A Student's History of England, v. 1: B.C. 55-A.D. 1509 From the Earliest Times to the Death of King Edward VII

CHAPTER XXIII.

Chapter 233,209 wordsPublic domain

HENRY VII. 1485--1509.

1. The First Measures of Henry VII. 1485--1486 343

2. Maintenance and Livery 345

3. Lovel's Rising. 1486 346

4. Lancaster and York in Ireland. 1399--1485 346

5. Insurrection of Lambert Simnel. 1487 347

6. The Court of Star Chamber. 1487 348

7. Henry VII. and Brittany. 1488--1492 348

8. Cardinal Morton's Fork. 1491 349

9. The Invasion of France. 1492 349

10. Perkin Warbeck. 1491--1494 350

11. Poynings' Acts. 1494 350

12. Perkin's First Attempt on England. 1495 351

13. The Intercursus Magnus. 1496 351

14. Kildare Restored to the Deputyship. 1496 352

15. Perkin's Overthrow. 1496--1497 352

16. European Changes. 1494--1499 352

17. Execution of the Earl of Warwick. 1499 354

18. Prince Arthur's Marriage and Death. 1501--1502 354

19. The Scottish Marriage. 1503 356

20. Maritime Enterprise 356

21. Growth of the Royal Power 356

22. Empson and Dudley 357

23. Henry and his Daughter-in-law. 1502--1505 357

24. The Last Years of Henry VII. 1505--1509 357

25. Architectural Changes and the Printing Press 358

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE

1. Palaeolithic flint scraper from Icklingham, Suffolk 2

2. Palaeolithic flint implement from Hoxne, Suffolk 2 (_From Evans's_ 'Ancient Stone Implements')

3. Engraved bone from Cresswell Crags, Derbyshire 3 (_From the original in the British Museum_)

4. Neolithic flint arrow-head from Rudstone, Yorks 3

5. Neolithic celt or cutting instrument from Guernsey 3

6. Neolithic axe from Winterbourn Steepleton, Dorset 4 (_From Evans's_ 'Ancient Stone Implements')

7. Example of early British pottery 4

8. 9. Examples of early British pottery 5 (_From Greenwell's_ 'British Barrows')

10. Bronze celt from the Isle of Harty, Kent 6

11. Bronze lance-head found in Ireland 6

12. Bronze caldron found in Ireland 6 (_From Evans's_ 'Ancient Bronze Implements')

13. View of Stonehenge 7 (_From a photograph_)

14. Part of a British gold corselet found at Mold, now in the British Museum 9 (_From the_ 'Archaeologia')

15. Bust of Julius Caesar 10 (_From the original in the British Museum_)

16. Commemorative tablet of the Second Legion found at Halton Chesters on the Roman Wall 17

17. View of part of the Roman Wall 18

18. Ruins of a mile-castle on the Roman Wall 18 (_From Bruce's_ 'Handbook to the Roman Wall,' 2nd edition)

19. Part of the Roman Wall at Leicester 19 (_From Rickman's_ 'Gothic Architecture,' 6th edition, by J. H. Parker)

20. Pediment of a Roman temple found at Bath 20 (_Reduced from the_ 'Archaeologia')

21. Roman altar from Rutchester 21 (_From Bruce's_ 'Handbook to the Roman Wall', 2nd edition)

22. Plan of the city of Old Sarum 34 (_From the Ordnance Survey Plan_)

23. View of Old Sarum 35 (_Reduced from Sir R. C. Hoare's_ 'History of Modern Wiltshire. Old and New Sarum')

24. Saxon church at Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts 51 (_From Rickman's_ 'Gothic Architecture,' 6th edition, by J. H. Parker)

25. Saxon horsemen 53

26. Group of Saxon warriors 53 (_From_ Harl. MS. 603)

27. Remains of a viking ship from Gokstad 56 (_From a photograph of the original at Christiania_)

28. Gold ring of AEthelwulf 57

29. Gold jewel of AElfred found at Athelney 59 (_From_ 'Archaeological Journal')

30. An English vessel 60

31. A Saxon house 61 (_From_ Harl. MS. 603)

32. A monk driven out of the King's presence 66 (_From a drawing belonging to the Society of Antiquaries_)

33. Rural life in the eleventh century. January to June 70

34. Rural life in the eleventh century. July to December 71 (_From_ Cott. MS. Julius A. vi.)

35. Plan and section of a burh of the eleventh century at Laughton-en-le-Morthen, Yorks 74 (_From G. T. Clark's_ 'Mediaeval Military Architecture')

37. Glass tumbler 76

38. Drinking-glass 76

39. Comb and case of Scandinavian type found at York 77 (_From the originals in the British Museum_)

40. Martyrdom of St. Edmund by the Danes 82 (_From a drawing belonging to the Society of Antiquaries_)

41. First Great Seal of Eadward the Confessor (obverse) 86 (_From an original impression_)

42. Hunting. (From the Bayeux Tapestry) 87 (_Reduced from_ 'Vetusta Monumenta,' vol. vi.)

43. Tower in the earlier style, church at Earl's Barton 91

44. Tower in the earlier style, St. Benet's church, Cambridge 91 (_From Rickman's_ 'Gothic Architecture,' 6th edition, by J. H. Parker)

45. Building a church in the later style 92 (_From a drawing belonging to the Society of Antiquaries_)

46. Normans feasting; with Odo, bishop of Bayeux, saying grace. 93 (From the Bayeux Tapestry)

47. Harold swearing upon the Relics. 94 (From the Bayeux Tapestry)

48. A Norman ship. 95 (From the Bayeux Tapestry)

49. Norman soldiers mounted. 95 (From the Bayeux Tapestry)

50. Group of archers on foot. 96 (From the Bayeux Tapestry)

51. Men fighting with axes. 97 (From the Bayeux Tapestry)

52. Death of Harold. (From the Bayeux Tapestry) 98 (_Reduced from_ 'Vetusta Monumenta,' vol. vi.)

53. Coronation of a king, _temp._ William the Conqueror 99 (_From a drawing belonging to the Society of Antiquaries_)

54. Silver penny of William the Conqueror, struck at Romney 101 (_From an original specimen_)

55. East end of Darenth church, Kent 107 (_From Rickman's_ 'Gothic Architecture,' 6th edition, by J. H. Parker)

56. Part of the nave of St. Alban's abbey church 109 (_From a photograph by Valentine & Sons, Dundee_)

57. Facsimile of a part of Domesday Book relating to Berkshire 112 (_From the original MS. in the Public Record Office_)

58. Henry I. and his queen Matilda 123 (_From Hollis's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

59. Seal of Milo of Gloucester, showing mounted armed figure in the reign of Henry I. 125 (_From an original impression_)

60. Monument of Roger, bishop of Salisbury, died 1139 127 (_From Stothard's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

61. Porchester church, Hampshire, built about 1135 128 (_From Rickman's_ 'Gothic Architecture,' 7th edition, by J. H. Parker)

62. Part of the nave of Durham cathedral, built about 1130 130 (_From Scott's_ 'Mediaeval Architecture,' London, J. Murray)

63. Keep of Rochester castle, built between 1126 and 1139 132 (_From a photograph by Poulton & Sons, Lee_)

64. Keep of Castle Rising, built about 1140-50 133 (_From a photograph_)

65. Tower of Castor church, Northamptonshire, built about 1145 136 (_From Britton's_ 'Architectural Antiquities')

66. Effigies of Henry II. and queen Eleanor 139 (_From Stothard's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

67. Ecclesiastical costume in the twelfth century 142 (_From_ Cott. MS. Nero C. iv. f. 37)

68. A bishop ordaining a priest 144

69. Small ship of the latter part of the twelfth century 146 (_From_ 'Harley Roll,' Y. 6)

70. Part of the choir of Canterbury cathedral, in building 1175-1184 150 (_From Scott's_ 'Mediaeval Architecture,' London, J. Murray)

71. Mitre of archbishop Thomas of Canterbury, preserved at Sens 153 (_From Shaw's_ 'Dresses and Decorations')

72. Military and civil costume of the latter part of the twelfth century 154 (_From_ 'Harley Roll,' Y. 6)

73. Royal Arms of England from Richard I. to Edward III. 159 (_From the wall arcade, south aisle of nave, Westminster Abbey_)

74. The Galilee or Lady chapel, Durham cathedral, built by bishop Hugh of Puiset, between 1180 and 1197 160 (_From Scott's_ 'Mediaeval Architecture,' London, J. Murray)

75. Effigy of a knight in the Temple church, London, showing armour of the end of the twelfth century 162 (_From Hollis's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

76. Effigies of Richard I. and queen Berengaria 164 (_From Stothard's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

77. Part of the choir of Ripon cathedral, built during the last quarter of the twelfth century 166 (_From Scott's_ 'Mediaeval Architecture,' London, J. Murray)

78. Lay costumes in the twelfth century 168

79. Costume of shepherds in the twelfth century 168 (_From_ Cott. MS. Nero C. iv. ff. 11 and 16)

80. Hall of Oakham castle, Rutland, built about 1185 170 (_From Hudson Turner's_ 'Domestic Architecture')

81. Norman house at Lincoln, called the Jews' House 171 (_From a photograph by Carl Norman, Tunbridge Wells_)

82. Effigies of king John and queen Isabella 175 (_From Stothard's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

83. Effigy of bishop Marshall of Exeter, died 1206 177 (_From Murray's_ 'Handbook to the Southern Cathedrals')

84. Parsonage house of early thirteenth-century date at West Dean, Sussex 179 (_From Hudson Turner's_ 'Domestic Architecture')

85. Effigy of a knight in the Temple church, London, showing armour worn between 1190 and 1225 182 (_From Stothard's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

86. Silver penny of John, struck at Dublin 184 (_From an original example_)

87. Effigy of Henry III. (From his tomb at Westminster) 186

88. Effigy of William Longespee, earl of Salisbury, died 1227, from his tomb at Salisbury, showing armour worn from about 1225 to 1250 187 (_From Stothard's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

89. Effigy of Simon, bishop of Exeter, died 1223 188 (_From Murray's_ 'Handbook to the Southern Cathedrals')

90. Beverley Minster, Yorkshire, the south transept; built about 1220--1230 189 (_From Britton's_ 'Architectural Antiquities')

91. Longthorpe manor house, Northamptonshire, built about 1235 192 (_From Hudson Turner's_ 'Domestic Architecture')

92. A ship in the reign of Henry III. 193

93. A bed in the reign of Henry III. 196 (_From_ Cott. MS. Nero D. i. ff. 21 and 22 _b_)

94. Barn of thirteenth-century date at Raunds, Northamptonshire 197 (_From Hudson Turner's_ 'Domestic Architecture')

95. A fight between armed and mounted knights of the time of Henry III. 201 (_From_ Cott. MS. Nero D. i. f. 4)

96. Seal of Robert Fitzwalter, showing a mounted knight in complete mail armour; date about 1265 202 (_From an original impression_)

97. Effigy of a knight at Gosperton, showing armour worn from about 1250 to 1300; date about 1270 203 (_From Stothard's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

98. Building operations in the reign of Henry III., with the king giving directions to the architect 204 (_From_ Cott. MS. Nero D. i. f. 23 _b_)

99. East end of Westminster abbey church; begun by Henry III. in 1245 205 (_From a photograph_)

100. Nave of Salisbury cathedral church, looking west; date, between 1240 and 1250 206 (_From a photograph by Valentine & Sons, Dundee_)

101. A king and labourers in the reign of Henry III. 207 (_From_ Cott. MS. Nero D. i. f. 21 _b_)

102. Great Seal of Edward I. (slightly reduced) 209 (_From an original impression_)

103. Group of armed knights and a king in ordinary dress; date, _temp._ Edward I. 211 (_From_ Arundel MS. 83, f. 132)

104. Nave of Lichfield cathedral church, looking east; built about 1280 213 (_From a photograph by Valentine & Sons, Dundee_)

105. Effigy of Eleanor of Castile, queen of Edward I., in Westminster abbey 215 (_From Stothard's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

106. Cross erected near Northampton by Edward I. in memory of queen Eleanor 217 (_From a photograph_)

107. Sir John d'Abernoun, died 1277, from his brass at Stoke Dabernon; showing armour worn from about 1250 to 1300 219 (_From Waller's_ 'Monumental Brasses')

108. Edward II. from his monument in Gloucester cathedral 225 (_From Stothard's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

109. Lincoln cathedral, the central tower; built about 1310 227 (_From Britton's_ 'Architectural Antiquities')

110. Sir John de Creke, from his brass at Westley Waterless, Cambridgeshire; showing armour worn between 1300 and 1335 or 1340; date, about 1325 229 (_From Waller's_ 'Monumental Brasses')

111. Howden church, Yorkshire, the west front 230 (_From Rickman's_ 'Gothic Architecture,' 7th edition, by J. H. Parker)

112. Effigies of Edward III. and queen Philippa, from their tombs in Westminster abbey 233 (_From Blore's_ 'Monumental Remains')

113. A knight--Sir Geoffrey Luttrell, who died 1345--receiving his helm and pennon from his wife; another lady holds his shield 236 (_From the Luttrell Psalter_, 'Vetusta Monumenta')

114. William of Hatfield, second son of Edward III., from his tomb in York Minster 237 (_From Stothard's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

115. York Minster, the nave, looking west 238 (_From a photograph by Valentine & Sons, Dundee_)

116. Royal Arms of Edward III., from his tomb 239 (_From a photograph_)

117. Shooting at the butts with the long bow 241

118. Contemporary view of a fourteenth-century walled town 243 (_From the Luttrell Psalter_, 'Vetusta Monumenta')

119. Gloucester cathedral church, the choir, looking east 244 (_From a photograph by Valentine & Sons, Dundee_)

120. The lord's upper chamber or solar at Sutton Courtenay manor-house; date, about 1350 245

121. Interior of the hall at Penshurst, Kent; built about 1340 246

122. A small house or cottage at Meare, Somerset; built about 1350 247

123. Norborough Hall, Northamptonshire; built about 1350 247 (_From Hudson Turner's_ 'Domestic Architecture')

124. Ploughing 248

125. Harrowing; and a boy slinging stones at the birds 248

126. Breaking the clods with mallets 249

127. Cutting weeds 249

128. Reaping 249

129. Stacking corn 250

130. Threshing corn with a flail 250 (_From the Luttrell Psalter_, 'Vetusta Monumenta')

131. West front of Edington church, Wilts; built about 1360 253 (_From Rickman's_ 'Gothic Architecture,' 7th edition, by J. H. Parker)

132. Gold noble of Edward III. 255 (_From an original example_)

133. Effigy of Edward the Black Prince; from his tomb at Canterbury 256 (_From Stothard's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

134. William of Wykeham, bishop of Winchester 1367-1404; from his tomb at Winchester 260 (_From Murray's_ 'Handbook to the Southern Cathedrals')

135. Tomb of Edward III. in Westminster abbey 263 (_From Blore's_ 'Monumental Remains')

136. Figures of Edward the Black Prince and Lionel duke of Clarence; from the tomb of Edward III. 264 (_From Hollis's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

137. Richard II. and his first queen, Anne of Bohemia; from their tomb in Westminster abbey 267 (_From Hollis's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

138. Portrait of Geoffrey Chaucer 270 (_From Harl MS. 4866_)

139. A gentleman riding out with his hawk 271

140. Carrying corn, a cart going uphill 272

141. State carriage of the fourteenth century 273

142. Bear-baiting 275 (_From the Luttrell Psalter_, 'Vetusta Monumenta')

143. West end of the nave of Winchester cathedral church 276 (_From a photograph by Valentine & Sons, Dundee_)

144. Meeting of Henry of Lancaster and Richard II. at Flint 284

145. Henry of Lancaster claiming the throne 285 (_From Harl MS. 1319_)

146. Effigy of a knight at Clehonger, showing development of plate armour; date about 1400 287 (_From Hollis's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

147. Henry IV. and his queen Joan of Navarre; from their tomb in Canterbury cathedral church 290 (_From Stothard's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

148. Royal arms as borne from about 1408 to 1603 291 (_From a fifteenth-century seal_)

149. Thomas Cranley, archbishop of Dublin; from his brass at New College, Oxford, showing the archiepiscopal costume 292 (_From Waller's_ 'Monumental Brasses')

150. The Battle of Shrewsbury 294

151. Fight in the lists with poleaxes 297 (_From_ Cott. MS. Julius E. iv. ff. 4 and 7)

152. Costume of a judge about 1400; from a brass at Deerhurst 298 (_From Waller's_ 'Monumental Brasses')

153. Henry V. 300 (_From an original portrait belonging to the Society of Antiquaries_)

154. Effigy of William Phelip, lord Bardolph; from his tomb at Dennington, Suffolk 304 (_From Stothard's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

155. Marriage of Henry V. and Catherine of France 305 (_From_ Cott. MS. Julius E. iv. f. 22)

156. Henry VI. 308 (_From an original picture in the National Portrait Gallery_)

157. Fotheringay church, Northamptonshire; begun in 1434 311 (_From a photograph by G. A. Nichols, Stamford_)

158. and 159. Front and back views of the gilt-latten effigy of Richard Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, died 1439; from his tomb at Warwick 314, 315 (_From Stothard's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

160. Tattershall castle, Lincolnshire; built between 1433 and 1455 316 (_From a photograph by G. A. Nichols, Stamford_)

161. Part of Winfield manor-house, Derbyshire; built about 1440 318 (_From a photograph by R. Keene, Derby_)

162. The Divinity School, Oxford; built between 1445 and 1454 319 (_From a photograph by W. H. Wheeler, Oxford_)

163. A sea-fight 325 (_From_ Cott. MS. Julius E. iv. f. 18 _b_)

164. Effigy of Sir Robert Harcourt, K.G., showing armour worn from about 1445 to 1480 326 (_From Stothard's_ 'Monumental Effigies')

165. Edward IV. 330 (_From an original portrait belonging to the Society of Antiquaries_)

166. A fifteenth-century ship 333 (_From_ Harl. MS. 2278, f. 16)

167. Large ship and boat of the fifteenth century 339 (_From_ Cott. MS. Julius E. iv. f. 5)

168. Richard III. 341 (_From an original portrait belonging to the Society of Antiquaries_)

169. Henry VII. 344

170. Elizabeth of York, queen of Henry VII. 345 (_From original pictures in the National Portrait Gallery_)

171. Tudor Rose; from the chapel of Henry VII., Westminster 346

172. Tower of St. Mary's church, Taunton; built about 1500 353 (_From Britton's_ 'Architectural Antiquities')

173. King's College Chapel, Cambridge; interior, looking east 355 (_From a photograph by Valentine & Sons, Dundee_)

GENEALOGICAL TABLES

_ENGLISH KINGS FROM ECGBERHT TO HENRY I._

ECGBERHT 802-839 | | AETHELWULF 839-858 | +---------------+--------+--------+-----------------+ | | | | | | | | AETHELBALD AETHELBERHT AETHELRED AELFRED 858-86 860-866 866-871 871-901 | | +---------------------------------------------+ | | | | EADWARD AEthelflaed = AEthelred the Elder (the Lady of Ealdorman 899-924 the of the | Mercians) Mercians | | +--------------------+--------------------+ | | | | | | AETHELSTAN EADMUND EADRED 924-940 940-946 946-955 | | +---------------------------+ | | EADWIG AEthelflaed = EADGAR = AElfthryth 955-959 | 959-975 | | | | | Richard I. Svend | | Duke of | | | Normandy | | | | | | | | | +----------------+ | | | | | | | EADWARD AElfled = AETHELRED = EMMA = CNUT the Martyr | the | 1016-1035 975-979 | Unready | | | 979-1016 | | +---------------------------------+ | | | | +------+-----+ | | | | EADMUND | | | Ironside | HAROLD HARTHACNUT 1016 | 1036-1039 1039-1042 | | | | | | Godwine | | | | | | | | +------------+ +----+-------+ +-------------+ | | | | | | | | Eadmund Eadward AElfred EADWARD = Eadgyth HAROLD the AEtheling the the 1066 | AEtheling Confessor | 1042-1066 +------+------+ | | Eadgar Margaret = Malcolm Canmore the AEtheling | | Eadgyth = HENRY I. (Matilda) 1100-1135

_GENEALOGY OF THE NORMAN DUKES AND OF THE KINGS OF ENGLAND FROM THE CONQUEST TO HENRY VII._

III

_GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF SCOTLAND FROM DUNCAN I. TO JAMES IV._

_GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF FRANCE FROM HUGH CAPET TO LOUIS XII._

_SHORTER AND SOMETIMES MORE DETAILED GENEALOGIES will be found in the following pages._

PAGE

Genealogy of the principal Northumbrian kings 41

" " English kings from Ecgberht to Eadgar 56

" " English kings from Eadgar to Eadgar the AEtheling 78

" " Danish kings 83

Genealogical connection between the Houses of England and Normandy 84

Genealogy of the Mercian Earls 85

" " family of Godwine 89

" " Conqueror's sons and children 131

" " sons and grandchildren of Henry II. 156

" " John's sons and grandsons 208

" " claimants of the Scottish throne 216

" " more important sons of Edward III. 265

" " claimants of the throne in 1399 286

" " kings of Scotland from Robert Bruce to James I. 295

" " Nevills 324

" " Houses of Lancaster and York 327

" " Beauforts and Tudors 335

" " House of York 337

" " Woodvilles and Greys 338

Abbreviated genealogy of Henry VII. and his competitors 344

Genealogy of the Houses of Spain and Burgundy 349

HISTORY OF ENGLAND.