CHAPTER V

EGOISM AND ALTRUISM IN EVOLUTION

Prototypes in other animal species of what we term Egoism and Altruism in man; care for the young on the part of the parent-animal; mutual aid between the sexes; animal societies--Experiments of Lubbock showing the irregularity and caprice of action altruistic in form, among the ants--Benno Scheitz on maternal care among lower species--Answers to the argument of automatism--Dependence of a theory of moral Evolution on the definition of Egoism and Altruism--The significance of the terms progressive--The possibility of differences in the form of the evolution of Altruism, in different species--The possibility of the combination of different forms in the evolution of a single species--Discussion of the question of the first beginning of action prompted by altruistic motive--The argument of the illogical nature of a supposed development of Altruism from Egoism--The question as to whether Health, the Preservation of Species, or Pleasure, is the actual final end of action--The question of Heredity in relation to that of the moral evolution--Stephen's views--Arguments from Ribot, Dugdale's "Jukes," etc. 383-422