CHAPTER XLI

JAMES II. 1685-1689

LEADING DATES

Accession of James II. Feb. 6, 1685 Meeting of Parliament May 19, 1685 Battle of Sedgemoor July 6, 1685 Prorogation of Parliament Nov. 20, 1685 The Judges allow the King's Dispensing Power June 21, 1686 First Declaration of Indulgence April 4, 1687 Second Declaration of Indulgence April 22, 1688 Birth of the Son of James II. June 10, 1688 Acquittal of the Seven Bishops June 30, 1688 Landing of William of Orange Nov. 5, 1688 The Crown accepted by William and Mary Feb. 13, 1689

1. =The Accession of James II. 1685.=--The character of the new king, James II., resembled that of his father. He had the same unalterable belief that whatever he wished to do was absolutely right; the same incapacity for entering into the feelings or motives of his opponents, and even more than his father's inability to see faults in those who took his side. He was bent on procuring religious liberty for the Catholics, and at first imagined it possible to do this with the help of the clergy and laity of the Church of England. In his first speech to the Privy Council he announced his intention of preserving the established government in Church and State. He had mass, indeed, celebrated with open doors in his chapel at Whitehall, and he continued to levy taxes which had been granted to his brother for life only; yet, as he issued writs for a Parliament, these things did not count much against him. Unless, indeed, he was to set the law and constitution at defiance he could do no otherwise than summon Parliament, as out of 1,400,000_l._ which formed the revenue of the Crown, 900,000_l._ lapsed on Charles's death. James, however, secured himself against all eventualities by procuring from Louis a promise of financial aid in case of Parliament's proving restive. Before Parliament met, the king's inclinations were manifested by sentences pronounced by judges eager to gain his favour. On the one hand, Titus Oates was subjected to a flogging so severe that it would have killed anyone less hardy than himself. On the other hand, Richard Baxter, the most learned and moderate of Dissenters, was sent to prison after being scolded and insulted by Jeffreys, who, at the end of the late reign, had, through James's influence, been made Chief Justice of the King's Bench.

2. =A Tory Parliament. 1685.=--Parliament met on May 19. The House of Commons was Tory by an enormous majority, partly because the remodelled corporations (see p. 625) returned Tory members, but still more because the feeling of the country ran strongly in James's favour. The Commons granted to him the full revenue which had been enjoyed by his brother, and refused to listen to a few of its members who raised objections to some things which had been recently done. The House had not been long in session when it heard of two invasions, the one in Scotland and the other in England.

3. =Argyle's Landing. 1685.=--In Scotland the upper classes were animated by a savage resolve to keep no terms with the Covenanters, whose fanatical violence alarmed them. The Scottish Parliament, soon after the accession of James, passed a law punishing with death any one attending a conventicle. Argyle, believing, in his exile in Holland, that all honest Scots would be ready to join him against the tyranny of the Government, sailed early in May at the head of a small expedition, and arrived in the Firth of Clyde. He had himself no military skill, and his followers, no less ignorant than himself, overruled everything that he proposed. Soon after landing he was captured and carried to Edinburgh, where, as he was already legally condemned to death (see p. 623), he was executed on June 30 without further trial. On the night before his death a member of the Council came to see him in his cell, where he found him in a placid slumber. The visitor rushed off in agony to the house of a friend. "I have been," he said, "in Argyle's prison. I have seen him within an hour of eternity, sleeping as sweetly as ever man did. But as for me--" His voice failed him, and he could say no more.

4. =Monmouth's Landing. 1685.=--In the meanwhile Monmouth, the champion of the Dissenters and extreme Protestants, had, on June 11, landed at Lyme. So popular was he in the west of England that the trained bands could not be trusted to oppose him, and he was left unassailed till regiments of the regular army could be brought against him. The peasants and townsmen of the western counties flocked to join Monmouth, and he entered Taunton at the head of 5,000 men; but not a single country gentleman gave him his support. Parliament passed against him an Act of Attainder, condemning him to death without further trial, and the king marched in person against him at the head of a disciplined force. Monmouth declared himself to be the legitimate king, and, his name being James, he was popularly known amongst his followers as King Monmouth, in order to prevent confusion. He advanced as far as Philip's Norton: there, hopeless of gaining support amongst the governing classes, he fell back on Bridgwater. The king followed him with 2,500 regular troops, and 1,500 from the Wiltshire trained bands. Monmouth was soldier enough to know that, with his raw recruits, his only chance lay in surprising the enemy. The king's army lay on Sedgemoor, and Monmouth, in the early morning of July 6, attempted to fall on the enemy unawares. Broad ditches filled with water checked his course, and the sun was up before he reached his goal. It was inevitable that he should be beaten; the only wonder was that his untrained men fought so long as they did. Monmouth himself fled to the New Forest, where he was captured and brought to London. James admitted him to his presence, but refused to pardon him. On July 15 he was executed as an attainted traitor without further trial.

5. =The Bloody Assizes. 1685.=--Large numbers of Monmouth's followers were hanged by the pursuing soldiers without form of law. Many were thrust into prison to await their trial. Jeffreys, the most insolent of the judges, was sent to hold, in the western counties, what will always be known as the Bloody Assizes. It is true that the law which he had to administer was cruel, but Jeffreys gained peculiar obloquy by delighting in its cruelty, and by sneering at its unhappy victims. At Winchester he condemned to death an old lady, Alice Lisle, who was guilty of hiding in her house two fugitives from vengeance. At Dorchester 74 persons were hanged. In Somersetshire no less than 233 were put to death. Jeffreys overwhelmed his victims with scornful mockery. One of them pleaded that he was a good Protestant: "Protestant!" cried Jeffreys, "you mean Presbyterian; I'll hold you a wager of it, I can smell a Presbyterian forty miles." Some one tried to move his compassion in favour of one of the accused. "My lord," he said, "this poor creature is on the parish." "Do not trouble yourselves," was the only answer given, "I will ease the parish of the burden," and he ordered the man to be hanged at once. The whole number of those who perished in the Bloody Assizes was 320, whilst 841 were transported to the West Indies to work as slaves under a broiling sun. James welcomed Jeffreys on his return, and made him Lord Chancellor as a reward for his achievements.

6. =The Violation of the Test Act. 1685.=--James's success made him believe that he could overpower any opposition. He had already increased his army and had appointed officers who had refused to take the test. On his return to London he resolved to ask Parliament to repeal the Test Act, and dismissed Halifax for refusing to support his proposal. It would probably have been difficult for him to obtain the repeal even of the Recusancy Laws which punished Catholics for acting on their religious belief. It was not only hopeless, but rightly hopeless, for him to ask for a repeal of the Test Act, which, as long as a Catholic king was on the throne, stood in the way of his filling all posts in the army as well as in the state with men who would be ready to assist him in designs against the religion and liberties of Englishmen. If anything could increase the dislike of the nation to the repeal of the Test Act it was the fact that, in that very year, Louis had revoked the Edict of Nantes issued by his ancestor, Henry IV., to protect the French Protestants, and had handed them over to a cruel persecution. It might be fairly argued that what Louis had done, James, if he got the power, might be expected to do hereafter.

7. =Breach between Parliament and King. 1685.=--When the Houses, which had adjourned when the king went into the West, met again on November 9, James informed them not only that he had appointed officers disqualified by law, but that he was determined not to part with them. The House of Commons, the most loyal House that had ever been chosen, remonstrated with him, and there were signs that the Lords intended to support the remonstrance. On November 20 James prorogued Parliament.

8. =The Dispensing Power. 1686.=--Like his father, James liked to think that, when he broke the laws, he was acting legally, and he remembered that the Crown had, in former days, exercised a power of dispensing with the execution of the laws (see p. 604). This power had, indeed, been questioned by the Parliament in =1673= (see p. 606), but there was no statute or legal judgment declaring it to be forbidden by law. James now wanted to get a decision from the judges that he possessed the dispensing power, and when he found that four of the judges disagreed with him, he replaced them by four judges who would decide in his favour. Having thus packed the Bench, he procured the bringing of a collusive action against Sir Edward Hales, who, having been appointed an officer in the army, had, as a Catholic, refused to take the test. Hales produced a dispensation from the king, and, on June 21, =1686=, the judges decided that such dispensations freed those who received them from the penalties imposed by any laws whatever.

9. =The Ecclesiastical Commission. 1686=.--James, in virtue of his dispensing power, had already authorised some clergymen of the Church of England, who had turned Roman Catholics, to retain their benefices. Obadiah Walker, the Master of University College, Oxford, became a Roman Catholic, set up a press for the printing of Roman Catholic tracts, and had mass celebrated openly in the college. Yet he was allowed to retain his post. Then the king appointed Massey, an avowed Roman Catholic, to the Deanery of Christchurch, and Parker, a secret Roman Catholic, to the Bishopric of Oxford. Naturally the clergy who retained the principles of the Church of England preached sermons warning their hearers against the errors of the Church of Rome. James ordered them to be silent, and directed Compton, Bishop of London, to suspend Sharp, the Dean of Norwich, for preaching against the Papal doctrines. As Compton refused to obey, James, on July 11, constituted an Ecclesiastical Commission Court, at the head of which was Jeffreys. It is true that the Court of High Commission had been abolished by a statute of the Long Parliament, but James argued that his father's court, having power to punish the laity as well as the clergy, could be abolished by Act of Parliament, whereas, a king being supreme governor of the Church, might provide for the punishment of the clergy alone, in any way that he thought fit, without taking account of Acts of Parliament. The first act of the new court was to suspend Compton for his refusal to suspend Sharp. James therefore had it in his power to stop the mouths of all the religious teachers in the realm.

10. =Scotland and Ireland. 1686-1687.=--In Scotland James insisted on a Parliamentary repeal of all laws imposing penalties on Roman Catholics. The Scottish Parliament, subservient as it had been to Charles II., having refused to comply with this demand, James dispensed with all these laws by his own authority, thereby making Scottish Episcopalians almost as sullen as Scottish Covenanters. In Ireland James had on his side the whole Catholic Celtic population, which complained of wrongs committed against their religion and property by the English colonists. James determined to redress these wrongs. In February, =1687=, he sent over to Ireland as Lord Deputy the Earl of Tyrconnel, whose character was low, and who had been known at Charles's Court as Lying Dick Talbot. He was, however, a Roman Catholic, and would carry out the king's will in Ireland without remorse.

11. =The Fall of the Hydes. 1686-1687.=--To make way for Tyrconnel, the former lord-lieutenant, Clarendon, the eldest son of the late Chancellor, was recalled from Ireland, his fall being preceded by that of his younger brother Rochester (see p. 627). Rochester was devoted to the maintenance of the Royal power; but James told him that he must change his religion if he wished to keep his office, and on his refusal he was dismissed.

12. =The Declaration of Indulgence. 1687.=--The dismissal of Rochester was the strongest possible evidence that James's own spirit was intolerant. Yet he was driven, by the course which he had taken, into the adoption of the principle of toleration, and no doubt persuaded himself that he accepted toleration on its own merits. At first he had hoped to obtain favours for the Roman Catholics with the goodwill of the Church of England, whilst continuing the persecution of Dissenters. He now knew that this was impossible, and he therefore resolved to make friends of the Dissenters by pronouncing for a general toleration. He first had private interviews with the leading men in both Houses, in the hope that they would, if Parliament were re-assembled, assist in the repeal of all penal laws bearing on religion. These closetings, as they were called,[34] proving ineffectual, he issued, by his own authority, on April 4, =1687=, a Declaration of Indulgence, suspending all laws against Roman Catholics and Dissenters alike, and giving permission to both to worship publicly. The result of the Declaration was not all that James desired. Many of the Dissenters, indeed, accepted their freedom joyfully. Most of them, however, dreaded a gift which seemed only intended to elevate the Roman Catholics, and opened their ears to the pleadings of the Churchmen, who now assured their old enemies that if they would have a little patience they should, in the next Parliament, have a toleration secured by law. This, argued the Churchmen, would be of far more use to them than one granted by the king, which would avail them nothing whenever the king died and was succeeded by his Protestant daughter, the Princess of Orange.

[Footnote 34: Because the interviews took place in the king's closet, or private room.]

13. =The Expulsion of the Fellows of Magdalen. 1687.=--Scarcely was the Declaration issued when James showed how little he cared for law or custom. There was a vacancy in the President-ship of Magdalen College, Oxford, and James commanded the Fellows to choose one Farmer, a man of bad character, and a Roman Catholic. On April 15 the Fellows, as they had the undoubted right to do, chose Hough. In June they were summoned before the Ecclesiastical Commission, which declared Hough's election to be void, and ordered them to choose Parker, who, though at heart a Roman Catholic, was nominally the Protestant Bishop of Oxford (see p. 638). They answered simply that, as Hough had been lawfully elected, they had no right to choose another President in his lifetime. Jeffreys bullied them in vain. James insisted on their accepting Parker, and on acknowledging the legality of the proceedings of the Ecclesiastical Commission. All but two, having refused to submit, were turned out of the College and left to beg their bread. When the Commissioners attempted to install Parker in his office not a blacksmith in Oxford would consent to break open the lock of the President's lodgings. The servants of the Commissioners were at last employed to force the door, and it was in this way that Parker took possession of the residence to which Hough alone had a legal claim. The expelled Fellows were not left to starve, as there was scarcely a gentleman in England who would not have been proud to receive one of them into his house.

14. =An Attempt to pack a Parliament. 1687.=--James was anxious to obtain Parliamentary sanction for his Declaration of Indulgence. He dissolved the existing Parliament, hoping to find a new one more to his taste. As he had packed the Bench of Judges in =1686=, he tried to pack a Parliament in =1687=. A board of regulators was appointed, with Jeffreys at its head, to remodel the corporations once more, appointing Roman Catholics and Dissenters to sit in them. James expected that these new members would elect tolerationists to the next House of Commons. So strong, however, was public opinion against the king that even the new members chosen expressly to vote for the king's nominees could not be relied on. The design of calling a new Parliament was therefore abandoned for the time.

15. =A Second Declaration of Indulgence. 1688.=--On April 22, =1688=, James issued a second Declaration of Indulgence, which he ordered to be read in all the churches. Most of the clergy objecting to read it, seven bishops signed a petition asking that the clergy might be excused. Six of these bishops--Sancroft, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who was the seventh, having been forbidden to appear before the king--presented the petition to James at Whitehall. James was startled when it was placed in his hands. "This," he said, "is a great surprise to me. I did not expect this from your Church, especially from some of you. This is a standard of rebellion." In vain the bishops protested that they hated the very sound of rebellion. James would not listen to their excuses. "This," he persisted in saying, "is rebellion. This is a standard of rebellion. Did ever a good churchman question the dispensing power before? Have not some of you preached for it and written for it? It is a standard of rebellion. I will have my declaration published." One of the bishops replied that they were bound to fear God as well as to honour the king. James only grew more angry and told them, as he sent them away, that he would keep their petition, with the evident intention of taking legal proceedings against them. "God," he said, as he dismissed them, "has given me the dispensing power, and I will maintain it. I tell you there are still seven thousand of your Church who have not bowed the knee to Baal."

16. =Resistance of the Clergy. 1688.=--When the day came for the reading of the Declaration scarcely a clergyman obeyed the king's order. In one of the London churches Samuel Wesley, father of the John Wesley who was, by his preaching, to move the hearts of the next generation, preached a sermon on the text, "Be it known unto thee, O king, that we will not serve thy gods, nor worship the golden image which thou hast set up." In Westminster Abbey, when the officiating minister, Bishop Sprat, a courtly prelate, began to read the Declaration, the whole congregation rose in a body and streamed out of the church.

17. =The Trial of the Seven Bishops. 1688.=--James ordered that the seven bishops should be tried, on the plea that their petition was a seditious libel. The trial took place in Westminster Hall on June 29. The first difficulty of the prosecution was to show that the so-called libel had been published--that is to say, had been shown to any one--as no one was present besides the bishops when James received it, and the king could not be put into the witness-box. At last sufficient evidence was tendered by the Earl of Sunderland--a minister who, unlike Rochester, had changed his religion to keep his place--to convince the court that the petition had been delivered to James. The lawyers on both sides then addressed the jury on the question whether the petition was really a libel. The jury retired to deliberate, and at first nine of them were for the bishops and three for the king. Two of the latter gave way, but the other, a certain Arnold, who was the king's brewer, held out. "Whatever I do," he said, "I am sure to be half ruined. If I say _Not Guilty_ I shall brew no more for the king, and if I say _Guilty_ I shall brew no more for anybody else." He decided that the king's custom was the best worth keeping. To a gentleman named Austen who proposed to argue with him he replied that his mind was already made up. "If you come to that," replied Austen, "look at me. I am the largest and strongest of this twelve; and before I find such a petition a libel, here I will stay till I am no bigger than a tobacco pipe." The jury were locked up through the night, and when the morning of the 30th came Arnold had given way. A verdict of _Not Guilty_ was given in. The crowds in Westminster Hall and in the streets of London burst out into shouts of joy. At Hounslow, where James was reviewing the regiments on which he trusted to break down all popular resistance, the soldiers shouted like the rest. James asked what it all meant. "Nothing," he was told; "the soldiers are glad that the bishops are acquitted." "Do you call that nothing?" he answered. "So much the worse for them."

18. =Invitation to William of Orange. 1688.=--The acquittal of the Bishops would, but for one circumstance, have strengthened the nation in its resolution patiently to wait till James's death placed his daughter on the throne. On June 10, however, a son had been born to James, and that fact changed the whole situation. The boy would be educated in his father's religion, and England was threatened with a Roman Catholic dynasty in which each successive ruler would, from his childhood, be brought up in the belief that he might break through all legal restraints whenever he could have the approval of judges appointed by himself and liable to dismissal whenever he pleased. At first the general dislike of this disagreeable fact took the shape of incredulity, and it was almost universally believed, without a shadow of foundation, that the boy was a supposititious child procured from some poor mother and brought in a warming-pan into the queen's chamber. Whether he were supposititious or not, there was no doubt that he would be treated as James's heir. Tories were as much concerned as Whigs at the prospect before them. The doctrine of non-resistance was forgotten, and on June 30, the day of the bishops' acquittal, seven important personages, some being Whigs and some Tories, invited the Prince of Orange to land with an armed force to defend the liberties of England.

19. =Landing of William. 1688.=--William would probably not have accepted the invitation if the constitutional rights of Englishmen had alone been at stake; but he had made it the object of his life to struggle against Louis, and he knew that war was on the point of breaking out between Louis and an alliance in which almost every European prince took part excepting James. He accepted the invitation that he might bring England into that alliance; and made preparations, which could not be hidden from James. James made concessions, abolished the Ecclesiastical Commission, gave back the charters of the City of London and the other corporations, and restored the Fellows of Magdalen. Anxious as William was to come, he was delayed for some time. The army of Louis was on the southern frontier of the Spanish Netherlands, and William could not stir as long as an invasion of his Spanish allies was threatened. Louis, however, offered James the assistance of his fleet to repel the expected Dutch expedition. James replied that he was quite able to take care of himself. Louis lost his temper, withdrew his army from the frontier of the Netherlands, and sent it to begin the war with the allies by burning and ravaging the Palatinate. William put to sea, intending to land in Torbay. On the morning of November 5 it was found that the fleet had passed the haven for which it was bound; and as the wind was blowing it strongly on, there seemed no possibility of returning. William believed that nothing but failure was before him. "You may go to prayers, doctor," he said to Burnet, an English clergyman who accompanied him; "all is over." In a moment the wind changed and bore the fleet back into Torbay, and William was enabled to land safely at Brixham. Burnet, a warm-hearted but garrulous and inquisitive man, began asking him questions about his plans. If there was one thing that William disliked more than another, it was the interference of clergymen in military matters. He therefore looked Burnet in the face, replying only by another question: "Well, doctor, what do you think of predestination now?" Both he and Burnet were convinced that God had Himself guided them thus far in safety for the deliverance of His people.

20. =William's March upon London. 1688.=--William marched upon London, and, after a while, the gentry of the counties through which he passed poured in to support him. The north and the midlands rose under the Earls of Devonshire and Danby and other lords, Whig and Tory. The doctrine of non-resistance was thrown to the winds. James set out with his troops to combat William. He reached Salisbury, but the officers of his own army and his courtiers deserted him. Amongst those who fled to William was Lord Churchill, afterwards known as the Duke of Marlborough and the greatest soldier of the age. He had received many favours from James, which he now repaid by inciting all those whom he could influence to abandon their king. Amongst these was James's younger daughter Anne, over whom Churchill's wife exercised a most powerful influence, and who now, together with her husband, Prince George of Denmark, fled to William. James, left almost alone, made his way back to London, which he reached on November 27. On the 30th he ordered the preparation of writs for the election of a Parliament, and proposed an accommodation with William, who by that time had reached Hungerford. It was agreed that both armies should remain at a distance of forty miles from London in order to enable the new Parliament to meet in safety. James was, in reality, determined not to submit. On December 10 he sent his wife and son to France. On the 11th he attempted to follow them, burning the writs and dropping the great seal into the Thames, in the hope that everything might fall into confusion for want of the symbol of legitimate authority. There were riots in London, and the Roman Catholic chapels were sacked and destroyed. There was a general call to William to hasten his march. On the 12th, however, James was stopped near Sheerness by some fishermen and brought back to London. William had no mind to have a second royal martyr on his hands, and did everything to frighten James into another flight. On December 18 James left London and William arrived at Whitehall. On December 23, with William's connivance, James embarked for France.

21. =A Convention Parliament Summoned. 1688.=--Amongst the crowd which welcomed William was Sergeant Maynard, an old man of ninety. "You must," said William to him, "have survived all the lawyers of your standing." "Yes, sir," replied Maynard, "and, but for your Highness, I should have survived the laws too." He expressed the general sense of almost every Englishman. How to return to a legal system with the least possible disturbance was the problem to be faced. William consulted the House of Lords and an assembly composed of all persons who had sat in any of Charles's Parliaments, together with special representatives of the City. Members of James's one Parliament were not summoned, on the plea that the return to it of members chosen by the remodelled corporations made it no true Parliament. The body thus consulted advised William to call a Convention, which would be a Parliament in everything except that there was no king to summon it.

22. =The Throne declared Vacant. 1689.=--On January 22, =1689=, the Convention met. The House of Commons contained a majority of Whigs, whilst the Tories were in a majority in the Lords. On the 28th the Commons resolved that "king James II., having endeavoured to subvert the constitution of the kingdom by breaking the original contract between king and people, and by the advice of Jesuits and other wicked persons having violated the fundamental laws and having withdrawn himself out of the kingdom, had abdicated the government, and that the throne had thereby become vacant." This lumbering resolution was unanimously adopted. The Whigs were pleased with the clause which made the vacancy of the throne depend on James's misgovernment, and the Tories were pleased with the clause which made it depend on his so-called voluntary abdication. The Tories in the Lords proposed that James should remain nominally king, but that the country should be governed by a regent. Danby, however, and a small knot of Tories supported the Whigs, and the proposal was rejected. Danby had, indeed, a plan of his own. James, he held, had really abdicated, and the crown had therefore passed to the next heir. That heir was not, according to him, the supposititious infant, but the eldest daughter of James, Mary Princess of Orange, who was now in her own right queen of England. It was an ingenious theory, but two circumstances were against its being carried into practice. In the first place, Mary scolded Danby for daring to set her above her husband. In the second place William made it known that he would neither be regent nor administer the government under his wife. Danby therefore withdrew his motion, and on February 6 the Lords voted, as the Commons had voted before, that James had abdicated and the throne was vacant.

23. =William and Mary to be Joint Sovereigns. 1689.=--A Declaration of Rights was prepared condemning the dispensing power as lately exercised and the other extravagant actions of James II., while both Houses concurred in offering the crown to William and Mary as joint sovereigns. As long as William lived he was to administer the government, Mary only attaining to actual power in the event of her surviving her husband. After the death of both, the crown was to go first to any children which might be born to them, then to Anne and her children, and, lastly, to any children of William by a second wife in case of his surviving Mary and marrying again. As a matter of fact, William had no children by Mary, who died about eight years before him, and he never married again. On February 13 William and Mary accepted the crown on the conditions offered to them.

24. =Character of the Revolution.=--The main characteristic of the revolution thus effected was that it established the supremacy of Parliament by setting up a king and queen who owed their position to a Parliamentary vote. People had been found to believe that James II. was king by a Divine right. Nobody could believe that of William. Parliament, which had set him up, could pull him down, and he would have therefore to conform his government to the will of the nation manifested in Parliament. The political revolution of =1689= succeeded, whilst the Puritan Revolution of =1641= failed, because, in =1641=, the political aim of setting the Parliament above the king was complicated by an ecclesiastical dispute which had split Parliament and the nation into two hostile parties. In =1689= there was practically neither a political nor an ecclesiastical dispute. Tories and Whigs combined to support the change, and Churchmen and Dissenters made common cause against the small Roman Catholic minority which had only been dangerous because it had the Crown at its back, and because the Crown had been supported by Louis and his armies. A Revolution thus effected was, no doubt, far less complete than that which had been aimed at by the more advanced assailants of the throne of Charles I. It did not aim at changing more than a small part of the political constitution of the country, nor at changing any part whatever of its social institutions. Its programme, in short, was one for a single generation, not one, like that of the '_Heads of the Proposals_' (see p. 555) or the '_Agreement of the People_' (see p. 556) for several generations. Consequently it did not rouse the antagonism which had been fatal even to the best conceived plans of the Commonwealth and Protectorate. It is much to be regretted that the moral tone of the men who brought about the Revolution of =1689= was lower than that which had brought about the Revolution of =1641=. That this was the case, however, was mainly the fault of the unwise attempt of the Puritans to enforce morality by law. The individual liberty which was encouraged by the later revolution would in due time work for morality as well as for political improvement.

_Books recommended for further study of Part VII._

RANKE, L. English History (English translation). Vol. iii. p. 310-vol. iv. p. 528.

AIRY, O. The English Restoration and Louis XIV.

CHRISTIE, W. D. Life of A. A. Cooper, first Earl of Shaftesbury.

MACAULAY, Lord. History of England from the Accession of James II. Vols. i. and ii.

HALLAM, H. Constitutional History. Chapters XI.-XIV.

MAHAN, A. T. Influence of the Sea-power upon History. Chapters I.-III.

LODGE, R. The Political History of England. Vol. viii. From the Restoration to the Death of William III. (1660-1702).

INDEX TO THE SECOND VOLUME

Abbey lands, the, distributed by Henry VIII., 400; Mary wishes for the restoration of, 422

Aberdeen, Montrose's victory at, 547

Abhorrers, party name of, 620

Addled Parliament, the, 486

_Admonition to Parliament, An_, 446

Adwalton Moor, battle of, 538

Agitators, choice of, 554; propose to purge the House, 556

_Agreement of the People, the_, drawn up by the Agitators, 556

Agriculture, More's views on the decline of, 368; progress of, in Elizabeth's reign, 464

Aix-la-Chapelle, peace of, 599

Alasco, opinions of, 418

Albemarle, George Monk, Duke of, as George Monk, commands in Scotland, 575; effects the restoration, 576; created Duke of Albemarle, 580; holds a command in the battle off the North Foreland, 592; advises Charles II. not to dissolve Parliament, 599

Alençon, Francis, Duke of, Elizabeth proposes to marry, 446; entertained by Elizabeth, 454; attacks Antwerp, 455; death of, 456

Alexander VI., Pope, character of, 375

Alford, battle of, 549

Allen, Cardinal, founds a college at Douai, 453; plots to murder Elizabeth, 454

Alva, Duke of, his tyranny in the Netherlands, 443; discusses the murder of Elizabeth, 445; fails to reduce the Dutch, 449

Amicable Loan, the, 372

Anjou, Henry, Duke of, _see_ Henry III., king of France

Annates, first Act of, 388; second Act of, 390

Anne, daughter of James II., birth of, 608; deserts James II., 645; settlement of the crown on, 647

Anne Boleyn, appears at Court, 380; is married to Henry VIII., 389; execution of, 395

Anne of Cleves married to Henry VIII., 400; divorce of, 401

Antwerp attacked by Alençon, 455; taken by Parma, 456

Appeals, Act of, 389; provision for the hearing of, 391

Architecture, Elizabethan, 465; Stuart, 631, 632

_Areopagitica_, 546

Argyle, Archibald Campbell, Earl of, execution of, 636

Argyle, Archibald Campbell, Marquis of, opposed to Montrose, 547; execution of, 595

Arlington, Henry Bennet, Earl of, secretary to Charles II., 599; intrigues against Clifford, 607

Armada, the Invincible, sailing of, 458; destruction of, 462

Army, the New Model, formation of, 545; attempt of Parliament to disband, 553; choice of Agitators in, 554; gains possession of the king's person, 555; the heads of the proposals presented in the name of, _ib._; drives out the eleven members, _ib._; turns against the king, 556, 557; expels members by Pride's Purge, _ib._; its inability to reconstruct society after the king's execution, 560; overthrows Richard Cromwell, restores and expels the Rump, 575; brings back the Rump, _ib._; receives Charles II. on Blackheath, 578; paid off, 584

Army, the Royal, beginning of, 584

Army plot, the, 531

Articles, the ten, 395; the six, 399; the forty-two, 420; the thirty-nine, _ib._; declaration of Charles I., prefixed to, 512

Arundel Castle taken and lost by Hopton, 542

Ashley, Lord, _see_ Shaftesbury, Earl of

Aske heads the Pilgrimage of Grace, 397

Assembly of divines, proposal to refer church questions to, 534; meeting of, 540; declares for Presbyterianism, 543

Association, the, in defence of Elizabeth, 456

Attainder, Bill of, against Thomas Cromwell, 401; nature of a, _ib._, note i.; against Strafford, 531

Auldearn, battle of, 547

Babington plots the murder of Elizabeth, 457

Bacon, Francis (Lord Verulam and Viscount St. Alban), scientific aspirations of, 474; advises Elizabeth as to the treatment of the Catholics, 475; his conduct to Essex, 478; gives political advice to James I., 486; his jest on Montague's promotion, 494; attacked about monopolies, 495; disgrace of, 496

Bagenal defeated by Hugh O'Neill, 475

Ballard takes part in Babington's plot, 457

Barbadoes, prisoners sent to, 564; dissenters sent to, 588

Barebone's Parliament, the, origin of the name of, 566; dissolution of, 567

Baronets, origin of the order of, 494

Barrow, Henry, a separatist, hanged, 470

Barrow, Isaac, addresses his sermons to the understanding, 598

Basing House taken by Cromwell, 549

Bastwick sentenced by the Star Chamber, 521

Bate's case, 484

Baxter, imprisoned by Jeffreys, 635

Beaton, Cardinal, burns Wishart, 412; is murdered, 414

Bedingfield, Sir Henry, takes charge of Elizabeth, 423

Benevolences raised by James I., 497

Berwick, Treaty of, 526

Bible, the, Henry VIII. authorises the translation of, 396

Bishops, nominated by _congé d'élire_, 391; first Bill for removing from the House of Lords, 533; impeachment of the twelve, 535; excluded from the House of Lords, 536

Bishops' War, the first, 526; the second, 529

Blackwater, the, defeat of Bagenal on, 475

Blake, defends Taunton, 548; appointed to command the fleet, 565; sent to the Mediterranean, 571; destroys Spanish ships at Santa Cruz, 573; death of, _ib._

Bloody Assizes, the, 637

Bocher, Joan, burnt, 419

Bohemia, outbreak of the Thirty Year War in, 490

Boleyn, Anne, _see_ Anne Boleyn

Bombay acquired by Charles II., 587

Bonner, Bishop, deprived of his see, 416

Booth, Sir George, defeated at Winnington Bridge, 575

Bothwell, James Hepburn, Earl of, career of, 439

Bothwell Bridge, defeat of the Covenanters at, 620

Boulogne, taken by Henry VIII., 405; surrendered by Warwick, 417

Bourbon, the Duke of, revolt of, 371; death of, 374

Boxley, destruction of the rood of, 398

Breda, declaration of, 576; treaty of, 593

Brentford, Charles I. at, 537

Bridgman, Sir Orlando, declares that the king's ministers are responsible, 581

Bridgwater taken by Fairfax, 549; Monmouth at, 637

Brill seized by exiles from the Netherlands, 449

Bristol stormed by Rupert, 538

Browne, Archbishop of Dublin, destroys relics and images in Ireland, 402

Browne, Robert, founder of the Separatists, 470

Brownists, _see_ Separatists

Bucer, Martin, teaches in England, 410

Buckingham, George Villiers, First Duke of, becomes Marquis of Buckingham and Lord Admiral, 488; accompanies Charles to Madrid, 497; becomes Duke of Buckingham, and advocates war with Spain, 500; promises money for foreign wars, 501; his ascendency over Charles I., 502; tries to pawn the crown jewels, 503; lends ships to fight against Rochelle, 504; impeachment of, 505; leads an expedition to Ré, 506; feeling of Wentworth towards, 508; murder of, 510

Buckingham, George Villiers, Second Duke of, in favour with Charles II., 599; his sham treaty with France, 603; dismissal of, 608

Buckingham, Henry Stafford, Duke of, execution of, 369

Buildings, improvement in, in Elizabeth's time, 465

Bunyan writes _Pilgrim's Progress_, 596

Burghley, William Cecil, Lord, as Sir William Cecil becomes the chief adviser of Elizabeth, 429; urges Elizabeth to assist the Scotch Protestants, 433; becomes Lord Burghley and discovers the Ridolfi plot, 445; death of, 480

Burnet, Gilbert, his conversation with William of Orange, 645

Burton, sentenced by the Star Chamber, 521

Butler, author of _Hudibras_, 597

Cadiz, capture of, 464; Cecil's expedition to, 503

Calais, loss of, 427; Elizabeth's hope of regaining, 436; the Armada takes refuge in, 462; Cromwell's anxiety to recover, 571

Calvin, his work at Geneva, 430

Calvinism influences Elizabethan Protestantism, 430

Cambrai, league of, 363; treaty of, 383

Campeggio, Cardinal, appointed legate to hear the divorce case of Henry VIII., 382

Campion lands in England, 453; execution of, 454

Carberry Hill, Mary's surrender at, 439

Cardinal College founded by Wolsey, 377, 383; _see_ Christchurch

Carisbrooke Castle, detention of Charles I. in, 556

Carolina, colonisation of, 629

Cartwright advocates the Presbyterian system, 446

Casket letters, the, 440

Castlemaine, Lady, uses her influence against Clarendon, 594

Câteau Cambresis, peace of, 431

Catesby plans Gunpowder Plot, 483

Catharine of Aragon, marriage of, 363; Henry VIII. grows tired of, 379; divorce suit against, 382; is divorced, 389; the sentence of Clement VII. in favour of, 390; death of, 395

Catharine of Braganza marries Charles II., 587

Catherine de Medicis, widow of Henry II., king of France, becomes regent, 433; takes part in the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 449

Catherine Howard, marriage and execution of, 401

Catherine Parr, marriage of, 401

Catholics, Roman, laws directed against, 453, 454; their position at the end of Elizabeth's reign, 475; increased persecution of, after Gunpowder Plot, 483; negotiation between James I. and Spain for the relief of, 488; tendency of Charles II. to support, 584; declaration for the toleration of, issued by Charles II., 587; persecuted about the Popish Plot, 616; efforts of James II. in favour of, 634, 638, 640

Cecil, Sir Edward, commands the Cadiz expedition, 503

Chancery, Court of, proposal of the Barebone's Parliament to suppress, 567; reformed by Cromwell, 569; nature of the decisions of, 605

Chantries, Act for the dissolution of, 412; their income vested in the king, 415

Charles I., intention of the Gunpowder plotters to blow up, 483; proposals of marriage for, 488; visits Spain, 497; is eager for war with Spain, 500; negotiation for marriage with Henrietta Maria, 501; becomes king and marries Henrietta Maria, 502; adjourns his first parliament to Oxford, _ib._; dissolves his first parliament and sends out the Cadiz expedition, 503; meets his second Parliament, _ib._; dissolves his second Parliament, 505; orders the collection of a forced loan, 506; meets his third Parliament, 508; consents to the Petition of Right, 509; claims a right to levy Tonnage and Poundage, 510; issues a declaration on the Articles, 512; dissolves his third Parliament, 513; his personal government, 514; levies knighthood fines, 515; insists on the reading of the _Declaration of Sports_, 517; levies fines for encroaching on forests, 523; levies ship-money, _ib._; imposes a new prayer-book on Scotland, 525; leads an army against the Scots, 526; consults Wentworth, 527; makes Wentworth Earl of Strafford, and summons the Short Parliament, 528; dissolves the Short Parliament, marches again against the Scots, and summons the Long Parliament, 529; assents to the Triennial Act, 530; signs a commission for Strafford's execution, 531; visits Scotland, 532; returns to England, 534; rejects the Grand Remonstrance, 535; attempts to arrest the five members, 536; fights at Edgehill, 537; his plan of campaign, _ib._; besieges Gloucester, and fights at Newbury, 539; looks to Ireland for help, 541; sends Rupert to relieve York, 543; compels Essex's infantry to surrender at Lostwithiel, and fights again at Newbury, 544; is defeated at Naseby, 548; attempts to join Montrose, 549; sends Glamorgan to Ireland, _ib._; gives himself up to the Scots, 551; negotiates at Newcastle, _ib._; explains his plans to the Queen, 552; conveyed to Holmby House, 553; conducted by Joyce to Newmarket, 555; attempt of Cromwell to come to an understanding with, 555; takes refuge in the Isle of Wight, and enters into the _Engagement_ with the Scots, 556; removed to Hurst Castle, 557; trial of, 559; execution of, 560

Charles II., as Prince of Wales, possesses himself of part of the fleet, 557; lands in Scotland, 563; escapes to France, 564; offers a reward for Cromwell's murder, 569; issues the declaration of Breda, 576; restoration of, 578; confirms _Magna Carta_, _ib._; character of, 579; leaves the government to Hyde, 580; revenue voted to, 582; approves a scheme of modified episcopacy, 583; keeps a small armed force, 584; retains three regiments on paying off the army, _ib._; profligacy of the court of, 586; issues a declaration in favour of toleration, 587; marriage of, and sale of Dunkirk by, _ib._; dismisses Clarendon, 594; favours the Roman Catholics, 598; thinks of tolerating dissenters, and supports Buckingham and Arlington, 599; agrees to the treaty of Dover, 600; supports the Cabal, 602; extravagance of, 603; issues a Declaration of Indulgence, 604; goes to war with the Dutch, 605; withdraws the Declaration of Indulgence, 606; assents to the Test Act, 607; dismisses Shaftesbury and makes peace with the Dutch, 608; supports Danby, 610; receives a pension from Louis XIV., 611; is interested in commerce, 612; refuses to make war on France, 613; threatens France with war, 614; dissolves the Cavalier Parliament, 616; dissolves the first Short Parliament, 617; supports his brother's claim to the crown, against Shaftesbury, 618; prorogues the second Short Parliament, 619; dismisses Shaftesbury, 620; dissolves the second and third Short Parliaments, 621; plot to murder, 625; death of, 627; constitutional progress in the reign of, _ib._

Charles II., king of Spain, bad health of, 592

Charles V., Emperor, as king of Spain becomes the rival of Francis I., 366; vast inheritance of, 369; is chosen emperor, _ib._; goes to war with France, 371; captures Francis I. at Pavia, 372; liberates Francis I., 374; allies himself with Henry VIII., 405; makes peace with France at Crêpy, 406; defends Mary's mass, 417; abdication of, 426

Charles IX., king of France, accession of, 433; takes part in the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 449; death of, 450

Charterhouse, the persecution of the monks of, 393

Chaucer, influences of the Renascence on, 367

Cheriton, battle of, 542

Chocolate, introduction of, 630

Christchurch, foundation of, 377, 383

Christian IV., king of Denmark, Buckingham's overtures to, 501, 504; defeated at Lutter, 505, 506

Church of England, _see_ England, Church of

Churchill, Lord, _see_ Marlborough, Duke of

Clarendon, Edward Hyde, first Earl of, as Edward Hyde is one of the leaders of the Anti-Presbyterian party in the Long Parliament, 533; becomes Lord Chancellor after the Restoration, 580; character of, _ib._; created Earl of Clarendon, 587; is falsely supposed to be bribed, _ib._; fall of, 594; escapes to France, 595

Clarendon, Henry Hyde, second Earl of, recalled from Ireland, 640

Claverhouse, _see_ Graham, John

Clement VII., Pope, forms an Italian league against Charles V., 374; appoints legates to try the divorce suit of Henry VIII., 382; revokes the cause to Rome, 383; gives sentence in favour of Catharine, 390

Clergy, the country, 633

Clifford, Thomas, Lord, a member of the Cabal, 602; probable suggester of the Stop of the Exchequer, 604; resignation of, 607

Coaches, improvement in, 633

Coffee-houses, introduction of, 630

Coinage debased by Henry VIII., 409; further debased by Somerset, 416

Coke, Sir Edward, takes part in drawing up the Petition of Right, 508

Colchester, execution of the Abbot of, 400; reduced by Fairfax, 567

Colet promotes the study of Greek, and founds St. Paul's School, 367

Coligny, murder of, 449

College invents the Protestant flail, 615; condemned to death, 622

Colonies founded in Virginia and New England, 489; in Carolina, 629

Common Prayer, the Book of, beginnings of, 409, 410; the first, of Edward VI., 415; the second, of Edward VI., 418; alterations in, in Elizabeth's reign, 429; Strickland proposes to amend, 445; generally accepted by the Parliamentary Presbyterians, 586

Commonwealth, the, establishment of, 561

Commons, the House of, Wolsey's appearance in, 371; made use of by Thomas Cromwell and Henry VIII., 389; Elizabeth's relations with, 444; Puritanism of, 445; growing strength of, 468; its tendencies to Puritanism rather than to Presbyterianism, 470; attack on monopolies by, 478; quarrels with James I., 482; anxious to go to war for the Palatinate, 490; votes a small supply, 491; brings charges against Bacon, 495; is eager for war with Spain, 500; refuses supplies to Charles I., unless spent by counsellors in whom it confides, 502; impeaches Buckingham, 504, 505; insists on the Petition of Right, 508; claims Tonnage and Poundage, 510; religious ideas prevailing in, 511; its breach with the king, 513; violent scene before the dissolution of, 514; formation of parties in, 532; scene in, at the passing of the Grand Remonstrance, 534; Presbyterian majority in, 546; new elections to, 551; a mob in possession of, 555; the Agitators propose to purge, 556; Pride's purge of, 557; declares itself supreme, _ib._; constitutes a high court of justice, 558; dissolved by Cromwell, 566; inquires into the expenditure of the crown, and impeaches Clarendon, 594; impeaches Danby, 616; the Exclusion Bill in, 617, 621; Tory majority in, 636; James II. attempts to pack, 641; discusses the abdication of James II., 646

Committee of Both Kingdoms, formation of, 542

Communion table, Laud's wish to fix at the east end, 517; decision of the Privy Council on the position of, 519; removed by the soldiers, 529

Comprehension favoured by some of the clergy, 598; attempt of Charles II. to establish, 599

Compton, Bishop of London, refuses to suspend Dr. Sharp, 639

Con, Papal agent at the court of Henrietta Maria, 521

Confederate Catholics of Ireland, the, cessation of hostilities with, 541

_Congé d'élire_, provision for the issue of, 391

Connaught, proposed plantation of, 528

Constantinople taken by the Turks, 366

Conventicle Act, the, 588

Convention Parliament, the first, 577; the second, 646

Convocation of province of Canterbury offers money for a pardon, 385; agrees to the submission of the clergy, 386

Cornwall, insurrection in, 415

Corporation Act, the, 585

Corporations, remodelling of the, 625

Council of State, the, appointment of, 561

Covenant, the Scottish National, 525; _see_ Solemn League and Covenant

Covenanters, the rise of, 619; insurrection of, 620

Coverdale translates the New Testament, 396

Cranfield, _see_ Middlesex, Earl of

Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, pronounces Catharine's marriage to be null, 389; is forced to dismiss his wife, 400; composes the English litany, 409; character and position of, 413; wishes to preserve the revenue of the chantries for the poor clergy, 415; tries to find common ground with the Zwinglian reformers, 416; leaves his mark on the Prayer Book, 418; supports Lady Jane Grey, 420; burnt, 426

Crêpy, peace of, 406

Cromwell, Oliver, practical sagacity of, 539; introduces discipline in the Eastern Association, 540; defeats the royalists at Winceby, 542; fights at Marston Moor, 543; advocates toleration, _ib._; accuses Manchester, 544; becomes Lieutenant-General of the New Model Army, 545; cuts off the king's supplies, 547; wins the victory at Naseby, 548; reduces Winchester and Basing House, 549; proposes to leave England, 554; gives instructions to Cornet Joyce, 555; attempts to come to an understanding with Charles, _ib._; puts down a mutiny in the army, 556; suppresses a rising in Wales and defeats the Scots at Preston, 557; suppresses the Levellers, 562; his campaign in Ireland, _ib._; his victory at Dunbar, 563; his victory at Worcester, 564; dissolves the Long Parliament, 566; opens the Barebone's Parliament, 567; becomes Protector, 568; plots against, 569; ecclesiastical arrangements of, _ib._; convenes and dissolves his first Parliament, 570; establishes major-generals, _ib._; foreign policy of, 571; calls a second Parliament, 572; joins France against Spain, _ib._; dissolves his second Parliament, 573; makes war against Spain, _ib._; death of, 574

Cromwell, Richard, succeeds to the Protectorate, 574; abdicates, 575

Cromwell, Thomas, advises Henry VIII. to rely on the House of Commons, 385; becomes the king's secretary, and vicar-general, 393; attacks the monks of the Charterhouse, _ib._; inquires into the state of the monasteries, 394; attacks the greater monasteries, 397; execution of, 401

Cropredy Bridge, battle of, 544

Danby, Thomas Osborne, Earl of, as Sir T. Osborne, becomes Lord Treasurer, 607; policy of, 610; fails to pass a Non-resistance Bill, 611; promotes the marriage of William of Orange, 613; impeachment of, 616; imprisonment of, 617; liberated, 626; rises in support of William, 645; recommends that the crown be given to Mary, 646

Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord, marries Mary, 438; murder of, 439

Darvel Gathern, burning of the wooden figure of, 398

Davison sends the warrant for Mary's execution, 457; dismissal of, 458

Declaration of Breda, _see_ Breda, Declaration of

Declaration of Indulgence issued by Charles II., 604; withdrawn by Charles II., 606; issued by James II., 640; reissued, 642

Declaration of Rights, the, 647

Declaration of Sports, the, ordered to be read in churches, 517

Defender of the Faith, title of, 379

Desmond, Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of, insurrection and death of, 453

Devolution, the war of, 593

Devonshire, insurrection in, 415

Devonshire, William Cavendish, Earl of, rises in support of William of Orange, 645

Digby, John, Lord, his mission to Germany, 497

Dispensing power, the, claimed by Charles II., 604; acknowledged by the judges, 639

Dissenters, the, origin of their name, 585; Charles II. issues a declaration for the toleration of, 587; Conventicle Act against, 588; Five-mile Act against, 590; favour of Charles II. to, 599; reception of the Declaration of Indulgence by, 640

Dissenting Brethren, the five, 543

Divine Right of Kings, doctrine of the, 619

Douai, College at, 453

Dover, treaty of, 600

Drake, Francis, lands at Nombre de Dios, 448; vows to sail on the Pacific, 449; his voyage round the world, 450; (Sir Francis) singes the king of Spain's beard, 458; has a command against the Armada, 460; pursues the Armada, 462; sacks Corunna, and fails before Lisbon, 464; death of, _ib._

Dramatic writers of the Restoration, 598

Dreux, battle of, 436

Drogheda, slaughter at, 562

Drumclog, skirmish at, 620

Dublin, attempt to seize, 533

Dudley, _see_ Empson and Dudley

Dudley, Lord Guilford, marries Lady Jane Grey, 420; executed, 423

Dunbar, battle of, 563

Dunes, the, battle of, 573

Dunkirk, Cromwell wishes Spain to place in his hands, 571; taken from Spain by Cromwell's troops, 573; abandoned by Charles II., 587

Dunkirk House, 587

Dunse Law, Scottish army on, 526

Dunstable, marriage of Catharine of Aragon annulled at, 389

Durham, temporary suppression of the see of, 418; celebration of the mass in the cathedral of, 441

Dutch Republic, the, foundation of, 449; abolition of the Stadholderate in, 565; war between the English Commonwealth and, _ib._; peace with, 569; first war between Charles II. and, 589; military weakness of, 591; treaty of Breda with, 593; takes part in the Triple Alliance, 599; combination of England and France against, 600; towns to be taken from, _ib._; the second war between Charles II. and, 605; resists Louis XIV., _ib._; animosity of Shaftesbury against, 606; peace made by England with, 608; makes peace with France at Nymwegen, 614

Eastern Association, the, formation of, 539; Cromwell's activity in, 540; Manchester in command of the army of, 542

Ecclesiastical Commission, the, established by James II., 639; abolition of, 644

Ecclesiastical Courts, the, attacks on, 385

Edgehill, battle of, 537

Edinburgh, burnt by Hertford, 409; riot in St. Giles's in, 525; Montrose executed at, 563; surrenders to Cromwell, _ib._

Edinburgh, treaty of, 433

Edward VI., birth of, 397; accession of, 412; precocity of, 419; death of, 420

Ejectors, Commission of, 569

Eleven Members, the, excluded from the House of Commons, 555

Eliot, Sir John, attacks Buckingham, 504; compares Buckingham to Sejanus, 505; his policy compared with that of Wentworth, 508; vindicates the privileges of the House, 512; imprisonment and death of, 514

Elizabeth, daughter of James I., intention of the Gunpowder plotters to crown, 483; married to the Elector Palatine, 488

Elizabeth, Queen, birth of, 392; her succession acknowledged, 411; sent to the Tower and afterwards removed to Woodstock and Hatfield, 423; accession of, 428; character and policy of, _ib._; modification of the title of, 429; plays off France and Spain against one another, 431; hesitates to assist the Scotch Protestants, 432; assists the Lords of the Congregation, 433; her ill-treatment of Catherine Grey, 435; contrasted with Mary, Queen of Scots, _ib._; hopes to recover Calais by assisting the Huguenots, 436; appoints commissioners to examine the case against Mary, 440; detains Mary a prisoner, and suppresses a rising in the North, 441; excommunicated by Pius V., _ib._; negotiates a marriage with the Duke of Anjou, 443; her attitude towards the Puritans and towards Parliament, 444; the Ridolfi plot against, 445; proposes to marry the Duke of Alençon, 446; intervenes in Scotland on behalf of James VI., 450; refuses to restore Drake's plunder, 451; her treatment of Ireland, 452; kisses the Duke of Alençon, 454; plot of Allen and Parsons to murder, _ib._; Throgmorton's plot to murder, 456; Babington's plot to murder, 457; hesitates to allow the execution of the Queen of Scots, _ib._; dismisses Davison, 458; her triumph at the defeat of the Armada, 462; allies herself with Henry IV., 464; shows favour to Essex, _ib._; erects the Court of High Commission, 470; sends Essex to Ireland, 475; turns against Essex, 476; withdraws monopolies, 478; nature of the work of, 479; death of, 480

Elizabethan architecture, 465

Empson and Dudley, execution of, 363

_Engagement, the_, between Charles I. and the Scottish Commissioners, 556

England, the Church of, relations of Henry VIII. with, 377; dealings of Henry VIII. with, 386; the clergy acknowledge the king supreme head of, 386; becomes more national, 391; Parliament acknowledges the king to be supreme head of, 393; Cranmer's position in, 413; ecclesiastical changes in, 414; issue of the first Prayer Book of Edward VI. for, 415; Zwinglian teaching in, 416; issue of the second Prayer Book of Edward VI. for, 418; reconciled to the see of Rome, 424; Elizabeth's settlement of, 429; position of, during Parker's archbishopric, 430; Presbyterian movement in, 446; Presbyterianism adopted by the Assembly of Divines for, 543; restoration of episcopacy in, 583; proposal to establish a modified episcopacy in, _ib._; promise of James II. to protect, 634

Essex, Arthur Capel, Earl of, suicide of, 625

Essex, Frances, Countess of, divorce and remarriage of, 486

Essex, Robert Devereux, second Earl of, joins in the capture of Cadiz, 464; sent to Ireland, 475; placed in confinement on his return, 476; insurrection of, 477; trial and execution of, 478

Essex, Robert Devereux, third Earl of, divorce of, 486; appointed general of the Parliamentary army, 537; commands at Edgehill, _ib._; takes Reading, 538; relieves Gloucester and commands at the first battle of Newbury, 539; escapes from Lostwithiel, 544; resigns, 545

Exclusion Bill, the, brought in, 617; rejected by the House of Lords, 621; lost by dissolution, _ib._

Exeter, besieged by Fairfax, 549

Exeter, Henry Courtenay, Marquis of, executed, 399

Expenditure of the Crown, parliamentary inquiry into, 593

Fairfax, Ferdinando, second Lord, defeated at Adwalton Moor, 538

Fairfax, Thomas, third Lord Fairfax, as Sir Thomas Fairfax, is defeated at Adwalton Moor, 538; wins a victory at Nantwich, 542; appointed General of the New Model army, 545; relieves Taunton, 547; commands at Naseby, 548; follows up his successes, 548, 549; reduces the king's army in Cornwall, 550; proposed as commander of the forces retained after the disbandment of the army, 553; as Lord Fairfax, puts down the rising in Kent and takes Colchester, 557; absents himself from the High Court of Justice, 559; refuses to command in the war against Charles II., 563; joins Monk, 576

Falkland, Lucius Cary, Viscount, one of the leaders of the anti-Presbyterian party in the Long Parliament, 533; death of, 539

Fawkes, Guy, takes part in the Gunpowder Plot, 483

Felton, John, affixes the Pope's excommunication to the door of the Bishop of London's house, 442

Felton, John, murders the Duke of Buckingham, 510

Ferdinand I., Emperor, inherits the German territories of Charles V., 426

Ferdinand II., Emperor, loses and regains the crown of Bohemia, 490

Ferdinand V. of Aragon, Italian wars of, 363; conquers Navarre, 364; death of, 366

Feudal dues, bargain offered by James I. for, 484; abolition of, 582

Field of the Cloth of Gold, the, 369

Fifth-Monarchy men, 567; oppose Cromwell, 569

Fire of London, the, 592

Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, opposes the divorce of Henry VIII., 382; sent to the Tower, 392; execution of, 394

Fitzmaurice, Sir James, lands in Ireland, 452

Five Articles of Perth, the, 525

Five Knights' case, the, 507

Five Members, the, 535; brought back to Westminster, 536

Five Mile Act, the, 590

Flamsteed, astronomer, 632

Fleetwood named General by the army, 575

Flodden, battle of, 364

Forest, Friar, burnt, 398

Forests, the, fines for encroaching on, 523; the king's claims on, limited, 531

Fotheringhay, execution of Mary Stuart at, 458

Fox, Richard, Bishop of Winchester, minister of Henry VII. and Henry VIII., 363

France, reign of Louis XII. in, 363; attack of Henry VIII. on, 364; in alliance with England, 366; invaded by Henry VIII., 371; peace with, 374; Mary at war with, 426; recovery of Calais by, 427; civil wars in, 436-443; Philip II. supports the League in, 464; allied with James I., 501; Charles I. breaks with, 506; Charles I. makes peace with, 514; allied with Cromwell against Spain, 572; Danby's policy directed against, 610

Francis I., king of France, his rivalry with Charles V., 366-369; meets Henry VIII. on the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 369; goes to war with Charles V. about Milan, 371; captured at Pavia, 372; liberated, 374

Francis II., king of France, married as Dauphin to Mary Queen of Scots, 413; accession and death of, 433

Frederick V., Elector Palatine, marries Elizabeth, daughter of James I., 488; elected King of Bohemia, 490; driven out of Bohemia, _ib._; diplomatic efforts of James I., in favour of, 496; loses the Palatinate, 497

Frith burnt, 390

Frobisher holds a command against the Armada, 460

Furniture, improvement of, in Elizabethan houses, 465

Galway, County, Wentworth punishes the jury of, 528

Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, sent to Rome by Henry VIII., before he is a bishop, 382; opposes farther innovations, 411; excluded from the Council, 412; sent to the Tower, 414; deprived of his see, 416; made Lord Chancellor by Mary, 421

Geneva, establishment of Calvin's system at, 430

Gentry, the country, 633

George of Denmark, Prince, deserts James II., 645

Geraldine rebellion, the, 402

Gerard murders William of Orange, 456

Gerard and Vowel's plot, 569

Ghent, pacification of, 450

Glamorgan, Edward Herbert, Marquis of, his secret mission to Ireland, 549

Glasgow, the Assembly of, 526

Glastonbury, the Abbot of, executed, 400

Gloucester, raising of the siege of, 539

Godfrey, Sir Edmund Berry, murder of, 615

'Godly party,' the, 544

Gondomar, Count of, negotiates a Spanish alliance with James I., 488, 490

Goring, George Goring, Lord, defeated at Langport, 548

Graham of Claverhouse, John, attempts to suppress the Covenanters, 620

Grammar-schools, foundation of, 419

Grand Remonstrance, the, 534

Great Contract, the, 484

Great Council, the, meets at York, 529

Greenwood hanged, 472

Grey, Arthur Lord, slaughters foreign soldiers at Smerwick, 453

Grey, Lady Catherine, marriage and imprisonment of, 435

Grey, Lady Jane, is proclaimed Queen, 420; executed, 423

Grey, Lord Leonard, becomes Lord Deputy of Ireland, 402; conquers a great part of Ireland, 404

Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury, suspension of, 450

Grocyn encourages the study of Greek at Oxford, 367

Guiana, Raleigh's voyage to, 489

Guinegatte, battle of the Spurs at, 364

Guise, Henry, Duke of, heads the French Catholics, 443; conspires to murder Elizabeth, 454; heads the League, 456; murdered, 464

Guise, Francis, Duke of, takes Calais, 427; murder of, 436

Guisnes, taken by the French, 427

Gunpowder Plot, the, 483

_Habeas Corpus Act_, 617

_Habeas corpus_, writ of, dispute whether it ought to show the cause of imprisonment, 507

Hales, destruction of the phial at, 398

Hales, Sir Edward, holds an appointment by the dispensing power, 639

Halifax, George Savile, Earl, afterwards Marquis of, supports the Duke of York's succession, 618; persuades the House of Lords to reject the Exclusion Bill, 621; advises Charles II. to summon Parliament, 626; dismissed by James II., 638

Halley, astronomer, 632

Hamilton, James Hamilton, Duke of, as Marquis of Hamilton dissolves the Assembly of Glasgow, 526; is defeated at Preston, 557

Hamilton family support Mary, 440

Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh assassinates the regent Murray, 441

Hampden resists ship-money, 524; calms the House of Commons after the passing of the Grand Remonstrance, 534; one of the five members, 535; death of, 538

Hampton Court Conference, the, 482

Harlech Castle, surrender of, 550

Havre occupied and abandoned by Elizabeth, 436

Hazlerigg, Sir Arthur, one of the five members, 535

_Heads of the Proposals, the_, 555

Henrietta Maria, Queen, negotiations for the marriage of, 500; marries Charles I., 502; a papal agent at the Court of, 521; carries abroad the crown jewels, 536; urges Charles not to abandon the militia, 552

Henry VIII., character of, 361; marries Catharine of Aragon, 363; foreign policy of, _ib._; promotes Wolsey, _ib._; favours More, 368; meets Francis I. on the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 369; has Buckingham executed, _ib._; invades, France, 371; his views on his relations with the Church, 377; is named Defender of the Faith, 379; thinks of obtaining a divorce, _ib._; urges Clement VII. to divorce him, 382; demands a sentence of nullity, 383; makes a victim of Wolsey, _ib._; gains the support of the House of Commons, 385; consults the universities, and charges the clergy with being under a _præmunire_, _ib._; obtains from Convocation the title of Supreme Head, 386; has no tenderness towards heresy, 383; obtains the Act of Annates, _ib._; marries Anne Boleyn, and is divorced, 389; attempts to suppress heresy, and obtains fresh powers from Parliament, 390; sends More and Fisher to the Tower, 392; Act of Supremacy in favour of, 393; dissolves the smaller monasteries, 394; marries Jane Seymour, 395; issues the ten articles, and authorises the translation of the Bible, 396; deals hardly with the Pilgrimage of Grace, 397; begins the confiscation of the greater monasteries, _ib._; attacks relics and images, 398; presides at Lambert's trial, 399; obtains from Parliament the six articles, 399; marries and divorces Anne of Cleves, 400-401; marries and beheads Catherine Howard, 401; marries Catherine Parr, _ib._; his government of Ireland, 401-404; takes Boulogne, 405; makes war with Scotland, 406; debases the coinage, 409; death of, 411

Henry II., king of France, allied with Scotland, 413; his attitude towards Elizabeth, 432; death of, 433

Henry III., King of France, proposes, as Duke of Anjou, to marry Elizabeth, 443; accession of, 450; murder of, 464

Henry IV., King of France, his succession to the French crown disputed, 456; overpowers the League, 464

Henry, Prince of Wales, son of James I., intention of the Gunpowder plotters to blow up, 483; death of, 488

Hereford, besieged by the Scots, 549

Heresy held to be punishable by the Common Law, 419

Hertford, Earl of, _see_ Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of

High Commission, the, Court of, erection of, 470; its activity in the reign of Charles I., 520; abolition of, 531

High Court of Justice, the, proposal to constitute rejected by the Lords, 557; constituted by the Commons, 558

Highland Host the, 619

Holland, province of, its influence in the Dutch Republic, 489

Holmby House, Charles I. at, 553; Charles I., removed from, 555

Holmes, Admiral, attacks the Dutch fleet, 605

Hopton, Sir Ralph, commands the Royalists in Cornwall, 537, 538; fights on Lansdown, 538; takes and loses Arundel Castle, 542; is defeated at Cheriton, _ib._

Holles takes part in holding down the Speaker, 514; one of the five members, 535

Holy League, the, 363

Hooker, his _Ecclesiastical Polity_, 472

Hooper, Bishop of Gloucester, refuses to wear vestments, 417; receives the bishopric of Worcester, 418; speaks of his dioceses as the king's, 420; burnt, 424

Hotham, Sir John, shuts the gates of Hull against Charles I., 537

Hough, chosen President of Magdalen College, 641

Houghton, prior of the Charterhouse, execution of, 394

Hounslow, James II. reviews regiments at, 643

Howard of Effingham, Charles Howard, Lord, commands the fleet against the Armada, 460; takes part in the capture of Cadiz, 464

Howard of Escrick, Edward Howard, Lord, informs against the Whigs, 625

_Hudibras_, 597

Huguenots, the, supported by Elizabeth, 436; Buckingham lends ships to fight against, 504

Hull, its gates shut against Charles I., 537; besieged by Newcastle, 542

Huntley, George Gordon, fourth Earl of, overpowered by Mary, 437

_Humble Petition and Advice_, the, 573

Hurst Castle, Charles I. imprisoned in, 557

Hyde, Anne, marries the Duke of York, 608

Images, destruction of, 398

Impeachment of Bacon, 496; of Buckingham, Montague and Manwaring, 511; of Strafford, 530; of twelve bishops, 535; of the five members, 536; of Laud, 546; of Danby, 616; pardon not to be pleaded in bar of, 617

Impositions, the New, first levy of, 484; question of the legality of, 505; act preventing the king from levying, 531

Inclosures, More's attack on, 368; Ket's rebellion directed against, 416; cessation of complaints against, 464

Independents, the, originally known as Separatists, 543; driven from the House, and reinstated by the army, 555; are unpopular after the Restoration, 584

Infanta, the, _see_ Maria, the Infanta

_Instrument of Government, the_, 568

Inverlochy, battle of, 547

Ipswich, Wolsey's college at, founded, 377; sold by Henry VIII., 383

Ireland, under Henry VIII., 401; legislation of Henry VIII. in, 402; destruction of relics and images in, _ib._; conquest of a great part of, 404; Henry VIII. named king of, _ib._; under Edward VI. and Mary, 451; introduction of English colonists into, 452; landing of Sir James Fitzmaurice in, _ib._; the slaughter at Smerwick, and the Desmond rising in, 453; O'Neill's rising in, 475; Essex's invasion of, _ib._; Mountjoy's conquest of, 478; plantation of Ulster in, 484; Wentworth's government of, 527, 528; army collected by Strafford in, 529; insurrection in, 533; massacre in, 534; the confederate Catholics in, 541; Glamorgan's mission to, 549; Rinuccini in, 550; soldiers asked to volunteer for, 553; Cromwell in, 562; Ireton and Ludlow in, 567; act of settlement in, 595; James II. supported by the Celtic population of, 640

Ireton draws up _The Heads of the Proposals_, 555; in Ireland, 563

Italy, the French wars in, 363; the French driven from, 364

Jamaica, conquest of, 572

James I., King of Great Britain (_see_ James VI., king of Scotland), becomes king of England, 481; imprisons Raleigh, _ib._; attacks the Puritans at Hampton Court, 482; quarrels with his first House of Commons, _ib._; obtains a legal decision in the case of the _Post-nati_, 483; his government of Ireland, 484; his financial difficulties, _ib._; makes Somerset his favourite, 486; offers to bargain with the Addled Parliament, 487; negotiates a Spanish marriage for his son, 488; makes Buckingham a favourite, _ib._; sends Raleigh to execution, 489; watches the development of the Thirty Years' War, and summons Parliament to vote supplies, 490; his views on the prerogative, 492; sells peerages, 494; improvement of the finances of, _ib._; revokes monopolies, 495; sends Digby to Germany and dissolves Parliament, 496; raises a benevolence, 497; his last Parliament, 500; seeks to marry his son to a French princess, 501; death of, _ib._

James II., as Duke of York, declares himself a Roman Catholic, 600; his conversion known, 607; resigns the Admiralty, _ib._; marriages of, 608; attempt to exclude from the throne, 617; his cruelty to the Scottish covenanters, 620; is present at his brother's death, 627; accession of, 634; first acts of the reign of, 635; marches against Monmouth, 637; violates the Test Act and prorogues Parliament 638; claims the dispensing power and establishes an ecclesiastical commission, 639; his government of Scotland and Ireland, 640; issues a declaration of indulgence, _ib._; expels the Fellows of Magdalen and tries to pack a Parliament, 641; issues a second declaration of indulgence, 642; hears of the acquittal of the seven Bishops, 643; birth of a son of, 644; makes concessions on hearing of William's approach, _ib._; attempts to escape, 645; embarks for France, 646; alleged virtual abdication of, _ib._

James (the old Pretender), birth of, 644

James IV., King of Scotland, killed at Flodden, 364

James V., King of Scotland, policy of, 404; death of, 405

James VI., King of Scotland, birth and accession of, 439; assisted by Elizabeth, 450; becomes the tool of Lennox, 454; is captured by Protestant lords, 455; becomes king of England, 481; _see_ James I., King of Great Britain

Jane Seymour marries Henry VIII., 395; death of, 397

Jaureguy tries to murder William of Orange, 454

Jeffreys enforces the surrender of charters, 625; sends Baxter to prison, 635; is made Chief Justice, _ib._; conducts the Bloody Assizes, 637; becomes Chancellor, 638

Jesuits, the, origin of, 436; land in England, 453; Act of Parliament against, 456

Jones, Inigo, buildings by, 632

Jones, Michael, commands in Dublin, 562

Joyce, Cornet, carries off Charles I. from Holmby, 555

Julius II., papacy of, 363; character of, 375

Kent, rising in, suppressed by Fairfax, 557

Keroualle, Louise de, _see_ Portsmouth, Duchess of

Ket's rebellion, 415

Kildare, Earl of, imprisonment of, 402

Kilkenny, meeting of the Confederate Catholics at, 541

Kilsyth, battle of, 549

Kimbolton, Lord, _see_ Manchester, Earl of

Kinsale, Spanish expedition to, 478

Knighthood fines, 515; prohibited, 531

Knox, John, opinions of, 418; urges on the Lords of the Congregation, 432; writes _The Monstrous Regimen of Women_, _ib._; organises the Presbyterian Church, 434; his treatment of Mary, 438

Lambert burnt as a heretic, 399

Lambert, Major-General, defeats Booth at Winnington Bridge, 575

Langport, battle of, 548

Langside, defeat of Mary at, 440

Lansdown, battle of, 538

Latimer made Bishop of Worcester, 390; driven from his see, 400; sermons preached at Court by, 417; burnt, 425

Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, character and opinions of, 516; becomes Archbishop of Canterbury, and advises the republication of the _Declaration of Sports_, 517; wishes that the communion table shall stand at the East end, _ib._; conducts a metropolitical visitation, 520; unpopularity of, 521; imprisonment of, 530; execution of, 546

Lauderdale, John Maitland, Earl of, strengthens the king's authority in Scotland, 602; his management of Scotland, 619

League, the, formed against Henry of Navarre, 456

Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, favoured by Elizabeth, 435; made Earl of Leicester, 438; commands an army in the Netherlands, 457

Leighton punished by the Star Chamber, 514

Leith, surrender of the French garrison of, 433

Lely, Sir Peter, portraits by, 631

Lennox, Esmè Stuart, Duke of, favourite of James VI., 455

Lennox, Matthew Stuart, Earl of, Regent of Scotland, 443

Lenthall, Speaker of the Long Parliament, 536

Leo X., Pope, character of, 375

Leopold I., Emperor, marries the daughter of Philip IV. of Spain, 592

Leslie, David, overthrows Montrose, 549; is defeated at Dunbar, 563

Levellers, the, 561

Leven, Alexander Leslie, Earl of, as Alexander Leslie, commands the Scots on Dunse Law, 526; becomes Earl of Leven, and invades England, 542

Leyden, relief of, 449; congregation of English Separatists at, 489

Linacre, promotes the study of Greek at Oxford, 367

Lincoln, stormed by Manchester, 542

Lindsey, Robert Bertie, Earl of, fails to relieve Rochelle, 510

Lisle, Alice, execution of, 637

Litany, the English, composed by Cranmer, 409

Loch Leven Castle, Mary imprisoned in, 410

London, Lady Jane Grey unpopular in, 420; provides ships instead of money for the ship-money fleet, 523; welcomes Charles I. on his return from Scotland, 534, 535; declares against Charles I., 536; sends out trained bands to Gloucester, 539; attaches itself to the Presbyterian party, 555; influences the Whigs in, 622; Tory elections in, 623; forfeiture of the charter of, 624; growth of, 629; condition of the streets of, 631; restoration of the charter of, 644

Lords, House of, results of the disappearance of the abbots from, 400; a bill thrown out for removing the bishops from, 533; bishops excluded from, 536; refuses to join in constituting a High Court of Justice, 557; dissolution of, 561; imprisons Shaftesbury, 612; discusses the abdication of James II., 646

Lords of the Congregation, rise against Mary of Guise, 432; are helped by Elizabeth, 433

Louis XII., King of France, Italian wars of, 363; marriage and death of, 364

Louis XIII., King of France, negotiates for his sister's marriage, 501; resistance of Rochelle to, 504; besieges Rochelle, 506

Louis XIV., King of France, buys Dunkirk from Charles II, 587; gives a slight support to the Dutch against England, 591; his designs on the Spanish inheritance, 592; signs the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 599; obtains the treaty of Dover from Charles II., 600; invades the Dutch territory, 605; pensions Charles II., 611; is successful in the Netherlands, 613; sends money to Charles II. to prevent the summoning of a parliament, 627; offers financial help to James II., 635; revokes the Edict of Nantes, 638; offers to send his fleet to help James II., 644

Lowestoft, battle off, 590

Loyola, Ignatius, founds the Jesuit Society, 437

Ludlow, Edmund, in Ireland, 563

Lunsford, Thomas, Lieutenant of the Tower, 535

Luther, Martin, opposes the Papacy, 377; has a controversy with Henry VIII., 379

Lutheranism, character of, 376, 377; its influence in England, 396

Lutter, Christian IV. defeated at, 506

Madrid, journey of Prince Charles to, 497

Magdalen College, Oxford, expulsion of the Fellows of, 641; restoration of the Fellows of, 644

Maitland of Lethington, William, opposes the Presbyterian clergy, 434

Major-generals, the, 571

Manchester, Edward Montague, Earl of, impeached, as Lord Kimbolton, 535; brought back to Westminster, 536; becomes Earl of Manchester and is placed in command of the Eastern Association, 542; attacked by Cromwell, 544; resigns his command, 545

Mansfeld, Count, failure of his expedition, 501

Manwaring, Roger, impeached, 511; receives a good living from Charles I., 512

Margaret, daughter of Henry VII., excluded from the succession, 411

Margaret Theresa, daughter of Philip IV., marries Leopold I., and renounces the Spanish succession, 592

Maria, the Infanta, proposal to marry her to Prince Charles, 488; shrinks from marrying a heretic, 497; is courted by Charles, 498

Maria Theresa, daughter of Philip IV., marries Louis XIV., and renounces the Spanish succession, 592

Marignano, battle of, 366

Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of, as Lord Churchill, deserts James II., 645

Marprelate Tracts, the, 470

Marston Moor, battle of, 543

Mary I., daughter of Henry VIII., as princess, successively engaged to Francis I. and his second son, 374; her place in the succession acknowledged by statute, 411; protected by Charles V., 414; popularity of, 420; is proclaimed queen, 421; her feelings and opinions, _ib._; wishes to restore the Church lands, 422; is married to Philip II., 423; obtains the reconciliation of England to the Roman see, 424; supports the persecution of Protestants, _ib._; resolves to put Cranmer to death, 425; deserted by her husband, 426; declares war with France, 427; death of, _ib._

Mary II., birth of, 608; her hand offered to William of Orange, 609; marriage of, 613; finds fault with Danby, 646; the crown offered to, 647

Mary, daughter of Henry VII., marriages of, 364; her place in the succession acknowledged in exclusion of her sister Margaret, 411

Mary of Guise, Regent of Scotland, her contests with the Protestants, 432; death of, 433

Mary of Modena marries the Duke of York, 608

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, birth of, 405; taken to France and married to the Dauphin, 413; assumes the style of Queen of England, 433; returns to Scotland, 434, 435; character of, 437; marries Lord Darnley, 438; being charged with the murder of Darnley, marries Bothwell, 439; imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle, 440; escapes to England, _ib._; is retained as a prisoner, 441; marriage with the Duke of Norfolk, proposed for, _ib._; Ridolfi's plot on behalf of, 445; trial of, 457; execution of, 458

Massey, Roman Catholic Dean of Christchurch, 639

Matthias, the Emperor, resistance of the Bohemians to, 490

Maximilian I., Emperor, Italian wars of, 363; death of, 369

Mayflower, the, voyage of, 490

Maynard, Sergeant, his answer to William III., 646

Mayne, Cuthbert, execution of, 453

Maynooth taken by Skeffington, 402

Mazarin, Cardinal, makes an alliance with Cromwell, 572

Medina Sidonia, Duke of, commands the Spanish Armada, 460; is received by Philip II. after his defeat, 462

Medway, the, the Dutch in, 593

Melville, Andrew, insults James VI., 525

Mendoza sent out of England by Elizabeth, 456

Metropolitical Visitation, the, 520

Middlesex, Lionel Cranfield, Earl of, improves the finances of James I., 494; impeachment of, 500

Milan, struggle between Charles V. and Francis I. for, 371

Militia, the, struggle for the command of, 536; the Scots urge Charles I. to abandon, 552

Millenary Petition, the, 482

Milton writes _Comus_, 519; writes _Areopagitica_, 546; writes a sonnet on the Vaudois, 572; publishes _Paradise Lost_, 596

Mompesson, Sir Giles, flies from the kingdom, 495

Monasteries, dissolution of the smaller, 394; surrender of some of the greater, 397; completion of the suppression of, 400

Monk, _see_ Albemarle, Duke of

Monmouth, Duke of, proposed as heir to the crown, 618; defeats the Covenanters at Bothwell Bridge, 620; refuses to take part in acts of violence, 624; implicated in a Whig plot, 625; rebellion and execution of, 637

Monopolies, the, Elizabeth recalls some of, 478; attacked by Parliament in the reign of James I., 494; revocation of, 495; Act of, 500

Monro, Major-General Robert, holds Carrickfergus, 541

Montague, Chief Justice, becomes Lord Treasurer, 494

Montague, Ralph, accuses Danby, 616

Montague, Richard, impeached, 511; made a bishop, 512

Montrose, James Graham, Marquis of, his campaign in the Highlands, 547, 549; execution of, 563

More, Sir Thomas, writes _Utopia_, 367; in favour with Henry VIII., 368; is Speaker of the House of Commons, 371; becomes Chancellor, 387; his displeasure with the Protestants, 388; resigns the chancellorship, _ib._; is sent to the Tower, 392; execution of, 394

Morley, Bishop, sermons of, 548

Mountjoy, Charles Blount, Lord, conquers Ireland, 478

Mountnorris, Francis Annesley, Lord, court martial on, 528

Munster, attempt to colonise, 475

Münster, the Bishop of, overruns two Dutch provinces, 591

Murray, Earl of, is driven into England, 438; returns to Scotland, 439; becomes Regent, 440; produces the Casket letters, _ib._; assassinated, 441

Nantwich, battle of, 542

Naseby, battle of, 548

Navarre conquered by Ferdinand of Aragon, 364

Navigation Act, the, passing of, 565; re-enactment of, 589

Navy, the English, defeats the Spanish Armada, 460-464; equipped by means of ship-money, 523; desertion of part of, to the Prince of Wales, 557; Blake in command of, 565; its contests with the Dutch, 591; deterioration in the discipline of, 605

Netherlands, the, inherited by Philip II., 426; Alva's government of, 443; beginning of the Dutch Republic in, 449; division into two parts, 450; _see_ Netherlands, the Spanish, and Dutch Republic

Netherlands, the Spanish, Alexander of Parma in, 450

New Amsterdam captured by the English, 589

New England, colonisation of, 489

New Model Army, _see_ Army, the New Model

New York, named after the Duke of York, 589; secured to England, 593

Newark surrenders to the Scots, 551

Newburn, rout of, 529

Newbury, first battle of, 539; second battle of, 544

Newcastle, Charles I. at, 551

Newcastle, William Cavendish, Earl, afterwards Marquis of, commands a Royalist army in Yorkshire, and defeats the Fairfaxes at Adwalton Moor, 538; is created Marquis, and besieges Hull, 542; besieged in York, _ib._; defeated at Marston Moor, 543

Newport, the treaty of, 557

Newton, Sir Isaac, 632

No Addresses, vote of, 556

Non-resistance Bill, the, 611

Norfolk, resistance to the Amicable Loan in, 372; Ket's rebellion in, 415

Norfolk, Thomas Howard, second Duke of, defeats the Scots, as Earl of Surrey, at Flodden, 364

Norfolk, Thomas Howard, third Duke of, opposes Wolsey, 383; charges Cromwell with treason, 401; wastes the Scottish Borders, 405; condemned to death, 411

Norfolk, Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of, sent to the Tower, 441; is liberated and proposes to marry Mary Stuart, 444; arrested, 445; executed, 446

Norris, Sir John, joins Drake in sacking Corunna, 464

North Foreland, battle off, 591

Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of, as Earl of Warwick, overpowers Ket's rebellion, 416; leads the government after Somerset's fall, _ib._; becomes Duke of Northumberland, 418; supports Lady Jane Grey, 420; execution of, 421

Northumberland, Thomas Percy, Earl of, takes part in the rising of the North, 441

Nottingham, Charles I. sets up his standard at, 537

Nymwegen, peace of, 615

Oates, Titus, tells the story of the Popish Plot, 615

O'Donnell, Rory, flight of, 484

O'Neill, Hugh, defeats Bagenal at the Blackwater, 475; submission of, 478; flight of, 484

O'Neill, Shan, defeat of, 452

Orleans, Henrietta, Duchess of, negotiates the Treaty of Dover, 600

Ormond, Thomas Butler, Marquis of, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 542; abandons Ireland to Parliament, 562; returns to Ireland, _ib._

Overbury, Sir Thomas, poisoned, 488

Oxford, study of Greek in the University of, 367; Parliament adjourned to, 502; headquarters of Charles I. at, 537; Parliament held at, during the Plague, 590; the third Short Parliament meets at, 621; Roman Catholic propaganda of James II. in, 639

Painting, mainly in the hands of foreigners, during the Stuart period, 631

Palatinate, the, Spinola's invasion of, 490; Imperialist invasion of 496; loss of, 497; failure of the negotiation to induce the king of Spain to obtain the restitution of, 500; attempt to send Mansfeld to recover, 501

Papacy, the, immorality of, 375; legislation against the payment of annates and Peter's pence to, 388, 390

Papal jurisdiction in England, abolition of, 389, 391

_Paradise Lost_, publication of, 596

Paris submits to Henry IV., 464

Parker, Matthew, becomes Archbishop of Canterbury, 429; character and position of, 430

Parker, Samuel, Bishop of Oxford, a secret Roman Catholic, 639; intrusive President of Magdalen College, 641

Parliament, relations of Henry VIII. with, 385; relations of Elizabeth with, 444; the Addled, 485; the Short, 528; the Long, 529; formation of parties in, 532; struggles with Charles I. for the militia, 536; raises forces against the king, 537; tries to disband the army, 553; its speakers take refuge with the army, 555; dissolution of, by Cromwell, 566; the Barebone's, _ib._; the first, of the Protectorate, 570; the second, of the Protectorate, 572; Richard Cromwell's, 574; restoration of the Long, 575; final dissolution of the Long, 576; the first convention, 577-584; the Cavalier, 585; supports the Church more than the king, 586; rejects the declaration of Charles II. in favour of toleration, 587; Albemarle resists the dissolution of, 599; opposes James II., 638; James II. attempts to pack, 641

Parma, Alexander Farnese, Prince of, governor of the Spanish Netherlands, 450; gains ground in the Netherlands, 454-456; takes Antwerp, 456; takes Zutphen, 457; hopes to transport an army to England, 459; blockaded by the Dutch, 462; sent to aid the League, 464

Parris, Van, burnt, 419

Parsons, Robert, lands in England, 453; escapes, 454

Parsons, Sir William, one of the Lords Justices in Ireland, 533

Parties, Parliamentary, formation of, 532; development of, 610, 628

Paulet, Sir Amias, refuses to put Mary Stuart to death, 457

Pavia, battle of, 372

Penn and Venables, expedition of, to the West Indies, 571

Pennsylvania, colonisation of, 629

Penruddock captures the judges at Salisbury, 571

Penry, John, hanged, 472

Pepys pities dissenters, 588

Perth, the five articles of, 525

Peter Martyr teaches in England, 416

Peter's Pence, abolition of, 391

Petition of Right, the, 508

Petitioners, party name of, 620

Philip II., King of Spain, marries Mary, 423; abdication of Charles V. in favour of, 426; deserts Mary, _ib._; induces Mary to declare war against France, 427; makes peace with France, 431; proposes to marry Elizabeth, 432; persecutes the Protestants in the Netherlands, 443; annexes Portugal, and shares in a plot for the invasion of England and the murder of Elizabeth, 454; undertakes the invasion of England, 456; claims the English crown, 458; appoints a commander for the Armada, 460; supports the League in France, 464

Philip III., King of Spain, James I. seeks an alliance with, 488

Philip IV., King of Spain, receives Prince Charles, and negotiates with the Pope about his sister's marriage, 497; consults theologians, 498; informs Charles of his terms, 500; death of, 592

Philiphaugh, battle of, 549

Philip's Norton, Monmouth at, 637

Pilgrim Father, the, 489

_Pilgrim's Progress_, publication of, 596

Pilgrimage of Grace, the, 396, 397

Pinkie Cleugh, battle of, 413

Pius V., Pope, excommunicates Elizabeth, 441

Plague, the, devastations of, 590

Plymouth held by a Parliamentary garrison, 538

Pole, Reginald, opposes Henry VIII. and becomes a cardinal, 399; as Papal legate reconciles England to the see of Rome, 424; becomes archbishop of Canterbury, 426; death of, 427

Ponet made Bishop of Winchester, 416

Popish Plot, the, 615

Portland, Richard Weston, Earl of, as Lord Weston, becomes Lord Treasurer, 514; made Earl of Portland and dies, 521

Portsmouth, Louise de Keroualle, Duchess of, betrays the secrets of Charles II., 602; extravagance of, 603

Portugal subdued by Philip II., 454

_Post-nati_, the, 483

Powick Bridge, skirmish at, 537

Poyntz, Major-General, defeats Charles I. at Rowton Heath, 549

Prayer Book, the, _see_ Common Prayer, Book of

Prayer Book, the Scottish, introduced by Charles I., 525

Prerogative, the, opinion of James I. about, 492

Presbyterian clergy, the, prepared to accept a modified episcopacy, 583; expelled from their livings, 585; proposal of Charles II. to obtain comprehension for, 599

Presbyterian party, the, in a majority in the House of Commons, 546; attempts to disband the army, 553; negotiates with the Scots for a fresh invasion of England, 554; generally accepts the Prayer Book, 586

Presbyterianism emanates from Geneva, 430; its organisation completed in France, 431; adopted in Scotland, 434; attempts to establish, in England, 470; feeling in the Long Parliament about, 532; adopted by the Assembly of Divines, 543; Charles I. urged to establish in England, 551

Preston, Cromwell's victory at, 557

Prichard, Lord Mayor, 624

Pride's Purge, 557

Privilege of Parliament, Strickland's case of, 445; Eliot's vindication of the, 512

Privy Council, the, Temple's scheme for reforming, 617

Prophesyings, the, 450

Protectorate, establishment of the, 568

Protestants, the English, feeling of Henry VIII. and More towards, 388; parties amongst, 413; the Marian persecution of, 424; local distribution of, 426; their position at Elizabeth's accession, 428; influence of Calvinism on, 430

Prynne, character and writings of, 519; his sentence in the Star Chamber, _ib._; second sentence on, 521

Pularoon, refusal of the Dutch to surrender, 589; abandoned by the English, 593

Puritans, the, aims of, 444; gain influence in the House of Commons, 445, 468; the Court of High Commission directed against, 470; opinions of, at the Hampton Court Conference, 482; unpopular after the restoration, 586

Purveyance, abolition of, 582

Pym differs from Eliot on the method of dealing with the question of Tonnage and Poundage, 512; addresses the Short Parliament on grievances, 529; proposes in the Long Parliament the impeachment of Strafford, _ib._; his view of Strafford's case, 530; discloses the army plot, 531; is one of the leaders of the party of the Grand Remonstrance, 534; accused as one of the five members, 535; urges the House of Commons to resist Charles I., 540; death of, 542

_Quo warranto_, writs of, 624, 625

Raleigh, Sir Walter, takes part in the capture of Cadiz, 464; sentenced to death and imprisonment, 481; loses Sherborne, 486; voyage to Guiana and execution of, 499; his colony in Virginia, _ib._

Ré, Buckingham's expedition to, 506

Reading taken by Essex, 538

Reading, the abbot of, executed, 400

Recusancy laws, the, penalties inflicted by, 454

Regicides, the, execution of, 582

Reims, College at, 453

Relics, destruction of, 398

Renascence, the, character of, 366; its influence on England, 367; immorality of, 374, 375

Requesens, governor of the Netherlands, 449

Ruyter, De, captures English forts in Guinea, 589

Revenue of the crown fixed after the Restoration, 582

Revolution of 1688-9, 646-648

Ridley made Bishop of London, 416; burnt, 425

Ridolfi plot, the, 444

Rinuccini, Archbishop, arrives in Ireland, 550; leaves Ireland, 562

Ripon, treaty of, 529

Rising in the North, the, 441

Rizzio, David, murder of, 439

Roads, improvement in, 633

Rochelle, Buckingham lends ships to fight against the Huguenots of, 504; siege of, 506; expedition to the relief of, 510

Rochester, Lawrence Hyde, Earl of, advises against the summoning of Parliament, 626; dismissal of, 640

Rogers, John, burnt, 424

Rome taken by the Duke of Bourbon, 374

Root and Branch Bill, the, 533

Roundway Down, battle of, 538

Rowton Heath, battle of, 549

Royal Society, the, foundation of, 598

Rump, the name given to the remnant of the Long Parliament, 565; dissolved by Cromwell, 566; brought back, expelled and brought back again, 575; final dissolution of, 576

Rupert, Prince, commands the cavalry at Edgehill, 537; storms Bristol, 538; is defeated at Marston Moor, 543; takes part in the battle of Naseby, 548; surrenders Bristol, 549; holds a command in the battle off the North Foreland, 592; defeated off the Texel, 608

Russell, William Russell, Lord, supports the Exclusion Bill, 617; refuses to take part in acts of violence, 624; trial of, 625; execution of, 626

Rye House Plot, the, 625

Sa, Dom Pantaleon, execution of, 569

St. Andrews captured by the French and recaptured, 413

St. Bartholomew, massacre of, 449

St. Bartholomew's day, ejection of the Presbyterian clergy on, 585

St. Paul's, Old, burnt, 592

Salisbury, Penruddock captures the judges at, 571

Salisbury, Robert Cecil, Earl of, as Sir Robert Cecil, secretary to Elizabeth and James I., 480, 481; becomes Earl of Salisbury and Lord Treasurer, 484; orders the levy of new impositions, _ib._; death of, 486

Salisbury, Countess of, executed, 401

San Domingo, Penn and Venables attack, 572

Santa Cruz, Blake destroys Spanish ships at, 573

Savoy Conference, the, 585

Savoy, Duke of, persecutes the Vaudois, 572

Scotland, power of the nobles in, 404; Hertford's invasion of, 409; Protestant missionaries in, 412; Somerset's invasion of, 413; the Reformation in, 432; the intervention of Elizabeth in, 433; Presbyterianism in, 434; Mary lands in, 435; Mary's government of, 437-440; civil war in, 443; projected union with, 482; Episcopacy and Presbyterianism in, 524; introduction of a new prayer book in, 525; national covenant signed in, _ib._; first Bishops' war with, 526; episcopacy abolished by the Assembly and Parliament of, 527; the second Bishops war with, 529; visit of Charles I. to, 532; solemn league and covenant with, 540; sends an army into England, 542; its army recalled, 553; proposal of a new invasion of England by, 554; engagement signed with Charles I. by Commissioners of, 556; Charles II. and Cromwell in, 563; Restoration settlement of, 595; Lauderdale's influence in, 602; Lauderdale's management of, 619; Covenanters in, _ib._; rising of the Covenanters in, 620; under James II., 639

Scottish army, the, encamps on Dunse Law, 526; routs the English at Newburn, 529; invades England, 542; besieges York, _ib._; takes part in the battle of Marston Moor, 543; receives Charles I. at Southwell, and conveys him to Newcastle, 551; negotiation for the abandonment of Charles I. by, 553; returns to Scotland, 553; is defeated at Dunbar, 563; and at Worcester, 564

Second Civil War, the, 556, 557

Sedgemoor, battle of, 637

Selby taken by the Fairfaxes, 542

Selden, John, takes part in drawing up the Petition of Right, 508

Self-denying Ordinance, the, 545

Seminary priests, the, 453; Act of Parliament against, 456

Separatists, the, principles of, 470; settlement of, in Leyden and New England, 469; receive the name of Independents, 543; _see_ Independents

Settlement, Irish Act of, 595

Seven Bishops, the, petition presented by, 642; trial of, 643

Seymour, Jane, _see_ Jane Seymour

Seymour of Sudley, Lord, execution of, 415

Seymour, William, heir of the Suffolk line, 480

Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of, early life of, 602; policy of, 603; supports the Declaration of Indulgence, 605; becomes Earl of Shaftesbury and Chancellor, _ib._; his invective against the Dutch, 606; dismissal of, 608; leads the opposition, _ib._; supports toleration for Dissenters only, 610; declares the present Parliament to be dissolved, 612; encourages belief in the Popish Plot, 616; his position similar to that of Pym, 618; supports the Exclusion Bill, _ib._; indicts the Duke of York as a recusant, 621; supported by the third Short Parliament, _ib._; the Grand Jury throw out a Bill against, 622; Dryden's satire on, 623; proposes to attack the king's guards, 624; exile and death of, _ib._

Shakspere, William, teaching of, 474

Sharp, Archbishop, murder of, 620

Sherborne taken by Fairfax, 548

Sherfield, Henry, fined by the Star Chamber, 515

Ship-money, levy of, 523; resisted by Hampden, 524

Ships, comparison between English and Spanish, 459

Shrines, destruction of, 398

Sidney, Algernon, execution of, 626

Sidney, Sir Philip, death of, 457

Sinclair, Oliver, killed at Solway Moss, 405

Skeffington, Lord Deputy, takes Maynooth, 402

Slave trade, the, carried on by Elizabethan sailors, 447

Smerwick, slaughter at, 453

Solemn league and covenant, the, 540

Solway Moss, defeat of the Scots at, 405; Charles I. urged by the Scots to take, 551

Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of, invades Scotland as Earl of Hertford, 406; becomes Duke of Somerset and Protector, 412; defeats the Scots at Pinkie Cleugh, 413; possession of Church property by, 415; expelled from the Protectorate, 416; execution of, 418

Somerset, Robert Carr, Earl of, favourite of James I., 486; disgrace of, 488

Somerset House, building of, 435

Southwell, Charles I. surrenders to the Scots at, 551

Southwold Bay, battle in, 605

Spain, resources of, 426; maritime power of, 447; authority of, in the West Indies challenged by English sailors, _ib._; navy of, 459; English attacks on, 464; sends an expedition to Kinsale, 478; its alliance sought by James I., 486; attack of Raleigh on the colonies of, 489; sends troops to occupy the Palatinate, 490; protest of the Commons against an alliance with, 496; visit of Prince Charles to, 497; eagerness in England for war with, 500; money voted for war with, 501; expedition against Cadiz in, 503; Charles I. makes peace with, 514; Cromwell makes war on, 571; question of the succession to, 592

Spenser, Edmund, his _Faerie Queen_, 473

Spinola, Ambrogio, invades the Palatinate, 490

Spurs, battle of the, 364

Stadholder, office of, 449; abolition of the office of, 565

Stainer, Admiral, captures a Spanish fleet, 572

Star Chamber, Court of, its sentences in the reign of Charles I., 514, 519, 521; abolition of, 531

Stillingfleet aims at comprehension, 598

Stop of the Exchequer, the, 604

Stow-on-the-Wold, surrender of the last Royalist army at, 550

Stafford, William Howard, Viscount, execution of, 621

Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of, as Sir Thomas Wentworth, his policy contrasted with that of Eliot, 508; brings in a bill to secure the liberty of the subject, _ib._; becomes Lord Wentworth and President of the Council of the North, 514; becomes Lord Deputy of Ireland, 527; created Earl of Strafford, and advises the summoning of the Short Parliament, 528; does not advise the prolongation of the second Bishops war, 529; collects an Irish army, _ib._; is impeached, 530; Bill of Attainder against, _ib._; execution of, 531

Stratton, battle of, 538

Strickland moves for an amendment of the Prayer Book, 445

Strode, William, one of the five members, 535

Submission of the clergy, the, 386

Succession, Act of, 392

Suffolk, Charles Brandon, Duke of, marries Mary, sister of Henry VIII., 364

Suffolk, Thomas Howard, Earl of, 486

Suffolk line, its title to the succession, 410; Elizabeth's feeling towards, 435; William Seymour, the heir of, 480

Supremacy, Act of, 393; Elizabethan Act of, 429

Supreme head of the Church of England, title of, conferred by Convocation on Henry VIII., 386; abandoned by Elizabeth, 429

Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of, execution of, 411

Surrey, Thomas Howard, Earl of, minister of Henry VIII., 363

Surrey, Thomas Howard, Earl of, the commander at Flodden, _see_ Norfolk, Duke of

Sussex, Thomas Ratcliffe, Earl of, Lord Deputy of Ireland, 452

Sweden takes part in the Triple Alliance, 599

Tangier acquired by Charles II., 587

Taunton, siege of, 548

Taylor, Rowland, burnt, 424

Temple, Sir William, negotiates the Triple Alliance, 599; advises the reform of the Privy Council, 617; failure of his scheme, 620

Terouenne, 364

Test Act, the, passed, 607; a second, 616; violated by James II., 638

Texel, the, Rupert defeated off, 608

Thirty Years' War, the, beginning of, 490; end of, 564

Thomas of Canterbury, St., destruction of the shrine of, 398

Throgmorton's conspiracy, 456

Tippermuir, battle of, 547

Tithes, proposal of the Barebone's Parliament to abolish, 567

Toleration, Cromwell's advocacy of, 543; Charles II. proposes to adopt, 583; Charles II. issues a declaration in favour of, 587; tendency of science to promote, 598

Tonnage and Poundage, nature of, 509; claimed by Charles I. in spite of the Petition of Right, 510; Act preventing the king from levying, 531

Torbay, arrival of William III. in, 644

Tory party, the, origin of the name of, 620; reaction in favour of, 622; elects officers in the city, 623; gains a majority in the Common Council, 624

Tournai, 364

Treasons, Act creating new, 392

Trent, the Council of, 436

Triennial Act of Charles I., the, 530; repealed, 588

Triers, Commission of, 569

Trimmer, origin of the name of, 618

Triple Alliance, the, 599

Tulchan bishops, the, 524

Tunis, Blake sent against, 571

Turnham Green, the militia of the city resist Charles I. at, 537

Tuscany, Duke of, Blake sent against, 571

Tyndale, William, translates the New Testament, 396

Tyrconnel, Earl of, _see_ O'Donnell

Tyrconnel, Richard Talbot, Earl of, Lord Deputy in Ireland, 640

Tyrone, Earl of, _see_ O'Neill, Hugh

Ulster, plantation of, 484; insurrection and massacre in, 534

Undertakers, the, 487

Uniformity, Elizabethan Act of, 429; Restoration Act of, 585

Universities consulted on the divorce of Henry VIII., 385

_Utopia_, 367

Utrecht, union of, 450

Valentine takes part in holding down the Speaker, 514

Vandevelde paints marine subjects, 631

Van Dyck, portraits by, 631

Vane, Sir Henry, the younger, produces evidence against Strafford, 530; negotiates the Solemn League and Covenant, 540; brings in a Reform bill, 566

Vaudois, the, Cromwell intervenes in favour of, 572

Venice, League of Cambrai formed against, 363

Venner's plot, 584

Vere, Sir Horace, defends the Palatinate, 490

Verrio paints ceilings, 631

Vestments, ecclesiastical, Hooper's rejection of, 417; Puritan resistance to the use of, 444; Whitgift's opinion on the propriety of, 468

Virginia, colonisation of, 489

Vote of No Addresses, 556

Walker, Obadiah, Roman Catholic Master of University College, 639

Waller, Sir William, defeated at Lansdown and Roundway Down, 538; takes Arundel Castle and defeats Hopton at Cheriton, 542; fights at Cropredy Bridge, 544; resigns his command, 545

Walsingham, Sir Francis, Secretary to Elizabeth, 457

Warwick, Earl of, _see_ Northumberland, Duke of

Wentworth, Sir Thomas, _see_ Strafford, Earl of Wentworth, Thomas Wentworth, Lord, governor of Calais, 427

Wesley, Samuel, sermon by, 642

West Indies, the, conflicts between English and Spanish sailors in, 447

Weston, Lord, _see_ Portland, Earl of

Westphalia, Peace of, 564

Westmorland, Charles Neville, Earl of, takes part in the rising of the North, 441

Westward Ho! 447

Wexford, slaughter at, 563

Whig party, the, origin of the name of, 620; has a hold on the city of London, 622

'Whip with six strings, the,' 400

Whitgift, John, Archbishop of Canterbury, opinions of, 468; the High Commission Court under, 470; compared with Hooker, 472

Wilkins, Bishop, aims at comprehension, 598

William I., Prince of Orange, Stadholder of the Dutch republic, 449; Jaureguy's attempt to murder, 454; murdered by Gerard, 456

William II., Prince of Orange, death of, 565

William III., Prince of Orange, defends the Dutch republic, 605; is offered the hand of Mary, daughter of the Duke of York, 608; at the head of a continental alliance, 609; marriage of, 613; invited to England, 644; lands at Brixham and marches on London, 645; arrives at Whitehall, 646; the crown offered to, 647

Williams, John, Archbishop of York, impeachment of, 535

Winceby, fight at, 542

Winchester taken by Cromwell, 549

Winnington Bridge, Booth defeated at, 575

Wishart, George, burnt, 413

Witt, John de, Pensionary of Holland, 589; negotiates the Triple Alliance, 599; murder of, 605

Wolsey, Thomas, Cardinal, rise of, 363; magnificence of, 364; supports a policy of peace, 365, 366; comes into the House of Commons, 371; becomes unpopular on account of the Amicable Loan, 372; secures his position by an alliance with France, 374; aspires to the papacy, 375; is named legate _a latere_, _ib._; his views on Church reform, 376; founds two colleges, 377; fails to persuade Henry VIII. to abandon Anne Boleyn, 380; is appointed legate to try Henry's divorce, 382; fall of, 383; death of, 384

Worcester, battle of, 564

Wren, Sir Christopher, buildings by, 632

Wriothesley, Lord Chancellor, excluded from the Council, 412

Wyatt, Sir Thomas, rebellion and execution of, 423

York, Charles I. at, 537; siege of, 542

York, James, Duke of, _see_ James II.

Zutphen, death of Sir Philip Sidney at, 457

Zwingli, teaching of, 390

Zwinglianism, spread of, in England, 399; Cranmer's attitude towards, 416

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