Part ii. for 1848, Plate XVI., as well as the portion of upper jaw in

the British Museum, Plate XIX. The character of the upper and lower teeth of the Iguanodon are well represented in Plate XVIII. of the same memoir.

A specimen very similar to that discovered by Capt. Brickenden, but of a young individual, was found soon afterwards in a quarry near Horsham; but I was not allowed the privilege of figuring or describing it!]

In the course of last summer I obtained a very instructive fragment of the middle part of the right ramus of the lower jaw of a much larger Iguanodon, found by Mr. Fowlestone, with some enormous bones of the extremities, in the Wealden strata of the Isle of Wight. A portion of the upper jaw (without teeth) was discovered some years since in Tilgate Forest, and is deposited, with the whole of the collection I formed at Brighton, in the gallery of organic remains of the British Museum. These three specimens are the only parts of the jaws of the Iguanodon, with the exception of a fragment of the angular bone, that I have had the opportunity of examining. The other portions of the skeleton hitherto discovered are the following: the tympanic bone;[134] cervical, dorsal, lumbar, and caudal vertebræ, and chevron bones; ribs; the iliac bones, and sacrum composed of six anchylosed vertebræ;[135] the coracoid, scapula and clavicles; humerus, radius? metacarpals; femur, tibia and fibula, metatarsals and ungueals. The cranium, carpals, and tarsals, have not been discovered.

[Footnote 134: This may or may not belong to the Iguanodon: no tympanic bone has been found in such connexion with other parts of the skeleton as to afford certain proof that this maxillary element is referable to the Iguanodon.]

[Footnote 135: In the Megalosaurus, the sacrum consists of five anchylosed vertebræ.]

With the exception of the assemblage of bones promiscuously grouped together in a block of _Kentish rag_ (of the greensand formation), found in a quarry near Maidstone, by Mr. Bensted,[136] a few connected caudal vertebræ, and two or three instances in which a femur, tibia, and fibula and some metatarsals, were found in contiguity, all the bones were isolated. They have been obtained from the quarries in St. Leonard's and Tilgate Forests, near Loxwood, Rusper, Horsham, Cuckfield, and Battel; and from the cliffs at Hastings, and in Sandown, and Brixton, and Brook Bays, on the southern shore of the Isle of Wight.

[Footnote 136: This most instructive specimen is in a glass-case on the floor near the window, in the middle room of the Gallery of Organic Remains in the British Museum. All the Wealden reptilian remains of a large size, collected by me when residing in Sussex, are in the upright glass cases in the same apartment.]

So anomalous is the osteology of the Iguanodon compared with that of existing saurians, that from my discovery of the first vestige of this reptile--a fragment of a tooth--thirty years ago, to the recent important acquisition of the jaws, I have had to contend with the opposition of eminent naturalists, who have refused assent to the physiological inferences suggested by the specimens which were from time to time brought to light, because the modifications of structure in a colossal herbivorous reptile, essentially differed from the hypothetical archetype skeleton of the class to which it belonged. When the first discovered teeth were shown to Baron Cuvier, he pronounced them to be the incisors of a Rhinoceros; the metatarsals, those of a Hippopotamus; the fragment of a femur, with a medullary canal, that of some large mammalian. But the candour and liberality of the founder of Palæontology were worthy of his transcendent genius; upon receiving further evidence, he immediately acknowledged the error, and expressed his conviction that the teeth and bones belonged to an herbivorous reptile more extraordinary than any that had previously been brought under his notice.[137]

[Footnote 137: See Cuvier's Ossemens Fossiles, tom. v. part. ii. It is much to be wished that those who aspire to emulate this great man in scientific fame, would also endeavour to imitate him in the yet nobler attributes of his character. It is stated by Professor Owen, in Brit. Assoc. Reports on Fossil Reptiles, that the bones of the Iguanodon were interpreted by me with the aid of Cuvier and Clift. This is a mistake. Baron Cuvier died before I had obtained any considerable portion of the skeleton; and neither Mr. Clift nor Mr. Owen at that time could afford me any assistance in determining the nature of the isolated bones I occasionally brought to the Hunterian Museum for comparison. Any aid I ever received in my investigations is most fully acknowledged in my works.]

Even the lower jaw, which presents characters so peculiar as to admit, as I conceive, of but one interpretation--that enunciated in my memoir on the teeth and jaws of the Iguanodon,[138]--has been adduced as affording a signal instance of the incorrectness of my physiological deductions. And why? Because in the entire class of living reptiles there is not a single species that has cheeks and flexible lips, which, according to my view of the subject, the Iguanodon must have possessed. But I do not hesitate to affirm that the structure and arrangement of the teeth, and the mammalian character of the bones of the extremities, are in perfect accordance with my exposition of the probable structure and functions of the maxillary organs of the original. The naturalists who advance these objections, forget that among the existing mammalia there is one genus, the _Ornithorhynchus_, or Duck-billed Platypus, that exhibits as striking a deviation from the typical maxillary structure of its class, as does the Iguanodon. If before the discovery of New Holland the jaw-bones of the Ornithorhynchus had been found in a fossil state in the strata of Tilgate Forest, and I had ventured to infer that the original, though a true mammalian, and giving suck to its young, had the extremities of the jaws covered with flat horny beaks, like those of a duck, instead of with the fleshy lips and integuments which are the peculiar attributes of its class, what censures would not my temerity have called forth! We cannot too often be reminded of the profound remark of William Penn: "Experience, which is continually contradicting theory, is the only test of truth."

[Footnote 138: See Philosophical Transactions, Part II. 1848.]

The following are the physiological inferences relating to the structure and habits of the Iguanodon, which Dr. Melville and myself conceive our investigations have established: the discovery of the cranium, and of perfect examples of the upper and lower jaws with both successional and mature molars in their natural position, may modify, but, we believe, will in no material respect invalidate these conclusions.

In instituting a comparison between the maxillary organs of the Iguanodon, and those of the existing herbivorous lizards, we are at once struck with their remarkable deviation from all known types in the class of reptiles. In the _Amblyrhynchi_ (of the Galapagos Islands), the most exclusively vegetable feeders of the Saurian order, the alveolar process beset with teeth is continued round the front of the mouth: the junction of the two rami of the lower jaw at the symphysis presenting no edentulous interval whatever, the lips not being more produced than in other reptiles; but this creature only bruises its food; it cannot grind or masticate it. In fact, the edentulous, expanded, scoop-shaped, procumbent symphysis of the lower jaw of the Iguanodon, has no parallel among either recent or fossil reptiles; and we seek in vain for organs at all analogous, except among the herbivorous mammalia. The nearest approach is to be found in certain _Edentata_; as for example in the _Cholæpus didactylus_, or Two-toed Sloth, in which the anterior part of the lower jaw is destitute of teeth, and much prolonged. The correspondence is still closer in the extinct gigantic _Mylodons_, in which the symphysis resembles the blade of a turf-spade, and has no traces of incisor sockets; and were not this part of the jaw elevated vertically in front, and the two sides confluent, it would present the very counterpart of that of the Iguanodon. The great number and size of the vascular foramina distributed along the outer side of the dentary bone in the Wealden reptile, and the magnitude of the anterior outlets which gave exit to the vessels and nerves that supplied the front of the mouth, indicate the great development of the integuments and soft parts with which the lower jaw was invested.

The sharp ridge bordering the deep groove of the symphysis, in which there are also several foramina, evidently gave attachment to the muscles and integuments of the under lip; and there are strong reasons for supposing that the latter was greatly produced, and capable of being protruded and retracted so as to constitute, in conjunction with a long extensile tongue, a suitable instrument for seizing and cropping leaves and branches, which, from the construction of the teeth, we may infer was the food of the Iguanodon.

Thus we find the mechanism of the maxillary organs of the Wealden herbivorous saurian, as demonstrated by recent discoveries, in perfect harmony with the remarkable dental characters which rendered the first known teeth so enigmatical. In the Iguanodon we have a solution of the problem, how the integrity of the type of organization peculiar to the class of cold-blooded vertebrata was maintained, and yet adapted by simple modifications to fulfil the conditions required by the economy of a gigantic terrestrial reptile, destined to obtain support exclusively from vegetable substances; in like manner as the extinct colossal sloth-like Edentata of South America. In fine, we have in the Iguanodon the type of the terrestrial herbivora, which in that remote epoch of the earth's physical history--the _Age of Reptiles_--occupied the same relative station in the terrestrial fauna, and fulfilled the same general purposes in the economy of nature, as the Mylodons, Mastodons, and Mammoths, of the tertiary periods, and the large pachyderms of modern times.

Although some important data are still required to complete our knowledge of the structure of the Iguanodon, we are warranted in concluding that this colossal herbivorous reptile was as bulky as the elephant, and as massive in its proportions: for, living exclusively on vegetable substances, the abdominal region must have been largely developed. Its limbs must have been of proportionate size to support and move so enormous a carcass. The hinder extremities probably presented the unwieldly contour of those of the Hippopotamus, and were based on strong short feet, protected by broad horny ungueal phalanges, or nails. The fore-legs appear to have been less bulky, and adapted for seizing and pulling down plants and branches: the teeth and jaws demonstrate the nature of its food; and the fossil remains of coniferous trees, arborescent, ferns, and cycadeous plants, with which its relics are commonly associated, indicate the character of the flora adapted for its sustenance.[139]

[Footnote 139: Philosophical Transactions, for 1848, pp. 196-198.]

XVIII. The Pelorosaurus.--The humerus of a terrestrial reptile of enormous magnitude, has lately been discovered by Mr. Peter Fuller of Lewes, in the quarry near Cuckfield, from which many remains of the Iguanodon and Hylæosaurus were obtained in my early researches. This bone more nearly resembles the humerus of the Crocodiles, than that of the Lizards. It Is four and a half feet in length, and of corresponding proportions; it has a large medullary canal. As to the size of the animal to which it belonged, while disclaiming the idea that any certain conclusion can be drawn from a single bone, I may mention, with the view of conveying some general notion, that in a Gangetic crocodile eighteen feet long, the humerus is one foot: according to this scale the fossil animal would be eighty-one feet in length. I have proposed the name of _Pelorosaurus_ (from πἑλωρ--_pelòr_--monster), or Colossal-saurian, for this new genus of reptiles which Inhabited the country of the Iguanodon.[140]

[Footnote 140: A memoir on this fossil was read before the Royal Society, Feb. 14th, 1850; an abstract has been published in the Proceedings of the Society. It is entitled, "On the Pelorosaurus; an undescribed gigantic terrestrial reptile, whose remains are associated with those of the Iguanodon and other saurians in the strata of Tilgate Forest." It will appear in the Phil. Trans. Part 11. 1850.]

XIX. Silicification, _or petrifaction by flint_.--The various forms in which silex occurs have depended on its state of fluidity. In quartz crystals the solution was complete; in agate and chalcedony it was in a gelatinous state, assuming a spheroidal or orbicular disposition according to the motion given to its particles. Its condition appears also to have been modified by the influence of organic matter. In some polished slices of siliceous nodules, the transition from flint to agate, chalcedony, and crystallized quartz, is beautifully shown. The curious fact that the shells of Echinites In chalk are almost invariably filled with flint, while their crustaceous shells are changed into calc-spar, is probably in many instances to be attributed to the animal matter having undergone silicification; for the most organized parts are those which appear to have been most susceptible of this transmutation. In some specimens the oyster is changed into flint, while the shell Is converted into crystallized carbonate of lime. In a trigonia from Tisbury, formerly In the cabinet of the late Miss Benett, of Norton House, near Warminster, the body of the mollusk was completely metamorphosed into pure chalcedony, the branchiæ or gills being as clearly defined as when the animal was recent. In specimens of wood from Australia (presented to the British Museum by Sir Thomas Mitchell), which are completely permeated by silex, there are on the external surface some spots of chalcedony, that have apparently originated from the exudation of the liquid silex from the interior in viscid globules filled with air, which burst, and then collapsed, and became solidified in their present form.

In silicified wood, the permeation of the vegetable tissues by the mineral matter appears to have been effected by solutions of silex of a high temperature. In some examples mineralization has been effected simply by replacement: the original substance has been removed, atom by atom, and the silex substituted in its place. One of the most eminent naturalists and mineralogists of the United States, Mr. J. D. Dana,[141] suggests that the reason why silica is so common a material in the constitution of fossil wood and shells, as well as in pseudo-morphic crystals,[142] consists in the ready solution of silex in water at a high temperature (a fact affirmed by Bergman[143]) under great pressure, whenever an alkali is present, as is seen at the present time in many volcanic regions, and its ready deposition again when the water cools. A mere heated aqueous solution of silica, under a high pressure, is sufficient to explain the phenomenon of the silicification of organic structures. Mr. Dana states that "a crystal of calc-spar in such a fluid, being exposed to solution from the action of the heated water alone, the silica deposits itself gradually on a reduction of temperature, and takes the place of the lime, atom by atom, as soon as set free. Every silicified fossil is an example of this pseudo-morphism; but there seems to be no union of the silica with the lime, for silicate of lime is of rare occurrence."[144]

[Footnote 141: American Journal of Science, for January, 1845.]

[Footnote 142: Pseudo-morphic crystals are crystals moulded in the cavities left by other crystals, which they have replaced. See Dr. Blum on pseudo-morphous minerals; and Mr. Jefferey's experiments on the solution of silica in heated vapour; Wonders of Geology, p. 100.]

[Footnote 143: Bergman first determined the solubility of silex in simple water, aided by heat, and demonstrated its existence in the Geysers, and other boiling springs of Iceland. _Parkinson_, _Org. Rem._, vol. i. p. 324.]

[Footnote 144: See my "Notes on a microscopical examination of chalk and flint," Annals of Natural History, August 1845.]

XX. Stigmaria, Sigillaria, &c.--The most remarkable peculiarity of the flora of the carboniferous period is the immense numerical preponderance of the vascular or higher tribes of cryptogamic plants, which amount to two-thirds of the species described. With these are associated a few Palms, Coniferæ, Cycadeæ, and dicotyledonous plants, allied to the _Cacteæ_ and _Euphorbiaceæ_. The number and magnitude of the vegetables bearing an analogy to the _Ductulosæ_, but differing from existing species and genera, constitute therefore the most important botanical feature of the carboniferous flora. Thus we have plants allied to the Equisetum, or mare's-tail (_Calamites_), eighteen inches in circumference, and from thirty to forty feet high; Zamia-like coniferæ (_Sigillariæ_) fifty feet high; and arborescent club-mosses (_Lepidodendra_) attaining an altitude of sixty or seventy feet. Of this ancient flora, the fossil plants whose stems have been named _Sigillaria_ (see Plate XXI.), and their roots Stigmaria, are especially remarkable in consequence of the peculiar circumstances under which upright examples of these trees are occasionally met with. Referring for details to "Wonders of Geology," Lecture VII., I purpose describing in this place the facts recently brought to light, which prove that certain species of Stigmaria are the roots of Sigillariæ; while others in all probability belong to Lepidodendra:--an opinion maintained more than thirty years ago by the Rev. H. Steinhauer.[145] To the late Mr. Binney we are indebted for the first confirmation of the inference of my friend, M. Adolphe Brongniart, (derived from an examination of the structure of those bodies,) that the Stigmariæ are the veritable roots of Sigillariæ. At St. Helen's, near Liverpool, Mr. Binney discovered, in 1844, an upright trunk of a Sigillaria, nine feet high, to which were attached ten roots, several feet long, that extended into the under clay in their natural position;[146] and these roots were unquestionable Stigmariæ, the tubercles with their attached rootlets being clearly displayed. In the floor of the Victoria Mine at Dunkinfold, near Manchester, at the depth of 1,100 feet from the surface, Mr. Binney also discovered a magnificent specimen of Sigillaria, which exhibited on its stem the respective characters of three supposed species, and had stigmaria-roots extending twenty feet.

[Footnote 145: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, vol. i.]

[Footnote 146: See Medals of Creation, vol. i. p. 143.]

In the Sydney coal-field at Cape Breton, Mr. Richard Brown has observed several upright stems of Sigillariæ and Lepidodendra, with stigmaria-roots attached; and the same fact has been noticed in the Picton coal, in Nova Scotia. The following figures and notes from Mr. Brown's description of these interesting phenomena, will place the subject before the reader in a clear point of view.[147]

[Footnote 147: "Description of an upright Lepidodendron with Stigmaria-roots in the roof of the Sydney Main Coal, in the Island of Cape Breton. By Richard Brown, Esq."--_Geological Journal_, No. 13, for June, 1847, p. 46.]

The main bed of coal is six feet in thickness, and is overlaid, as usual, by a roof of shale abounding in foliage and fragments of branches. As the coal is dug out, large masses of the shale fall in, and occasionally hollow spaces, called by the workmen _pot-holes_, are left in the roof; the fallen masses being the roots and truncated stems of Sigillariæ and other trees, which separate at the parting formed by the coaly bark covering the roots, when the supporting coal is removed.

The following sketch represents one of the specimens of the base of a stem of a Lepidodendron, with the roots (_stigmariæ_) attached. This figure (1) shows the position of the tree above the bed of main coal, with the inclination and length of two of the principal roots, so far as they could be distinctly traced; and the following sketch (2) represents the trunk, with its branching roots, constructed from careful measurements of the dimensions and position of each root, drawn on the spot. The stem at the part marked A, was encrusted with a coaly bark, covered by the usual cicatrices of the Lepidodendra, and the roots at B, C, D, with a similar carbonaceous investment, impressed with the characteristic pits or areolæ of Stigmariæ.

In the Instance of the upright stems of Sigillariæ in the same coal-field, the roots were also unequivocally Stigmariæ. Fig. 3, represents one of these erect stems, sixteen Inches high and twelve inches in diameter at the top, which dropped from the roof of the bed after the coal had been removed. Part of the coaly bark remains at _c_. The decorticated part of the trunk is covered with minute scales as far as the point _h_, a few inches below the first ramification of the roots. The carbonaceous crust investing the roots was thick at the upper part, but gradually became thin, and at _a_, and _b_, was a mere friable pellicle, that fell off upon the slightest touch.

The exact position of the tree in relation to the underlying coal is shown in the above section. Fig. 4. Immediately over the coal there is a bed of hard shale, six inches in depth, in which no fossils are found; this is overlaid by a softer shale abounding in coal-plants; all the upright stems were rooted in the six-inch shale. Upon clearing the base of this tree, a complete set of conical tap-roots was discovered, arranged as in the annexed sketch. Fig. 5. There are four large tap-roots in each quarter of the stump, and five inches below these another set of smaller tap-roots; the total number amounting to eighteen. The horizontal roots are seen to branch off in a regular manner, the base being divided into four nearly equal parts by deep channels, extending from the centre to the points _i, k, l, m_.

Mr. Brown remarks, that these short thick tap-roots were evidently adapted only to a soft wet soil, such as we may conceive was the nature of the first layer of mud deposited upon a bed of peat which had settled down slightly below the level of the water. He supposes, from the presence of a layer of shale without fossil plants immediately over the coal, that the prostrate stems and leaves which occur in such large quantities in the next superincumbent bed, fell from trees growing on the spot, and were entombed in layers of mud held in suspension in the water, which at short intervals inundated the low marshy ground on which they grew; for had the plants been drifted from a distance, he conceives they would also occur in the first layer of shale, as well as in those higher up.

Having thus shown that the _Sigillaria alternans_ was provided with roots adapted for a soft muddy soil, Mr. Brown next describes the specimen represented in Fig. 6, which is the stem of the same species of tree broken off near the roots; the hollow cylinder of bark (_a_) having been bent down and doubled over by the pressure of the surrounding mud, so as effectually to close up the aperture, leaving only a few irregular cicatrices, of three or four inches in length, converging at the apex; the structure, arrangement, and number of the tap-roots, as well as the horizontal ramifications, are similar to those in Fig. 5. This fossil clearly explains the nature of the "_dome-shaped_" plant figured in the "Fossil Flora of Great Britain."[148]

[Footnote 148: The figures 3, 4, 5, 6, and the descriptions, are from the paper of Richard Brown, Esq., published in the Journal of the Geological Society of London, for March, 1849, entitled, "Description of erect Sigillariæ, with conical tap-roots, found in the roof of the Sydney Main Coal, in the Island of Cape Breton."]

"The roots of the preceding fossils repeatedly ramify as their distance from the stem increases, and ultimately terminate in broad flattened points. The whole of the spreading roots of these trees (the _Sigillariæ_) cover only an area of thirty square feet each; whilst those of the Lepidodendron (Fig. 1), whose stem is only two or three inches larger in diameter, covered a space of two hundred square feet. Since it is well known, from numerous examples, that the Lepidodendra were lofty trees, with spreading branches, which therefore required wide bases for support, may we not conclude that Sigillariæ of the species described were, on the contrary, trees of low stature, without heavy branches?"

I cannot quit this subject without again adverting to the remarkable phenomenon mentioned In a previous note, namely, that in the bed of pulverulent earth--the _under-clay_--on which the coal invariably reposes, the roots (or Stigmariæ) of large trees are generally the only organic remains met with. The constant occurrence of these fossils in the under-clay, and their rarity in the coal and shale, was long ago pointed out by Mr. Martin, Dr. Macculloch, and other geologists; but the importance of the fact was not appreciated till Mr. Logan drew attention to it. In the Welsh coal-field, through a depth of 1,200 feet, there are sixty beds of coal, each of which lies on a stratum of clay abounding in Stigmariæ. In the Appalachian coal formation of the United States, the same phenomena occur.

Thus it appears that the under-clay is the natural soil in which the roots (_Stigmariæ_) of the Sigillariæ and Lepidodendra grew; the coal above it is composed of the carbonized stems and foliage of those trees; and the roof or coal-shale is formed by the leaves and branches of a forest overwhelmed and buried beneath the transported detritus of distant rocks. These phenomena may be explained by supposing that a plain, densely clothed with a luxuriant intertropical vegetation, was either inundated by an irruption of the sea, or overwhelmed by a flood, from the sudden breaking up of the barrier of an inland lake; or by the subsidence of the country on which the forests grew. But when we find an uninterrupted series, in which triple deposits of this character are repeated through many thousand feet, the solution of the problem is beset with difficulties, which the hypothesis of repeated periodical subsidences, however ingenious, does not, in my opinion, remove.[149]

[Footnote 149: See Wonders of Geology, pp. 669, 718, 731.]

∵ Jaw of the Iguanodon.--_Additional note to_ p. 194.--Since the preceding pages were struck off, I have, through the kindness and liberality of Samuel H. Beckles, Esq., of Hastings, obtained two portions of jaws from the Wealden of the Sussex Coast. One of these is a fragment of the left side of the lower jaw, with six well-defined dental sockets; the other specimen exhibits the position of the mature molars and the successional teeth in the upper jaw; and confirms the accuracy of the views of Dr. Melville and myself as to the ruminant character of the arrangement of the dental organs in the upper and lower jaws of the Iguanodon, as described in my memoir on the structure of the jaws and teeth; Philos. Trans. 1848, p. 183. When this specimen is completely developed, it will probably exhibit distinctly the relative position of the germs and mature teeth, and the form of the inner alveolar parapet.

INDEX.

A.

Acrodus, tooth of, 160. Actinocrinus, 121. ---- triacontadactylus, 121. Adelosina, 143. Age of reptiles, 193. Alethopteris decurrens, 81. ---- lonchitidis, 25. ---- Serlii, 25. Algæ, fossil, 191. Alveolina elliptica, 142. Ammonites, 139. ---- latus, 139. ---- Mantelli, 139. ---- ovalis, 139. ---- Walcotii, 139. Ananchytes ovatus, 127. Annularia brevifolia, 27. Anoplotherium commune, teeth of, 163. Antarctic ocean, diatomaceæ of, 191. Aphyllum asperum, 69. ---- cristatum, 65. Apiocrinus ellipticus, 113. ---- Parkinsoni, 119. ---- rotundus, 119. Aptychus, 147. Area, fossil, 144. Artis, Mr., on fossil botany, 175. ---- work of, 16. Asaphus caudatus, 156. Aspidiaria cristata, 65. Asterias, fossil, 125. Asterophyllites, 27. Astrea ananas, 93. ---- arachnoides, 95. ---- geometrica, 109. ---- Tisburiensis, 95. ---- undulata, 95.

B.

Baculites Fraujasii, 139. Bahia Blanca, fossils of, 184. Bears, fossil teeth of, 165. ---- fossil, 169. Beckles, S. H., Esq., fossils by, 202. Belemnitella mucronata, 138, 139. Belemnite, description of, 169. Belemnites, 137, 138, 139. ---- coniformis, 138. ---- cylindriformis, 138. ---- fusiformis, 138. ---- giganteus, 137. ---- Puzosianus, 171. Belemnoteuthis antiquus, 170. Bellerophon costatus, 141. Bellinurus bellulus, 156. Benett, Miss, the late, fossils by, 197, 95. Bergman, on Silica, 198. Big-bone Lick, account of, 167. Biloculina ringens, 143. Binney, Mr., on Stigmariæ, 198. Birds, fossil remains of. New Zealand, x, 172. Botanical arrangement of fossil plants, 175. Bourgeticrinus, 113. Bovey coal, 19. Bowerbank, J. S., Esq., on fossil fruits of Sheppey, 29, 31. Brachiopoda, fossil, 153. Bradford encrinite, 119. Brickenden, Capt. Lambart, discovery of jaw of Iguanodon, 194. Brongniart, M., fossil botany of, 178. ---- on fossil fruits of Sheppey, 31. Brown, Mr. Richard, on upright Sigillariæ, 198. Buckland, Dr., on Belemno-sepia, 170. ---- on Stigmariæ, 55.

C.

Calamites approximatus, 49. ---- decoratus, 51. ---- dubius, 23, 45. ---- ramosus, 43. ---- Suckovii, 47.

Calceola sandalina, 154. Calymene Blumenbachii, 156. ---- variolare, 156. Cancer Leachii, 155. Cannibalism of New Zealanders, 175. Cap Encrinite, 116, 117. Cape Breton, coal-field of 199. Carboniferous deposits, 181. Carcharias megalodon, 160. Cardinia Listeri, 147. Cardita senilis, 147. Cardium Hillanum, 147. Carpenter, Dr., on foraminifera, 142. Carpolithus marginatus, 83. Caryophyllia annularis, 91. ---- centralis, 91. Catenipora escharoides, 89. Caves, ossiferous, 169. Cephalopoda, fossil, 141, 180. Ceratodus, 157. Ceriopora, 99, 114. Chain-coral, 89. Chama squamosa, 149. Chara, fossil seeds of, 143. Cheilanthes microlobus, 25. Cheilanthites, 75, 79. Chelonia breviceps, 157. Chenendopora fungiformis, 107. ---- Parkinsoni, 101. ---- subplana. 111. Choanites Königi, 103, 107. Cidaris Blumenbachii, 131. ---- claviger, 131. ---- corollaris, 126. ---- coronatus, 126. ---- crenularis, 126. ---- fossil, 126. ---- glandiferus, 131. ---- granulosus, 126. ---- Königi, 126. ---- Parkinsoni, 125. ---- saxatilis, 129. ---- sceptrifera, 131. ---- Schmidelii, 131. ---- vesiculosus, 126, 131. Clapp, Dr., fossil corals by, 89. Cliona, of New Zealand, 99. Clionites, 99. Clypeaster, 127. ---- altus, 131. Clypeus sinuatus, 127. Cnemidium rimulosum, 107. Coal, 182. Coal measures, 181. Cololites, 133. Comatula, fossil, 125. ---- pectinata, 126. Conulus albogalerus, 127. Coprolites of fishes, 30. Coral marble, 95. Corals, fossil, 182. ---- fossil, from the Ohio, 89. Corbula gallica, 153. ---- revoluta, 147. Coronulites diadema, 154. Crabs, fossil, 155. Crania personata, 153. Crassatella tumida, 147. Crenatula, fossil, 151. Crinoidea, 111. Cristellaria galea, 144. ---- rotulata, 143. Crustacea, fossil, 155. Cucullæa decussata, 147 Cucumites, 29, 30. Cupanoides, 30. Cuvier, Baron, discoveries of, 183. Cyathocrinite, 121. Cyathocrinus rugosus, 117. Cyathophyllum dianthus, 93. ---- fungites, 95. ---- turbinatum, 91, 95. Cyclopteris orbicularis, 27. Cyphosoma correlare, 126. ---- Milleri, 126. Cyrena deperdita, 147.

D.

Dana, J. D., Esq., on silicification, 197. Dapedius, scales of, 154. Darwin, Mr., Journal of, 184. ---- on fossil Edentata, 185. Deane, Mr. Henry, on Rotaliæ, 188. Derbyshire Cap Encrinite, 117. Desmidiaceæ, 190. Dianchora, 149. Diatomaceæ, 190. Dinornis of New Zealand, x, 172. Dinotherium, tooth of, 163. Disaster ovalis, 129. Discoidea, 127. ---- subuculus, 127. Discospira, 142. D'Orbigny, M., on foraminifera, 186. Dudley fossil locust, 156.

E.

Echinanthites orbicularis, 127. Echinanthus altus, 131. Echini, fossil, 127, 129, 131. Echinital spines, fossil, 131. Echinodiscus bisperforatus, 127. ---- laganum, 129. ---- subrotundus, 129. Echinites lapis cancri, 129. ---- pyriformis, 129. Edentata, fossil, 184. Eggs of Dinornis, 174. Elephas primigenius, teeth of, 161. Elk fossil, of Ireland, 161, 189. Encrinital limestone, 91. ---- marble, 117. Encrinites, 117. ---- monileformis, 115. Essex reversed Whelk, 133. Eugeniacrinus caryophyllatus, 114. Euomphalus pentangulatus, 133. ---- rugosus, 133. Euphorbites vulgaris, 57. Explanaria flexuosa, 97.

F.

Faringdon, fossil zoophytes of, 93. Fasciolites, 142. Favosites Gothlandica, 97. Feet of Moa, x, 174. Ferns, fossil, 25, 27. Ficoidites furcatus, 59. ---- major, 63. ---- verrucosus, 61. Filicites decurrens, 81. ---- Miltoni, 77. ---- Osmunda, 73. ---- plumosus, 79. ---- trifoliatus, 75. Fishes, fossil, 157, 159. Fistulana, fossil, 149. Flint, fossils in, 185. Flustra, structure of, 183. Foraminifera, account of, 186. ---- fossil, 142, 143, 188. ---- ---- of India, 188. ---- ---- of New Zealand, 188. Forbes, Prof E., fossils by, 143. Fossil plants, arrangement of, 175. Fowlestone, Mr., fossils by, 107, 194. Frontispiece, description of, x. Fruits, fossil, of Isle of Sheppey, 29, 31. Fuller, Mr. Peter, fossils by, 197. Fungia, fossil, 91. ---- numismalis, 91. ---- polymorpha, 105. Fusus contrarius, 133.

G.

Galerites, 127. Galeus pristodontus, 159. Gloucestershire Pentacrinite, 111. Goniaster Mantelli, 125. ---- Parkinsoni, 125. ---- semilunata, 125. Gonoplax Latreilli, 156. Gorgonia bacillaris, 109. Gryphea incurva, 151. Guard or rostrum of Belemnite, 171. Gyrogonites, 143.

H.

Hamites intermedius, 141. ---- plicatilis, 141. ---- rotundus, 141. Hamsey, near Lewes, fossils from, 141. Harris, W., Esq., on Charing deposits, 188. Helix arbustorum, 149. Hemicidaris crenularis, 126, 131. Hermit crab, fossil, 155. Hippopotamus, fossil teeth of, 163. Hippurites bioculatus, 137. Hoffman, M., discovery of Mosasaurus, 192. Honey-stone, 19. Hooker, Dr., on Diatomaceæ, 191. Hybodus, tooth of, 159. Hydatica columnaris, 37. ---- prostrata, 39.

I.

Iguanodon, 193, 202. ---- discovery of, 193. Inachus Lamarckii, 155. Infusorial earths, 189. Insects, fossil, 155. Ireland, fossil Elk of, 189. Ironstone nodules, 25.

J.

Jaw of Iguanodon, 194, 202. Jerea excavata, 104. ---- pyriformis, 105.

K.

Kentucky crinoidea, 114. Kilkenny marble, 95. Knorria taxina, 35.

L.

Lamna, tooth of, 159. Lapis syringoides, 33. Leaves, dicotyledonous, in travertine, 23. Lepidotus, 157. Lepidodendron, 19, 23, 69. ---- upright, 199. ---- with stigmariæ, 199. Lepidostrobi, 69. Lepidostrobus ornatus, 35. Lignite, 19. Lily encrinite, 115. Lima gigantea, 147. Limulus trilobitoides, 156. Lithodendron fasciculatum, 95. Lithodomi, fossil, 149. Lithostrotion striatum, 93. Lituites lituus, 133. Lituola nautiloidea, 143. Lobophora biperforata, 127. Lumbricaria colon, 133. Lychnophorites superus, 71. Lycopodites squamatus, 30. Lyell, Sir Charles, on Apiocrinites, 119. ---- on Big-bone Lick, 167. Lysianassa literata, 147.

M.

Maestricht, fossil reptile of, 191. Mammalia, fossil teeth of, 161. Manon favosum, 93. Mantell, Mr. R. N., fossils by, 170. ---- Walter, Esq., on fossil birds of New Zealand, x, 173. Marsupites Milleri, 113. Martius, M., fossil flora of, 178. Mastodon, tooth of, 167. Megaceros Hibernicus, antlers of, 161. Megalonyx, tooth and claw of, 163. ---- Jeffersoni, 163. Megaphyton distans, 67. Megatherium Cuvieri, 165. Mellite, 19. Melville, Professor, on the Iguanodon, 195. Michelinia, 91. ---- tenuisepta, 93. Micraster cor anguinum, 129. ---- lacunosus, 129. Miliobatis, fossil, 160. Millepora ramosa, 99. Miller, Mr., on Belemnite, 170. ---- on Crinoidea, 115. Moa, or Dinornis, of New Zealand, x, 172. Morris, Mr., on Clionites, 100. ---- on Discospira, 142. Mosasaurus, 157, 159, 191. Murchison, Sir R. I., Silurian System, 155. Mya literata, 147. Myriophyllites gracilis, 41.

N.

Natica Gentii, 133. Nautilus centralis, 135. ---- Parkinsoni, 135. ---- truncatus, 135. Nerita conoidea, 133. Neuropteris, 19, 25. ---- auriculata, 73. New Zealand, fossil birds of, x, 172. Nipa, fruits of, fossil, 29. Nipadites, 29, 30, 31. ---- Parkinsoni, 31. Nodosaria raphanistrum, 138. Nodules with leaves, 25. Notidanus microdon, 157. Nucleolites, 127. ---- pyriformis, 129. Nucula ovum, 147. Nummulina, animal of, 187. ---- Dr. Carpenter on, 14. ---- lævigata, 142. Nummulites, 141. ---- complanata, 142. ---- dispansa, 142. ---- obtusa, 142.

O.

Ogygia Buchii, 156. Ohio, Falls of the, 89. Ophiura, 125. Ophiuræ, fossil, 126. Orbitolites, 142. Ormoceras, 137. Ornithorhynchus, 195. Orthoceras annulatum, 135. ---- duplex, 137. ---- pyriforme, 137. ---- undulatum, 135. Orthocerina clavulus, 143. Osselet of Belemnite, 171. Ostrea Marshii, 151. ---- carinata, 151. ---- gregarea, 151. Otodus, tooth of, 159. Owen, Professor, on Belemnites, 170. ---- ---- on Dinornis, x, 173. ---- ---- Elephants' teeth, 161. Ox, fossil teeth of, 161.

P.

Pagurus Faujasii, 155. Palæotherium medium, teeth of, 163. Pampas, 185. Pandanocarpum Parkinsonis, 31. Panopæa Aldrovandi, 149. Parish, Sir Woodbine, fossils by, 165. Parkinson, Mr., notice of, 13. Pear encrinite, 119. Pearce, Channing, Esq., fossils by, 119. ---- on Belemnites, 170. Pecopteris, 25, 27. ---- heterophylla, 81. ---- Miltoni, 77. ---- oreopteridis, 27. ---- plumosa, 79. Pelorosaurus, 197. Peneroloplis opercularis, 143. Pentacrinites, 120, 121, 123. Pentacrinus, 111. ---- basaltiformis, 114, 121. ---- Briareus, 122, 123. ---- scalaris, 114, 121. Pentagonaster regularis, 125. Pentamerus, 154. Pentremites florealis, 114. Perna quadrata, 151. ---- maxillata, 151. Petraia, 91. Petrifaction by flint, 197. Petrified figs, 31. ---- melons, 35. Phragmocone of Belemnite, 171. Platycrinus lævis, 122. Plicatula spinosa, 145. Polystomella crispa, 144. Porites pyriformis, 97. Productus, 145. ---- antiquatus, 145. ---- Martini, 154. Psaronius, 33. Ptychodus decurrens, 157. ---- polygurus, 160. Pulley-stone, 117.

Q.

Quadrupeds, fossil, of Montmartre, 183. Quinqueloculina ringens, 143. ---- opposita, 143.

R.

Radiolites agariciformis, 153. Rangatapu, 174. Reptiles, fossil, 157, 159, 192. ---- ---- of the Wealden, 193. Rhinoceros leptorhinus, 163. Rhizolithes, 21. Rhodocrinus verus, 117. Rhytidolepis fibrosa, 55. Rotalia Beccarii, 143, 144. ---- trochiliformis, 143.

S.

Salenia scutigera, 126. ---- stellulata, 126. Scaphites costatus, 141. Scelidotherium, 185. Schlotheim, Baron, fossil botany, 176. Scyphia articulata, 105. ---- costata, 107. Seed-vessels, fossil, 31, 35. Serpula antiquata, 157. ---- conica, 135. ---- filiformis, 135. Serpulite, 135. Shark's teeth, fossil, 159. Shells, fossil, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153. Shrimp, fossil, 155. Shropshire Encrinite, 117. Shumard, Dr., on Geology of Kentucky, 89. Sigaretus, fossil, 133. Sigillaria, 57. ---- alternans, 200. ---- appendiculata, 65. ---- fibrosa, 55. ---- tesselata, 27. ---- upright, 200. ---- with stigmariæ, 199. Siliceous nodules, fossils in, 185. Silicification, 197. Siliquaria, fossil, 135. Siphonia, 97, 103. ---- pyriformis, 104. Spatangites ovalis, 129. Spatangus cor marinum, 129. ---- lacunosus, 129. ---- purpureus, 129. ---- radiatus, 129. Sphenophyllum erosum, 27. Sphenopteris, 25. ---- trifoliata, 27, 75. Spherodus, tooth of, 159. Spherulites, 137. Spicules of fossil sponges, 97. Spines of Echinites, 131. Spiniferites, 191. Spirifer cuspidatus, 154. ---- striatus, 154. Spirolina depressa, 143. ---- cylindracea, 143. Spongites labyrinthicus, 105. ---- lobatus, 97. ---- ramosus, 97. Staarenstein, 33. Star-fishes, fossil, 125. Starry-stone, 33. Steinhauer, Rev. J., on Stigmariæ, 198. Stems, fossil, 33, 35. Steneosaurus, 157, 159. Sternberg, Count, fossil flora of, 176. Sternbergia transversa, 53. Stigmaria, 198. ---- ficoides, 23, 59, 61, 63. ---- in under-clay, 181. ---- with lepidodendron, 199. Stigmariæ, with sigillariæ, 200. Streptospondylus, 157. Syringopora geniculata, 87. ---- ramulosa, 89.

T.

Teeth, fossil, of Anoplotherium, 163. ---- ---- Bears, 165. ---- ---- Dinotherium, 163. ---- ---- Elephants, 161. ---- ---- Hippopotamus, 163. ---- ---- Mastodon, 167. ---- ---- Megalonyx, 163. ---- ---- Ox, 161. ---- ---- Palæotherium, 163. ---- ---- Rhinoceros, 163. ---- of Sharks, fossil, 159. Terebratula coarctata, 153. ---- diphya, 153. ---- triquetra, 153. Teredina personata, 149. Teredo, fossil, 33, 149. Tisbury, fossil corals of, 95. Tortoise encrinite, 113. Toxodon, 185. Trigonellites, 147. ---- lamellosa, 147. ---- lata, 147. Trigonia alæformis, 145. ---- clavellata, 145. ---- costata, 145. ---- dædalea, 145. ---- excentrica, 145. ---- rudis, 145. ---- sinuata, 145. ---- soft parts silicified, 197. ---- spinosa, 145. Trigonocarpum olivæforme, 31. Trilobites, 155. Triloculina trigonula, 143. Tubipore, fossil, 87. Turban encrinite, 117. Turbinolia complanata, 91. ---- mitrata, 91. Turrilites costatus, 141. ---- tuberculatus, 141. Turtles, fossil, 157.

U.

Under-clay, 181. Ursus spelæus, teeth of, 165, 169. ---- priscus, 169.

V.

Vaginella depressa, 144. Ventriculites, 103, 105, 109. ---- alcyonoides, 105. ---- racemosus, 109. Vermetus ampullacea, 135. ---- Bognoriensis, 135. ---- concavus, 135. Victoria barrier, 191.

W.

Waikouaiti, 174. ---- fossils from, x, 174. Waingongoro, 173. Wenlock limestone corals, 89. Wetherellia, 29. Williamson, Mr., on Polystomella, 188. Wood, fossil coniferous, 19, 23. ---- calcareous, 19, 29. ---- cupreous, 29. ---- jasperized, 21. ---- pyritous, 29. ---- silicified, 21.

X.

Xanthidia, 191.

Y.

Yandell, Dr., fossil corals by, 89.

Z.

Zamia pectinata, 23.

K. CLAY, PRINTER, BREAD STREET HILL.

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Transcriber's Note

Minor typos were corrected. Illustrations were relocated so as to avoid splitting paragraphs. Some tables were rejoined and page splits moved above or below them.