Chapter 21

are: John Alzog, _Manual of Universal Church History_, trans. from 9th German edition (1903), Vol. II and Vol. Ill, Epoch I; and the histories in German by Joseph (Cardinal) Hergen-rother [ed. by J. P. Kirsch, 2 vols. (1902-1904)], by Alois Knopfler (5th ed., 1910) [based on the famous _Conciliengeschichte_ of K. J. (Bishop) von Hefele], and by F. X. von Funk (5th ed., 1911); see, also, Alfred Baudrillart, _The Catholic Church, the Renaissance and Protestantism_, Eng. trans. by Mrs. Philip Gibbs (1908). Many pertinent articles are to be found in the scholarly _Catholic Encyclopedia_, 15 vols. (1907-1912), in the famous _Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche_, 3d ed., 24 vols. (1896-1913), and in the (Non-Catholic) _Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics_, ed. by James Hastings and now (1916) in course of publication. For the popes of the period, see Ludwig Pastor, _The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages_, the monumental work of a distinguished Catholic historian, the twelfth volume of which (coming down to 1549) was published in English translation in 1912; and the older but still useful (Protestant) _History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome_ by Mandell Creighton, new ed. in 6 vols. (1899-1901), and _History of the Popes_ by Leopold von Ranke, 3 vols. in the Bonn Library (1885). Heinrich Denziger, _Enchiridion Symbolorum, Definitionum, et Declarationium de rebus fidei el morum,_ 11nth ed. (1911), is a convenient collection of official pronouncements in Latin on the Catholic Faith. Philip Schaff, _The Creeds of Christendom,_ 3 vols. (1878), contains the chief Greek, Latin, and Protestant creeds in the original and usually also in English translation. Also useful is B. J. Kidd (editor), _Documents Illustrative of the Continental Reformation_ (1911). For additional details of the relation of the Reformation to sixteenth-century politics, consult the bibliography appended to Chapter III, above.

THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE EARLY SIXTEENTH CENTURY. In the _Cambridge Modern History,_ Vol. I (1902), a severe indictment of the Church is presented (ch. xix) by H. C. Lea, and a defense is offered (ch. xviii) by William Barry. The former opinions are developed startlingly by H. C. Lea in Vol. I, ch. i, of his _History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages._ An old-fashioned, though still interesting, Protestant view is that of William Roscoe, _Life and Pontificate of Leo X,_ 4 vols. (first pub. 1805-1806, many subsequent editions). For an excellent description of the organization of the Catholic Church, see André Mater, _L'église catholique, sa constitution, son administration_ (1906). The best edition of the canon law is that of Friedberg, 2 vols. (1881). On the social work of the Church: E. L. Cutts, _Parish Priests and their People in the Middle Ages in England_ (1898), and G. A. Prévost, _L'église et les campagnes au moyen âge_ (1892). The most recent and comprehensive study of the Catholic Church on the eve of the Protestant Revolt is that of Pierre Imbart de la Tour, _Les origines de la Réforme,_ Vol. I, _La France moderne_ (1905), and Vol. II, _L'église catholique, la crise et la renaissance_ (1909). For the Orthodox Church of the East see Louis Duchesne, _The Churches Separated from Rome,_ trans. by A. H. Mathew (1908).

MOHAMMEDANISM. Sir William Muir, _Life of Mohammed,_ new and rev. ed. by T. H. Weir (1912); Ameer Ali, _Life and Teachings of Mohammed_ (1891), and, by the same author, warmly sympathetic, Islam (1914); D. S. Margoliouth, _Mohammed and the Rise of Islam_ (1905), in the "Heroes of the Nations" Series, and, by the same author, _The Early Development of Mohammedanism_ (1914); Arthur Gilman, _Story of the Saracens_ (1902), in the "Story of the Nations" Series. Edward Gibbon has two famous chapters (1, li) on Mohammed and the Arabian conquests in his masterpiece, _Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire._ The _Koran,_ the sacred book of Mohammedans, has been translated into English by E. H. Palmer, 2 vols. (1880): entertaining extracts are given in Stanley Lane-Poole, _Speeches and Table Talk of the Prophet Mohammad._

LUTHER AND LUTHERANISM. Of innumerable biographies of Luther the best from sympathetic Protestant pens are: Julius Köstlin, _Life of Luther,_ trans. and abridged from the German (1900); T. M. Lindsay, _Luther and the German Reformation_ (1900); A. C. McGiffert, _Martin Luther, the Man and his Work_ (1911); Preserved Smith, _The Life and Letters of Martin Luther_ (1911); Charles Beard, _Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany until the Close of the Diet of Worms_ (1889). A remarkable arraignment of Luther is the work of the eminent Catholic historian, F. H. S. Denifle, _Luther und Luthertum in der ersten Entwickelung,_ 3 vols. (1904-1909), trans. into French by J. Pasquier (1911-1912). The most available Catholic study of Luther's personality and career is the scholarly work of Hartmann Grisar, _Luther,_ 3 vols. (1911-1913), trans. from German into English by E. M. Lamond, 4 vols. (1913-1915). _First Principles of the Reformation,_ ed. by Henry Wace and C. A. Buchheim (1885), contains an English translation of Luther's "Theses," and of his three pamphlets of 1520. The best edition of Luther's complete works is the Weimar edition; English translations of portions of his _Table Talk,_ by William Hazlitt, have appeared in the Bonn Library; and _Luther's Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters_ is now (1916) in course of translation and publication by Preserved Smith. J. W. Richard, _Philip Melanchthon_ (1898) is a brief biography of one of the most famous friends and associates of Luther. For the Protestant Revolt in Germany: E. F. Henderson, _A Short History of Germany_ (1902), Vol. I, ch. x-xvi, a brief sketch of the political and social background; Johannes Janssen, _History of the German People,_ a monumental treatise on German social history just before and during the revolt, scholarly and very favorable to the Catholic Church, trans. into English by M. A. Mitchell and A. M. Christie, 16 vols. (1896-1910); Gottlob Egelhaaf, _Deutsche Geschichte im sechzehnten Jahrhundert bis zum Augsburger Religionsfrieden,_ 2 vols. (1889-1892), a Protestant rejoinder to some of the Catholic Janssen's deductions; Karl Lamprecht, _Deutsche Geschichte,_ Vol. V, Part I (1896), suggestive philosophizing; Leopold von Ranke, _History of the Reformation in Germany,_ Eng. trans., 3 vols., a careful study, coming down in the original German to 1555, but stopping short in the English form with the year 1534; Friedrich von Bezold, _Geschichte der deutschen Reformation,_ 2 vols. (1886-1890), in the bulky Oncken Series, voluminous and moderately Protestant in tone; J. J. I. von Döllinger, _Die Reformation, ihre innere Entwicklung und ihre Wirkungen,_ 3 vols. (1853-1854), pointing out the opposition of many educated people of the sixteenth century to Luther; A. E. Berger, _Die Kulturaufgaben der Reformation,_ 2d ed. (1908), a study of the cultural aspects of the Lutheran movement, Protestant in tendency and opposed in certain instances to the generalizations of Janssen and Döllinger; J. S. Schapiro, _Social Reform and the Reformation_ (1909), a brief but very suggestive treatment of some of the economic factors of the German Reformation; H. C. Vedder, _The Reformation in Germany_ (1914), likewise stressing economic factors, and sympathetic toward the Anabaptists. For additional facts concerning the establishment of Lutheranism in Scandinavia, see R. N. Bain, _Scandinavia, a Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden from 1513 to 1900_ (1905), and John Wordsworth (Bishop of Salisbury), _The National Church of Sweden_ (1911). Zwingli, Calvin, and Calvinism. The best biography of Zwingli in English is that of S. M. Jackson (1901), who likewise has edited the _Selected Works of Zwingli_; a more exhaustive biography in German is Rudolf Stahelin, _Huldreich Zwingli: sein Leben und Wirken_, 2 vols. (1895 1897). Biographies of Calvin: H. Y. Reyburn, _John Calvin: his Life, Letters, and Work_ (1914); Williston Walker, John Calvin, the Organizer of Reformed Protestantism (1906); Emile Doumergue, _Jean Calvin: les hommes et les choses de son temps_, 4 vols. (1899-1910); L. Penning, _Life and Times of Calvin_, trans. from Dutch by B. S. Berrington (1912); William Barry, _Calvin_, in the "Catholic Encyclopædia." Many of Calvin's writings have been published in English translation by the "Presbyterian Board of Publication" in Philadelphia, 22 vols. in 52 (1844-1856), and his _Institutes of the Christian Religion_ has several times been published in English. H. M. Baird, _Theodore Beza_ (1899) is a popular biography of one of the best-known friends and associates of Calvin. For Calvinism in Switzerland: W. D. McCracken, _The Rise of the Swiss Republic_, 2d ed. (1901); F. W. Kampschulte, _Johann Calvin, seine Kirche und sein Staat in Genf_, 2 vols. (1869-1899). For Calvinism in France: H. M. Baird, _History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France_, 2 vols. (1879), and by the same author, a warm partisan of Calvinism, _The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre_, 2 vols. (1886); the brothers Haag, _France protestante_, 2d ed., 10 vols. (1877-1895), an exhaustive history of Protestantism in France; E. Lavisse (editor), _Histoire de France_, Vol. V, Livre IX, by Henry Lemonnier (1904), most recent and best. For Calvinism in Scotland: P. H. Brown, _John Knox, a Biography_, 2 vols. (1895); Andrew Lang, _John Knox and the Reformation_ (1905); John Herkless and R. K. Hannay, _The Archbishops of St. Andrews_, 4 vols. (1907-1913); D. H. Fleming, _The Reformation in Scotland: its Causes, Characteristics, and Consequences_ (1910); John Macpherson, _History of the Church in Scotland_ (1901), ch. iii-v.

THE PROTESTANT REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND. The eve of the revolution: Frederic Seebohm, _The Oxford Reformers_, 3d ed. (1887), a sympathetic treatment of Colet, Erasmus, and More; F. A. (Cardinal) Gasquet, _The Eve of the Reformation in England_ (1899), and, by the same author, an eminent Catholic scholar, _England under the Old Religion_ (1912). General histories of the English Reformation: H. O. Wakeman, _An Introduction to the History of the Church of England_, 8th ed. (1914), ch. x-xiv, the best brief "High Church" survey; J. R. Green, _Short History of the English People_, new illust. ed. by C. H. Firth (1913), ch. vi, vii, a popular "Low Church" view; W. R. W. Stephens and William Hunt (editors), _A History of the Church of England_, Vols. IV (1902) and V (1904) by James Gairdner and W. H. Frere respectively; James Gairdner, _Lollardy and the Reformation in England_, 4 vols. (1908- 1913), the last word of an eminent authority on the period, who was convinced of the revolutionary character of the English Reformation; John Lingard, _History of England to 1688_, Vols. IV-VI, the standard Roman Catholic work; R. W. Dixon, _History of the Church of England from the Abolition of the Roman Jurisdiction_, 6 vols. (1878-1902), a thorough treatment from the High Anglican position; H. W. Clark, _History of English Nonconformity_, Vol. I (1911), Book I, valuable for the history of the radical Protestants; Henry Gee and W. J. Hardy, _Documents Illustrative of English Church History_ (1896), an admirable collection of official pronouncements. Valuable special works and monographs: C. B. Lumsden, _The Dawn of Modern England, being a History of the Reformation in England, 1509-1525_ (1910), pronouncedly Roman Catholic in tone; Martin Hume, _The Wives of Henry VIII_ (1905); F. A. (Cardinal) Gasquet, _Henry VIII and the English Monasteries_, 3d ed., 2 vols. (1888), popular ed. in 1 vol. (1902); R. B. Merriman, _Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell_, 2 vols. (1902), a standard work; Dom Bede Camm, _Lives of the English Martyrs_ (1904), with special reference to Roman Catholics under Henry VIII; A. F. Pollard, [Footnote: See also other works of A. F. Pollard listed in bibliography appended to Chapter III, p. 110, above.] _Life of Cranmer_ (1904), scholarly and sympathetic, and, by the same author, _England under Protector Somerset_ (1900), distinctly apologetic; Frances Rose-Troup, _The Western Rebellion of 1549_ (1913), a study of an unsuccessful popular uprising against religious innovations; M. J. Stone, _Mary I, Queen of England_ (1901), an apology for Mary Tudor; John Foxe (1516-1587), _Acts and Monuments of the Church_, popularly known as the _Book of Martyrs_, the chief contemporary account of the Marian persecutions, uncritical and naturally strongly biased; R. G. Usher, _The Reconstruction of the English Church_, 2 vols. (1910), a popular account of the changes under Elizabeth and James I; H. N. Birt, _The Elizabethan Religious Settlement_ (1907), from the Roman Catholic standpoint; G. E. Phillips, _The Extinction of the Ancient Hierarchy, an Account of the Death in Prison of the Eleven Bishops Honored at Rome amongst the Martyrs of the Elizabethan Persecution_ (1905), also Roman Catholic; A. O. Meyer, _England und die katholische Kirche unter Elisabeth und den Stuarts_, Vol. I (1911), Eng. trans. by J. R. McKee (1915), based in part on use of source-material in the Vatican Library; Martin Hume, _Treason and Plot_ (1901), deals with the struggles of the Roman Catholics for supremacy in the reign of Elizabeth; E. L. Taunton, _The History of the Jesuits in England_, 1580-1773 (1901); Richard Simpson, _Life of Campion_ (1867), an account of a devoted Jesuit who suffered martyrdom under Elizabeth; Champlin Burrage, _The Early English Dissenters in the Light of Recent Research, 1550-1641_, 2 vols. (1912).

THE REFORMATION WITHIN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. Brief narratives: William Barry, _The Papacy and Modern Times_ (1911), in "Home University Library," ch. i-iii; A. W. Ward, _The Counter Reformation_ (1889) in "Epochs of Church History" Series; _Cambridge Modern History_, Vol. Ill (1905), ch. xiii by Ugo (Count) Balzani on "Rome under Sixtus V." Longer accounts: G. V. Jourdan, _The Movement towards Catholic Reform in the Early Sixteenth Century, 1496-1536_ (1914); K. W. Maurenbrecher, _Geschichte der katholischen Reformation_, Vol. I (1880), excellent down to 1534 but never completed; J. A. Symonds, _Renaissance in Italy_, Vols. VI and VII, _The Catholic Reaction_, replete with inaccuracy, bias, and prejudice. The _Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent_ have been translated by J. Waterworth, new ed. (1896), and the _Catechism of the Council of Trent_, by J. Donovan (1829). Nicholas Hilling, _Procedure at the Roman Curia_, 2d ed. (1909), contains a concise account of the "congregations" and other reformed agencies of administration introduced into church government in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The famous _Autobiography of St. Ignatius Loyola_ has been trans. and ed. by J. F. X. O'Conor (1900), and the text of his _Spiritual Exercises_, trans. from Spanish into English, has been published by Joseph Rickaby (1915). See Stewart Rose (Lady Buchan), _St. Ignatius Loyola and the Early Jesuits_, ed. by W. H. Eyre (1891); Francis Thompson, _Life of Saint Ignatius_ (1910); T. A. Hughes, _Loyola and the Educational System of the Jesuits_ (1892). Monumental national histories of the Jesuits are now (1916) appearing under the auspices of the Order: for Germany, by Bernhard Duhr, Vol. I (1907), Vol. II (1913); for Italy, by Pietro Tacchi Venturi, Vol. I (1910); for France, by Henri Fouqueray, Vol. I (1910), Vol. II (1913); for Paraguay, by Pablo Pastells, Vol. I (1912); for North America, by Thomas Hughes, 3 vols. (1907-1910); for Spain, by Antonio Astrain, Vols. I-IV (1902-1913). Concerning the Index, see G. H. Putnam, _The Censorship of the Church of Rome and its Influence upon the Production and Distribution of Literature_, 2 vols. (1907). On the Inquisition, see H. C. Lea, _A History of the Inquisition of Spain_, 4 vols. (1907), and, by the same author, _The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies_ (1908), on the whole a dark picture; and, for a Catholic account, Elphège Vacandard, _The Inquisition: a Critical and Historical Study of the Coercive Power of the Church_, trans. by B. L. Conway (1908).

FOR THE OUTCOME OF THE PROTESTANT REVOLT AND THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION FROM THE THEOLOGICAL STANDPOINT, see Adolph Harnack, _History of Dogma_, Eng. trans., Vol. VII (1900). Charles Beard, _The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century in its Relation to Modern Thought and Knowledge_ (1883) is a strongly Protestant estimate of the significance of the whole movement. J. Balmes, _European Civilization: Protestantism and Catholicity Compared in their Effects on the Civilization of Europe_ (1850), though old, is a suggestive résumé from the Catholic standpoint.