CHAPTER II.

THE PERFUME-MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PERFUMERY.

Derivation of the perfume-substances; Animal substances used; Occurrence of volatile oils in plants 31

Families of plants richest in oil; Central Europe the actual flower garden of the perfumer; Principal localities for the cultivation of plants 32

Volatile oils and their properties 33

Principal divisions of volatile oils 34

Constitution of terpenes; Concentrated volatile oils 35

Modes of gaining volatile oils; Expression 36

Clarification of the oil 37

Filter for clarifying the oil, illustrated and described 38

Distillation 39

Apparatus for determining the percentage of volatile oil a vegetable substance will yield, illustrated and described 40

Various stills for the distillation of volatile oils, illustrated and described 41

Distillation of volatile oils by means of hot air; Separation of the oil and water; Florentine flasks, illustrated and described 46

Separator-funnel, illustrated and described 47

Extraction 48

Various apparatuses for extraction, illustrated and described 49

Heyl's distilling apparatus 57

Maceration or infusion; Pomades; Purification of the fats used in the maceration process 58

_Huiles antiques_; Old French process of maceration; Piver's maceration apparatus, illustrated and described 59

Flowers for which maceration is employed; Absorption or _enfleurage_ 60

Apparatuses for absorption, illustrated and described 61

Flowers for which the absorption process is employed; Storage of volatile oils 65