 31 to November 12 1775.

Boardman, Oliver,

_Journal of Oliver Boardman_ of Middletown Burgoyne Campaign 1777 in _Connecticut Historical Society Collections_, Vol. VII, pp. 219-221.

Burrowes, Major John,

_Journal of Major John Burrowes_ in _General John Sullivan's Indian Expedition_ 1779, pp. 43-51 edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.

Covers the period from August 23, 1779, to October 13, 1779.

Hitchcock, Enos,

_Diary of Enos Hitchcock in Rhode Island Historical Society Publications_ new series Volume VII, Providence, 1899.

Campfield, Dr. Jabez,

_Journal of Dr. Jabez Campfield_ in _General John Sullivan's Expedition_, pp. 52-61, edited by F. Cook, Auburn N. Y. 1887.

Covers period from May 23 to October 2, 1779.

Coit, Captain William,

_Orderly Book of Capt. William Coit's Camping_ at siege of Boston, 1775 in _Connecticut Historical Society Collections_, Vol. VII, pp. 1-99.

Hartford Conn. 1899.

Dearborn, Lieutenant Henry,

_Journal of Lieut. Col. Henry Dearborn_ in _General John Sullivan's Indian Expedition, 1779_, pp. 62-79, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.

Covers period from June 17, 1779 to October 25, 1779.

Duncan, Captain James,

_Diary of Captain James Duncan in Pennsylvania Archives_, series II, Vol. XV, pp. 748-752, edited by William Egle, Harrisburg, 1893.

Elbert, Samuel,

_Order Book of Samuel Elbert in Georgia Historical Society Collections_, Vol. V, Savannah, Ga. 1901.

Elmer, Ebenezer,

_Journal of Dr. Ebenezer Elmer in General John Sullivan's Indian Expedition, 1779_, pp. 80-85, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.

Covers period from June 18, 1779 to August 12, 1779.

Farnsworth, Amos,

_Amos Farnsworth's Diary in Massachusetts Historical Proceedings_ series 2, Vol. XII, pp. 78-100, Boston 1899.

This diary covers the period from April 19, 1775 to November 17, 1777.

Fellows, Moses,

_Journal of Sergeant Moses Fellows in General John Sullivan's Indian Expedition, 1779_, pp. 86-91, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.

Covers period from June 21, 1779 to September 19, 1779.

Fitch, Jabez,

_Diary of Jabez Fitch, Jr. in Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings_ series 2, Vol. IX, pp. 41-99, Boston, 1895.

Fogg, Major Jeremiah,

_Journal of Major Jeremiah Fogg in General John Sullivan's Indian Expedition, 1779_, pp. 92-101, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.

The journal covers the period from August 13, 1779 to September 30, 1779.

Gamble, Captain Robert,

_Orderly Book of Capt. Robert Gamble_ of 2nd Va. Regiment in _Virginia Historical Society Collection_, new series Vol. XI, pp. Richmond 1892.

Orderly Book covers period from August 21 to November 16, 1779.

Gano, John,

_Memoirs of the Rev. John Gano in Historical Magazine_, Vol. V, p. 330, New York, 1861.

Gookin, Daniel,

_Journal of Ensign Daniel Gookin in General John Sullivan's Expedition, 1779_, pp. 102-106, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.

The part there printed covers from May 4 to September 5, 1779.

Grant, Major George,

_Journal of Serg't Major Grant, in General John Sullivan's Indian Expedition, 1779_, pp. 107-114 by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.

The journal covers period from May 17, 1779 to December 25, 1779.

Hardenbergh, Lieutenant John L.,

_Journal of Lieut. John L. Hardenbergh in General John Sullivan's Indian Expedition 1779_, pp. 116-136, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.

The journal covers period from May 1, 1779 to October 23, 1779.

Heth, William,

_Orderly Book of Major William Heth_ of the 3rd Va. Regiment in _Virginia Historical Society Collections_. New series Vol. XI, Richmond, 1892.

Hubley, Adam,

_Journal of Lieut.-Col. Adam Hubley in General John Sullivan's Indian Expedition, 1779_, pp. 147-167, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.

The journal covers period from May 24, 1779 to October 7, 1779.

How, David,

_Diary of David How_, Morrisonia, N. Y. 1865.

The diary of a private.

Joslin, Joseph, Jr.,

_Journal of Joseph Joslin, Jr._, of South Killingly, a teamster in Western Connecticut, 1777-78, in _Connecticut Historical Society_, Vol. VII, pp. 297-369, Hartford, 1899.

Jenkins, John,

_Journal of Lieut. John Jenkins in General John Sullivan's Indian Expedition 1779_, pp. 169-177, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.

The diary covers period from April 1779 to December 19, 1779.

Lewis, Andrew,

_The Orderly Book_ of that portion of the American Army Stationer at or near Williamsburg, Va., under the command of General Andrew Lewis. Richmond, Va., 1860.

The orders cover the period from March 18, 1776 to August 28, 1776.

Livermore, Daniel,

_Journal of Captain Daniel Livermore in General John Sullivan's Indian Expedition_, 1779, pp. 179-191, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.

The whole journal was published in the _New Hampshire Historical Collections_, Vol. VI, p. 308, the part used was just an extract.

Lyman, Simeon,

_Journal of Simeon Lyman of Sharon_ 1775 in _Connecticut Historical Collections_ Vol. VII, pp. 111-137. Hartford 1899.

Machin, Thomas,

_Journal of Captain Thomas Machin in General John Sullivan's Indian Expedition, 1779_, pp. 193-197, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.

It covers period from April 19 to 23, 1779.

McDowell, William,

_Journal of Lieutenant William McDowell_, in _Pennsylvania Archives_, series 2, Vol. XV, pp. 295-340. Harrisburg, 1893.

McHendry, William,

_Journal of William McHendry_, A Lieutenant in the Army of the Revolution; in _Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings_ series 2, Vol. II, pp. 437-478. Boston 1886.

McMichael, James,

_Diary of Lieutenant James McMichael_ in _Pennsylvania Archives_ series 2, Vol. XV, pp. 193-218, edited by William Egle, Harrisburg, 1893.

McNeill, Samuel,

_Journal of Samuel McNeill, 1779_ in _Pennsylvania Archives_ series 2, Vol. XV, pp. 753-759, edited by William Egle, Harrisburg, 1893.

Meigs, Major J.

_Major Meig's Journal_ in Massachusetts Historical Society Collections series 2, Vol. II, pp. 227-245. Boston, 1846.

Morgan, Nathaniel,

_Journal of Ensign Nathaniel Morgan_ at siege of Boston 1775 in _Connecticut Historical Society Collections_, Vol. VII, pp. 99-111, Hartford, 1899.

Norris, James,

_Journal of Major James Morris in General John Sullivan's Expedition, 1779_, pp. 224-239, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.

The part here quoted covers June 18, 1779 to October 25, 1779.

Nukerck, Charles,

_Journal of Lieut, Charles Nukerck in General John Sullivan's Indian Expedition_, 1779, pp. 214-221, edited, by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.

The journal covers the period from May 1, 1779 to December 11, 1780.

Melvin, James,

_The Journal of James Melvin_, a private soldier in Arnold's Expedition against Quebec in the year 1775. Portland, Maine, 1902.

Robbin, Ammi, R.,

_Journal of the Rev. Ammi R. Robbins._ A chaplain in American Army in Northern Campaign of 1776, New Haven 1850.

Roberts, Thomas,

_Journal of Sergeant Thomas Roberts_ in _General John Sullivan's Indian Expedition 1779_, pp. 240-246, edited, F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.

The journal covers the period May 29 1779 to September 9, 1779.

Rogers, Rev. William,

_Journal of Rev. William Rogers in General John Sullivan's Indian Expedition 1779_, pp. 247-265, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.

Rev. Rogers was a chaplain in the army.

Shreve, John,

_Personal Narrative_ of the services of Lieut. John Shreve in Magazine of American History, Vol. III, New York and Chicago, 1879.

Shute, Samuel M.,

_Journal of Lieut. Samuel M. Shute_ in General John Sullivan's Indian Expedition 1779, pp. 268-274, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.

The journal covers the period from May 29 to November 9, 1779.

Squir, Ephraim,

_Diary of Ephraim Squir_ in Magazine of American History, Vol. II, pp. 685. New York and Chicago, 1878.

Thacher, James,

_Military Journal during the American Revolutionary War_, 1775-83. Boston, 1823.

Thayer, Captain Simeon,

_Journal of Captain Simeon Thayer_, in Rhode Island Historical Society, Vol. VI, pp. 1-45, Providence 1867.

Trumbull, Benjamin,

_Benjamin Trumbull's Journal_ of the expedition against Canada 1775 and _Benjamin Trumbull's Journal of the Campaign_ around New York, 1776-77 in _Connecticut Historical Society Collections_, Vol. VII, pp. 137-219, Hartford, 1899.

Waldo, Albigence,

_Diary kept at Valley Forge by Albigence Waldo_, surgeon in the Continental Army, 1777-1778. In _Historical Magazine_, Vol. V, p. 133, New York, 1861.

Wells, Boyze,

_Journal of Boyze Wells_ of Farmington in the Canada Expedition 1775-1777 in _Continental Historical Society Collections_ Vol. VII, pp. 259-297, Hartford, 1819.

Williams, Ennion,

_Journal of Major Ennion Williams_ in _Pennsylvania Archives_ series 2, Vol. XV, pp. 1-20, edited by William Egle, Harrisburg, 1893.

Wild, Ebenzer,

_The Journal of Ebenzer Wild_, (1776-1781) in Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, series 2, Vol. VI, pp. 78-160.

II Collected Writings of Contemporaries

Boudinot, Elias,

_The Life, Public Services, Addresses and Letters of Elias Boudinot._ Edited by J. J. Boudinot in two volumes, Boston and New York, 1896.

Washington, George,

_The Writings of George Washington_, edited by Worthington Chauncey Ford in 14 volumes. New York 1889-1893.

III Books of Travel

Burnaby, Andrew,

_Travels_ through the middle Settlements of North America, 1759-60. London, 1775.

Chastellus, Francois Jean,

_Travels in North America_ 1780-82, translated by J. Kent, New York, 1827.

IV Public Documents

_American Archives_, series 5, compiled by Peter Force, Washington, 1818-53.

_Journals of the Continental Congress_, Vol. I to V, edited by W. C. Ford, Washington 1904-1906.

_New Jersey Archives_, second series, Vol. I, new paper extracts, edited by Williams Styker, Trenton, 1901.

V Other Material

Moore, Frank,

_Diary of the American Revolution_ from Newspaper and original documents. New York, 1850.

Niles, Hezekiah,

_Principles and Acts of the Revolution in America._ New York, 1876.

A collection of patriotic orations, letters, public, private documents relating to the Revolutionary.

Secondary Material

I Biographical Sketches

Greene, George Washington,

_Life of Nathanael Greene_, 3 volumes, New York, 1867-71.

The work is valuable because of documents quoted direct but the book shows the fact that it is written by a grandson of Nathanael Greene.

Kapp, Fredrick,

_Life of Frederick William Stueben_, New York 1859.

The impression of a foreigner as to American institutions.

Kapp, Friedrick,

_Life of John Kalb_, Major-General in Revolutionary Army New York, 1884.

The book gives the reactions a foreigner had to American institutions.

Lossing, Benson John,

_Life and Times of Philip Schuyler_, New York, 1860-72 in two volumes.

Details of life and times of the period.

Lossing, Benson John,

_Illustrated Life of Washington_, New York, 1856 in ten volumes.

Since it is a detailed life of Washington, it gives glimpses of camp life.

Pickering, Octavius,

_Life of Timothy Pickering_, Boston, 1867-73.

A life written by a son but has some valuable material.

Reed, Henry,

_Life of Jasper Reed_ in _Library of American Biography_ edited by Jared Sparks, second series, Boston 1854.

Sparks, Jared,

_Life of Charles Lee_ in _Library of American Biography_ edited by Jared Sparks, Second series Vol. VIII, Boston 1864.

II Magazine Articles

Jordon, John W.,

"Continental Hospital Returns" in _Pennsylvania Magazine_ Volume XXIII, pp. 33-50, 210-223. Philadelphia, 1899.

Jordon, John W.,

"The Military Hospitals at Bethlehem and Lititz during the Revolution" in _Pennsylvania Magazine_, Vol. XX, pp. 137-157. Philadelphia, 1896.

III General Works

Botta, Charles,

_History of the War of the Independence of the United States._ Translated from Italian by George A. Otis, New Haven, 1884.

A foreigner's view of conditions here.

Bolton, Charles Knowles,

_The Private Soldier Under Washington_, New York 1902.

Channing, Edward,

_A History of the United States_, Vol. III, New York, 1912.

A good bibliography.

Ellet, Mrs. Elizabeth Fries,

_Domestic History of the American Revolution._ New York, 1850.

Valuable only for the light it throws on every day life.

Fiske, John,

_The American Revolution_, Boston, 1891.

Greene, Francis Vinton,

_The Revolutionary War_ and the Military policy of United States, New York, 1911.

Military affairs emphasized.

Hatch, Louis Clinton,

_The Administration of the American Revolutionary Army_, New York, 1904.

Hart, Albert Bushnell, and Mabel Hill,

_Camps and Firesides of the Revolution_, New York, 1903.

The direct quotation of sources valuable.

Headley, J. T.,

_The Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution_, New York, 1864.

A portraiture of the place of religion in the war especially the clergy.

Humphreys, Mary Gay,

_Catherine Schuyler_ in women of Colonial and revolutionary times. Series New York, 1897.

Not good history, but gives insight into colonial Revolutionary life.

Lecky, William Edward Hartpole,

_The American Revolution_, edited by James Albert Woodburn from Mr. Lecky's _History of England in the Eighteenth Century_.

A good bibliography found in it.

Lossing, Benson John,

_Pictorial Fieldbook of the Revolution_, New York 1860, two volumes.

Some interesting details of life and times.

Lower, Charlemagne,

_The Marquis de La Fayette in the American Revolution_, Philadelphia, 1901

The impressions of a foreigner of American institutions.

Thornton, John Wingate,

_The Pulpit of the American Revolution_, Boston, 1876.

A book showing the place of religion in the war especially the Puritan pulpit.

Trevelyan, Sir George Otto,

_The American Revolution_, four volumes, New York, 1908-15.

This book puts emphasis on the war characters and their careers which was useful in this study.

Whorton, Anne Hollingsworth,

_Martha Washington_, in women of colonial and revolutionary times. Series, New York, 1897.

Not good history, but gives insight into colonial life and camp life.