Part 2

=Baking soda= Sodium bicarbonate. Sodii bicarbonas. =Basham’s mixture= Solution of iron and Liquor ferri et ammonium acetate. ammonii acetatis. =Blaud’s pills= Pills of iron carbonate. Pilulæ ferri carbonatis. =Blue mass= or Mass of mercury. Massa hydrargyri. =blue pill=. =Blue ointment= Ointment of mercury. Unguentum hydrargyri. =Borax= Sodium borate. Sodii boras. =Brown mixture= Compound licorice Mistura glycyrrhizæ mixture. compositæ. =Calomel= Mild chlorid of mercury. Hydrargyri chloridum mite. =Castor oil= Oleum ricini. =Cod-liver oil= Oleum morrhuæ. =Corrosive= Corrosive chlorid of Hydrargyri chloridum =sublimate.= mercury. corrosivum. =Cream-of-tartar= Potassium bitartrate. Potassii bitartras. =Croton oil= Oleum tiglii. =Dover’s powder= Powder of ipecac and Pulvis ipecacuanhæ opium. et opii. =Epsom salt= Magnesium sulphate. Magnesii sulphas. =Fowler’s solution= Solution of potassium Liquor potassii arsenite. arsenitis. =Glauber’s salt= Sodium sulphate. Sodii sulphas. =Gum Arabic= Acacia. =Heroin= Diethylmorphin hydrochlorid. =Hive syrup= Compound syrup of Syrupus scillæ squills. compositus. =Hoffmann’s= Compound spirit of Spiritus ætheris =anodyne.= ether. compositus. =Huxham’s= Compound tincture of Tinctura cinchonæ =tincture.= cinchona. compositæ. =Jaborandi= Pilocarpus. =Lady Webster’s= Pill of aloes and Pilula aloes et =pill.= mastic. mastiches. =Laudanum= Tincture of opium. Tinctura opii. =Licorice powder= Compound licorice Pulvis glycyrrhizæ powder. compositus. =Lugol’s solution= Compound solution of Liquor iodi compositus. iodin. =Magendie’s= Solution of morphin Liquor morphinæ =solution.= sulphate. sulphatis. =Male fern= Filix mas. Aspidium. =Muriatic acid= Hydrochloric acid. Acidum hydrochloricum. =Mustard= Sinapis. =Nitroglycerin= Glonoin. =Oil of= Oil of gaultheriæ. Oleum gaultheriæ. =wintergreen= =Paregoric= Camphorated tincture Tinctura opii of opium. camphorata. =Phenol= Carbolic acid. Acidum carbolicum. =Prussic acid= Hydrocyanic acid. Acidum hydrocyanicum. =Rochelle salt= Sodium and potassium Sodii et potassii tartrate. tartras. =Salt= Common salt, sodium Sodii chloridum. chlorid. =Seidlitz powder= Compound effervescing Pulvis effervescens powder. compositus. =Sweet spirit= Spirit of nitrous ether. Spiritus ætheris =of niter.= nitrosi. =Tartar emetic= Antimony and potassium Antimonii et potassii tartrate. tartras. =Washing soda= Sodium carbonate. Sodii carbonas. =Witch-hazel= Hamamelis.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

TROY WEIGHT. 24 grains = 1 dwt. 20 dwts. = 1 ounce. 12 ounces = 1 pound.

Used for weighing gold, silver, and jewels.

APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHT. 20 grains = 1 scruple. 3 scruples = 1 dram. 8 drams = 1 ounce. 12 ounces = 1 pound.

The ounce and pound in this are the same as in Troy weight.

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 27¹¹/₃₂ grains = 1 dram. 16 drams = 1 ounce. 16 ounces = 1 pound. 25 pounds = 1 quarter. 4 quarters = 1 cwt. 2000 lbs. = 1 short ton. 2240 lbs. = 1 long ton.

DRY MEASURE. 2 pints = 1 quart. 8 quarts = 1 peck. 4 pecks = 1 bushel. 36 bushels = 1 chaldron.

LIQUID MEASURE. 4 gills = 1 pint. 2 pints = 1 quart. 4 quarts = 1 gallon. 31⅓ gallons = 1 barrel. 2 barrels = 1 hogshead.

TIME MEASURE. 60 seconds = 1 minute. 60 minutes = 1 hour. 24 hours = 1 day. 7 days = 1 week. 28, 29, 30, or 31 days = 1 calendar month (30 days = 1 month in computing interest). 365 days = 1 year. 366 days = 1 leap year.

CIRCULAR MEASURE. 60 seconds = 1 minute. 60 minutes = 1 degree. 30 degrees = 1 sign. 90 degrees = 1 quadrant. 4 quadrants = 12 signs, or 360 degrees = 1 circle.

LONG MEASURE. 12 inches = 1 foot. 3 feet = 1 yard. 5½ yards = 1 rod. 40 rods = 1 furlong. 8 furlongs = 1 statute mile. 3 miles = 1 league.

CLOTH MEASURE. 2¼ inches = 1 nail. 4 nails = 1 quarter. 4 quarters = 1 yard.

MARINERS’ MEASURE. 6 feet = 1 fathom. 20 fathoms = 1 cable length. 7½ ca. lgth. = 1 mile. 5280 feet = 1 stat. mile. 6085 feet = 1 naut. mile.

MISCELLANEOUS. 3 inches = 1 palm. 4 inches = 1 hand. 6 inches = 1 span. 18 inches = 1 cubit. 21.8 in. = 1 Bible cubit. 2½ feet = 1 military pace.

SQUARE MEASURE. 144 sq. in. = 1 sq. ft. 9 sq. feet = 1 sq. yd. 36¼ sq. yds. = 1 sq. rod. 40 sq. rods = 1 rood. 4 roods = 1 acre. 640 acres = 1 sq. mile.

NUMERICAL TABLE. 12 things = 1 dozen. 12 dozen = 1 gross. 12 gross = 1 great gross. 20 things = 1 score. 24 sheets = 1 quire. 20 quires, or 480 sheets = 1 ream.

SIMPLE FRACTIONS. ⁶/₁₀ of 15 = 6 × 15 ÷ 10 = 9 ³/₁₀ of 15 = 3 × 15 ÷ 10 = 4⁵/₁₀ ³/₁₀ of 60 = 3 × 60 ÷ 10 = 18 ⁶/₁₀ of 60 = 6 × 60 ÷ 10 = 36

METRIC SYSTEM. Meter = Unit of length. Gram = Unit of weight. Liter = Unit of capacity.

METRIC MEASURES OF LENGTH DECREASING. Decimeter (dm.) = one-tenth, .1, or ¹/₁₀ of a meter. Centimeter (cm.) = one-hundredth, .01, or ¹/₁₀₀ of a meter. Millimeter (mm.) = one-thousandth, .001, or ¹/₁₀₀₀ of a meter.

METRIC MEASURES OF LENGTH INCREASING. Decameter (Dm.) = 10 meters. Hectometer (Hm.) = 100 meters. Kilometer (Km.) = 1000 meters.

APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENTS OF METRIC AND STANDARD MEASURES OF LENGTH. 1 meter = 39.37 inches. 1 centimeter = ⅖ inch. 5 centimeters = 2 inches. 30.5 centimeters = 12 “ 1 millimeter = ¹/₂₅ inch. 25 millimeters = 1 “

METRIC WEIGHTS. 1 gram (Gm.) = weight of 1 cubic centimeter of water. 1 decigram (dg.) = one-tenth, 0.1, or ¹/₁₀ of a gram. 1 centigram (cg.) = one-hundredth, 0.01, or ¹/₁₀₀ of a gram. 1 milligram (mg.) = one-thousandth, 0.001, or ¹/₁₀₀₀ of a gram. 1 Decagram (Dg.) = 10 grams. 1 Hectogram (Hg.) = 100 grams. 1 Kilogram (Kg.) = 1000 grams.

APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENTS OF METRIC AND APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHTS.

0.001 gram = ¹/₆₄ grain. 0.002 “ = ¹/₃₂ “ 0.008 “ = ¹/₈ “ 0.01 “ = ¹/₆ “ 0.065 “ = 1 “ 0.1 “ = 1.5 grains. 0.2 “ = 3 “ 0.5 “ = 7.7 “ 1.0 “ = 15.4 “ 10.0 grams = 154 “ 100.0 “ = 1543 “ ¹/₁₀₀ grain = 0.00065 gram. ¹/₅₀ “ = 0.0013 “ ¹/₃₀ “ = 0.002 “ ¹/₂₀ “ = 0.003 “ ¹/₁₀ “ = 0.0065 “ ¹/₈ “ = 0.008 “ ¹/₄ “ = 0.016 “ ¹/₂ “ = 0.03 “ 1 “ = 0.065 “ 10 “ = 0.65 “ 15 “ = 1.0 “

METRIC MEASURES OF CAPACITY.

1 liter (l.) = the measure of 1000 grams of water. 1 deciliter (dl.) = ¹/₁₀ or 0.1 of a liter, or 100 cubic centimeters. 1 centiliter (cl.) = ¹/₁₀₀ or 0.01 of a liter, or 10 cubic centimeters. 1 milliliter (ml.) = ¹/₁₀₀₀ or 0.001 of a liter, or 1 cubic centimeter (c.c.). 1 decaliter (Dl.) = 10 liters. 1 hectoliter (Hl.) = 100 liters.

APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENTS OF METRIC AND APOTHECARIES’ MEASURES OF CAPACITY.

1 liter = 2 pints. 1000 c.c. = 2 pints. 100 c.c. = 3.4 fluidounces. 30 c.c. = 1 fluidounce. 10 c.c. = 2.7 fluidrams. 1 c.c. = 16 minims. 1 minim = 0.06 c.c. 10 minims = 0.6 c.c. 20 minims = 1.25 c.c. 30 minims = 2.0 c.c. 1 fluidram = 3.75 c.c. 2 fluidrams = 7.5 c.c. 1 fluidounce = 30.0 c.c. 16 fluidounces = 474 c.c.

APOTHECARIES OR TROY WEIGHT.

20 grains (gr.) = 1 scruple (℈). 3 scruples (℈) = 1 dram (ʒ). 8 drams (ʒ) = 1 ounce (℥). 12 ounces (℥) = 1 pound (lb.).

APOTHECARIES’ OR WINE MEASURE. 60 minims (m.) = 1 fluidram (fʒ). 8 fluidrams (fʒ) = 1 fluidounce (f℥). 16 fluidounces (f℥) = 1 pint (O). 8 pints (O). = 1 gallon (Cong.).

APPROXIMATE FLUID MEASURES. 1 teaspoonful = 1 fluidram, or fʒj. 1 dessertspoonful = 2 fluidrams, or fʒij. 1 tablespoonful = 4 fluidrams, or fʒiv. 1 wineglassful = 2 fluidounces, or f℥ij. 1 teacupful = 4 fluidounces, or fʒiv.

TABLES FOR PERCENTAGE OF SOLUTIONS.

The following tables are sufficiently correct for practical purposes:

APOTHECARIES’ MEASURE.

+-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | | For 1 ounce. | For 1 pint. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | | | | | 1 per cent. (1 : 100) | 5 M. or 5 grains |75 M. or 75 grains | | 2 “ (1 : 50) | 10 “ 10 “ | 2½ drams | | 3 “ (1 : 33) | 15 “ 15 “ | 3¾ “ | | 4 “ (1 : 25) | 19 “ 19 “ | 5 “ | | 5 “ (1 : 20) | 24 “ 24 “ | 6½ “ | |10 “ (1 : 10) | 48 “ 48 “ | 13 “ | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | | For 1 quart. | For 1 gallon. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | | | | | 1 per cent. (1 : 100) | 2½ drams |10 drams | | 2 “ (1 : 50) | 5 “ | 2½ ounces | | 3 “ (1 : 33) | 7½ “ | 3 oz. and 6 drams | | 4 “ (1 : 25) | 10 “ | 5 ounces | | 5 “ (1 : 20) | 13 “ | 6 oz. and 4 drams | |10 “ (1 : 10) | 26 “ |13 ounces | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------+

METRIC MEASURE. +-----------------------+------------------+------------------+ | | 30 C.c. | 500 C.c. | +-----------------------+------------------+------------------+ | 1 per cent (1 : 100) | 0.30 gram | 5.00 grams | | 2 “ (1 : 50) | 0.60 “ | 10.00 “ | | 3 “ (1 : 33) | 0.90 “ | 15.00 “ | | 4 “ (1 : 25) | 1.20 grams | 20.00 “ | | 5 “ (1 : 20) | 1.50 “ | 25.00 “ | |10 “ (1 : 10) | 3.00 “ | 50.00 “ | +-----------------------+------------------+------------------+ | | 1000 C.c. | 4 liters. | +-----------------------+------------------+------------------+ | 1 per cent (1 : 100) | 10.00 grams | 40.00 grams | | 2 “ (1 : 50) | 20.00 “ | 80.00 “ | | 3 “ (1 : 33) | 30.00 “ | 120.00 “ | | 4 “ (1 : 25) | 40.00 “ | 160.00 “ | | 5 “ (1 : 20) | 50.00 “ | 200.00 “ | |10 “ (1 : 10) | 100.00 “ | 400.00 “ | +-----------------------+------------------+------------------+

SOLUTIONS.

TO MAKE A 1: 500 SOLUTION.

Add 1 gr. or 1 m. to 1 ounce of water. Add 15 “ 15 “ 1 pint “ Add 30 “ 30 “ 1 quart “ Add 120 “ 120 “ 1 gallon “

To make 1 : 1000 sol. take 1 part of 1.500 sol. and 1 part water. To make 1 : 2000 “ 1 “ 1.500 “ 3 parts water. To make 1 : 4000 “ 1 “ 1.500 “ 7 “ To make 1 : 5000 “ 1 “ 1.500 “ 9 “

To make a 1: 500 solution of formaldehyd add 38 minims of formalin (a 40 per cent. solution of formaldehyd) to 1 pint of water.

A HANDY SOLUTION TABLE WITH DOMESTIC MEASURES.

SOLUTION. DOMESTIC MEASURE.

1 : 1000 1 teaspoon to gallon. ⅒ of 1 per cent. 15 drops to quart. 1 : 500 2 teaspoons to gallon. ⅕ of 1 per cent. 30 drops to quart. 1 : 200 5 teaspoons to gallon. ½ of 1 per cent. 1¼ teaspoons to quart. 1 : 100 2½ teaspoons to quart. 1 per cent. 1¼ teaspoons to pint. 1 : 50 5 teaspoons to quart. 2 per cent. 2½ teaspoons to pint. 1 : 25 2½ tablespoons to quart. 4 per cent. 5 teaspoons to pint. 1 : 20 3 tablespoons to quart. 5 per cent. 1½ tablespoons to pint.

TO PREPARE A 1: 500 SOLUTION.

There are 7680 m. in 1 pint of solution (water); therefore we divide 7680 by 500 as follows:

500)7680(15⅗ m. to 1 pint of solution (water). 500 ———— 2680 2500 ———— 1800 1500 ———— 300, or ⅗ of a m.

N.B.—Divide the number of m. in 1 pint by the strength of the solution, and then divide the result by the percentage of original strength of the article.

When original strength of solution is less than 100 per cent., as, for example, formaldehyd, which is 40 per cent., divide the quotient above resulting by the percentage of strength—viz.:

40)1536(38⅖ m. to 1 pint of solution (water). 120 ——— 336 320 ——— ¹⁶/₄₀ = ⅖.

To get a ¹/₁₀₀ of a grain dose of any drug out of a solution of 60 minims containing ¹/₃₂ of a grain of that drug, compute as follows:

³²/₃₂ or 1 grain = 32 × 60, or 1920 m. ¹/₁₀₀ = ¹/₁₀₀ of 1920 m. 100)1920(19⅕ m. 100 ——— 920 900 ——— 20, or ⅕ m.

RULE.—Multiply the quantity of the solution on hand in minims by a number indicating the fractional amount of the drug therein contained, and divide by a number indicating the fractional amount of the drug desired.

In 20 parts of solution we have 1 part of carbolic acid. In 1 part “ “ ¹/₂₀ “ “ In 100 parts “ “ 100 × ¹/₂₀ = 5 pt. “ So that ¹/₂₀ solution is a 5 per cent. carbolic acid solution.

40 parts contain 1 part of carbolic acid. 1 part contains ¹/₄₀ “ “ 100 parts contain 100 × ¹/₄₀ = 2½ parts of carbolic acid. So that ¹/₄₀ solution is a 2½ per cent. carbolic acid solution.

ACTION, USES, AND DOSES OF THE MOST IMPORTANT DRUGS.

=Acetanilid.=—This substance, a derivative of anilin, is used to lower temperature; to relieve headaches and neuralgic pains; and to allay spasm, as in chorea and whooping-cough.

Toxic doses cause lividity, cold sweats, ringing in the ears, and heart failure.

The _dose_ is from 5 to 10 grains (0.3-0.6 gm.).

=Arsenic.=—Arsenic is used internally as a tonic in anemia, an alterative in chronic constitutional diseases, as a special remedy in chorea, and as an anti-malarial. Externally, it is occasionally used as a caustic.

The indications of its too free use are puffiness under the eyes, or griping pains in the abdomen, with diarrhea.

Toxic doses cause abdominal pain, vomiting, purging, swelling of the face, and collapse.

Preparations of arsenic should be given after meals. The _dose_ of _arsenous acid_ is from ¹/₄₀ to ¹/₂₀ grain (0.0016-0.0032 gm.); of _Fowler’s Solution_ (Liquor Potassii Arsenitis), 1 minim (0.06 c.c.), very gradually increased to 10 minims (0.6 c.c.).

=Aconite.=—This drug depresses the heart, slows the pulse, and lowers temperature. Externally, it causes numbness and anesthesia. Internally, it is employed chiefly as a heart sedative in hypertrophy of the heart, and as a febrifuge in acute febrile disease when the pulse is strong and rapid. Locally, it is sometimes employed in liniments in neuralgia and muscular rheumatism.

Aconite is a powerful poison, causing in overdoses tingling of the lips, tongue, and extremities, cold sweat, pallor, a feeble pulse, and collapse.

The _dose_ of the _tincture_ (Tinctura Aconiti) is from 1 to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c.).

=Alcohol.=—In moderate cases alcohol stimulates the heart, favors digestion, and lessens tissue-waste. For these reasons it is a useful remedy in low fevers, like typhoid fever, diphtheria, and pneumonia. On account of its prompt action, it is a valuable circulatory stimulant in sudden heart failure. It has been recently recommended also as an antidote in carbolic-acid poisoning. Externally, it is used as a cleanser for the skin and as a stimulant application in the prevention of bed-sores.

_Preparations._—_Wines_ are produced by the spontaneous fermentation of fruits. The strongest are port, Madeira, and sherry, each of which contains about 20 per cent. of alcohol. The _dose_ is from 4 to 8 drams (15-30 c.c.). The weakest wines are the clarets and Rhine wines, which contain about 8 per cent. of alcohol. The _dose_ of these is from 1 to 2 ounces (30-60 c.c.).

_Champagne_ is prepared by adding sugar to an ordinary wine, and allowing the mixture to ferment in corked bottles, the carbon dioxid thus being retained. It contains from 10 to 12 per cent. of alcohol. The _dose_ is from 1 to 2 ounces (30-60 c.c.).

_Whisky_ is made by subjecting fermented grains to distillation. _Rum_ is made by distilling fermented molasses. _Gin_ is prepared by distilling fermented grain and adding oil of juniper berries to the distillate.

_Brandy_ is a spirit produced by the distillation of a wine.

Whisky, rum, gin, and brandy contain from 40 to 50 per cent. of alcohol. The _dose_ of each is from 1 to 4 drams (4-15 c.c.).

_Beer_, _ale_, and _porter_ are made from an infusion of malt—that is, fermented barley, flavored with hops. They each contain from 4 to 6 per cent. of alcohol.

In large doses alcohol in any form causes mental excitement, delirium, loss of co-ordination, and finally stupor and coma. Death may result from paralysis of the heart or respiration.

=Aloes.=—This is cathartic and stimulant, and is given in chronic constipation, amenorrhea, and atonic dyspepsia. The laxative _dose_ is from ½ to 2 grains; the purgative and emmenagogue _dose_ is 2 to 5 grains.

=Ammonia.=—This is a gas employed medicinally in the form of a watery solution (water of ammonia) or an alcoholic solution (spirit of ammonia).

These preparations are used internally as heart stimulants, respiratory stimulants, gastric antacids, and externally as counterirritants. The _dose_ of the _Aromatic Spirit_ (Spiritus Ammoniæ Aromaticus) is from ½ to 1 dram (2-4 c.c.), well diluted. Large doses of ammonia preparations cause burning pain in the throat and abdomen, vomiting, purging, and collapse.

=Antipyrin.=—This drug has about the same action and uses as acetanilid, and may be given in the same _dose_.

=Antitoxin of Diphtheria.=—This is obtained from healthy horses which have been rendered artificially immune to diphtheria from having received a prolonged course of treatment with diphtheria toxin in doses gradually increased. The immunity is due to the formation in the blood of a substance which in some way counteracts the poison or toxin of the disease. This substance is known as the antitoxin. It exists in the serum of the blood, and so far has not been separated from it. The dose of the serum is measured in units, a unit being ten times the amount of antitoxin required to save the life of a guinea-pig which has been injected with 100 fatal doses of diphtheria toxin.

Antitoxin acts both as a curative and a preventive remedy. Since its introduction the mortality of diphtheria has been reduced more than one-half. The _curative dose_ is from 2000 to 5000 units, to be repeated in from six to twelve hours, if necessary. The _prophylactic dose_ is 500 units. The protection afforded is only temporary, lasting from two to three weeks.

The injections are sometimes followed by a rise of temperature, pain in the joints, or a cutaneous rash, but these symptoms are without serious significance.

=Aspirin.=—This is acetyl-salicylic acid and is used like sodium salicylate in rheumatism and pleurisy, and as an antipyretic and analgesic. _Dose_, 5 to 15 grains.

=Atropin.=—See _Belladonna_.