Part 6

A Cross

When she Rides with her Fore and Main-Yards hoisted up.

Hawse-full

When in Stress of Weather she falls so deep into the Sea with her Head, that Water runs in at her Hawses.

A Peek

When one End of the Yards are peeked up, and the other hangs down; this is also said of a Ship, when in weighing she is brought directly over her Anchor.

Portoise

When her Yards are struck upon the Deck, or when are down a Portlast.

A Thwart

When her Side lies a-cross the Tide.

Riders

Are Timbers of a large Scantling fay'd within Side of the Foot Waaling; the Floor Riders are wrought over the Keelson; and the lower Futtock Riders Scarphs to the Floor Riders from the Keelson to the Orlop Beams.

Rigging

Are all the Ropes whatsoever belonging to a Ship's Masts, Yards, or any Part about her; and she is well rigg'd when all her Ropes are of their fit Length and Size, in Proportion to her Burden.

Right the Helm

A Sea Phrase used by him that Conds to the Men at the Helm or Steering Wheel, ordering them to keep the Helm even in the Middle of the Ship.

Right Sailing

Is when a Voyage is performed on some one of the four Cardinal Points.

Rings

Hatch

Are drove into the Hatches to open or shut them.

Port

Are drove into the Ports, and to which the Ropes are fastened to open or shut them.

Rings & Forelocks

Are put on the Ends of Bolts to prevent their starting out.

Riping Chissels

Are used by the Shipwrights in breaking up old Ships.

Riseing Timbers

Are large Pieces of Timber fay'd to the Keel, to the Stem Afore, and from the Keel to the Stern Post Abaft; its Use is to fashion out the lower Part of the Ship Afore and Abaft; and also to fasten the half Timbers into it; it is bolted to the Keel, Stem, and Stern Post respectively; there is also a thinner Piece of dead Wood in the Midships, fay'd on the Keel for the Breach of the Floor Timbers to be let into.

Road

A place of Anchorage at some Distance from the Shore, and sheltered from Winds, where Vessels usually Moar to wait for a Wind or Tide proper to carry them into Harbour, or set sail.

Rock Staff

With which the Smiths blow their Bellows.

Ropes

Of a Ship are, in general, all her Cordage; but those which have particular Names given them are as follows:

Auning

Are for spreading the Aunings.

Bell

Made fast to the Crank for striking it.

Boat

By which the Boats at the Ship's Stern are towed.

Bolt

Are laid white, stoved in an Oven, and then tarr'd; are the Head and Body Ropes sewed round the Sails.

Breast

Made fast to the Shrouds in the Chains, to support the Man that heaves the Lead.

Bucket

To hawl up Water.

Canhook

Seized to each Hook, to hoist Butts, Hogsheads, and other Casks on board.

Catt

For hoisting up the Anchors, in order to be stowed at the Bow.

Davit

Reeved through a Hole which is made at each End, for hauling the Davit to either Side of the Fore Castle.

Entering

To take hold of, for going up the Ship's Side.

Luffhook

Is for bousing the Tack aboard, when it blows hard, and is a Sort of a Preventer to the Tack.

Grapnel

Being bent to a Grapnel, either the Long-Boat, Pinnace or Yawl rides by it.

Guess

Is for keeping the Long-Boat, Pinnace or Yawl from steeving, or going too much in and out when towing.

Parrel

Is reeved through the Ribs and Trucks, which, with the Breast Ropes, lashes the Parrel to the Masts.

Rother

Reeved through a Hole in the Boat's Rother.

Slip

For triseing up the Bites of the Cable to the Rails of the Head.

Stantion

Reeved through the Eyes of the Stantions.

Swabb

Serves as a Handle to them.

Top

Are those with which the Top-masts are set or struck; they are reeved through an Iron-bound Block, which hooks under the Cap, and then reeved through the Heel of the Top-mast, where a Brass Shiver is placed athwart Ships; the other Part of them comes down to the Top Tackle Falls, which has double Blocks Iron-bound, and hooks to Ring Bolts upon the Deck.

Tiller

To keep the Tiller steady, that it may not fly from Side to Side.

Wast

For Boats to make fast to, along-side.

Wheel

Goes round the Spindle of the Steering Wheel, and from thence to the Tiller, and are generally white Rope.

Ropebands

Are made out of old Rope, Junk, _&c._ reeved through the Head Holes of the Sails, which make them fast to the Yards, and are vulgarly called Robins.

Rope Yarn

Is the Yarn of any Rope untwisted, but commonly made out of Junk; its Use is to make Sinnet, Mats, _&c._

Roves

Are small square Pieces of Iron, with a Hole punched in the Middle of them, through which the Nail goes, where it is clenched, and fastens the Boards of Pinnaces, Yawles, or Wherries to one another.

Rother

A Piece of Timber suitably formed, and hung with Irons called Pintles and Braces to the Stern Post; its Use is to traverse and govern the Ship under Sail.

Rother Irons

Are the Cheeks of Iron which is fastened to the Stern Post of Ships or Boats, and into which the Pintles go.

Rother Tackles

Are for Succour in Case the Tiller should break, and the Pendants are spliced to short Chains at the Back of the Rother, and the Falls come in on each Quarter of the Ship.

Round House

When the Poop is made so long as to come near, or to the Mizon Mast, there is (besides the Cabbins Abaft) an outer Apartment, which is called the Round House.

Rowle

Is a round Piece of Wood wherein the Whipstaff goes, being made to turn about, that it may carry over the Staff the easier from Side to Side.

Rowlucks

Are spaces left on the Gunwale, where two Thoals are let in at such a Distance from each other, as to admit the Oar at the End of the Loom to lie on, for rowing the Boat.

Rowse

The Cable or Hawser, that is, take it in or out.

Rozin

Is used for Paying the Ship's Sides, Boats, Blocks, _&c._

Rufftrees

Are slight Rails let into Iron Stantions, generally on the Quarter Deck and Fore Castle, against which a Weather Sail is fixed for Shelter to the Men; and likewise to keep and prevent them from tumbling over-board at Sea.

Run

So much of the After-part of a Ship as is under Water, is called her Run.

Rundlets

Are allowed the Boatswains to keep Oyl in.

Runner

Is a Rope reeved in a single Block seized to the End of a Pendant, and has at the one End a Hook to hitch into any Thing, and at the other End a long Tackle Block, into which is reeved the Fall of the Tackle or Garnet, by which Means it Purchases more than a Tackle Fall can do alone, and they, with the Halyards, hoist up the Topsail Yards, as the Ties do the Top-gallant Yards.

Rungheads

The Floor Timber Heads.

Saddles

Are used by the Smiths to turn Thimbles hollow on.

Sail

Every Yard in a Ship hath its proper Sail, (except the Cross Jack) and takes its Name from the Yard; and those which are not bent to the Yards, are, the Flying Jibb, Fore, Fore-top, Main, Main-top, Main-top-gallant, Mizon and Mizon Top-mast Stay Sails, Main and Main-top Studding Sails.

Salvagees

Are made with three flat Strands breeded, or by a small Turn put into several Rope Yarns cut into proper Lengths, and are used when a Shroud or Back Stay wants setting up, which is done by taking a Turn with the Salvagee round the Rope, to which they hook a Tackle Fall, and by bousing thereon, brings down the Shrouds or Back Stays to their proper Position.

Sand

Is used by the Bricklayers for making Mortar, and at the Kilns for stoving Plank.

Saucers

Are round thick Pieces of Iron, on which the Spindle of the Capstons work.

Saws

Hack

Are made of Scythes, and jag'd at the Edges, and are for cutting and sawing off Bolts.

Mill'd

Are used by the Masons to saw Stones.

Two hand & Whip

Are allowed to the Carpenters of all Ships that go to Sea, for the several Services they are wanted for.

Scale

A Mathematical Instrument, consisting of one or more Lines drawn on Wood, Metal, or other Matter, divided into unequal Parts; of great Use in laying down Distances in Proportion, or in measuring Distances already laid down.

Scantling

A Measure, Size or Standard, whereby Dimensions of Things are determined.

Scarfed

Is the same as pieced, fastened, or joined in; thus they say, the Stem of a Ship is Scarfed into her Keel, and they imply by it, that the two Pieces are so shaped as to join with one another close and even, which is called Wood and Wood.

Scavel Spitters

Are a small Spade, only shod half Way, and are used for digging Clay.

Schoolmaster

No one to be warranted who has not been examined at _Trinity House_, and produces a Certificate of his being well skilled in Navigation, _&c._ who is to instruct Voluntiers, and other Youths of the Ship; to inform against such as are Idle; and not to be paid his Wages without a Certificate from the Captain.

Scoops

Are for throwing Water out of Boats, Lighters, _&c._

Scrapers

Are used for scraping the Ship's Sides, Decks, Boats, _&c._

Screw

Plates

To cut Screws.

Tapps

To make or cut the Nutts.

Screws for Hatches

Are made with a very nice Worm, that works in a Nutt let into a Sort of Drum-head, which lifts up or lowers them down to let in or out Water into the Docks or Bason.

Screws Wood

Are for lifting great Bodies, and are generally placed at the Bow of a Ship when to be launched off a Slip, to start her.

Scribeing

In Joynery, _&c._ is when one Side of a Piece of Stuff being fitted to the Side of some other Piece, which last is not Regular, to make the two close together all the Way.

Scuppers

Are made of Leather, and laid to convey the Water from off the Ship's Decks, for which Holes are cut in the Ship's Sides.

Scuttles

Are square Holes big enough for the Body of a Man to go down on Occasion into any Room below; also the little Windows or long Holes which are cut out in Cabbins to let in Light, are called Scuttles.

Sea Gate

When two Ships are aboard one another, by Means of a Wave or Billow, then they lie in a Sea Gate.

Seams

Are where the Planks of a Ship, or Boards in a Boat meet and join together; also Sails are sewed with a flat or round Seam.

Sea Yoke

When the Sea is so rough that the Helm cannot be governed by Hand, they make a Yoke to steer by, having two Blocks seized to the End of the Helm or Tiller, and reeving two Falls through them, they govern the Helm.

Seizing

Is the same as fastening two Ropes together; or a Block to the End of a Tackle or Pendant is called Seizing it.

Send

When a Ship either at an Anchor or under Sail, falls with her Head or Stern deep into the Trough or hollow of the Sea between two Waves or Billows, they say she sends much a-head or a-stern.

Serve

To Serve a Rope, is to lay spun Yarn round it with a Serving Mallet, which preserves it from wet, fretting or galling in any Place.

Sett

When the Seamen observe on what Point of the Compass the Sun, Land, _&c._ bears, they call it, Setting the Sun, or Land by their Compass.

Setts for Saws

Are for setting the Teeth when out of Order, so as they may cut with the greater Exactness.

Settle

When a Deck of a Ship sinks lower than it was, when first laid; is called Settling.

Sew

When a Ship at low Water comes to be on the Ground to lie dry, they say, she is Sewed; and if she be not quite left dry, they say, she Sews to such a Part.

Shakles

Are those Rings with which the Ports are shut fast, by lashing the Port Bar to them. There are also Shakles put on the Bilbow Bolts for confining the Men that have been guilty of Faults.

Shank-painter

A short Chain fastened under the Fore Shrouds by a Bolt to the Ship's Side, having at the other End a Rope spliced to the End of the Chain, on which the After-part of the Anchor Rests, when it lies by the Ship's Side.

Sheer

When a Ship is not steered steadily, then they say she Sheers, or goes Sheering, or when at an Anchor she goes in and out by Means of the swift running of the Tide.

Sheers

Are two Masts or Yards set a-cross at the upper End of one another, and are used generally for setting or taking out Ships Masts, where there is no Hulk to do that Office.

Sheathing

Is casing that Part of a Ship which is to be under Water, with Firr Board of an Inch thick, which, by laying Hair and Tar mixed together upon the Inside of the Boards, and then nailing them on, is to prevent the Worm from eating her Bottom.

Sheats

Are Ropes bent to the Clews of the Sails, serving in the lower Sails to hawl Aft the Clew of the Sail; but in Top-sails they serve to hawl home the Clew of the Sail close to the Yard-Arm.

Shifters

Certain Men employed by the Cooks to shift or change the Water in which the Flesh or Fish is put and laid for some Time, in order for boiling.

Ships

Of War are masted with three Masts and a Bow-sprit, and sailed with square Sails.

Advice Boats

Now out of Use, but were formerly fitted with two Masts, and square Sails.

Belander

Has Rigging and Sails not unlike a Hoy, but is broader and flatter; the covering of the Deck is raised up half a Foot higher than the Gunwale, between which, and the Deck, there is a Passage left free for the Men to walk; are seldom above twenty-four Tun, and can lie nearer the Wind than a Vessel with cross Sails can do.

Bomb Vessels

Go sometimes with three Masts and square Sails; sometimes Ketch fashion, with one and a Mizon.

Brigantines

Not now used, but were built light for rowing or sailing, and had two Masts and square Sails.

Hagboats

Are masted and sailed Ship fashion, but built in Figure after the Manner of _Dutch_ Fly Boats.

Hoys

Are fitted with one Mast and a Spreet-sail, and sometimes with Shoulder of Mutton Sails, whose Yards are not a-cross, but stands Fore and Aft like a Mizon, so can lie nearer the Wind.

Hulks

They are generally old Ships cut down to the Gun Deck, and fitted with a large Wheel for Men to go in when Careening; and has several Capstons fixed on the Deck for setting Ships Masts.

Ketches

Fitted with two Masts, and their Main-sail and Top-sail stands square as Ships do; and their Fore-sail and Jibbs stands as Hoys do.

Lighters

Are made use of for laying down or shifting the Moarings; for bringing a-shore or carrying off Ships Cables, Anchors, _&c._ or taking in Ballast out of Ships that are to be docked, _&c._

Pinks

Are masted, and sail with three Masts, Ship fashion, but round sterned, with a small Lute or Projection Abaft over the Rother.

Punts

Are built four square, and used about the Docks for fetching Clay, and other Services as the Master Shipwright wants them for.

Shallop

Is a small Light Vessel, with only a small Main and Fore-mast, and Lugg-sails to haul up and let down on Occasion.

Sloops

Are sailed and masted as Mens Fancies lead them, sometimes with one Mast, with two, and with three, with Bermudoes, Shoulder of Mutton, Square, Lugg, and Smack Sails; they are in Figure either square or round Stern'd.

Smacks

Are necessary Transporting Vessels, with one Mast and half Spreet-sail.

Yachts

One Mast with an half Spreet or Smack Sail, and sometimes Ketch fashion.

Shivers

Are those little round Wheels in Blocks in which the Rope runs, they turn with the Rope; and the Voyal Blocks have Pieces of Brass in their Centers, (which are called Coaks) with Holes in them, into which the Iron Pin of the Block goes, and on which they turn. These Shivers are of Lignum Vitæ, but those in the Heels of Topmasts, and in great Ships, Catheads are generally Brass.

Shoal

When a Ship sails towards a Shore, and they find by Sounding the Water grows shallow by Degrees; or when a Sail is too deep, and any Canvas is cut from its Depth, then they say the Sail is Shoaled.

Shoe for an Anchor

Is made of a Piece of Baulk, or thick Stuff, one End cut with a Hole for the Bill of the Anchor to go into, and the other with a triangular Notch to receive the Stock, which keeps off the Sheats, Tacks, and other running Rigging from gauling or being entangled with the Flooks.

Shot of a Cable

Is the splicing two or three Cables together, that a Ship may ride safe in deep Water, and in great Roads.

Shovels

Are allowed the Boatswains for trimming, heaving in or out their Ballast, or cleaning the Ship.

Shrouds

Are great Ropes in a Ship which come down both Sides of all Masts; they are fastened below to the Chains by the Ship's Side with Lanyards, and aloft are seized so as to have an Eye, which goes over the Head of the Mast; and so are the Pendants and Swifters, they are Parcelled and Served, to prevent the Masts gauling them. The Top-mast Shrouds are fastened to the Puttock Plates by dead Eyes and Lanyards, as the others are; the Terms are, Ease the Shrouds, that is, slacken them; set up the Shrouds, that is, set them stiffer.

Signals

Are given for the beginning of a Battle, or an Attack at Sea, by Cannon, Lights, Sails, Flags, _&c._ in the Day, Night, in a Fog, in Distress, or calling Officers on board the Admiral.

Sinnet

Is made of Rope Yarn, consisting generally of two, six, or nine Threads, which are divided into three Parts, and are platted over one another, and then is beaten smooth and flat with a Mallet; is to serve the Ropes, that is, to keep them from gauling.

Skeets

Are for weting Yachts Sails, or the Ship's Sides in ordinary the Summer Season.

Skek

Usually called the Skeg, is that little Part of the Keel, which is cut slaunting, and is left a little without the Stern Post.

Skids

Are wooden Fenders fay'd on the Outside of the Ship, for the Conveniency of hoisting in Boats, Provisions, _&c._

Skimmers

Made with a round Hoop of Iron, and a Socket for a Pole or Spar to go into, as a Handle in the Middle of the Hoop. A Net is made of Rope Yarn, not unlike an Oyster Drudge, and they are used by the Scavengers for clearing Chips, _&c._ which float on the Surface of the Water, from getting into the Joints of the Gates, or into the Drains of the Docks.

Slatch

After long foul Weather, if there come a small interval of fair, they say, this is a Slatch of fair Weather.

Sleepers

Are commonly three Strakes of Foot Waaling thicker than the rest, wrought over the Wrungheads.

Slices

Are used by the Smiths to clear and keep their Fire together.

Slideing Rule

A Mathematical Instrument serving to work Questions in Gauging, measuring Timber without the Use of Compasses, merely by the slideing of the Parts of the Instrument one by another, the Lines and Divisions whereof give the Answer by Inspection.

Slings

Boat

Are fixed with Thimbles and Tackle Hooks, which hook into small Ringbolts drove in the Stem, Midships and Stern of the Boats, for hoisting them in or out of the Ship.

Buoy

Are fixed round them, which not only is a Means to defend them from being staved, but also the Buoy-ropes are seized to one of their Ends.

Butt Gun Hogshead

Are made use of for hoisting them in or out of the Ship.

Snipe Bills

Are a Sort of Hooks used for fastening the Axle-trees of the Chain Pumps to the Bitts.

Snorters

The Smiths put them on one End of the Beak Iron, to turn any of their Work with.

Soap

Is used for Paying the Slips to make them slippery, that the Ships, when to be launched in their Cradles, or Buildge ways, meet with no Obstruction or Stop in their Run.

Sodder

Used by the Plumber for soddering of Pipes, Furnace, and Water Cocks, _&c._

Sounding

Is when the Depth of Water is tryed either by an Inch or three Quarter Rope, with a deep Sea Lead at the End of it; is marked at two, three, or four Fathom with a Piece of black Leather betwixt the Strands, but at five Fathom is marked with a Piece of white Leather or Cloth.

Spanshakle

Is a large Clasp of Iron, which goes round the End of the Davit upon the Fore-Castle, having a long Bolt, which goes through a Fore-Castle Beam, and also Forelocks through an upper Deck Beam in the Midships.

Sparrs Ft. Cant Are from 33 to 35 long 5 Hands } { Wrought into } { Booms, } { Barling 30 28 4 } { Top-gallant-masts, } { Boom 24 20 3 } { Flag Staffs, } { Boats Masts, _&c._

Midling 20 16 } { Delivered } { } { into Store. } { For Bowsprits, } { } { Boat Hooks, Small 16 11 } { Six Score to} { Mop Staves, _&c._ } { the hundred } {

Spell

Signifies doing any Work for a short Time, and then leaving it. Therefore a fresh Spell is when fresh Men come to work; and to give a Spell, is all one as to say, Work in such a one's Room.

Spiles

Are small Wood Pins, which are drove into the Nail-holes, when a Ship's Sheathing is taken off.

Spindle

Is the smallest Part of a Ship's Capston; and where the Vane flies at the Mast Head, is also called a Spindle, and made of Iron.

Spitts

Are allowed the Boatswains, and used for roasting the Officers Victuals.

Spirketing

Are Strakes of thick Plank wrought from the lower Edge of each Port to each Deck respectively within Side of the Ship.

Splice

When the Ends of two Pieces of Cable or Rope are untwisted, and the several Strands are wrought into one another by a Fid, it is called a Splice.

Split

When a Sail is blown to pieces, it is Split.

Spooning

When a Ship being under Sail in a Storm at Sea, and cannot bear it, but is forced to put before the Wind, then she Spoons.

Spring

When a Mast is only crack'd, but not quite broken in any Part of it, as in the Partners, Hounds, _&c._ then it is Sprung.

Spunyarn

Is made out of Junk, old Cordage, _&c._

Spurketts

The Holes or Spaces between the Futtocks or Rungs by the Ship's Sides,

Standing-part

Of the Sheat, is that which is made fast to a Ring at the Ship's Quarter; when they say over-haul the Sheat, they mean haul upon the Standing Part; and the Standing Part of a Tackle is the End of the Rope where the Block is seized or fastened.

Standing Rigging

Are those Ropes which do not run in any Block, but are set taught, or let slack, as occasion serves, as the Shrouds, Stays, Back-stays, _&c._

Standards

Are a Sort of Knees fay'd from the Deck to the Sides of the Ship within-board, to strengthen her in the same Manner as Knees, but are bigger.

Stantions

Iron

Are fixed on the Quarters of a Ship, to which the Nettings are generally seized; they stand likewise in the Waste, at the Entering Place, and in the Tops.

Wood

Are those Timbers which being set up Pillarwise, do support and strengthen the Decks, _&c._

Staples

Are drove into Ships false Keels, Ports, and several other Uses they are applicable to.

Starboard

The Right Hand Side of a Ship, as Larboard is the Left; thus they say, Starboard the Helm, or Helm a Starboard, when he that Conds would have the Men at the Helm or Steering Wheel put the Helm to the Right Side of the Ship.

Stays

Are Ropes made with four Strands and a Heart in the Middle, whose Uses are to keep the Masts and Top-masts from falling. To bring a Ship upon the Stays, or to Stay her, is in order to her Tacking.

Steady

A Word of Command at Sea from him that Conds, to the Men at the Helm or Steering Wheel, to keep the Ship Steady in her Course, and not to make Angles or Yaws (as they call them) in and out.

Steelyards

A Kind of Ballance used for weighing large Anchors, whose Weight are found by the Use of one single Weight placed on the Beam, with the proper Pea hanging at the End of the Beam.

Steer

To guide or govern a Ship by the Helm or Steering Wheel.

Steerage

Is always before the Bulk-head of the great Cabbin, and in which the Admirals or Captains generally dine.

Steeve

The Bowsprit of a Ship Steeves when either stands too upright, and not streight enough forward.

Stem