Part 2

With depressed top and very rarely branching, 1 to 3.5 cm. in diameter: tubercles very small (about 1 mm. long) and wart-like, crowded, shedding the spines with age and giving the base of the plant a tuberculated appearance: spines from white to ashy-gray, 1 to 3 mm. long; in young plants and on lower tubercles of adult plants about 20, equal and radiant; on flower-bearing tubercles 30 to 40, stellate-porrect in every direction, the 6 to 8 upper ones two to four times longer than the rest (4 to 8 mm.), clavate toward the apex and acute (the clavate top at length deciduous), intermixed with loose wool of about the same length and forming a small tuft on the top of the plant which includes and partly hides flowers and fruit: flowers whitish to light pink, almost central, very small (6 mm. in diameter), much reduced (3 to 5 sepals, 5 petals, 10 to 15 stamens, 3 stigmas): fruit 8 to 12 mm. long: seeds 1.5 mm. long, black and shining. (Ill. Cact. Mex. Bound. t. 1 and 2. figs. 1-4) Type, the specimens of Wright in Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.

On naked mountain tops and sides, extreme southwestern Texas (Val Verde County to El Paso) and southward into Coahuila and Chihuahua.

Specimens examined: Texas (Wright 227 of 1849, also of 1852; Nealley of 1892): Coahuila (Bigelow of 1853): Chihuahua (Pringle 212): also growing in Mo. Bot. Gard. 1893.

The plants densely covered above with delicate ashy-gray spines and with naked tuberculate base are readily recognized. It still remains an open question whether the flowers are developed from the axils of tubercles of the same season or the last ones of the preceding season. Dr. Engelmann inclined to the latter view, as all the other characters of the plant associate it with the "lateral-flowered" species; and in the absence of definite observation we have retained it there. If the nearly central flowers indicate that they are produced from growth of the same season the species would seem to be allied to Coryphantha, in which group its small flowers and small tubercles would be anomalous.

13. Cactus micromeris greggii (Engelm.).

Mamillaria micromeris greggii Engelm. Syn. Cact. 261 (1856).

Larger (2.5 to 5 cm. in diameter) and becoming oblong, with larger globose-ovate tubercles (2 to 2.5 mm. long), fewer rigid spines all radiant (interior 5 to 7 shorter and stouter, 1 to 2 mm. long; the outer 15 to 18, 3 to 4 mm. long), and fruit 1.5 to 2 mm. long. (Ill. Cact. Mex. Bound. t. 2. figs. 5-8) Type, Gregg 508 in Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.

Mountain ridges near Saltillo, Coahuila. Said by Budd to occur within the southern borders of Pecos County, Tex.

Specimens examined: Coahuila (Gregg 508; Palmer of 1880).

It is a question whether this variety does not merely represent an older and better developed plant than those upon which the species is based. Mr. Harry I. Budd, who has made extensive collections of Texan and Mexican Cacti for the market, reports that it is impossible to separate sharply the variety from the species in the field, and regards the difference merely as one of age. Unfortunately, only living material of the species could be examined, but its characters seem well sustained even in the most vigorous plants, some of which reach the size of the variety. Through this variety the species is brought very near the following:

14. Cactus bispinus.

Mamillaria microthele Muhlenpf. Allg. Gart. Zeit. p. 11 (1848), not Lem. (1838).

Differs from the last form (var. greggii) chiefly in its cespitose habit, much larger tubercles, and two unusually stout and short central spines (fide Engelmann, who examined specimens in Coll. Salm-Dyck).

Credited to Mexico in general, but said by Budd to occur within the southern border of Pecos County, Tex.

** Central spines present and one or more hooked. + Mostly globose and simple plants (occasionally somewhat cylindrical).

15. Cactus wrightii (Engelm.) Kuntze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 261 (1891).

Mamillaria wrightii Engelm. Syn. Cact. 262 (1856).

Globose or depressed globose (top-shaped below), 3 to 7.5 cm. in diameter, simple: tubercles 10 to 12 mm. long, with naked axils: radial spines 8 to 12, white (the upper dusky-tipped), pubescent, 8 to 12 mm. long central spines mostly 2 (usually side by side and divergent), rarely 1 or 3, scarcely longer, hooked and reddish-black: flowers 2.5 cm. long, bright purple: fruit about 2.5 cm. long, somewhat subglobose, purple: seeds 1.4 mm long, black and pitted. (Ill. Cact. Mex. Bound. t.8. figs. 1-8) Type, Wright of 1851 in Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.

High plains and rocky places, from the Upper Pecos, east of Santa Fe, N. Mex., southward through extreme southwestern Texas (between the Pecos and El Paso), and into Chihuahua (near Lake Santa Maria).

Specimens examined: New Mexico (Wright of 1851; Rusby of 1880): also growing in Mo. Bot. Gard. 1893.

Dr. Engelmann calls attention to the fact that this species is closely allied to the Mexican C. zephranthoides (Scheidw.), but in the absence of material representing the latter species no comparison can be made. In descriptions of the Mexican species the differently colored flowers and the much longer spines suggest differences that an examination of fruit and seed characters may still further emphasize.

16. Cactus goodrichii (Scheer) Kuntze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 260 (1891).

Mamillaria goodrichii Scheer in Salm Cact. Hort. Dyck. 91 (1850).

Globose or ovate, 5 to 7.5 cm. high, subsimple: tubercles ovate, short (3 to 5 mm.), somewhat corky and persistent, with dense wool in the young axils containing 5 to 8 stiff bristles: radial spines 11 to 15 (the uppermost one sometimes wanting), white and rigid, 5 to 7 mm. long, entangled with adjoining clusters; central spines 3 or 4 (often solitary in young plants), brownish-black,the upper ones divergent and straight (rarely showing a tendency to hook), the lower longer (9 to 10 mm.), stouter and hooked (usually upwards): flowers 12 to 18 mm, long, the petals yellowish-white with red midribs: fruit clavate and scarlet. (Ill. Cact. Mex. Bound. t. 8. figs. 9-14) Type: Scheer says that the plant was brought from the Island of "Corros" (Cedros?) by Dr. Goodrich, and "unfortunately perished in the gardens," which generally means that there is not a fragment of the type in existence.

In dry ravines, from San Diego County, California, southward throughout Lower California and the neighboring islands (including Guadalupe Island). "Llavina."

Specimens examined: California (Parry of 1850, 1875; Agassiz of 1872; Parish 450 of 1882 at Vallecito): Lower California (Gabb 18 of 1867; Brandegee of 1889 on Magdalena Island, and 240 of 1890 from San Jose del Cabo): also specimens cultivated in Gard. Salm-Dyck.

By a misprint in Cact. Mex. Bound, the specific name appeared as "Goodridgii," and this error appears in almost every subsequent mention of the species, even in Watson's Bibliographical Index, although in Syn. Cact. and other references by Dr. Engelmann the correct form appears.

17. Cactus pondii (Greene).

Mamillaria pondii Greene, Pittonia, i, 268 (1889).

Oval or cylindrical, from low to 30 cm. high, simple or sparingly branched: radial spines 20 to 30, white and slender; centrals 4 or 5, the longest over 25 mm, long, rigid and strongly hooked, dark brown above the middle: flowers nearly 5 cm. long, bright, scarlet: fruit unknown. Type, Pond specimens in Herb. Greene.

Cedros Island, off the west coast of Lower California. Fl. February.

Unfortunately, the type specimen has been mislaid, so that no examination of it could be made. Evidently related to C. goodrichii, but differing in its much more robust habit, more numerous radials, much longer spines, and larger scarlet flowers.

18. Cactus barbatus (Engelm.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 261 (1891).

Mamillaria barbata Engelm. Wisliz. Rep. 22 (1848).

Depressed-globose, about 4 cm. in diameter, simple: tubercles 8 mm. long, with naked axils: radial spines very numerous (50 to 60), in two series, 6 to 8 mm. long, the outer (about 40) slender but rigid and white, the inner (10 to 15) a little stouter and yellow; usually one central spine, stout and erect, hooked downwards, brownish: flowers 18 to 20 mm. long, rose-red: fruit oblong, 10 to 12 mm. long, green (when mature?): seeds minute, dark brown and lightly pitted. (Ill. Cact. Mex. Bound t. 6. figs. 9-12) Type, Wislizenus of 1846 in Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.

Central Chihuahua. Fl. May, in cultivation.

Specimens examined: Chihuahua (Wislizenus of 1846, 1850): also specimens cultivated in Baumann's Garden in 1857, 1858; also growing in Mo. Bot. Gard. 1893.

Dr. Engelmann observed a curious intermediate character in the origin of the flowers of this species, the first ones of the season appearing in the axils of the last tubercles of the preceding year, while the later ones develop from the axils of the first tubercles of the same season. The specimen growing in Mo. Bot. Gard, in 1893 had 3 central spines, one or two being hooked.

19. Cactus grahami (Engelm.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 260 (1891).

Mamillaria grahami Engelm. Syn. Cact. 262 (1856).

Globose or at length ovate, 2.5 to 7.5 cm. high, simple or branched from the base and even cespitose: tubercles ovate, 6 mm. long, dilated at base (corky and persistent when old), with naked axils: radial spines 15 to 30 in a single series, white, often dusky-tipped, slender but rigid, naked or puberulent, 6 to 12 mm. long, the shorter ones uppermost, the longer ones lateral; central spines 1 to 3, blackish from a paler base, the lower (often the only) one stouter and longer (6 to 18 mm.), hooked upward, the one or two upper ones (when present) shorter and slenderer, divergent: flowers 2 to 2.5 cm. long, rose-colored: fruit 2 to 2.5 cm. long: seeds 0.8 to 1 mm. long, black and pitted. (Ill. Cact. Mex. Bound. t. 6. figs. 1-8) Type, Wright of 1852 and Bigelow of 1852 in Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.

In rocky places, from the mountains of extreme southwestern Texas (west of the Pecos) to southern Utah, southern California (common along the Colorado), and Sonora. Fl. June-August.

Specimens examined: Texas (Wright of 1852; Newberry of 1858; G. R. Vasey of 1881; Miller of 1881; Briggs of 1892): New Mexico (Evans of 1891): Arizona (Bigelow of 1852; Schott of 1858; Cous of 1865; Palmer of 1869, 1870; Engelmann of 1880; Pringle of 1884): Utah (Parry of 1874): Sonora (Schott of 1853): also specimens cultivated in the Mo. Bot. Gard. in 1881.

In all references to the fruit of this species it is described as "oval and green," except in Ives Report, where Dr. Engelmann describes its real character as the ordinary fruit of Eumamillaria. The immature fruit is "oval and green," but with maturity it becomes clavate and scarlet. The Utah specimens of Parry show an exceptional character in their 30 to 33 scabrous radial spines, but otherwise they are quite normal. M. microcarpa Engelm., Emory's Rep. 156. f. 3, should be dropped as a synonym of this species, at least as to figure and description. In all probability C.grahami is one of the forms of the Mexican C. schelhasii (Pfeiff.). Except that in C. grahami the radial spines are apt to be more numerous and longer, and the centrals much darker; and in C. schelhasii the 3 centrals seem to be always present and sometimes all hooked, the descriptions suggest no difference. In the absence of authentic specimens of the latter species, however, and with its fruit and seed entirely unknown, such a reference of C. grahami must be deferred.

20. Cactus bocasanus (Poselger).

Mamillaria bocasana Poselger, Gart. Zeit. 94 (1853).

Depressed-globose, 2 to 3 cm. high: tubercles 8 mm. long, with long axillary wool: radial spines 25 to 30, white and capillary, 10 to 25 mm. long; central spines 2 to 4, slender and naked (or slightly puberulent), the most central one hooked (usually upwards), 15 to 25 mm. long, the upper 1 to 3 shorter and straight, all yellow with red tips, the hooked one often brownish-red nearly to the base: flowers unknown: fruit green, about 4 mm. long: seeds cinnamon-brown, oblique, broadly obovate, with narrowly ovate basal hilum. Type unknown.

San Luis Potosi, so far as known. Poselger says, "Texas, auf der Seira de Bocas, among rocks," which station we have been unable to locate.

Specimens examined: San Luis Potosi (Eschanzier of 1891): also specimens cultivated in Hort. Pfersdorff in 1869; in Mo. Bot. Gard. in 1891; also growing in Mo. Bot. Gard. 1893.

The capillary radials give the plant a white-woolly appearance. The younger spines at the vertex are erect and tufted. It resembles C. grahami, but the tubercles are much more slender and not thickened at base, all the spines are more slender, the central hooked one is more reddish, and the fruit is much shorter.

21. Cactus eschanzieri, sp. nov.

Depressed-globose, 3 cm. in diameter, simple: tubercles broader at base, 6 to 8 mm. long, with naked axils: spines all pubescent; radials 15 to 20, with dusky tips, the lateral 10 to 12 mm. long, the lower weaker, shorter and curved, the upper shorter; solitary central spine reddish, slender, somewhat twisted, usually hooked upwards, 15 to 25 mm. long: flowers red (?): fruit reddish (?), ovate, about 10 mm, long: seeds reddish, oblique-obovate, 1.2 mm. long, pitted, with subventral hilum. Type in Herb. Coulter.

San Luis Potosi.

Specimens examined: San Luis Potosi (Eschanzier of 1891).

Resembles C. grahami, but with fewer and more slender pubescent spines, longer and less rigid central, more exserted fruit, and much larger reddish and strongly pitted seeds with subventral hilum.

22. Cactus tetrancistrus (Engelm.).

Mamillaria tetrancistra Engelm. Am. Jour. Sci. II. xiv. 337 (1852), in part. Mamillaria phellosperma Engelm. Syn. Cact. 262 (1856). Cactus pellospermus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 261 (1891).

Ovate or ovate-cylindrical, 5 to 25 cm. high, 3.5 to 7.5 cm. in diameter, simple or rarely branching at base: tubercles ovate-cylindrical, 8 to 14 mm. long, with axillary bristle-bearing wool, at length naked: radial spines 30 to 60, in two series, the exterior bristle-like, shorter and white, the interior stouter, longer and dusky-tipped or purplish; central spines 3 or 4, stouter, longer, brown or blackish from a paler base, the upper 2 or 3 (10 to 14 mm. long) straight, or one or two or even all hooked, the lower stouter and longer (12 to 18 mm.), hooked upwards: flowers about 2.5 cm. long: fruit 1 to 2.5 cm. long: seeds large (1.2 to 1.5 mm. in diameter), globose and wrinkled, partly immersed in a brown spongy or corky cup-shaped 3-lobed appendage. (Ill. Cact. Mex. Bound. t. 7) Type, Parry of 1850, but modified by Le Conte 14 and Bigelow of 1854, all in Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.

Gravelly soil and sandy stream-banks, from the eastern slopes of the mountains of southern California, throughout western Arizona and southern Nevada to southern Utah; referred also to "N. W. Mexico" by Hemsley (Biol. Centr.-Amer.).

Specimens examined: California (Parry of 1850; Newberry of 1858; Parish of 1882): Arizona (Le Conte 14; Bigelow of 1854; Dr. Loew of 1875: also Palmer of 1870, but with no locality.

In the original description this species was confounded with C. grahami, with which it grows and which it much resembles; and this, together with the fact that 4 central hooked spines are seldom found, induced Dr. Engelmann (Syn. Cact. 262) to propose the more appropriate but untenable name M. phellosperma. The resemblance to C. grahami is not so close as general appearance would indicate, as the more oblong or cylindrical form, longer and less crowded tubercles, more numerous spines, often more than one hooked central, large seeds, and remarkable seed appendages serve well to distinguish it.

++ Plants with fasciculate slender cylindrical stems (30 to 45 cm. high, and 2.5 to 6 cm. in diameter): Lower Californian.

23. Cactus roseanus (Brandegee).

Mamillaria longihamata Engelm. Mss. Mamillaria roseana Brandegee, Zoe, ii. 19 (1891).

Fasciculately branched at base, the stems 30 to 45 cm. long (sometimes pendent from rocks and as much as 200 cm. long) and 2.5 to 5 cm. in diameter, the whole plant glaucous: tubercles elongated-conical, ascending, 10 to 12 mm. long, with woolly axils: radial spines 7 to 10, straight, rigid and sharp, 9 to 15 mm. long, dark reddish when young, becoming ashy, the upper ones the longer; the solitary central much longer (20 to 30 mm.), almost black below and with reddish tip, becoming ashy with age, usually hooked downwards: flowers numerous, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. long, bright scarlet: fruit obovate to globose, scarlet, 6 to 9 mm. in diameter, fleshy: seeds black and pitted. Type in Herb. Calif. Acad.

Apparently common at low elevations throughout southern Lower California, especially the eastern side.

Specimens examined: Lower California (W. M. Gabb 17 of 1867, near Loreto; Brandegee of 1889, at San Gregorio; Palmer 139 of 1890, near La Paz; Palmer 880 of 1890, on Carmen Island; Brandegee 241 of 1890, at Rancho Colorado).

One of the most showy species of Lower California. The plant has the appearance of a Coryphanth, and is remarkable for its tall and slender habit, its large central hooks, and its globose fruit. Since 1867 this species has been in Herb. Engelmann, fully characterized as above under the very appropriate specific name longihamatus.

24. Cactus setispinus, sp. nov.

Mamillaria Setispina Engelm. Mss.

Fasciculate and ascending, simple or branched at base, the stems about 30 cm. high and 3 to 6 cm. in diameter, densely covered with remarkably long stout spines: tubercles short and broadly conical, with axillary wool: spines white. with black tips; radials 10 to 12, widely spreading, very unequal, 10 to 34 mm. long, slender and flexuous; central spines 1 to 4, more rigid and much longer (20 to 50 mm.), the upper ones straight, the lowest one longest and hooked (usually upwards) and often variously curved and twisted: fruit obovate and scarlet 30 mm. long: seeds, black and pitted. Type, Gabb 15 in Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.

Rocky or gravelly soil, San Julio Canyon. and in the vicinity of San Borgia, Lower California.

Specimens examined: Lower California (W. M. Gabb 15 of 1867, at San Borgia; Brandegee of 1889, from San Borgia and San Julio Canyon).

In his notes Mr. Gabb describes the flower as "large, 3 to 3.5 inches long, bell-shaped, of a beautiful purplish red color," concerning which Dr. Engelmann remarks "this would indicate a Coryphanth, but the tubercles show no trace of a groove, and, moreover, a withered remnant of a flower laterally attached (say 18 to 20 mm. long), so that I have no doubt that Mr. Gabb's statement is founded on some error." It is very probable that the flowers are scarlet and larger than Dr. Engelmann suggests. The species is closely allied to C. roseanus, but differs in its shorter tubercles and much longer spines. About a dozen stems rise in a clump, about a foot high, covering an area of 2 or 3 feet. These two species represent a very distinct Lower Californian group of cylindrical and hooked Eumamillarias. Both probably have showy scarlet flowers and may attain considerable length when growing upon rock ledges so as to become pendent. The specimens of C. setispinus from San Julio Canyon are from younger parts and show but a single long and hooked central. The San Borgia specimens show mostly 3 or 4 centrals, the lowest one hooked and becoming remarkably long and often variously twisted and curved. However, I can discover no difference except such as may be due to age.

++ Central spines present and not hooked. + Central spines more than one, longer than the radials, which are numerous, white and slender (capillary or bristle-like) (rigid in C. Halei).

25. Cactus halei (Brandegee).

Mamillaria halei Brandegee, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci Scr. 2. ii. 161 (1889).

Stems cylindrical, 8 to 10 in a clump, about 30 cm. high and 5 to 7.5 cm. in diameter: tubercles short, with axillary wool: radial spines 10 to 22, rigid and erect-spreading, unequal, 6 to 15 mm. long; central spines numerous and erect-spreading, 1 to 3 of them very stout and prominent (25 to 35 mm. long); all the spines straight, at first reddish-brown, becoming yellowish and ashy, more or less dark-tipped: flowers 2.5 cm. long, bright scarlet (almost throughout): fruit 12 mm, long, clavate and red: seeds black and pitted. (Ill. l. c. t. 6) Type in Herb. Calif. Acad.

Abundant on Magdalena and Santa Margarita Islands, western coast of Lower California. Fl. January.

Specimens examined: Lower California (Brandegee of 1889, on Magdalena Island).

The tubercles are so close together that the plant appears thickly covered with the unusually stout and erect-spreading straight spines, a few of the centrals being specially prominent. The plant is more slender than the ordinary "cylindrical" members of the genus, but stouter than the slender hooked forms of the preceding section.

26. Cactus rhodanthus (Link & Otto) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 261 (1891).

Mamillaria rhodantha Link & Otto, Icon. t. 26 (1828-31) Mamillaria lanifera Haw. Phil. Mag. lxiii., 41 (), not Salm-Dyck (1850).

Oblong or subcylindric, 30 cm. or more high, 7.5 to 10 cm. in diameter, often forking from the middle: tubercles conical, 12 mm. long, 8 mm. in diameter, with woolly axils: radial spines 16 to 20, bristle-like, white, the lower longer (8 to 10 mm.); central spines 6 or 7, rigid, whitish with black tip, 12 mm. long: flowers rose color, 12 mm. in diameter: fruit 2.5 cm. long, cylindrical. (Ill. l. c.) Type unknown.

Referred to Mexico in general, but reported as yet from San Luis Potosi to southern Mexico. Fl. profusely all summer.

Specimens examined: San Luis Potosi (Bourgeau 47; Pringle 3679; Eschanzier of 1891): also growing in Mo. Bot. Gard. 1893.

The specimens of Bourgeau and Pringle have somewhat larger spines than the type, as indicated by the description.

27. Cactus rhodanthus sulphureospinus.

Mamillaria sulphurea Forst. Handb. Cact. (1846), not Cactus sulphureus Gill, (1830). Mamillaria rhodantha sulphurea Salm, Hurt. Cact. Dyck. 11 (1850).

Central spines sulphur-yellow; otherwise like the species. Type unknown.

San Luis Potosi.

Specimens examined: San Luis Potosi (Pfeiffer, with no number or date; Eschanzier of 1891).

The varietal distinction maintained seems a small one, but it is constant and striking, so far as can be discovered.

28. Cactus capillaris.

Mamillaria lanifera Salm, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 98 (1850), not Haw. Cactus laniferus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 250 (1891).

Cylindrical and erect: tubercles crowded, conical, glaucous, with axillary bristles: radial spines capillary and very numerous, white and crisped, entirely covering the plant; central spines 4 to 6, rigid, straight and spreading, straw-colored, 8 to 12 mm. long: flowers equaling the tubercles, the yellow petals striped with red: fruit unknown. Type unknown.

Referred to Mexico in general, but definitely known only from Coahuila.

Specimens examined: Coahuila. (Palmer of 1880).

There is a confusion of synonymy between this species and C. rhodanthus, both having been named Mamillaria lanifera. The earlier M. lanifera of Haworth, however, is clearly M. rhodantha of Link & Otto; and although Prince Salm-Dyck revived the name for the present species, the law of homonyms will not permit it to stand. The name proposed refers to the abundant display of capillary radial spines, which is probably the most notable feature.

29. Cactus palmeri, sp. nov.