Part 9
_Handles for Bowls, Cups, or Boxes._ These are sawn from board from one half to an inch in thickness, and then fastened to the bowl or box, generally with screws. When gracefully or quaintly shaped they convert any ordinary bowl or tankard, with very little trouble, to an attractive ornament. They are almost peculiar to Sweden and Norway, where they may be seen in museums in very great variety.
_Bark Frames._ A curious and striking ornament may be made in this manner. Take a piece of cork, oak, or other bark, which may be a foot in length by six inches. Make in it an oval or circle, in which carve any subject. The writer once had an image of the Virgin thus carved, which was much admired. Dark brown bark is much improved by having gilding roughly spread on its projecting points. If the ground of the carving be gilt and the bark left in its natural condition the effect will also be good.
_Three-legged_, or _Milking Stools_. These are commonly carved on the seat. Ornaments may be carved and better applied as in Fig. 83.
INDEX.
Acerra, 151
Ædicula, 151
Album-covers, 129, 131
Alms boxes, 148
Alpenstocks, carved, 136
Ammonia as a wood stain, 112
Animal forms, carving, 59
Antefix, 151
_Appliqué_ work, 75, 84; it may be carried too far, 76
Art, "high," and carving, 64, 76. _See also_ Conventional, the, Rule, etc.
Artist, the, and the workman in wood-carving, 82
Balusters, carving, 142
Barge-board, 151
Bark frames, 154
Bars, and other ornaments, 101
Base moulding, 147
Basket-work, imitation of, 128
Beam, hammer, 154
Beams, carving, 141
Bedsteads, carved, 143
Bellows, carving, 137, 138
Bench, the working, 3; screws, 5
Benches, carving, 132
Bend, getting the, 55
Bent tools, 5, 95
Bichromate of Potash as a dye, 113
Black dyes, 114
Blocking-out, 50, 56
Bold, large work, 48, 49
Bone, ivory, etc., carving, 14
Book-box, 136
Book-covers, carved, 88, 91, 129
Books and authorities, quoted and referred to: Caddy, Mr., 3; Fairholt's Dictionary, 151; Gibson's "Wood Carver," 8; Holtzapffel, J. J., 2, 83; Leland's "Drawing and Designing," 72, 122; Mitchell's "Lessons in Carpentry," 126; Rowe, Eleanor, 42, 112; Seaton, General, 11, 88, 96, 114. _See also_ under names, as Gibbons, Grinling.
Borders, carved, 78, 146
Bosses, or centres, 75, 101, 141
Bosting, 38, 50, 56
Bowl, to carve a, 95, 142, 154
Boxes, carving, 125, 136, 144, 148; hanging, 132, 133; pen and pencil, 134. _See also_ Cabinets, Caskets, Perfume, etc.
Brackets, 125, 144, 145; coin (or corner), 150
Bread platters, 137, 140, 152
Buffets, 148
Building-up, or _appliqué_ work, 75
Butternut as a dye, 111
Cabinet-making, 124
Cabinets, 133, 152; Figurini for, 59, 62; corner, 150
Caddy, Mr., his suggestions, 3
Canoes, carving, 129
Carpentry, C. F. Mitchell's Lessons in, 126
Carving, early, 33, 54, 68, 70, 101, 130, 134, 141; objects for, 121. _See also_ Cabinets, Horns, Italian work, etc.
Carvings, decayed, restoration of, 106
Carvings, imitation of, 108
Case for papers or music, 117
Caskets, 136; for cigars, 127. _See also_ Boxes, etc.
Casks, carving, 97, 128
Casts. _See_ Moulds, etc.
Cavo-cutting, 28
Cavo Relievo cutting, 28, 32
Cellini, Benvenuto, 11
Celtic patterns, 26
Cement, for glass and china, 109; for wood, 97, 106, 146. _See also_ Fillers, Glue, etc.
Centres, or bosses, 75, 89
Chairs for carving, 124
Chimney-pieces, decoration of, 140. _See also_ Lunettes, etc.
Chipping, or wasting, 42
Chisels, 3, 10
Churns, ornamental, 154
Ciborium, Synedoche, 151
Clamps, or Cramps. _See_ Holdfasts.
Clock-cases, 142
Coal boxes, etc., 140
Cocoa-nut goblet, 100
Cocoa-nut shell cement, 97; powder, etc., 108
Cocoa-nuts, carving, 95
Coin (or corner) brackets, 150
Coins as ornaments, 146
Collection boxes, 144
Colouring and staining wood, 110
Common-place, the, _v._ the grotesque, 140
Console, or bracket, 125, 154
Conventional, the, preferable to the real, 54, 57
Corner-cabinets, 150; firmers, 4
Cramps, or Clamps. _See_ Holdfasts.
Crossing the pattern, 103
Cups, handles for, 154
Curve carving, 26
Curved surfaces, carving, 93
_Custodia_, Spanish, 152
Cyma, 152
Decoration, early, 130; of rooms, 130 _See also_ Rooms, etc.
Deep carving. _See_ Intaglio.
"Design, Manual of." _See_ Leland.
Diaper cutting, 18, 69, 70, 76; patterns, 70, 129, 147
Diptych, 150
Dogs, or snibs, 8
Door-knobs, 104; pieces, 139
Doors, panels of, 129
Drawers, handles for, 145
Drawing, 61, 72
Drill, use of the, 47
Dripstone, 154
Dyes for wood, 110
Ebony and other black dyes, 114
Echinus, 154
Egyptian intaglio, 90
Egyptian Mummies (boxes), 136
Encoignures, 150
Engravings, imitation of, 91
Eye-tools, 5
Façade pieces, 139
Figures, carving simple, 59
Figurini, 62, 83
Files for finishing, 64
Fillers, or cements for wood, 106, 119
Finger painting, Venetian, 113
Finial, 150
Finishing off, 50, 64
Firmer, the, 3
Flasks, carving, 134
Flat-cutting, 26, 35, 48
Flat patterns, 28, 30, 31
Flemish carvers, the old, 33
Florence, ornament from, 58
Fluter, the, 22, 34
Foot-stools, 132
Frames, bark, 154; or borders, 78; picture, etc., 128, 148, 149, 151
Free-hand carving, 49
Fret bow saw, the, 9. _See also_ under Saw.
Fret-cutting, 84
Furniture, carving for, 74; old and German, 124, 125. _See also_ under Cabinets, Chairs, Foot-stools, etc.
Gable ornaments, 151
Garden-work, 143
Gardens, window, 129
Gates, carving, 143
Gelatine as a preservative, 107
Gelatine glue, 109
German furniture, 124
Gibbons, Grinling, his work, 75
Gibson, Mr. J. S., his "Wood-Carver" quoted, 8
Gilding, 141, 155. _See also_ under Finishing.
Glass, and glass-paper, for finishing, 64, 66
Glue, making and use of, 105, 108; acidulated and liquid, 106, 108, 109
Gothic wood-carving, 40
Gouge lines, 20; work, 22
Gouges, 3, 4, 10
Grain, cutting with the, 44
Greek, ancient, work, 47
Grindstones, etc., 12
Grooving, 2, 22
Grotesque, the, _v._ the commonplace, 140
Ground punches, 16, 17
Grounds, cutting, 34
Hammer beam, 154
Handles of tools, 11; for drawers, 145; Swedish, 154
Hand screws, 5, 7
Hanging boxes, 63, 132
Heads and legs, in ornament, 151
Holdfasts, or clamps, 5, 44, 94
Hollow gouge, the, 5
Holtzapffel, Mr. John J., on the Use of the Saw in wood-carving, 83
Hood moulding, 154
Hooker, Sir Joseph, 107
Horn, how to colour, 94; how to soften, 95
Horns, carving, 93, 128
House, outside ornament of the, 139
Hulme, works of, 101
Imitation of old work, etc., 64
Implements. _See_ Tools, etc.
Impost, 154
Incised work, 86
Incitega, 150
Indenting, or stamping, 2, 15
Ink as a dye, 114
Intaglio, or sunk carving, 86; Rilevato cutting, 28
Irish (Runic) patterns, 26; tankard, old, 99
Italian, early, work, 62, 86, 143
Ivory and horn, dyes, etc., for, 95
Ivorying, 113
Key boxes, 133
Knobs and bosses, 101
Knuckle-bends, 10
Kraft, Adam, his work, 55
Layard, Sir A. H., his antiquities from Nineveh, 107
Leather work and carving, 90, 91
Leaves, cutting, 39, 51, 53, 64
Lecterns, 147, 148
Left hand, carving with the, 39, 46
Leland, Mr. C. G., his "Drawing and Designing," 72, 122; design in high relief by, 81
Lunettes and spaces, filling, 139
Macaroni tool, the, 10, 42
Mander's stains for wood, 111
Metal work, _repoussé_, 15, 17
Mirrors, hand, 153
Mitchell, C. F., his "Lessons in Carpentry," 126
Modelling, 39, 49, 55, 61, 79; or rounding, 39
Modillons, 153
Monopodium, or centre-table, 150
Mottoes, 140
Moulding, hood, 154
Mouldings and borders, 147, 150
Moulds, carving for, 90, 92; making, 115
Mummies (boxes), 136
Mural decoration, 140
Nails, headed, as ornaments, 146
Nineveh antiquities, the, 107
Norway, ornament in, 154; spot cutting there, 118
Notches in leaves, cutting, 51
Oak, treatment of, 111, 112; leaves, 43, 54
Objects for wood-carvers, 121
Oiling in finishing, 66, 110
Oilstones, etc., 12
Orbs, carving, 150
Ornament, pre-historic, 118
Ornamentation, art of, 121. _See also_ Decoration.
Ornaments, applied, 146
Outlines, 154
Outlining, 34
Pacific islands, spot cutting there, 118
Paint, etc., in finishing, 68, 91, 113
Painting, finger, of the old Venetians, 113
Panels for carving, 123, 129, 132
Paper squeezes, 115
_Papier-maché_ work, etc., and carving, 90, 92, 116
Parting tool, the, 10, 13. _See also_ V tool.
Patterns for carvers, 74, 122
Pattern-wheel, or tracer, the, 15
Pegs and hooks, 141
Pen and pencil boxes, 134
Perfume chests, 154
Pew-ends, 148
Pick, the, 3
Pilasters, 147
Pilgrim bottles, 134, 135
Plaster casts, 116
Platters, carved, 137, 140
Polished ornaments, 102
Polishing wood-carvings, 66, 111. _See also_ Finishing.
Poppy-heads, 150, 151
_Porte-papier_, 148
Portfolio-covers, 129
Powder-flasks, 134
Practice, 40, 48
Racks, carved, 141
Rasps for finishing, 66
Real, the, not to be sought too strictly, 54
Relics, ancient, preservation of, 107
Relief, high, design by C. G. Leland, 81; higher, 53; low, 89; progress towards, 39
Reliquaries (boxes), 136
Repairing wood-carvings, 105
_Repoussé_ work, 15, 17
Ribbon carving, 34, 48, 57. _See also_ Flat carving.
Ring boxes, 148, 152
Roman Sarcophagus (box), 136
Roman work, early, 47
Rooms, decoration of, 130, 139. _See also_ Vestibule, etc.
Round, carving in the, or statuary, 79
Rounding. _See_ Modelling.
Router, the, 9
Rowe, Eleanor, quoted, 42, 112
Rule, "high art," and wood-carving, 65, 76
Runic ornaments, 26, 137
Sabots, or wooden shoes, for carving, 133
Salamander, a, 138
Salt boxes, 144
Saw table, the, 6, 85
Saws, and their use, 9, 83
Sconces, 151
Scotland, early ornamentation in, 118
Scratch, the, 8
Screens, trellis, 151
Screws, carvers', 5, 7
Scroll gouge, the, 5
Seaton, General, quoted, 11, 88, 96, 114
Settee, or settle, the, 132
Shaded patterns and modelling, 39
Sharpening tools, 11, 12
Shelf-boards, 144
Shelves and brackets, 144
Shields, in ornament, 150
Shiners, or bosses, 102
Shrines or Reliquaries (boxes), 136
Sideboards, 148
Side-cut, the. _See_ Sweep-cut.
Skew-chisels, 4
Slip-holder, 12
Slips, for sharpening tools, 12
Snibs, or dogs, 8
Soda as a dye for wood, 111
Sofa-backs, false, 139
Söhnee Frères, their varnish, 113
Spaces, filling, 139, 150, 151
Spade chisel, the, 10
Spade gouge, the, 10
Splintering of wood, 36, 44, 51, 105 _See also_ Wood.
Spoons, carved, 137
Spot-cutting, 118
Spray, use of the, in preserving decayed objects, 107
Squeezes, and "taking a squeeze," 107, 115
Staining wood, 110
Staircase balusters, carving, 142
Stamping, or indenting, 2, 15. _See also_ Diaper.
Statuary. _See_ Round, carving in the.
Staves, or alpenstocks, carved, 136
Stephens' stains for wood, 111
Stools, 155. _See also_ Foot-stool.
Strap, the, 13
Sunk carving. _See_ Intaglio.
Sweden, ornament in, 154; spot cutting there, 118
Sweep-cut, the, 37, 49, 53, 55
Swiss dye for wood, 112
Swiss work, 59, 96
Tables, 150
Tankards, carving, 98, 134
Tannhäuser bracket, 145
Tea as a dye, 111
Tiles, 129
Tool, the, art of turning it about, 35, 37, 46
Tools, 1, 3, 82, 150; sharpening, 11, 12
Tracer, the, 15, 16
Trays, carving, 143; for cigar ashes, 127
Trellis-screens, 151
Triptych, 150
Tympanum, 151
Umber stain for wood, 112
Umbrella-handles, 134
Under-cutting, 57
V or parting tool, the, 11, 13, 28, 35, 37. _See also_ Parting tool.
Varnish and carving, 91, 113. _See also_ Polishing, etc.
Veiners, 5
Venetian finger painting, 113
Venice, wood-carving at, 66
Verge or barge-board, 151
Vestibule, ornamenting a, 142
Violin and guitar cases, 145
Wainscots, etc., carving for, 74
Walnut wood, treatment of, 110
Waste-paper boxes, carving, 98, 146
Wasting, or chipping, 42
Wax, for moulds, 107, 115, 116; as a polish for wood, 111
Window gardens, 129
Wood, for carving, 14, 36, 88, 106 (_see also_ Grain, Oak, Splintering, Walnut, etc.); colouring and staining, 110; decayed, treatment of, 106; imitation of, 106, 108; oiling, 66
Workman, the, and the artist in wood-carving, 82
Wreaths, in ornament, 151, 152
Zigzag ornament, the Swiss, 96
Transcriber's note
Text in italics was surrounded with _underscores_, bold with =signs=, and small capitals were changed to all capitals. A symbol looking like a knotted point on the side was represented with [symbol] on page 57.
In the original Fig. 22 did not exist.
Errors in punctuation and misplaced spaces were corrected silently. Also the following corrections were made, on page
10 "lways" changed to "always" (do not always cut out to the edges) 35 "latter" changed to "later" (sooner or later.) 42 The second "Fig. 38." changed to "Panel in Low-relief" (See list of Plates.) 49 "boldy" changed to "boldly" (To carve boldly we must use) 75 "12" changed to "52" (or project beyond it, illustrated by Fig. 52.) 90 "Egpytian" changed to "Egyptian" (Egyptian Cutting.) 113 "Fréres" changed to "Frères" (that of Söhnee Frères) 143 "Vertemnus" changed to "Vertumnus" (Flora and Pomona and Vertumnus in simple archaic forms).
Otherwise the original was preserved, including inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation.
End of Project Gutenberg's A Manual of Wood Carving, by Charles G. Leland