act i. sc. 1.

=FULSOME=, } FULSOMENESS. }

I have seen it questioned whether in the first syllable of ‘fulsome’ we are to find ‘foul’ or ‘full.’ There should be no question on the matter; seeing that ‘fulsome’ is properly no more than ‘full,’ and then secondly that which by its fulness and overfulness produces first satiety, and then loathing and disgust. This meaning of ‘fulsome’ is still retained in our only present application of the word, namely to compliments and flattery, which by their grossness produce this effect on him who is their object; but the word had once many more applications than this. See the quotation from Pope, _s. v._ ‘Bacchanal.’

His lean, pale, hoar, and withered corpse, grew _fulsome_, fair, and fresh.

GOLDING, _Ovid’s Metamorphosis_, b. vii.

The next is Doctrine, in whose lips there dwells A spring of honey, sweeter than its name, Honey which never _fulsome_ is, yet _fills_ The widest souls.

BEAUMONT, _Psyche_, b. xix. st. 210.

Chaste and modest as he [Persius] is esteemed, it cannot be denied but that in some cases he is broad and _fulsome_. No decency is considered; no _fulsomeness_ omitted.--DRYDEN, _Dedication of Translations from Juvenal_.

Making her soul to loathe dainty meat, or putting a surfeit and _fulsomeness_ into all which she enjoys.--ROGERS, _Naaman the Syrian_, p. 32.

=GARB.= One of many words, all whose meaning has run to the surface. A man’s dress was once only a portion, and a very insignificant portion, of his ‘garb,’ which included his whole outward presentment to other men; now it is all.

First, for your _garb_, it must be grave and serious, Very reserved and locked; not tell a secret On any terms, not to your father.

BEN JONSON, _Volpone_, act iv. sc. 1.

The greatest spirits, and those of the best and noblest breeding, are ever the most respective and obsequious in their _garb_, and the most observant and grateful in their language to all.--FELTHAM, _Resolves_, lxxxv.

Have thy observing eyes E’er marked the spider’s _garb_, how close she lies Within her curious web, and by and by How quick she hastes to her entangled fly?

QUARLES, _History of Samson_, sect. 19.

A σεμνοπρέπεια in his person, a grave and a smiling _garb_ compounded together to bring strangers into a liking of their welcome.--HACKET, _Life of Archbishop Williams_, part ii. p. 32.

Horace’s wit and Virgil’s state He did not steal but emulate, And when he would like them appear, Their _garb_, but not their clothes, did wear.

DENHAM, _On the Death of Cowley_.

=GARBLE.= Writings only are ‘garbled’ now; and ‘garbled’ extracts are extracts dishonestly made, so shifted, mutilated, or in other ways tampered with, that, while presented as fair specimens, they convey a false impression. It is not difficult to trace the downward progress of the word. It is derived from the Low Latin ‘garbellare,’ to sift or cleanse corn from any dust or rubbish which may have become mingled with it. It was then applied to any separation of the good from the bad, retaining that, rejecting this, and used most commonly of spices; then generally to picking and choosing, but without any intention to select the better and to dismiss the worse: and lastly, as at present, to picking and choosing with the distinct purpose of selecting that which should convey the worse impression, and dismissing that which should have conveyed a truer and a better. It is a very favourite word in its earlier uses with Fuller.

_Garbling_ of bow-staves (anno 1 R. 3, cap. 11) is the sorting or culling out of the good from the bad.--COWELL, _The Interpreter_, s. v.

There was a fair hospital, built to the honour of St. Anthony in Bennet’s Fink, in this city; the protectors and proctors whereof claimed a privilege to themselves, to _garble_ the live pigs in the markets of the city; and such as they found starved or otherwise unwholesome for man’s sustenance they would slit in the ear, tie a bell about their necks, and turn them loose about the city.--FULLER, _Worthies of England: London_.

_Garbling_ men’s manners you did well divide, To take the Spaniards’ wisdom, not their pride; With French activity you stored your mind, Leaving to them their fickleness behind; And soon did learn, your temperance was such, A sober industry even from the Dutch.

Id., _Worthies of England. A Panegyric on Charles II._

To _garble_, to cleanse from dross and dirt, as grocers do their spices, to pick or cull out.--PHILLIPS, _New World of Words_.

=GARLAND.= At present we know no other ‘garlands’ but of flowers; but ‘garland’ was at one time a technical name for the royal crown or diadem, and not a poetical one, as might at first sight appear; as witness these words of Matthew of Paris in his _Life of Henry III._: Rex veste deauratâ, et coronulâ aureâ, quæ vulgariter _garlanda_ dicitur, redimitus.

In the adoption and obtaining of the _garland_, I being seduced and provoked by sinister counsel did commit a naughty and abominable act.--GRAFTON, _Chronicle of King Richard III._

In whose [Edward the Fourth’s] time, and by whose occasion, what about the getting of the _garland_, keeping it, losing and winning again, it hath cost more English blood than hath twice the winning of France.--Sir T. MORE, _History of King Richard III._ p. 107.

What in me was purchased, Falls unto thee in a more fairer sort; So now the _garland_ wear’st successively.

SHAKESPEARE, _2 Henry IV._ act iv. sc. 4.

=GARRET.= The Old French ‘garite,’ which is our ‘garret,’ is properly a place of refuge or safety, being derived from the verb ‘garir;’ thus ‘gagner la guérite,’ to save oneself by flight. But this place of safety would be often on a high wall, in a watch-tower, upon the tops of houses; and thus the notion of the ‘garret’ was connected with that of the highest stage or storey. The subaudition of its being the poorest and meanest place in the house is an afterthought, and certainly has no place in any of the following uses of the word.

Thanne walkede y ferrer, and went al abouten, And seigh halles full hyghe, and houses ful noble With gaie _garites_ and grete, and iche hole y-glased.

_Peres the Plowman’s Crede_, l. 214 (Skeat).

The _garettes_ aboven the ghates bryght Of the ceté of heven, I lyken thus ryght Tylle the _garettes_ of a ceté of gold, That wroght war als I before told.

RICHARD ROLLE DE HAMPOLE, _Pricke of Conscience_, 9101-9104.

It is nat possible algate to have highe _garettes_, or toures, or highe places for watche men; therefor it nedethe to have out watche.--VEGETIUS, quoted in Way’s _Promptorium_, p. 187.

=GAZETTE.= The French form of an Italian word ‘gazzetta,’ designating a small piece of tin money current at Venice, of the value of less than a farthing (see Florio). This word ‘gazzetta’ may possibly be quite distinct in origin from ‘gazzetta,’ the name of a monthly bill of news printed commonly at Venice (see Skeat’s _Dictionary_). We see the word in this latter sense, but not as yet thoroughly at home in English, for it still retains [as it retained much later] an Italian termination, in Ben Jonson’s _Volpone_ (act v. sc. 2), of which the scene is laid at Venice. Curiously enough the same play gives also an example, quoted below, of ‘gazette’ in the sense of a coin.

If you will have a stool, it will cost you a gazet, which is almost a penny.--CORYAT, _Crudities_, vol. ii. p. 15.

What monstrous and most painful circumstance Is here to get some three or four _gazets_, Some threepence in the whole.

BEN JONSON, _Volpone_, act ii. sc. 2.

=GELDING.= Restrained at present to _horses_ which have ceased to be entire; but until ‘eunuch,’ which is of somewhat late adoption, had been introduced into the language, serving also the needs which that serves now.

Thanne Joseph was lad in Egepte, and bought him Potiphar, the _gelding_ of Pharao.--_Gen._ xxxix. 1. WICLIF.

And whanne thei weren come up of the watir, the spirit of the Lord ravyschide Filip, and the _gelding_ say hym no more.--_Acts_ viii. 39. WICLIF.

Lysimachus was very angry, and thought great scorn that Demetrius should reckon him a _gelding_.--NORTH, _Plutarch’s Lives_, p. 741.

=GENEROSITY.= We still use ‘generous’ occasionally in the sense of highly or nobly born; but ‘generosity’ has quite lost this its earlier sense, and acquired a purely ethical meaning. Its history illustrates, as does the history of so many other words, what one may call the aristocratic tendencies of language.

Nobility began in thine ancestors and ended in thee: and the _generosity_ that they gained by virtue, thou hast blotted by vice.--LYLY, _Euphues and his England_.

Their eyes are commonly black and small, noses little, nails almost as long as their fingers, but serving to distinguish their _generosity_.--HARRIS, _Voyages_, vol. i. p. 465.

=GENIAL.= It is curious to find ‘genial’ used in a sense not merely so different, but so directly opposed to that in which we employ it now, as in the quotation which follows we do. Whether there are other examples of the same use, I am unable to say.

There are not a few very much to be pitied, whose industry being not attended with natural parts, they have sweat to little purpose, and rolled the stone in vain, which chiefly proceedeth from natural incapacity and _genial_ indisposition, at least to those particulars whereunto they apply their endeavours.--Sir T. BROWNE, _Vulgar Errors_, b. i. c. 5.

=GESTATION.= Now a technical word applied only to the period during which the females of animals carry their young; but acknowledging no such limitation once.

_Gestation_ in a chariot or wagon hath in it a shaking of the body, but some vehement, and some more soft.--Sir T. ELYOT, _Castle of Health_, b. ii. c. 34.

_Gestation_, an exercise of the body, by being carried in coach, litter, upon horseback, or in a vessel on the water.--HOLLAND, _Pliny, Explanation of the Words of Art_.

=GHOST.= It is only in the very highest acceptation of all that ‘Ghost’ and ‘Spirit’ are now synonymous and exchangeable. They once were so through the entire range of their several uses.

And in this manere was man made, And thus God gaf hym a _goost_.

_Piers Plowman_, B-text, Passus ix. 45 (Skeat).

As wel in body as _goost_, chaste was sche.

CHAUCER, _The Doctoures Tale_ (Morris, iii. p. 77).

He sawe that the heavens opened, and the _goost_ as a dove commynge downe upon Him.--_Mark_ i. 10. COVERDALE.

=GIRL.= A child, and this of either sex. In Middle English the phrase ‘knave gerlys’ occurs in the sense of boys. It fared in early English not otherwise with ‘wench’ (which see).

Thorw wyn and thorw women there was Loth acombred, And there gat in glotonye _gerlis_ that were cherlis.

_Piers Plowman_, B-text, Passus i. 32 (Skeat).

In daunger he hadde at his owne assise The yonge _gurles_ of the diocise, And knew here counseil.

CHAUCER, _Canterbury Tales, The Prologue_, 663 (Morris, ii. p. 21).

=GIST.= This, the Old French ‘giste,’ from the old ‘gésir’ (Latin ‘jacēre’) meant formerly, as the French word ‘gîte’ means still, the place where one lodges for the night. A scroll containing the route and resting places of a royal party during a progress was sometimes so called. For the connexion between ‘gist’ in this sense and ‘gist’ as we use it now see Skeat’s _Dictionary_.

After he had sent Popilius before in spial, and perceived that the avenues were open in all parts, he marched forward himself, and by the second _gist_ came to Dium [secundis _castris_ pervenit ad Dium].--HOLLAND, _Livy_, p. 1174.

The guides who were to conduct them on their way had commandment so to cast their _gists_ and journeys that by three of the clock in the morning of the third day they might assail Pythoum.--Id., _ib._ p. 1193.

=GLORY=, } GLORIOUS, } GLORIOUSLY. }

‘Glory’ is never employed now in the sense of ‘_vain_-glory,’ nor ‘glorious’ in that of ‘_vain_-glorious,’ as once they often were.

In military commanders and soldiers, _vain-glory_ is an essential point; for as iron sharpens iron, so by _glory_ one courage sharpeneth another.--BACON, _Essays_, 54.

So commonly actions begun in _glory_ shut up in shame.--Bishop HALL, _Contemplations, On Babel_.

To that intent God maid him thus, That man suld nocht be _glorious_, Nor in himself na thing suld se But mater of humilitie.

LYNDESAY, _The Monarchie_.

Some took this for a _glorious_ brag; others thought he [Alcibiades] was like enough to have done it.--NORTH, _Plutarch’s Lives_, p. 183.

Likewise _glorious_ followers, who make themselves as trumpets of the commendation of those they follow, are full of inconveniences. For they taint business through want of secrecy; and they export honour from a man, and make him a return in envy.--BACON, _Essays_, 48 (Abbott, ii. p. 66).

He [Anselm] little dreamt then that the weeding-hook of Reformation would after two ages pluck up his _glorious_ poppy [prelacy] from insulting over the good corn [presbytery].--MILTON, _Reason of Church Government_, b. i. c. 5.

I speak it not _gloriously_, or out of affectation.--BEN JONSON, _Every Man out of his Humour_, act ii. sc. 1.

=GOOD-NATURE=, } GOOD-NATURED. }

As metaphysics have yielded us ‘common sense,’ and logic ‘formal’ and ‘formality,’ so we owe to theology ‘good-nature.’ By it our elder divines understood far more than we understand by it now; even all which it is possible for a man to have, without having the grace of God. The contrast between grace and nature was of course unknown to the Greeks; but, this being kept in mind, we may say that the ‘good-nature’ of our theology two centuries ago was as nearly as possible expressed by the εὐφυΐα of Aristotle (_Eth. Nic._ iii. 7; compare the ‘heureusement né’ of the French); the genial preparedness for the reception of every high teaching. In the paper of _The Spectator_, quoted below, which treats exclusively of ‘good-nature,’ the word is passing, but has by no means passed, into its modern meaning. See ‘Ill-nature.’

_Good-nature_, being the relics and remains of that shipwreck which Adam made, is the proper and immediate disposition to holiness. When _good-nature_ is heightened by the grace of God, that which was natural becomes now spiritual.--Bishop TAYLOR, _Sermon preached at the Funeral of Sir George Dalstone_.

_Good-nature!_ alas, where is it? Since Adam fell, there was never any such thing in rerum naturâ; if there be any good thing in any man, it is all from grace. We may talk of this and that, of _good-natured men_, and I know not what; but the very truth is, set grace aside (I mean all grace, both renewing grace and restraining grace), there is no more _good-nature_ in any man than there was in Cain and in Judas. That thing which we use to call _good-nature_ is indeed but a subordinate means or instrument, whereby God restraineth some men more than others, from their birth and special constitution, from sundry outrageous exorbitances, and so is a branch of this restraining grace whereof we now speak.--SANDERSON, _Sermons_, 1671, vol. i. p. 279.

If any good did appear in the conversation of some men who followed that religion [the Pagan], it is not to be imputed to the influence of that, but to some better cause; to the relics of _good-nature_, to the glimmerings of natural light, or (perhaps also) to secret whispers and impressions of divine grace on some men’s minds vouchsafed in pity to them.--BARROW, _Sermon 14 on the Apostles’ Creed_.

They [infidels] explode all natural difference of good and evil; deriding benignity, mercy, pity, gratitude, ingenuity; that is, all instances of _good-nature_, as childish and silly dispositions.--Id., _Sermon 6 on the Apostles’ Creed_.

Xenophon, in the Life of his imaginary Prince, is always celebrating the philanthropy or _good-nature_ of his hero, which he tells us he brought into the world with him.--_Spectator_, no. 169.

=GOSPELLER.= Now seldom used save in ritual language, and there designating the priest or deacon who in the divine service reads the Gospel of the day; but employed once as equivalent to ‘Evangelist,’ and subsequently applied to adherents of the Reformed faith; both which meanings have since departed from it.

Marke, the _gospeller_, was the goostli sone of Petre in baptysm.--WICLIF, _The Prologe of Marke_.

The persecution was carried on against the _gospellers_ with much fierceness by those of the Roman persuasion.--STRYPE, _Memorial of Archbishop Cranmer_, b. iii. c. 16.

=GOSSIP.= It would be interesting to collect instances in which the humbler classes of society have retained the correct use of a word, which has been let go by those of higher education. ‘Gossip’ is one, being still used by our peasantry in its first and etymological sense, namely as a sponsor in baptism--one _sib_ or akin in _God_, according to the doctrine of the medieval Church, that sponsors contracted a spiritual affinity with the child for whom they stood. ‘Gossips,’ in this primary sense, would often be familiar with one another--and thus the word was applied to all familiars and intimates. At a later day it came to signify such idle talk, the ‘commérage’ (which word has exactly the same history), which too often would find place in the intercourse of such.

They had mothers as we had; and those mothers had _gossips_ (if their children were christened), as we are.--BEN JONSON, _The Staple of News, The Induction_.

Thus fareth the golden mean, through the misconstruction of the extremes. Well-tempered zeal is lukewarmness; devotion is hypocrisy; charity, ostentation; constancy, obstinacy; gravity, pride; humility, abjection of spirit; and so go through the whole parish of virtues, where misprision and envy are _gossips_, be sure the child shall be nicknamed.--WHITLOCK, _Zootomia_, p. 3.

Should a great lady that was invited to be a _gossip_, in her place send her kitchen-maid, ’twould be ill-taken.--SELDEN, _Table-Talk, Prayer_.

=GRAVE.= The O.E. ‘grafan’ (compare German ‘graben,’ ‘to grave’) was once used in the senses which ‘graben’ still retains. See ‘Engrave.’

They sette mark hir metyng sholde be Ther King Nynus was _graven_, under a tree.

CHAUCER, _Legend of Good Women_, 784 (Skeat, p. 50).

I wil laye sege to the rounde aboute, and _grave_ up dykes against ye.--_Isai._ xxix. 3. COVERDALE.

He hath _graven_ and digged up a pit, and is fallen himself into the destruction that he made for other.--_Ps._ vii. 16. (P. B. V.)

=GROPE.= Now to feel _for_, and uncertainly, as does a blind man or one in the dark; but once simply to feel, to grasp.

Tho han hondis, and schulen not _grope_ [et non _palpabunt_, Vulg.]--_Ps._ cxiii. 7. WICLIF.

I have touched and tasted the Lord, and _groped_ Him with hands, and yet unbelief hath made all unsavoury.--ROGERS, _Naaman the Syrian_, p. 231.

=GRUDGE.= Now to repine at the good which others already have, or which we may be required to impart to them; but it formerly implied _open_ utterances of discontent and displeasure against others, and did the work which ‘to murmur’ does now. Traces of this still survive in our English Bible.

And the Farisees and scribis _grutchiden_; seiynge, For this resseyveth synful men, and etith with hem.--_Luke_ xv. 2. WICLIF.

After bakbytyng cometh _grucching_ or murmuracioun, and somtyme it springith of impacience agayns God, and somtyme agains man.--CHAUCER, _The Persones Tale_ (Morris, iii. p. 305).

Yea without _grudging_ Christ suffered the cruel Jews to crown Him with most sharp thorns, and to strike Him with a reed.--FOXE, _Book of Martyrs: Examination of William Thorpe_.

Use hospitality one to another without _grudging_ [ἄνευ γογγυσμῶν].--_1 Pet._ iv. 9. (A.V.)

=GUARD.= Is ‘guard,’ in the sense of welt or border to a garment, nothing more than a _special_ application of ‘guard,’ as it is familiar to us all? or is it altogether a different word with its own etymology, and only by accident offering the same letters in the same sequence? I have assumed, though not with perfect confidence, the former; for indeed otherwise the word would have no right to a place here.

Antipater wears in outward show his apparel with a plain white welt or _guard_, but he is within all purple, I warrant you, and as red as scarlet.--HOLLAND, _Plutarch’s Morals_, p. 412.

Then were the fathers of those children glad men to see their sons apparelled like Romans, in fair long gowns, _garded_ with purple.--NORTH, _Plutarch’s Lives_, p. 492.

Give him a livery More _guarded_ than his fellows.

SHAKESPEARE, _Merchant of Venice_, act ii. sc. 2.

=HAG.= One of the many words applied formerly to both sexes, but now restrained only to one. See ‘Coquet,’ ‘Girl,’ ‘Harlot,’ ‘Hoyden,’ ‘Termagant,’ ‘Witch.’

And that old _hag_ [Silenus] that with a staff his staggering limbs doth stay, Scarce able on his ass to sit for reeling every way.

GOLDING, _Ovid’s Metamorphosis_, b. iv.

Curst be thy throte and soule. Raven, Schriech-owle, _hag_ [addressed to a man].

CHAPMAN, _Byron’s Conspiracies_, act iii.

=HANDSOME=, } HANDSOMENESS. }

Now referred exclusively to comeliness, either literal or figurative. It is of course closely connected with ‘handy,’ indeed differs from it only in termination, and in all early uses means having prompt and dexterous use of the hands, and then generally able, adroit. In Cotgrave’s _Dictionary_, ‘habile,’ ‘adroit,’ ‘maniable,’ take precedence of ‘beau,’ ‘belle,’ as its French equivalents. See ‘Unhandsome.’

Few of them [the Germans] use swords or great lances; but carry javelins with a narrow and short iron, but so sharp and _handsome_, that, as occasion serveth, with the same weapon they can fight both at hand and afar off.--GREENWEY, _Tacitus_, vol. i. p. 259.

A light footman’s shield he takes unto him, and a Spanish blade by his side, more _handsome_ to fight short and close [ad propiorem _habili_ pugnam].--HOLLAND, _Livy_, p. 255.

Philopœmen sought to put down all exercise, which made men’s bodies unmeet to take pains, and to become soldiers to fight in defence of their country, that otherwise would have been very able and _handsome_ for the same.--NORTH, _Plutarch’s Lives_, p. 306.

Both twain of them made haste, And girding close for _handsomeness_ their garments to their waist, Bestirred their cunning hands apace.

GOLDING, _Ovid’s Metamorphosis_, b. vi.

=HARBINGER.= This word belongs at present to our poetical diction, and to that only; its original significance being nearly or quite forgotten: as is evident from the inaccurate ways in which it has come to be used; as though a ‘harbinger’ were merely one who announced the coming, and not always one who prepared a place and lodging, a ‘harbour,’ for another. He did indeed announce the near approach, but only as an accidental consequence of his office. Our Lord, if we may reverently say it, assumed to Himself precisely the office of a ‘harbinger,’ when He said, ‘I go to prepare a place for you’ (_John_ xiv. 2).

There was a _harbinger_ who had lodged a gentleman in a very ill room; who expostulated with him somewhat rudely; but the _harbinger_ carelessly said, ‘You will take pleasure in it when you are out of it.’--BACON, _Apophthegms_.

I’ll be myself the _harbinger_, and make joyful The hearing of my wife with your approach.

SHAKESPEARE, _Macbeth_, act i. sc. 4.

The fame of Frederick’s valour and maiden fortune, never as yet spotted with ill success, like a _harbinger_ hastening before, had provided victory to entertain him at his arrival.--FULLER, _Holy War_, b. iii. c. 31.

A winged _harbinger_ from bright heaven flown Bespeaks a lodging-room For the mighty King of love, The spotless structure of a virgin womb.

Bishop TAYLOR, _On the Annunciation_.

=HARDY=, } HARDILY. }

When used of _persons_, ‘hardy’ means now enduring, indifferent to fatigue, hunger, thirst, heat, cold, and the like. But it had once a far more prevailing sense of bold, which now only remains to it in connexion with _things_, as we should still speak of a ‘hardy,’ meaning thereby a bold, assertion; though never now of a ‘hardy,’ if we intended a bold or daring person. Lord Bacon’s Charles the _Hardy_ is Charles le _Téméraire_, or Charles the _Bold_, as we always style him now.

Hap helpeth _hardy_ man alday, quod he.

CHAUCER, _Legend of Good Women_ (Skeat, p. 86).

It is not to be forgotten that Commineus observeth of his first master, duke Charles the _Hardy_, namely, that he would communicate his secrets with none.--BACON, _Essays_, 27.

_Hardily_ [audacter, Vulg.] he entride in to Pilat, and axide the body of Jhesu.--_Mark_ xv. 43. WICLIF (earlier version).

=HARLOT.= I have no desire to entangle myself in the question of this word’s etymology; it is sufficient to observe that it was used of both sexes alike; and though for the most part a word of slight and contempt, signifying generally a low fellow, vagabond, buffoon, acrobat (in the _Promptorium_ ‘scurrus’ is the Latin equivalent of it), implied nothing of that special _form_ of sin to which it now exclusively refers.

Salle never _harlotte_ have happe, thorowe helpe of my Lord, To kille a crownde kynge, with crysome enoynttede.

_Morte Arthure_, 2446.

That non _harlot_ were so hardy to leyne hande uppon hym.

_Piers Plowman_, B-text, Passus 18, 77 (Skeat).

He was a gentil _harlot_ and a kynde.

CHAUCER, _Prologue_, 647.

Thou lord (God) has done mare wondire than the _herlot_: he lerid to ga in a corde, thou makis men to ga abouen the watire.--HAMPOLE, _Psalm_ xxxix. 7 (ed. Bramley, 1884).

No man but he and thou and such other false _harlots_ praiseth any such preaching.--FOXE, _Book of Martyrs; Examination of William Thorpe_.

About this time [A.D. 1264] a redress of certain sects was intended, among which one by name specially occurreth, and called the assembly of _harlots_,[16] a kind of people of a lewd disposition and uncivil.--Id., _ib._ vol. i. p. 435.

=HARNESS.= In French the difference between the ‘harness’ of a man and of a horse is expressed by a slight difference in the spelling, ‘harnois’ in one case, ‘harnais’ in the other. In English we only retain the word now in the second of these uses.

But when a stronger then he cometh apon hym and overcommeth him, he taketh from him his _harnes_ wherin he trusted, and devideth his gooddes.--_Luke_ xi. 22. TYNDALE.

When Abram herde that his brother was taken, he _harnessed_ his bonde-servauntes, and followed after them untill Dan.--_Gen._ xiv. COVERDALE.

Those that sleep in Jesus shall God bring with Him, and _harness_ them with the bright armour of life and immortality.--H. MORE, _Grand Mystery of Godliness_, b. iv. c. 18.

And all about the courtly stable Bright-_harnessed_ angels sit in order serviceable.

MILTON, _On the Nativity_.

=HARVEST.= It is remarkable that while spring, summer, winter, have all their home-bred names, we designate the other quarter of the year by its Latin title ‘autumn,’ ‘hærfest’ (= the German ‘Herbst’) having been appropriated to the ingathering of the _fruits_ of this season, not to the season itself. In this indeed we are truer to the proper meaning of ‘harvest’ than the Germans, who have transferred the word from the former to the latter; for it is closely related with the Greek καρπός. Occasionally, however, as in the passages which follow, ‘harvest’ assumes with us also the signification of autumn.

These ben _hervest_ trees [arbores autumnales, Vulg.] with out fruyt, twies deed, drawun up bi the roote.--_Jude_ 12. WICLIF.

There stood the Springtime with a crown of fresh and fragrant flowers; There waited Summer naked stark, all save a wheaten hat; And _Harvest_ smeared with treading grapes late at the pressing fat; And lastly quaking for the cold stood Winter all forlorn.

GOLDING, _Ovid’s Metamorphosis_, b. ii.

=HASSOCK.= Already in Phillips’s _New World of Words_, 1706, the ‘hassock’ was what it is now, ‘a kind of straw cushion used to kneel upon in churches;’ and some of us may remember to have seen in country churches ‘hassocks’ of solid tufts of coarse black grass which had so grown and matted together that they served this purpose sufficiently well. But this is only the secondary and transferred use of the word. It was once the name by which this coarse grass growing in these rank tufts was itself called; and this name, as Forby tells us, in Norfolk it still bears. See Way’s _Promptorium_, s. v. ‘Hassok.’

Land so full of hassocks as to be impossible to find the deer among them.--HUTCHINSON, _Drainage of Land_.

These _hassocks_, in bogs, were formerly taken up with a part of the soil, matted together with roots, shaped, trimmed, and dressed, a sufficient part of their shaggy and tufted surface being left to make kneeling much easier than on the pavement of the church or the bare-boarded floor of a pew.--FORBY, _East Anglia_.

=HATEFUL.= This has undergone exactly the same limitation of meaning as ‘Dreadful’ and ‘Frightful,’ which see.

Little office The _hateful_ Commons will perform for us, Except like curs to tear us all to pieces.

SHAKESPEARE, _Richard II._, act ii. sc. 2.

No more shall nation against nation rise, Nor ardent warriors meet with _hateful_ eyes.

POPE, _Messiah_, 57.

=HEAR.= Our scholars of the seventeenth century occasionally use the Latin idiom, ‘to hear well,’ or ‘to hear ill,’ _i.e._ concerning oneself (bene audire, male audire), instead of, to be praised, or to be blamed.

[Fabius] was well aware, that not only within his own camp, but also now at Rome, he _heard ill_ for his temporizing and slow proceedings.--HOLLAND, _Livy_, p. 441.

What more national corruption, for which England _hears ill_ abroad, than household gluttony?--MILTON, _Areopagitica_, p. 431.

The abbot made his mind known to the Lord Keeper, that he would gladly be present in the Abbey of Westminster on our Christmas-day in the morning, to behold and hear how that great feast was solemnized in our congregations, which _heard_ very _ill_ beyond the seas for profaneness.--HACKET, _Life of Archbishop Williams_, part i. p. 210.

=HEARSE.= Now the carriage in which the dead are conveyed to the grave, but this was not the meaning from the first. The origin is the French ‘herse,’ a harrow; this implement in France being made in a triangular form, not square as with us. Hence the name of ‘herce’ or ‘herche’ was given to a triangular framework, generally of iron, used for holding a number of candles at funerals; and which, being elaborately fashioned and framed, was allowed afterwards to remain in the church for a longer or shorter period.

In the quer was a _hersse_ mad of tymbur and covered with blake, and armes upon the blake.--_Diary of Henry Machyn_, 1550-1563, p. 44.

A cenotaph is an empty funeral monument or tomb, erected for the honour of the dead; in imitation of which our _hearses_ here in England are set up in churches during the continuance of a year or for the space of certain months.--WEEVER, _Ancient Funeral Monuments_, p. 32.

_Hearse_, an empty tomb erected for the honour of the dead.--PHILLIPS, _New World of Words_.

The beating of thy pulse, when thou art well, Is just the tolling of thy passing bell. Night is thy _hearse_, whose sable canopy Covers alike deceasëd day and thee. And all those weeping dews that nightly fall Are but the tears shed for thy funeral.

Bishop KING, _Poems_, p. 19.

=HELP.= ‘To help’ used not unfrequently to designate an assisting in one particular manner, in that namely of healing. A recent editor of Shakespeare, not having this present in his mind, has said of those lines first quoted below: ‘We cannot but believe Shakespeare wrote, Do wounds _salve_ wounds, &c., or Do wounds _heal_ wounds, &c.’ There is indeed nothing here needing to be set right.

Why, Collatine, is woe the cure for woe? Do wounds _help_ wounds, or grief _help_ grievous deeds?

SHAKESPEARE, _Lucrece_.

Love doth to her repair, To _help_ him of his blindness, And being _helpt_ inhabits there.

Id., _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, act iv. sc. 2.

Still she retains Her maiden gentleness, and oft at eve Visits the herds along the twilight meadows, _Helping_ all urchin blasts and ill-luck signs That the shrewd meddling elf delights to make.

MILTON, _Comus_, 842.

=HEREAFTER.= This word, while it looks on to a future, always looks on to one more or less divided by an interval of time from the present. But it was often employed as equivalent to ‘from this time forth’ in our Elizabethan literature; it is so in the examples which follow.

_Hereafter_ [ἀπ’ ἄρτι] ye shall see heaven open and the angels of God ascending and descending on the Son of man.--_St. John_ i. 51. (A.V.)

We will establish our estate upon Our eldest, Malcolm; whom we name _hereafter_ The prince of Cumberland.

SHAKESPEARE, _Macbeth_, act i. sc. 4.

=HIDE.= This word is at present only contemptuously applied to the skin of man, being reserved almost exclusively for that of beasts; but it had once the same extent of meaning as by the German ‘haut’ is still retained, which is ‘cutis’ and ‘pellis’ both.

The ladye fayre of hew and _hyde_ Shee sate downe by the bedside.

_Eger and Grine_, 263.

Her kerchers were all of silk, Her hayre as white as any milke, Lovesome of hue and _hyde_.

_Ballad of John de Reeve_, 226.

=HOBBY.= The ‘hobby’ being the ambling nag ridden for pleasure, and then the child’s toy in imitation of the same, had in these senses nearly passed out of use, when the word revived, by a very natural transfer, in the sense which it now has, of a favourite pursuit which carries a man easily and pleasantly forward.

They have likewise excellent good horses (we term them _hobbies_), which have not the same pace that other horses in their course, but a soft and round amble, setting one leg before another very finely.--HOLLAND, _Camden’s Ireland_, p. 63.

King Agesilaus, having a great sort of little children, was one day disposed to solace himself among them in a gallery where they played, and took a little _hobby_-horse of wood, and bestrid it.--PUTTENHAM, _Art of English Poesy_, b. iii. c. 24.

A _hobby_-horse, or some such pretty toy, A rattle would befit you better, boy.

RANDOLPH, _Poems_, p. 19.

=HOMELY.= The etymology of ‘homely’ which Milton puts into the mouth of Comus,

‘It is for _homely_ features to keep _home_; They had their name hence,’

witnesses that in his time it had the same meaning which it has in ours. At an earlier day, however, it much more nearly corresponded to the German ‘heimlich,’ that is, secret, inward, familiar, as those may be presumed to be that share in a common _home_. ‘Homeliness’ is more than once the word by which Wiclif translates ‘mansuetudo:’ thus, _2 Cor._ x. 1; _Jam._ i. 21.

And the enemyes of a man ben thei that ben _homeli_ with him.--_Matt._ x. 36. WICLIF. [Cf. _Judg._ xix. 4, and often.]

God graunte the thin _homly_ fo espye: For in this world nys worse pestilence Than _homly_ foo, alday in thy presence.

CHAUCER, _The Marchaundes Tale_ (Morris, ii. p. 335).

Such peple be able and worthi to be admytted into the _homeli_ reding of Holi Writt.--PECOCK, _Repressor_, c. 3.

With all these men I was right _homely_, and communed with them long time and oft.--FOXE, _Book of Martyrs; Examination of William Thorpe_.

=HOYDEN.= Now and for a long time since a clownish ill-bred _girl_; what is vulgarly called in America a ‘gal-boy,’ yet it is only another form of ‘heathen.’ Remote as the words appear at starting, it will not be hard to bring them close together. In the first place, it is only by a superinduced meaning that ‘heathen’ has its present sense of non-christian; it is properly, as Grimm has abundantly shown, as indeed _Piers Plowman_ had told us long ago, a dweller on the heath; then any living a wild savage life; thus we have in Wiclif (_Acts_ xxviii. 1), ‘And the _hethene_ men [barbari, Vulg.] diden to us not litil curtesie;’ and only afterwards was the word applied to those who resisted to the last the humanizing influences of the Christian faith. This ‘heathen’ is in Dutch ‘heyden’ (see Sewel); while less than two hundred years ago ‘hoyden’ was by no means confined, as it now is, to the female sex, the clownish ill-bred girl, but was oftener applied to men.

Shall I argue of conversation with this _hoyden_, to go and practise at his opportunities in the larder?--MILTON, _Colasterion_.

Falourdin, _m._ A lusk, lowt, lurden, a lubberly sloven, heavy sot, lumpish _hoydon_.--COTGRAVE, _A French and English Dictionary_.

Badault, _m._ A fool, dolt, sot, fop, ass, coxcomb, gaping _hoydon_.--Id. _ib._

A rude _hoidon_; Grue, badault, falourdin, becjaune; Balordo, babionetto, rustico; Bouaron.--HOWELL, _Lexicon Tetraglotton_.

=HUMOUR=, } HUMOUROUS, } HUMOURIST. }

The four ‘humours’ in man, according to the old physicians, were blood, choler, phlegm, and melancholy. So long as these were duly tempered, all would be well. But so soon as any of them unduly preponderated, the man became ‘humourous,’ one ‘humour’ or another bearing too great a sway in him. As such, his conduct would not be according to the received rule of other men, but have something peculiar, whimsical, self-willed in it. In this the self-asserting character of the ‘humourous’ man lay the point of contact, the middle term, between the modern use of ‘humour’ and the ancient. It was his ‘humour’ which would lead a man to take an original view and aspect of things, a ‘humourous’ aspect, first in the old sense, which in some of our provincial dialects still lives on, and then in that which we now employ. The classical passage in English literature on ‘humour’ and its history is the Prologue, or ‘Stage,’ as it is called, to Ben Jonson’s _Every Man out of his Humour_; it is, however, too long to cite; an earlier occurs in Gower’s _Confessio Amantis_, lib. 7, in init. See ‘Temper.’ ‘Humourous’ has been sometimes used in quite another sense, as simply equivalent to moist; so in the passage from Chapman’s _Homer_, quoted below.

In which [kingdom of heaven] neither such high-flown enthusiasts, nor any dry churlish reasoners and disputers, shall have either part or portion, till they lay down those gigantic _humours_, and become (as our Saviour Christ, who is that unerring Truth, has prescribed) like little children.--H. MORE, _Grand Mystery of Godliness_, b. viii. c. 15.

_Good Humour_ is not only the best security against enthusiasm, but the best foundation of piety and true religion. For if right thoughts and worthy apprehensions of the Supreme Being are fundamental to all true worship and adoration, ’tis more than probable we shall never miscarry in this respect except through _Ill Humour_ only.--SHAFTESBURY, _Works_, 1727, vol. i. p. 22.

Yet such is now the duke’s condition, That he misconstrues all that you have done; The duke is _humourous_.

SHAKESPEARE, _As You Like It_, act i. sc. 2.

The people thereof [Ephraim] were active, valiant, ambitious of honour; but withal hasty, _humourous_, hard to be pleased; forward enough to fight with their foes, and too forward to fall out with their friends.--FULLER, _A Pisgah Sight of Palestine_, b. ii. c. 9.

Or it may be (what is little better than that), instead of the living righteousness of Christ, he will magnify himself in some _humourous_ pieces of holiness of his own.--H. MORE, _Grand Mystery of Godliness_, b. viii. c. 14.

Upon his sight of the first signs and experiments of the plagues which did accompany them, he [Pharaoh] demeaned himself like a proud phantastic _humorist_.--JACKSON, _Christ’s Everlasting Priesthood_, b. x. c. 40.

The seamen are a nation by themselves, a _humourous_ and fantastic people.--CLARENDON, _History of the Rebellion_, b. ii. in init.

Wretched men, that shake off the true comely habit of religion, to bespeak them a new-fashioned suit of profession at an _humourist’s_ shop!--ADAMS, _The Devil’s Banquet_, p. 52.

This eased her heart and dried her _humourous_ eye.

CHAPMAN, _Homer’s Odysseis_, b. iv. l. 120.

=HUNGER.= It was long before this and ‘famine’ were desynonymized, and indeed the great famine year is still spoken of in Ireland as ‘the year of the hunger.’ Still in the main the words are distinguished, ‘famine’ expressing an outward fact, the dearth of food, and ‘hunger’ the inward sense and experience of this fact.

And aftir that he hadde endid alle thingis, a strong _hungre_ was maad in that cuntre.--_Luke_ xv. 14. WICLIF.

Pestilences and _hungers_ shall be And erthedyns in many contré.

RICHARD ROLLE DE HAMPOLE, _Pricke of Conscience_, 4035.

Oon of hem roos up, Agabus bi name, and signefiede bi the spirit a greet _hungur_ to comynge in al the world, which _hungur_ was maad undur Claudius.--_Acts_ xi. 28. WICLIF.

Behold the tyme commeth that I shal sende an _hunger_ in to the earth; not the _hunger_ of bread, nor the thyrst of water.--_Amos_ viii. 11. COVERDALE.

=HUSBAND.= This, the Old Norse ‘hús-bondi,’ is much more nearly the Latin ‘paterfamilias’ than ‘vir.’ As the house, above all that of him who owns and tills the soil, stands by a wise and watchful economy, it is easy to see how ‘husband’ came to signify one who knows how prudently to spare and save.

All good _husbands_ agree in this, That every work should have the due and convenient season.--HOLLAND, _Pliny_, vol. i. p. 556.

They are too good _husbands_, and too thrifty of God’s grace, too sparing of the Holy Ghost, that restrain God’s general propositions, Venite omnes, Let all come, so particularly as to say that when God says _all_, he means some.--DONNE, _Sermon 33_.

Thou dost thyself wise and industrious deem; A mighty _husband_ thou wouldst seem; Fond man, like a bought slave thou all the while Dost but for others sweat and toil.

COWLEY, _The Shortness of Life and Uncertainty of Riches_.

After we come once to view the seam or vein where the hidden treasure lies, we account all we possess besides as dross; for whose further assurance we alienate all our interest in the world, with as great willingness as good _husbands_ do base tenements or hard-rented leases, to compass some goodly royalty offered them more than half for nothing.--JACKSON, _The Eternal Truth of the Scriptures_, b. iv. c. 8.

=IDIOT=, } IDIOTICAL. }

A word with a very interesting and instructive history, which, however, is only fully intelligible by a reference to the Greek. The ἰδιώτης or ‘idiot’ is first the private man as distinguished from the man sustaining a public office; then, inasmuch as public life was considered an absolutely necessary condition of man’s highest education, the untaught or mentally undeveloped, as distinguished from the educated; and only after it had run through these courses did ‘idiot’ come to signify what ἰδιώτης never did, the man whose mental powers are not merely unexercised but deficient, as distinguished from him in full possession of them. This is the only employment to which we now put the word; but examples of its earlier and more Greek uses are frequent in Jeremy Taylor and others. See my _Synonyms of the N.T._ § 79.

And here, again, their allegation out of Gregory the First and Damascene, That images be the laymen’s books, and that pictures are the Scripture of _idiots_ and simple persons, is worthy to be considered.--_Homilies; Against Perils of Idolatry_.

It is clear, by Bellarmine’s confession, that S. Austin affirmed that the plain places of Scripture are sufficient to all laics, and all _idiots_ or private persons.--Bishop TAYLOR, _A Dissuasive from Popery_, part ii. b. i. § 1.

Christ was received of _idiots_, of the vulgar people, and of the simpler sort, while He was rejected, despised, and persecuted even to death by the high priests, lawyers, scribes, doctors, and rabbies.--BLOUNT, _Philostratus_, p. 237.

It [Scripture] speaks commonly according to vulgar apprehension, as when it tells of ‘the ends of the heaven;’ which now almost every _idiot_ knows hath no ends at all.--JOHN SMITH, _Select Discourses_, vi., _On Prophecy_.

Truth is content, when it comes into the world, to wear our mantles, to learn our language: it speaks to the most _idiotical_ sort of men in the most _idiotical_ way. The reason of this plain and _idiotical_ style of Scripture it may be worth our farther taking notice of.--Id., _ibid._

=ILL-NATURE=, } ILL-NATURED. }

This is now rather one special evil quality, as κακία is often in Greek; it was once the complex of all, or more properly the natural substratum on which they all were superinduced. See ‘Good-nature,’ and, in addition to the passage from South, quoted below, a very instructive discussion on both words in his _Sermons_, 1737, vol. vi. pp. 104-111.

I may truly say of the mind of an ungrateful person, that it is kindness-proof. It is inpenetrable, unconquerable; unconquerable by that which conquers all things else, even by love itself. And the reason is manifest; for you may remember that I told you that ingratitude sprang from a principle of _ill-nature_; which being a thing founded in such a certain constitution of blood and spirit, as being born with a man into the world, and upon that account called _nature_, shall prevent all remedies that can be applied by education.--SOUTH, _Sermons_, 1737, vol. i. p. 429.

King Henry the Eighth was an _ill-natured_ prince to execute so many whom he had so highly favoured.--Sir T. OVERBURY, _Crumbs fallen from King James’ Table_.

He is the worst of men, whom kindness cannot soften, nor endearments oblige; whom gratitude cannot tie faster than the bands of life and death.--He is an _ill-natured_ sinner.--Bishop TAYLOR, _The Miracles of the Divine Mercy_, serm. 27.

=IMP.= Employed in nobler senses formerly than now. ‘To imp’ is properly to engraft, and an ‘imp’ a graft, scion, or young shoot; and, even as we now speak of the ‘scions’ of a noble house, so there was in earlier English the same natural transfer of ‘imps’ from plants to persons.

I was sum-tyme a frere, And the coventes gardyner for to graffe _ympes_.

_Piers Plowman_, B-text, Passus v. 136 (Skeat).

Of feble trees ther cometh feble _ympes_.

CHAUCER, _The Monkes Prologue_ (Morris, iii. p. 200).

The sudden taking away of those most goodly and virtuous young _imps_, the Duke of Suffolk and his brother, by the sweating sickness, was it not also a manifest token of God’s heavy displeasure towards us?--BECON, _A Comfortable Epistle_.

The king returned into England with victory and triumph; the king preferred there eighty noble _imps_ to the order of knighthood.--STOW, _Annals_, 1592, p. 385.

=IMPOTENT=, } IMPOTENCE. }

The inner connexion between weakness and violence is finely declared in Latin in the fact that ‘impotens’ and ‘impotentia’ imply both; so once did ‘impotent’ and ‘impotence’ in English (see Spenser’s _Fairy Queen_, ii. 11, 23), though they now retain only the meaning of weak.

An _impotent_ lover Of women for a flash; but his fires quenched, Hating as deadly.

MASSINGER, _The Unnatural Combat_, act iii. sc. 2.

The Lady Davey, ever _impotent_ in her passions, was even distracted with anger, that she was crossed in her will.--HACKET, _Life of Archbishop Williams_, part i. p. 194.

The truth is, that in this battle and whole business the Britons never more plainly manifested themselves to be right barbarous; such confusion, such _impotence_, as seemed likest not to a war, but to the wild hurry of a distracted woman, with as mad a crew at her heels.--MILTON, _History of England_, b. ii.

If a great personage undertakes an action passionately and upon great interest, let him manage it indiscreetly, let the whole design be unjust, let it be acted with all the malice and _impotency_ in the world, he shall have enough to flatter him, but not enough to reprove him.--Bishop TAYLOR, _Holy Living_, c. 2, § 6.

=IMPROVE.= So long as the verb ‘to improve’ was directly connected in men’s thoughts with the Latin ‘improbare,’ it was inevitable that it should have a meaning very different from that which now attaches to it; and so we find it used as equivalent to the Greek ἐλέγχειν, the Latin ‘reprobare,’ to disapprove of, to disallow.

If tho thre [opinions] be sufficiently _improved_, that is to saie, if it be sufficiently schewen that the thre be nought and untrewe and badde, alle the othere untrewe opiniouns bilded upon hem muste needis therebi take her fal.--PECOCK, _Repressor_, part 1, c. 1.

For love of the world the olde pharesies blasphemed the Holy Ghost, and persecuted the manifest truth which they could not _improve_.--TYNDALE, _Exposition on the First Epistle of S. John_.

If ye cannot _improve_ it [my doctrine] by God’s word, and yet of an hate and malicious mind that you bear to the truth, labour to resist it and condemn it that it should not spread, I ensure you your sin is irremissible and even against the Holy Ghost.--FRITH, _Works_, 1572, p. 3.

Be instant in season and out of season; _improve_ [ἔλεγξον], rebuke, exhort with all longsuffering and doctrine.--_2 Tim._ iv. 2. (Geneva Version.)

=INCENSE.= Now to kindle _anger_ only; but once to kindle or inflame any passion, good or bad, in the breast. Anger, as the strongest passion, finally appropriated the word, just as in Greek it made θυμός and ὀργή its own.

He [Asdrubal] it was, that when his men were weary and drew back, _incensed_ [accendit] them again, one while by fair words and entreaty, another while by sharp checks and rebukes.--HOLLAND, _Livy_, p. 665.

Prince Edward struck his breast and swore, that though all his friends forsook him, yet he would enter Ptolemais, though only with Fowin, his horsekeeper. By which speech he _incensed_ the English to go on with him.--FULLER, _Holy War_, b. iv. c. 28.

=INCIVILITY.= See ‘Civil.’

By this means infinite numbers of souls may be brought from their idolatry, bloody sacrifices, ignorance, and _incivility_, to the worshipping of the true God.--Sir W. RALEIGH, _Of the Voyage for Guiana_.

=INCREDULOUS=, } INCREDULITY. }

In Low Latin, and in ages of a blind unintelligent faith, ‘credulitas’ came to be regarded as equivalent to ‘fides,’ and ‘credulity’ to ‘faith.’ The two latter, with their negatives, ‘incredulity’ and ‘unbelief,’ have been usefully desynonymized in our later English; but the quotations which follow will show that this was not always the case.

For we also were sometime unwise, _incredulous_, erring, serving divers lusts and voluptuousnesses.--_Tit._ iii. 3. Rhemish Version.

And we see that they could not enter in because of _incredulity_.--_Heb._ iii. 19. The same version.

But let us take heed; as God hates a lie, so He hates _incredulity_, an obstinate, a foolish, and pertinacious understanding.--Bishop TAYLOR, _Sermon at the Funeral of the Lord Primate_.

=INDIFFERENT=, } INDIFFERENCE, } INDIFFERENTLY. }

It is a striking testimony of the low general average which we assume common to most things, that a thing which does not _differ_ from others, is therefore qualified as poor; a sentence of depreciation is pronounced upon it when it is declared to be ‘indifferent.’ When in Greek διαφέρειν means ‘præstare,’ and τὰ διαφέροντα ‘præstantiora,’ we have exactly the same feeling embodying itself at the other end. But this use of these words is modern. ‘Indifferent’ was impartial once, not _making_ differences where none really were.

God receiveth the learned and unlearned, and casteth away none, but is _indifferent_ unto all.--_Homilies: Exhortation to the Reading of Holy Scripture._

If overseer of the poor, he [the good parishioner] is careful the rates be made _indifferent_, whose inequality oftentimes is more burdensome than the sum.--FULLER, _Holy State_, b. ii. c. 11.

Come Sleep, O Sleep, the certain knot of peace, The baiting place of wit, the balm of woe, The poor man’s wealth, the prisoner’s release, The _indifferent_ judge between the high and low.

Sir P. SIDNEY, _Astrophel and Stella_, 39.

Requesting that they might speak before the senate, and be heard with _indifference_.--HOLLAND, _Livy_, p. 1214.

That they may truly and _indifferently_ minister justice.--_Book of Common Prayer._

=INDIVIDUAL.= Properly not capable of division; indivisible, as is an atom; then, undivided, inseparable, and so used in the quotations which follow. We, using ‘individual’ as = person, have in fact recurred to the earlier meaning.

Then long eternity shall greet our bliss With an _individual_ kiss, And joy shall overtake us like a flood.

MILTON, _On Time_.

Anacreon, My _individual_ companion.

HOLYDAY, _Marriages of the Arts_, act ii. sc. 6.

=INDOLENCE.= ‘Indolentia’ was a word first invented by Cicero, when he was obliged to find some equivalent for the ἀπάθεια of certain Greek schools. That it was not counted one of his happiest coinages we may conclude from the seldom use of it by any other authors but himself, as also from the fact that Seneca, a little later proposing ‘impatientia’ as the Latin equivalent for ἀπάθεια, implied that none such had hitherto been found. The word has taken firmer root in English than it ever did in Latin. At the same time, meaning as it does now a disposition or temper of languid non-exertion, it has lost the accuracy of use which it had in the philosophical schools, where it signified a state of freedom from passion and pain; which signification it retained among our own writers of the Caroline period, and even later. To this day, indeed, surgeons call certain painless swellings ‘_indolent_ tumours.’

Now, to begin with fortitude, they say it is the mean between cowardice and rash audacity, of which twain the one is a defect, the other an excess of the ireful passion; liberality between niggardise and prodigality, clemency and mildness between senseless _indolence_ and cruelty.--HOLLAND, _Plutarch’s Morals_, p. 69.

Now though Christ were far from both, yet He came nearer to an excess of passion than to an _indolency_, to a senselessness, to a privation of natural affections. Inordinateness of affections may sometimes make some men like some beasts; but _indolency_, absence, emptiness, privation of affections, makes any man, at all times, like stones, like dirt.--DONNE, _Sermons_, 1640, p. 156.

The submission here spoken of in the text is not a stupid _indolence_, or insensibility under such calamities as God shall be pleased to bring upon us.--SOUTH, _Sermons_, 1744, vol. x. p. 97.

=INGENIOUS=, } INGENUOUS, } INGENIOUSLY, } INGENUITY, } INGENUOUSNESS. }

We are now pretty well agreed in our use of these words; but there was a time when the uttermost confusion reigned amongst them. Thus, in the first and second quotations which follow, ‘ingenious’ is used where we should now use, and where oftentimes the writers of that time would have used, ‘ingenuous,’ and the converse in the third; while in like manner ‘ingenuity’ in each of the succeeding three quotations stands for our present ‘ingenuousness,’ and ‘ingenuousness’ in the last for ‘ingenuity.’ In respect of ‘ingenious’ and ‘ingenuous,’ the arrangement at which we have now arrived regarding their several meanings, namely that the first indicates _mental_, the second _moral_ qualities, is good; ‘ingenious’ being from ‘ingenium’ and ‘ingenuous’ from ‘ingenuus.’ But ‘ingenuity,’ being from ‘ingenuous,’ should have kept the meaning, which it has now quite let go, of innate nobleness of disposition; while ‘ingeniousness,’ against which there can be no objection to which ‘ingenuousness’ is not equally exposed, might have expressed what ‘ingenuity’ does now.

Now as an _ingenious_ debtor desires his freedom at his creditor’s hands, that thereby he may be capable of paying his debt, as well as to escape the misery which himself should endure by his imprisonment; so an _ingenious_ soul (and such is every saint) deprecates hell, as well with an eye to God’s glory as to his own ease and happiness.--GURNALL, _The Christian in Complete Armour_, part ii. c. 54, § 2.

Here let us breathe and haply institute A course of learning and _ingenious_ studies.

SHAKESPEARE, _Taming of the Shrew_, act i. sc. 1.

An _ingenious_ person will rather wear a plain garment of his own than a rich livery, the mark of servitude.--BATES, _Spiritual Perfection_, Preface.

Thou art true and honest; _ingeniously_ I speak; No blame belongs to thee.

SHAKESPEARE, _Timon of Athens_, act ii. sc. 2.

Since heaven is so glorious a state, and so certainly designed for us, if we please, let us spend all that we have, all our passions and affections, all our study and industry, all our desires and stratagems, all our witty and _ingenuous_ faculties, towards the arriving thither.--Bishop TAYLOR, _Holy Dying_, c. 2, § 4.

Christian simplicity teaches openness and _ingenuity_ in contracts and matters of buying and selling.--Id., _Sermon_ 24.