book 146

§ 116. Professorship at Pisa: experiments on falling bodies: protests against the principle of authority 147

§ 117. Professorship at Padua: adoption of Coppernican views 148

§ 118. =The telescopic discoveries.= Invention of the telescope by _Lippersheim_: its application to astronomy by _Harriot_, _Simon Marius_, and Galilei 149

§ 119. The _Sidereus Nuncius_: observations of the moon 150

§ 120. New stars: resolution of portions of the Milky Way 151

§ 121. The discovery of Jupiter’s _satellites_: their importance for the Coppernican controversy: controversies 151

§ 122. Appointment at the Tuscan court 153

§ 123. Observations of Saturn. Discovery of the phases of Venus 154

§ 124. Observations of _sun-spots_ by Fabricius, Harriot, _Scheiner_, and Galilei: the _Macchie Solari_: proof that the spots were not planets: observations of the _umbra_ and _penumbra_ 154

§ 125. Quarrel with Scheiner and the Jesuits: theological controversies: _Letter to the Grand Duchess Christine_ 157

§ 126. Visit to Rome. The first condemnation: prohibition of Coppernican books 159

§ 127. Method for finding longitude. Controversy on comets: _Il Saggiatore_ 160

§ 128. =Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World.= Its preparation and publication 162

§ 129. The speakers: argument for the Coppernican system based on the telescopic discoveries: discussion of stellar parallax: the _differential method of parallax_ 163

§ 130. Dynamical arguments in favour of the motion of the earth: the _First Law of Motion_. The tides 165

§ 131. =The trial and condemnation.= The thinly veiled Coppernicanism of the _Dialogue_: the remarkable preface 168

§ 132. Summons to Rome: trial by the Inquisition: condemnation, abjuration, and punishment: prohibition of the _Dialogue_ 169

§ 133. Last years: life at Arcetri: _libration_ of the moon: the _Two New Sciences_: _uniform acceleration_, and the first law of motion. Blindness and death 172

§ 134. Estimate of Galilei’s work: his scientific method 176