Chapter 23

[50] [Greek: Ou, kathaper ta loipa zoa en hemerai miai teleutai, houto kai toutous: alla meros auton kath' hekasten hemeran nekroumenon hupo ton Hiereon thaptesthai. ktl.]

[Greek: Heos d' an hai hebdomekonta kai duo plerothoisin hemeras, tote holos apothneskei.] Horapollo. l. 1. c. 14. p. 2.

[51] [Greek: Eis hieron epeidan prota komisthe Kunokephalos, delton autoi paratithesin ho Hiereus, kai schoinion, kai melan, peirazon, ei ek tes epistamenes esti sungeneias grammata, kai ei graphei.] Horapollo. l. 1. c. 14. p. 28.

[52] Horapollo. l. 1. c. 16 p. 30. [Greek: Dodekatis tes hemeras kath' hekasten horan ourei; tode auto kai tais dusi nuxi poiei. ktl.] Speaking of the two Equinoxes.

[53] Hoffman: Cunocephalus.

Vossius de Idol. vol. 2. l. 3. c. 78.

[54] What Orus Apollo attributes to the Cunocephalus, Damascius (in Vita Isidori) mentions of the Cat. Photii Bibliotheca. c. 242. p. 1049.

[55] By Strabo expressed [Greek: Keipos], who says, that it was reverenced by the people at Babylon, opposite to Memphis. l. 17. p. 1167. [Greek: Keipon de Babulonioi hoi kata Memphin (sebousi)].

[56] Babun, [Greek: Babun], of Hellanicus Lesbius. Athenaeus. l. 15. p. 680. called Bebon, [Greek: Bebon], by Manethon. Plutarch. Isis et Osiris. p. 371, 376. Babon was thought to have been the same as Typhon: by some esteemed a female, and the wife of that personage. Plutarch. ibid.

The Ape and Monkey were held sacred, not in Egypt only, but in India, and likewise in a part of Africa. Diodorus Sicul. l. 20. p. 793. Maffeus mentions a noble Pagoda in India, which was called the monkeys' Pagoda. Historia Ind. l. 1. p. 25: and Balbus takes notice of Peguan temples, called by the natives Varelle, in which monkeys were kept, out of a religious principle. See Balbi Itinerarium.

[57] Martianus Capella. l. 4. sub initio.

Astronomia is made to speak to the same purpose.--Per immensa spatia seculorum, ne profana loquacitate vulgarer, AEgyptiorum clausa adytis occulebar. Martianus Capella. l. 8.

[58] Johannes Sarisburiensis Metalogic. l. 2. p. 787. Editio Lugd. Bat. anno 1639.

He speaks of Parmenides as if he were a native of Egypt; and seems to have understood that Parmenides took up his residence in the Egyptian seminary, in order to obtain a thorough knowledge in science. Et licet Parmenides AEgyptius in rupe vitam egerit, ut rationem Logices inveniret, tot et tantos studii habuit successores, ut ei inventionis suae totam fere praeripuerint gloriam.

[59] Hermes was the same as Anubis Latrator. Jablonsky. l. 5. c. 1.

[Greek: Kuna sebeis; tupto d' ego.] Anaxandrides apud Athenaeum. l. 7. p. 300.

[Greek: Hermen kuna.] Plutarch. Isis et Osiris.

[60] Strabo. l. 17. p. 1167. [Greek: Kunokephalon de (timosin) Hermopolitai.]

[61] [Greek: Hermopolitike phulake]. Strabo. ibid.

[62] Analogous to this we read in Herodotus, that the Persian brigade, whose deficiencies were supplied by continual recruits, was styled [Greek: athanatos], immortalis. Herodotus. l. 7. c. 83.

It consisted of ten thousand men.

[63] Herodotus. l. 2. c. 37.

[64] [Greek: Dodekatis hemeras kath' hekasten horan OUREI Kunokephalos.] Horapollo. l. 1. c. 16.

[65] Herodot. l. 4. c. 191.

Upon the Mare Erythraeum, [Greek: hidruma Kunoskephalon kaloumenon]. Strabo. l. 16. p. 1120. Also Pliny. l. 6. c. 30. and l. 7. c. 2. of Cunocephali in Ethiopia and India.

[66] Herodot. l. 4. c. 191.

[67] Many places were named Cunocephale: all which will be found upon inquiry to have been eminences, or buildings situated on high, agreeably to this etymology. [Greek: Kunoskephale, LOPHOS tis Thessalias.] Stephanus Byzant. from Polybius. l. 17.

[Greek: Kunonkephalai] near Scotiussa. [Greek: LOPHON puknon parallelon AKRAI.] Plutarch in Flaminino, of the same place.

The citadel at Thebes was called [Greek: Kunoskephale] by Xenophon. Those who speak of the Cunocephali as a people, describe them as Mountaineers. Megasthenes per diversos Indiae montes esse scribit nationes caninis capitibus. Solinus. c. 52.

A promontory of this name upon the coast of the Red Sea, mentioned above from Strabo. Another promontory Cunocephale in Corcyra. Procopius. Goth. l. 3. c. 27.

[68] Solinus. c. 4. and Isidorus. Origi l. 9. de Portentis.

[69] Steph. Byzantinus.

[70] Ptolemy. l. 3. c. 15.

[71] Hesychius. Also a family at Lacedaemon, [Greek: Phule Lakonike]: and Cunosouroi, the name of a family at Megara. See Alexander ab Alexandro. l. 1. c. 17.

[72]

Esse duas Arctos, quarum Cynosura petatur Sidoniis; Helicen Graia carina notet. Ovid. Fastor. l. 3. v. 107.

[73] L. 3. p. 207.

[74] V. 99.

[75] Palaephatus [Greek: peri epheureseos konchules.]. p. 124.

[76] Cassiodorus of the purple. Cum fame canis avida in Tyrio littore projecta conchylia impressis mandibulis contudisset, illa naturaliter humorem sanguineum diffluentia ora ejus mirabili colore tinxerunt: et ut est mos hominibus occasiones repentinas ad artes ducere, talia exempla meditantes fecerunt principibus decus nobile. l. 9. c. 36.

See also Chronicon Paschale. p. 43. Achilles Tatius. l. 3. Julius Pollux. l. 1. c. 4. p. 30. Ed. Amstel. Pliny. l. 9. c. 36.

[77] Cyrus Prodromus [Greek: epi apodemoi tei philiai].

[78] Nonni Dionysiaca. l. 40. p. 1034.

[79] Etymologicum Magnum.

[80] Johannes Antiochenus, who tells the story at large, says, that purple was the discovery [Greek: kunos poimenikou] which in the original history was undoubtedly a shepherd king.

[81] Plutarch. Isis et Osiris. p. 355.

[82] [Greek: Oude Sokrates ton kuna kai ton chena omnus epaizen.] Porphyry de Abstinentia. l. 3. p. 286.

It is said to have been first instituted by Rhadamanthus of Crete: [Greek: Ekeleuse (Rhadamanthus) kata chenos, kai kunos, kai kriou omnunai.] Eustathius upon Homer. Odyss. [Upsilon]. p. 1871.

See Aristophan. [Greek: Ornithes.] Scholia, v. 521. [Greek: Omnunai keleusai (Rhadamanthun) chena, kai kuna, ktl.] from Socrates. l. 12. de Rebus Creticis.

The antient Abantes of Euboea styled Zeus himself Cahen; called in aftertimes Cenaeus. There was a promontory of the same name: [Greek: Kenaion akroterion (Abanton)] Steph. Byzant. Here Hercules was supposed to have sacrificed after his conquest of AEchalia.

Victor ab AEchalia Cenaeo sacra parabat Vota Jovi. Ovid. Metamorph. l. 9 v. 136.

Sophocles in Trachin. v. 242, mentions, [Greek: Bomous, telet' enkarta Kenaioi Dii].

[83] Plato in Gorgia. vol. 1. p. 482.

[84] Porphyry. l. 3. p. 286. so corrected by Jablonsky. l. v. c. 1. p. 10

[85] Clementis Cohortatio. p. 32.

[86] Pliny. l. 8. p. 446.

[87] Anthologia. l. 1. Epigram. 144.

[88] Theophrast. Charact.

[89] Hesychius.

[90] Diodorus Siculus de pompa Isiaca. l. 1. p. 78.

[91] Huetius. Praep. Evang. p. 86. from Cornutus de natura Deorum.

A like history is given of serpents in Syria by Aristotle, [Greek: peri thaumasion akousmaton]: and by Pliny and Isidorus, of birds in the islands of Diomedes.

[92] Nonni Dionysica. l. 3. p. 94.

[93] Ibid.

[94] Homer. Odyss. l. 8. v. 92.

[95] [Greek: Ton Kuna ton chruseon apedeixen (ho Zeus) phulattein to hieron en Kretei]. Antoninus Liberalis. c. 35. p. 180.

[96] Pausanias of Taenarus. l. 3. p. 275.

[97] ---- of Troezen. l. 2. p. 183.

[98] ---- of Hermione. l. 2. p. 196.

[99] Dionys. [Greek: Perieges]. v. 791. This temple stood, according to Diodorus Siculus and Arrian, in the country of the Cimmerians, near the Acherusian Chersonese. See Scholia to Dionysius above.

[100] Oppida tota canem venerantur. Juvenal. Sat. 15. v. 8. Diodorus. l. 1. p. 16.

[101] Herodotus. l. 2. c. 66.

[102] Plutarch. Isis et Osiris. p. 368.

[103] [Greek: Exo kunes] was a proverbial expression among the Jews.

[104] Deuteronomy. c. 23. v. 18.

[105] In this golden cup Hercules was supposed to have passed over the ocean. [Greek: Chruseon ---- depas, en hoi ton okeanon dieperasen Herakles.] Apollodorus. l. 2. p. 100.

There was likewise in the same place a story about a golden belt. Philostratus: Vita Apollon. l. 5. p. 212.

[106] Palaephatus. Edit. Elz. 1642. p. 76. the author would not say [Greek: sphodra plousioi], but keeps to the antient term [Greek: chrusoi], though it is scarce sense.

[107] Pindar. Olymp. Ode 2. [Greek: stroph. d.] p. 25.

[108] [Greek: Chrusophorousi d' ek tou Kaunasou pollai pegai psegma aphanes.] Appian de Bello Mithridat. p. 242. Salauces, an antient king of Colchis, was said to have abounded with gold. Pliny. l. 33. c. 15. p. 614. Arrian supposes that they put fleeces into the river, to intercept ([Greek: psegma aphanes]) this imperceptible mineral; and that hence arose the fable of the Golden Fleece.

[109] Pindar. Olymp. Ode 7. p. 64.

[110] Callimachus. Hymn to Apollo. v. 34.

In like manner there was a shower of gold at Thebes, in Boeotia. Pindar speaks of Jupiter [Greek: Chrusoi mesonuktion niphonta]. Isthm. Ode 7. p. 746.

[111] Callimachus. Hymn to Delos. v. 260.

[112] Homer. Hymn to Apollo. v. 135.

[113] [Greek: Peukes eidos heteron; leibesthai d' haimati, kathaper toi chrusoi ten Heliada aigeiron.] Philostratus. l. 5. p. 211. AEschylus mentions the Arimaspians as living upon a golden stream:

[Greek: Hoi Chrusorrhuton ] [Greek: Oikousin amphi nama Platonos porou.] Prometheus. p. 49.

[114] Hence the celebrated city in Egypt had the name of Cherchusora. Some traces of Orcus may be found in Zeus Hircius, and Orcius, mentioned by Pausanias. l. 5. p. 442. He supposes the name to be from [Greek: horkos], an oath, and mentions a legend to that purpose.

[115] Hesiod. Theog. v. 281.

[116] [Greek: Chrusaoris, polis Karias----Epaphroditos de ten Karian pasan Chrusaorida legesthai (phesi).] Steph. Byzant.

[117] Strabo. l. 14. p. 975. Zeus was a title conferred upon more than one of the family.

[118] Herodotus. l. 2. c. 15. Also c. 17. and 97. called by Strabo [Greek: Kerkesoura]. l. 17. p. 1160.

[119] Sanchoniathon apud Euseb. Praep. Evan. l. 1. p. 35.

[120] Diodorus Sic. l. 4. p. 224.

[121] Hesiod. Theog. v. 287.

[Greek: Trisomaton boter' Erutheias.] Euripides. Hercules Furens. v. 423.

[122] Homer. Iliad. [Omicron]. v. 256.

[123] Homer. Hymn to Apollo. v. 123.

[124] Second Hymn to Diana. v. 3.

Perseus is styled [Greek: Chrusaoros] in Orpheus de Lapid. c. 15. v. 41.

[125] Homer. Hymn to Apollo. v. 131.

[126] Ibid. v. 126.

[127] Apollo was represented as the author of the lyre, called among the oriental nations Kinor, and Cuthar: from the latter of which came [Greek: kitharis], and cithara in the west.

[128] Pindar. Pyth. Ode 1.

[129] [Greek: Chruse, he polis tou Apollonos engus Lemnou--kai tes Lesbias topos; kai Panephaistia tes Lemnou akroterion--kai en Bithuniai, kai peri Chalkedona, kai tes Karias; kai en tei Halikarnasidi Dorion pedion; kai en Hellespontoi; esti kai alle Cherrhonesos tes Indikes; en de tei ektos Gangou Indikei.] Stephanus Byzant.

See also [Greek: Chrusopolis] ibidem.

[130] Cedrenus. p. 12.

[131] Strabo. l. 16. p. 1095.

[132] Hoffman Lexic.

[133] Plutarch de fluminibus. p. 1151. The original name was Chrusaor, which had no relation to a golden stream: at least that part of it was so named which ran through the city Mastaura. See Stephanus Byzant. [Greek: Mastaura.]

[134] [Hebrew: KTM] of of the Hebrews.

[135] Dionysius [Greek: perieges]. v. 589. Scholia ibidem.

[136] The antients, as I have before observed, were not consistent in their theology. The Sun was properly Cham, styled also Orus, but, as a title, was bestowed upon more persons than one.

[137] Josephus of Salatis, the first Shepherd King; [Greek: Houtos en tei Memphidi kategineto.] Contra Apion. l. 1. Sec.. 14.

[138] Diodorus Sic. l. 1. p. 88.

[139] Josephus contra Apion. l. 1. c. 14.

[140] Justin Martyr mentions this: [Greek: Egno gar kai temenos Chruses Aphrodites en Aiguptoi legomenon, kai pedion Chruses Aphrodites onomazomenon.] Cohort, p. 28. Chruse Aphrodite is plainly the Cuthite Venus; the Deity of the Cuthim.

[141] Pocock's and Norden's Travels, and maps of the country about Cairo.

[142] Colchis, near Comar. Arrian Periplus maris Erythraei. Geog. Vet. vol. 1. p. 33.

[143] [Greek: Kataschein de phasi kai es Pegadas tes ton Oreiton choras. Hoide Oreitai, chalkai men autois hai petrai, chalke de he psammos, chalkoun de psegma hoi potamoi agousi. Chrusitin hegountai ten gen dia ten eugeneian tou Chalkou.] Philostratus. Vita Apollon. l. 3. p. 155.

[144] The Petra and Pagoda were the same: both names for temples.

[145] This mistake arose from Cal-Chus being styled the region of the Cuthim.

[146] Scholia upon Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. p. 259.

[147] Ibid. Isth. Ode 5. p. 462.

[148] Sanchoniathon apud Euseb: Praep. Evan. l. 1. c. 10. p. 35.

[149] Ibid.

[150] Lucian de Electro. vol. 2. p. 523. Edit. Salmurii.

[151] Ovid. Metamorph. l. 1. v. 751.

[152] Homer. Odyss. l. [lambda]. v. 15. Phaethon was universally allowed to be the Sun by the antient mythologists of Greece; to whom we must appeal, and not to the Roman poets. Orpheus says,

[Greek: Eelion Phaethonta eph' harmasi poloi agousi.] de Lapid. v. 90.

And in another place;

[Greek: Euthus hot' ek peraton gaies Phaethon anorouson, kl.]

Phaethon was the same as Phanes: and there is something very mysterious in his character. He is represented as the first born of heaven: [Greek: Protogonos Phaethon perimekeos Eeros huios]--Hunc ait (Orpheus) esse omnium Deorum parentem; quorum causa coelum condiderit, liberisque prospexerit, ut haberent habitaculum, sedemque communem: [Greek: Ektisen Athanatois domon aphthiton.] Lactantus de falsa religione. l. 1. c. 5. p. 15. His history will be explained hereafter.

[153] Phoenices post multos deinde annos, a Rege Ascaloniorum expugnati, navibus appulsi, Tyron urbem ante annum Trojanae cladis condiderunt. Justin. l. 18. c. 3. See Isaiah. c. 23. v. 11. They enlarged Tyre: but it was a city before: for it is mentioned Joshua. c. 19. v. 29. as the strong city Tyre.

[154] Porphyry de Abstinentia. l. 2. p. 158.

[155] Apuleius de genio Socratis.

[156] Argonautica. v. 32. See Clementis Cohortatio. p. 12.

[157] Nonni Dionysiaca. l. 19. p. 520.

[158] Joseph. Antiq. l. 11. c. 5. p. 563.

[159] Nehemiah. c. 8. v. 9.

[160] 1 Esdras. c. 9. v. 52, 53.

[161] Nehemiah. c. 8. v. 11.

[162] Sanchoniathon alludes to the songs of Canaan, and their great sweetness, when he is in an allegorical manner speaking of Sidon; whom he makes a person, and the inventress of harmony. [Greek: Apo de Pontou ginetai Sidon, he kath' huperbolen euphonias prote humnon oides heuren.] Apud Euseb. P. E. lib. 1. c. 10. p. 38.

[163] Stephanus Byzant.

[164] Sanchoniathon apud Euseb. l. 1. c. 10. p. 39.

[165] [Greek: Uk kath' hieran glossai basilea semainei]. Josephus contra Ap. l. 1. c. 13. p. 445.

[166] Osiris, [Greek: Usiris], according to Hellanicus. Plutarch de Iside et Osiride.

[167] Verse 129.

[168] Homer's Hymn to Apollo. v. 92.

[169] Ichnaia was a city in Sicily, and elsewhere.

[Greek: Achnai polis Thessalias--esti kai polis Boiotias]. Steph. Byzant.

[Greek: Arachnaion oros Argous]. Ibid. Ar-Achnaion is the hill of Canaan, or the Canaanitish mount.

[170] See Radicals. p. 106.

[171] Pliny. l. 3. p. 173.

[172] Milton. Paradise Lost. l. 1. v. 416. See also Ezekiel. c. 8. v. 14.

[173] Hyginus. Fab. 154. p. 266. not. 7. [Greek: Heteroi de phasi, dikaiotaton auton einai Neilon.] Eratosthenes. Catasterism. 37.

[174] [Greek: Kaleitai de hupo ton enchorion Buchernos. Aiguptioi de phasi Neilon einai ton katesterismenon.] Scholia in Aratum. p. 48.

[175] Plutarch de Fluminibus. vol. 2. p. 1154.

[176] Eustathius in Dionysium. v. 239. See Steph. Byzant. [Greek: Aiguptos.]

[177] Plutarch [Greek: peri ton ekleloipoton chresterion.] vol. 1. p. 409.

[178] Strabo. l. 16. p. 1101. There was supposed to have been a person in Thessaly named Cycnus, the son of Apollo. He lived upon a lake Uria; which was so called from his mother.

Inde lacus Hyries videt, et Cycneia Tempe, Quae subitus celebravit olor. Ovid. Metam. l. 7. v. 371.

Uria was also a river in Boeotia: and here was a Cycnus, said to have been the son of Poseidon. Pausan. l. 10. p. 831.

[179] [Greek: Erasthenta de Pasiphaes Dia genesthai men Tauron; nun de aeton kai kuknon.] Porphyry de Abstin. l. 3. p. 285.

[Greek: Pou nun ekeinos ho aetos? pou dai ho kuknos? pou dai autos ho Zeus.] Clemens. Alex. Cohort. p. 31.

[180] Nonni Dionysiaca. l. 24. p. 626.

[181]

[Greek: Pros Gorgoneia pedia Kisthenes, hina] [Greek: Hai phorkides naiousi, denaioi korai,] [Greek: Treis kuknomorphoi, koinon omm' ektemenai.] AEschyli Prometheus. p. 48.

[Greek: Hai men phorkides treis--eichon eidos Kuknon]. Scholia ibidem.

[Greek: Phorkun en aner Kurenaios; hoide Kurenaioi kata genos men eisin Aithiopes.] Palaephatus. Edit. Elz. p. 76.

[182] [Greek: Tate ota, kai tous ophthalmous hoi demiourgountes ex hules timias kathierousi, tois Theois anatithentes eis tous neos; touto depou ainissomenoi, hos panta theos horai, kai akouei.] Clemens Alexand. l. 5. p. 671.

See Diodorus. l. 3. p. 145. This may have been one reason, among others, why the Cyclopians and Arimaspians are represented with one eye: [Greek: ton mounopa straton Arimaspon]. AEschylus Prometh. p. 49. The Arimaspian history was written by Aristeus Proconnesius, and styled [Greek: Arimaspeia epe.]

[183] Plutarch. [Greek: Ei.] vol. 2. p. 387.

[184] Porph. de Abst. l. 3. p. 286.

[185] Aristophanes. Aves. [Greek: Kuknoi Puthioi kai Delioi.] v. 870.

[186] Plato de Republica. l. 10. p. 620. vol.2.

[187] Porph. de Abstin. l. 4. p. 364.

[188] Lycophron. v. 426. Scholia Ibidem.

[189] Callimachus. Hymn to Delos. v. 249.

[190] Fragmenta Lini. Ex Aristobulo. See Poesis Philosoph. H. Steph. p. 112.

[191] Ovid. Metamorph. l. 14. v. 509.

[192] Plato in Phaedone. vol. 1. p. 84. Plutarch. in [Greek: Ei.] v. 2. p. 387.

Cicero Tusc. Quaest. l. 1. Pliny. l. x. c. 23.

AElian de Animal. l. 2. c. 32. l. x. c. 36.

Philostratus. Vita Apollon. l. 3. c. 23.

[193] De Animalibus. l. 9. [Greek: Kai tines ede pleontes para ten Libuen perietuchon en tei thalattei pollois adousi phonei goodei; kai touton heoron apothneskontas enious.] vol. 2. p. 423.

[194] See Brown's Vulgar Errors. l. 3. c. 27.

[195] [Greek: Ho de Mundios phesin Alexandros pollois teleutosi parakolouthesas ouk akousai adonton.] Athenaeus. l. 9. c. 11.

[196] Epigram. in Erinnam. l. 3. p. 280. H. Steph.

[197] Lucretius. l. 4. v. 182.

[198] See Vossius de Idol. vol. 2. l. 3. c. 88. p. 1212. and Pierius de Cygnis. p. 254.

[199] Herod. l. 2. c. 109.

[Greek: Geometrias te au heuretai gegonasin (hoi Aiguptioi.)] Clemens. Strom. l. 1. p. 361.

[200] L. 4. v. 279.

[201] Apollonius Rhodius. l. 4. v. 279.

[202] Dionys. [Greek: Periegesis]. v. 688.

[203] Clem. Alexand. speaks [Greek: Peri te tes Kosmographias kai Geographias ktl.--Chorographias te tes Aiguptou, kai tes tou Neilou diagraphes.] Strom. 6. p. 757.

[204] [Greek: Sesostris de, phasin, ho Aiguptios, pollen perieleluthos gen pinaxi te dedoke ten periodon, kai tes ton pinakon anagraphas ouk Aiguptiois monon, alla kai Skuthais eis thauma metadounai exiosen.] Eustath. Praef. Epist. to Dionys. p. 12.

[205] AEgyptios primos omnium tam coelum quam terram esse dimensos: ejusque rei scientiam columnis incisam ad posteros propagasse. Petavii Uranalogia. p. 121. taken from Achilles Tatius.

[206] Homer. Odyss. l. [alpha]. v. 52.

[207] The Atlantians were styled [Greek Ouraniones], or sons of heaven. The head of the family was supposed to be the brother of Saturn. Diodorus. l. 3. p. 193.

[208] Euseb. [Greek: Historion sunagoge]. p. 374. c. 2.

[209] L. 3. 194.

[210] Strabo. l. 1. p. 13.

[211] Diog. Laert. Anaximander.

[212] Laertius. l. 1. p. 74.

[213] In Pherecyde.

[214] Josephus cont. Apion. l. 1. c. 2.

[215] Clemens. Strom. l. 6. p. 741.

[216] Diodorus Sic. l. 1. p. 12.

[217] Ibid. l. 1. p. 17.

[218] P. 30.

[219] Chron. Paschale. p. 34. Zonaras. p. 16.

See Salmasius upon Solinus. c. 35. concerning Ogen. Also, Windelini Admiranda Nili. p. 12. and 16.

[220] Metamorph. l. 2. v. 9.

[221] V. 119.

[222] Iliad. l. 18. v. 483. and v. 606.

[223] Nonni Dionus. l. 40. p. 1040.

[224] Catull. Epithalamium of Peleus and Thetis. v. 47.

[225] Plutarch. Life of Theseus.

[226] Add to this, what I have before taken notice of, the great absurdity of making the Grecian Argo the first ship which sailed upon the seas: Illa rudem cursu prima imbuit Amphitriten: when the poet, at the same instant, is describing Theseus, previous to the Argo, _in a ship_, and attended with _fleet of ships_.

Namque fluentisono prospectans littore Diae Thesea _cedentem celeri cum classe_ tuetur, Indomitos in corde gerens Ariadna furores.

Catulli. Epithal. Pel. et Thet. v. 52. See Famiani Stradae Prolus. l. 3. p. 285.

[227] Nonni Dionysiaca. l. 41. p. 1070.

[228] Orphica ex Macrobio Saturn. l. 1. c. 18. p. 202.

[229] Maps, and books too, when writing was introduced, were made of skins, called [Greek: diphtherai]. [Greek: Tas biblous diphtheras kaleousi apo tou palaiou hoi Iones.] Herodot. l. 5. c. 58.

A Zone, of curious imagery, is given by Homer to Hercules. Odyss. l. [Lambda]. v. 609.

[Greek: Chruseos en telamon, hina theskela erga tetukto.]

A remarkable passage, from Isidorus Basilidis, quoted by Clemens Alexandrin. [Greek: Kai gar moi dokei tous prospoioumenous philosophein, hina mathosi, ti estin he hupopteros drus, kai to ep' autei pepoikilmenon PHAROS. Panta hosa Pherekudes allegoresas etheologesen, labon apo tes tou Cham propheteias.] Strom. l. 6. p. 767.

In the former verses from Nonnus we may see the method of deviation. Pharos, a tower, is taken for Pharos a garment; and this altered to [Greek: Chiton]: and, after all, the genuine history is discernible, notwithstanding the veil which is spread over it. The author says, that, at the bottom, [Greek: eueklostoio Chitonos], of the well-woven garment, flowed the Ocean, which surrounded the world. This is certainly a misinterpretation of the term [Greek: pharos]: and, in the original writings, whence these verses were copied, the history related to a tower: and it was at the foot [Greek: PHAROU EUKLUSTOIO] that the ocean beat, by which the earth was encircled.

[230] Bochart Geog. Sacra. l. 1. c. 228. p. 524. of [Hebrew: TWR].

[231] Strabo. l. 16. p. 1110.

[232] Diodorus Siculus. l. 4. p. 231.

[233] Strabo. l. 11. p. 762.

[234] [Greek: Tundarioi skopeloi]. Ptolemaeus. p. 122. See Strabo. l. 17. p. 1150.

[235] Dionysius. v. 688. Pliny styles them oppida.

Oppida--in ripa celeberrima, Tyndarida, Circaeum, &c. l. 6. c. 4.

[236] The Minotaur was an emblematical representation of Menes, the same as Osiris; who was also called Dionusus, the chief Deity of Egypt. He was also the same as Atis of Lydia, whose rites were celebrated in conjunction with those of Rhea, and Cybele, the mother of the Gods. Gruter has an inscription, M. D. M. IDAE, et ATTIDI MINOTAURO. He also mentions an altar of Attis Minoturannus. vol. 1. p. xxviii. n. 6.

[237] Diodor. Sicul. l. 16. p. 411.

[238] Meen was the moon: and Meno-Taurus signified Taurus Lunaris. It was a sacred emblem, of which a great deal will be said hereafter.

[239] See Paruta's Sicilia nummata.

[240] [Greek: Turis, ho peribolos tou teichous]. Hesych. From whence we may infer, that any place surrounded with a wall or fortification might be termed a Tor or Turris.

[Greek: Tarchonion polis Turrhenias.] Stephan. Byzant.

[241] Scholia upon Lycophron. v. 717.

[242] Scholia upon Lycophron. v. 1242.

The Poet says of AEneas, [Greek: Palin planeten dexetai Tursenia.] v. 1239.

[243] Lycophron. v. 1248.

[244] [Greek: Tarkunia polis Turrhenidos apo Tarchonos; to ethnikon Tarkunios.] Steph. Byzant.

[245] Strabo. l. 5. p. 336. [Greek: Tarkona, aph' hou Tarkunia he polis.]

[246] Lycophron. v. 116.

[Greek: He Torone, gune Proteos.] Scholia ibidem.

[247] [Greek: Turrhenoi salpinga]. Tatianus Assyrius. p. 243.

[248] L. 17. p. 468.

[249] Scholia upon Lycophron. v. 754.

[250] Pausanias. l. 9. p. 749.

[251] Pausanias. l. 7. p. 524.