PART IV.

To the more advanced lessons and exercises which are contained in this section, it may be well to prefix a few notes on colloquial Malay, which are suggested by a consciousness of some of the common errors into which European students of Malay are apt to fall.

First, Try to observe and imitate the impersonal and elliptical construction of Malay sentences. Notice how much more is left to the imagination than in English, and get rid of the notion that it is necessary to express invariably by nouns or pronouns the agents or objects of the actions spoken of. Ideas are conveyed in Malay in a much less concrete form than in the civilised languages of Europe, and what is lost in accuracy and distinctness is partially compensated for by brevity.

Why say _kasih sama sahaya_ (lit. "give to me"), in imitation of the English _give me_, or the French _donnez-moi_, or the German _geben sie mir_, in all of which the pronoun is expressed, when a Malay would simply say _bahagi-lah_, give, or _bawa_, bring? It is easy enough to leave tone or gesture to supply any deficiency in meaning. The constant use of this phrase, _sama sahaya_, or _sama kita_, is a bad habit, which arises from a natural desire to give the word "me" its due value in Malay. This, as has been shown, is not necessary.

EXAMPLES.

Tell me; don't be afraid-- _Bilang-lah, jangan takut_; not, _bilang sama sahaya_, &c. What are you going to give us?-- _Apa mahu bahagi?_ not, _apa mahu bahagi sama kita?_ How much must I pay you?-- _B[)e]r-apa nanti k[)e]na bayar?_ not, _b[)e]r-apa sahaya mahu bayar sama angkau?_ I want him to make me a jacket-- _Sahaya handak suroh dia buat baju_; not, _sahaya handak suroh dia buat baja sama sahaya._ Can you make me a table?-- _Buleh-kah buat meja?_ not, _buleh-kah buat meja sama sahaya._ Afterwards come and tell me-- _Lepas itu mari-lah khabar-kan_; not, _mari bilang sama sahaya._

In direct narration the personal pronoun "I" should often be left untranslated, and the sentence put in an impersonal form. We are accustomed to commence sentences frequently with "I think," "I hear," "I hope," "I wish," and there is a temptation therefore to overload Malay sentences with "_Sahaya fikir_," "_Sahaya dengar khabar_," &c. These, though not ungrammatical, should be used sparingly. _Rasa-nia_, the feeling is, _agak-nia_, the guess is, _rupa-nia_, the appearance is (it seems), _khabar-nia_, the report is, and similar phrases, should often take their place.

EXAMPLES.

INSTEAD OF-- I am told, or people tell me, _Orang bilang sama sahaya_; SAY, People say, _Kata orang_. INSTEAD OF-- I hear that he is coming here, _Sahaya dengar khabar dia handak mari sini_; SAY, He is coming here, the report goes, _Dia handak kamari khabar-nia_. INSTEAD OF-- I think there are five quarts, _Sahaya fikir ada lima chupah_; SAY, There are five quarts, the estimate is, _Ada lima chupah agak-nia_. INSTEAD OF-- I think it is going to rain, _Sahaya fikir hari handak hujan_; SAY, It is going to rain, it seems, _Hari handak hujan rupa-nia_. INSTEAD OF-- I like driving better than walking, _Sahaya lagi suka naik kreta deri-pada jalan kaki_; SAY, It is better to drive than to walk, _Baik ber-kreta deri-pada ber-jalan_.

Note the impersonal way of putting the statement in the following sentences:--

I was very glad to hear it-- _Sangat-lah suka hati sahaya akan men-dengar._ I very much wish to go to Meccah-- _Niat hati sahaya handak pergi ka-Makah._ I should be doing wrong to receive it, and I am ashamed to return it-- _Handak t[)e]rima salah, handak pulang-kan malu._ I was disappointed-- _Putus-lah harap sahaya._ I hope sincerely that the case will soon be decided-- _Besar-lah harap sahaya bichara itu akan di-putus-kan dengan sigra._ I have made up my mind that, however great the oppression may be, I will hold out-- _Tetap-lah hati sahaya bageimana b[)e]rat sakali-pun handak tahan juga._

Second, Avoid word-for-word translations of English sentences in which the word "you" occurs. So much has been said on this subject already (_supra_, _pp._ 49, 75) that it is only necessary here to give a few additional illustrations of the mode in which Malays dispense with the pronoun. In most English and Malay phrase-books the use of _angkau_ is far too frequent.

As you like-- _Mana suka-lah._ As you may think best-- _Mana elok kapada hati sendiri._ You can go-- _Buleh pulang._ I have nothing more to ask you-- _T'ada apa lagi handak tanya._ Where have you been?-- _Pergi ka-mana tadi?_ If you do so another time you will certainly be punished-- _Kalau buat lagi sakali bageimana yang sudah ini tuntu-lah kena hukum._ Do you want employment?-- _Handak minta karja-kah?_ Can you wait at table?-- _Tahu-kah jaga meja?_ What are you doing?-- _Apa buat?_ You must take great care of it, and see that it is not injured-- _Mahu-lah jaga baik-baik, jangan di-rosak-kan-nia._

Even in reprimanding or scolding another, it is common in Malay to adopt an impersonal and not a direct mode of address. Instead of saying, "You are a lazy, good-for-nothing boy, and deserve a good thrashing," the Malay says, "What manner of boy is this? If one were to beat him soundly it would be well."

EXAMPLES.

Are you deaf? Can't you hear what I say to you?-- _Tuli-kah budak ini? Orang kata t'ada dengar-kah?_ (_Lit._ Is the boy deaf? does he not hear what one is saying?) How slow you are! or, what a time you are taking!-- _Ai budak ini! bukan lambat-nia!_ (_Lit._ Oh, this boy! Isn't he slow?) How slowly you are rowing! Can't you pull faster when you are told? Give way, will you!-- _Ai, bukan lengah dayong budak ini, bukan-kah orang suroh d[)e]ras. D[)e]ras-lah sadikit._ (_Lit._ Oh, are not these boys rowing slowly! Has not one told them to make haste? Quick! now, a little!) You are behaving exceedingly badly, and it would serve you right if you got a caning-- _Jahat sakali orang ini, kalau bahagi rasa sadikit dengan rotan baharu dia ingat_. (_Lit._ This person is exceedingly bad; if one were to make him feel with a rattan he would remember.) What an idiot you are! I tell you to bring water, and you bring oil-- _Budak bedebah ini! Orang suroh bawa ayer di-bawa-nia minyak._

Third, Do not be satisfied with one general Malay verb to describe a whole class of actions for which separate specific words exist. It may be possible to make oneself intelligible by using _pukul_, to strike, for every kind of blow, but it is preferable to employ the appropriate term for the particular mode of striking.

The following lists will illustrate this caution:--

1. _Pukul_, to strike, beat. _Gasak_, to beat, flog, punish. _Hentam_, to strike, attack, throw. _Balun_, to beat, thrash, drub. _Palu_, to beat, hammer, knock. _K[)e]tok_, to knock, tap, rap. _Godam_, to thrash, hammer. _Lantak_, to nail, to drive in. _Tinju-kan_, to box, strike with the fist. _Tumbuk_, to pound, strike with the fist. _B[)e]dal_, to switch. _Sakal_, and _sakai_, to strike. _Tampar_, and _tampiling_, to slap. _Tepuk_, to pat.

2. _Chuchuk_, to thrust, poke. _Merusuk_, to thrust, poke, pierce. _Radak_ or _rodok_, to pierce with a spear. _Juluk_, to thrust upwards. _Tikam_, to thrust, pierce, stab. _Sigi_, to poke with the finger. _Merunjang_, to lower a spear at the charge.

3. _Angkat_, to lift, carry off, remove. _Pikul_, to carry on the back, to carry a load. _Kandar_, to carry on a stick over the shoulder. _Bibit_, to carry with the fingers. _Junjong_, to carry on the head. _Tanggong_, to bear, carry, support. _Gendong_, to carry slung in a bundle. _Usong_, to carry in a litter. _Julang_, to hold aloft, to hoist, to carry with the arm uplifted. _Bawa_, to carry, convey, bring. _Dukong_, to carry on the back or hip. _Kepit_, to carry under the arm. _Jinjing_, to carry in the arms or hands. _Galas_, to carry slung over the back or shoulder. _Kilik_, to carry under the arm. _Bebat_, to carry in the girdle. _Tatang_, to carry on the palms of the hands. _Kandong_, to carry at the waist.

4. _Jatoh_, to fall, drop. _Gugur_, to drop off, fall, miscarry. _Tumbang_, to fall, tumble down. _Reban_, to fall in, give way, tumble down. _Runtoh_, to come down, to fall. _Luroh_, to drop off, fall (as fruit). _Titek_, to drop, distil (as water). _R[)e]bah_,[1] to tumble, fall. _Timpa_, to fall against. _Chichir_, to drop, to spill. _Tumpah_, to spill.

[Footnote 1: Also _ribah_ and _rubuh_.]

5. _Buang_, to throw away. _Lotar_ or _lontar_, to hurl, fling. _Lempar_, to throw, fling. _Humban_, to throw down, cast away. _Champak_, to throw down, cast away. _Baling_, to throw, fling. _Lanting_, to throw, cast, propel.

6. _Lihat_, to see. _Pandang_, to look, to look at. _Kelih_, to see. _Nampa_, to see, perceive. _Intei_, to peep, spy, observe. _Petiak_, to notice, observe. _Tulih_, to look, glance. _Tengok_, to see. _Jingok_, to peep, look out. _Tengadah_, to look up. _Tampak_, to see, perceive. _Per-hati-kan_, to perceive, notice, take notice of. _Tentang_, to regard.

7. _Chakap_, to speak. _Bilang_, to tell. _Khabar-kan_, to tell, inform. _Ber-mulut_, to speak, utter. _Sabda_, to say, command. _Cheritra-kan_, to relate. _Meripit_, to chatter, gabble. _Mengomong_, to chat, gossip. _Kata_, to say, speak, talk. _Tutur_, to talk, tell, converse. _S[)e]but_, to tell, mention. _Uchap_, to utter, express. _Titah_, to say, command (as a raja). _Merongut_, to mutter. _Ber-bual_, to chat. _Ber-sungut_, to grumble, to murmur.

Fourth, Learn to employ the passive form of the verb which takes the prefix _di-_. Easy examples of this have been given occasionally in the preceding lessons, and the exercises on pages 107 and 108 contain abundant illustrations of it. It is a mistake to suppose that the Malay passive is confined to the written language; it is of common use colloquially among Malays, but, probably because it offers certain difficulties of construction, it is little understood and seldom employed by Europeans in the Straits of Malacca.

"He did not, or would not, accept it," would be vulgarly rendered _dia ta' mahu t[)e]rima_; but it may be more elegantly translated _tiada-lah di-t[)e]rima-nia_, "It was not accepted by him." Here the affix _-nia_ has the force of "by him," and, as it denotes the agent, immediately follows the verb in accordance with the rule stated on p. 61.

EXAMPLES.

He ordered (it was ordered by him)-- _Di-suroh-nia._ He seized the robber (the robber was seized by him)-- _Di-tangkap-nia penchuri._ They cut away (were cut away by them) the huts and prevented the fire from spreading far-- _Di-potong-nia rumah-rumah tiada di-b[)e]ri me-larat panjang api itu._ The rats ate up three candles-- _Dian tiga batang habis di-makan tikus._ They have not yet erected the house; they are getting the timber ready-- _Rumah belum di-diri-kan lagi, tengah di buat kayu-kayu-nia._ The boat was leaky and the water got in-- _Bochor prahu itu di-masok ayer dalam-nia._ He only allowed him to use it; he did not give it to him out and out-- _Di-b[)e]ri pakei sahaja bukan di-b[)e]ri-nia langsong._ He said that it was too late to send an answer-- _Handak di-balas pun kata-nia sudah ter-lepas waktu-nia._ He asked for information about the house that is being built-- _Di-tanya-nia deri-pada hal rumah yang di-per-buat itu._ When the country becomes populous it will be right to raise the assessment-- _Apabila negri sudah ramei bahru-lah patut di-per-naik-kan hasil-nia._ God, ever to be praised and most high, gave his aid, and on that very day there descended the heaviest shower of rain possible-- _Di-tulong Allah subhana wa ta`ala pada waktu hari itu di-turun hujan sa-habis-habis lebat._ The people of the village feasted abundantly-- _Jenoh-lah di-makan orang kampong itu._

Fifth, Bear in mind the distinction between the force given to a verb by the particle _ber-_ (_be-_, _bel-_), and that which is caused by prefixing _me-_ (_mem-_, _meng-_, _men-_, and _meny-_); see _supra_, p. 55.

When the former is employed, the verb describes _a state or condition_, and is intransitive. The latter generally denotes a verb expressing _an action_. Apparent departures from this rule are found sometimes, but these often arise from a difficulty in classifying a particular verb. Such a verb, for instance, as "to weep," may be viewed in two ways--either as descriptive of the condition of the person who weeps or of the act of weeping; the former is expressed in Malay by _ber-tangis_ and the latter by _menangis_, but practically the distinction is not great. So _memakei_ (_pakei_), to wear, _merajuk_, to sulk, _menanti_, to wait, and others, seem to describe states or conditions, notwithstanding that they have the particle _me-_; but this is explained by showing that in their primary meanings they really convey an idea of action, _memakei_ meaning to put on, _merajuk_, to show temper, and _menanti_, to await somebody or something.

The following derivative verbs will illustrate the rule laid down above:--

Primitive. Derivative with _ber-_. Derivative with _me-_.

_angkat_, to lift. _ber-angkat_, to arise. _meng-angkat_, to lift. _alih_, to change. _ber-alih_, to undergo change. _meng-alih_, to change. _balik_, behind, back. _ber-balik_, to turn (_intrans_.) _mem-balik_, to turn, return (_trans_.) _diri_, self, being. _ber-diri_, to stand up. _men-diri-kan_, to cause to stand, to establish. _ganti_, instead of. _ber-ganti_, to take the place of. _meng-ganti_, to put in the place of. _habis_, finished. _ber-habis_, to be finished. _meng-habis_, to finish, to complete. _igau_, delirium. _ber-igau_, to be delirious. _meng-igau_, to rave. _ikat_, tie, bond. _ber-ikat_, to be fastened. _meng-ikat_, to tie, fasten. _ingat_, memory, to remember. _ber-ingat_, to be sensible of. _meng-ingat_, to call to mind, remember. _jaga_, to watch, guard. _ber-jaga_, to be on watch. _menjaga_, to watch, to guard. _keliling_, around. _ber-keliling_, to border, surround. _mengeliling_, to hem in, to go round. _karja_, work. _ber-karja_, to be a workman. _mengarja-kan_, to work, effect, accomplish. _lepas_, loosed. _ber-lepas_, to be free. _melepas_, to set free. _lambat_, slow. _ber-lambat_, to be slow. _me-lambat_, to retard. _labuh_, to lower, drop. _ber-labuh_, to be at anchor. _me-labuh_, to let fall, to anchor. _naung_, shade. _ber-naung_, to be sheltered. _me-naung-i_, to shelter, to shade, protect. _pegang_, to hold. _ber-pegang_, to hold. _memegang_, to take hold of, to seize. _rugi_, loss. _be-rugi_, to suffer loss. _me-rugi-kan_, to cause loss. _sembunyi_, to hide. _ber-sembunyi_, to be concealed. _menyembunyi_, to hide, conceal. _takut_, afraid, fear. _ber-takut_, to be afraid. _menyakut-kan_, to frighten. _ubah_, change, to change. _ber-ubah_, to undergo change. _meng-ubah_, to change, to alter.

Sixth, Notice must be taken of the common native habit (not one to be imitated by Europeans learning the language) of inserting in a sentence words which have no meaning to fill a temporary hiatus while the speaker is thinking of his next word. These prop-words or pillow-words, to borrow a Hindustani phrase,[2] are numerous in Malay and vary in different localities. _Anu_, _bahasa-nia_, _misal[3]-nia_, and _kata-kan_ are some of those commonly used.

[Footnote 2: The Hindustani term is _sukhan-takya_, from _sukhan_, a word, and _takya_ a pillow.]

[Footnote 3: Corresponding with the Hindustani _maslan_, which is used in a similar way.]

Seventh, The following abbreviations are commonly employed:--

_Na'_ for _handak_; _sikit_ for _sadikit_; _auat_ for _apa-buat?_ why?; _ta'_ and _t'ada_ for _tiada_; _pi_ and _p[)e]gi_ (in Patani _gi_) for _pergi_.

LESSON XXXI.

PHRASES OF POLITENESS.

Be pleased to ----.-- _Sila_, _sila-lah_, or _sila-kan-lah._ Please come into the house-- _Sila-kan naik atas rumah._ Be pleased to sit down on a chair-- _Sila-kan duduk di-atas krusi._ My house is not what it should be-- _Rumah sahaya tiada dengan sapertinia._ Treat it as your own house; don't stand upon ceremony-- _Buat-lah saperti rumah sendiri, jangan malu._ I must beg leave to depart (lit. to rise)-- _Sahaya handak minta diri-lah dahulu._ Pray do as you wish; take care as you go-- _Sila-kan-lah. Jalan baik-baik._ I crave permission to retire, as I wish to go home-- _Hamba tuan handak mohun-lah dahulu handak balik._ Very well (it does not matter)-- _Ta' apa-lah._ I must ask to be pardoned for going (style of the Court)-- _Patek handak meng-ampun-lah dahulu._ Very well-- _Baik-lah._ Pray come and see me often; don't hesitate-- _Mari-lah k[)e]rap-k[)e]rap rumah sahaya, jangan-lah segan-segan._ I am exceedingly pleased to have seen you at my house-- _Sangat sudi sahaya tuan-tuan datang ber-landang rumah sahaya._ May your journey be safe-- _Salamat jalan._ May you remain in peace-- _Salamat tinggal._ There is something that I want; it is to invite you to a trifling entertainment-- _Ada hajat sadikit handak jamu makan sadikit ayer-ayer sejuk._ I thank you exceedingly (lit. I accept a great favour from you)-- _Sahaya baniak t[)e]rima kasih_, or, simply, _t[)e]rima kasih._ Are you well?-- _Tuan ada baik?_ How is so-and-so, who was ill the other day?-- _Apa khabar si-polan[4] yang sakit kalmarin itu?_ He has quite recovered his former health-- _Sudah sihat balik saperti sedia lama._ Thanks to the favouring influence of your good fortune, we are free from all misfortune and sickness-- _Dengan berkat tuah tuah tulong tiada-lah satu apa-apa mara-bahaya deri-pada sakit demam._

[Footnote 4: _Polan_, or _fulan_, such a one, probably from the Hindustani _fulana_, a word of Arab derivation.]

EXERCISE.

It is a long time since I saw you last. I did not know that you had arrived here. How did you come, by the river, or by the road? How long do you intend to stay? Don't be in a hurry to return; stay for a while, and recover from the fatigue of your journey. It is a pity that I did not know beforehand that you were coming. He is a most excellent old man, and it would be hard to find many like him. If nothing occurs to prevent it, I shall come and see you on Monday next. There is no necessity for writing a letter; if you let my clerk know, that will be sufficient.

LESSON XXXII.

READING AND WRITING.

Malay is a language of which it is very easy to learn to speak a little. It is, however, very difficult to acquire the idioms of the natives.-- _Bahasa Malayu itu mudah sakali di-dapat chahap sadikit-sadikit, tetapi kalau handak ikut saperti per-kata-an orang Malayu sendiri payah sakali._ It is written from right to left, whereas English is written from left to right-- _Tulis-an Jawi itu deri kanan bawa ka-kiri tulis-an Inggris deri kiri bawa ka kanan._ The letters employed are the Arabic letters-- _Huruf-nia yang di-pakei itu huruf `Arab._ What do you call that in Malay?-- _Orang Malayu apa kata ini?_ What is the name of this object in Malay?-- _Apa nama barang ini bahasa Malayu?_ The pronunciation of Malay differs in different states-- _Chakap orang Malayu itu lain sakali bunyi-nia di-dalam lain-lain tampat._ His pronunciation is not good-- _Chakap-nia ta' terus_, or _dia chakap pelet_, or _télor._ The Malays of that district have a flat pronunciation; they say _apé_ for _apa_-- _Orang Malayu negri itu leper chakap, handak kata APA di-kata-nia APÉ_. How do you spell that word?-- _Per-kata-an ini apa eja-nia?_ This word is not correctly spelt-- _Per-kata-an ini ta' betul eja-nia._ You should read for at least two hours a day, and thus you will soon be able to read fluently-- _Patut-lah tuan membacha surat Jawi sa-korang-korang dua jam lama nia pada tiap-tiap hari, lama-lama tuntu-lah buleh dapat bacha lanchar._ Why do you undertake a thing and give it up when half finished?-- _Perkara itu apa sebab tuan ta' mahu bahagi habis, buat sa' k[)e]rat-k[)e]rat sahaja?_ My son has learned to write Malay, and is now learning the Koran-- _Anak sahaya sudah dapat tulis Jawi sakarang tengah meng-aji Koran._ When he has read it through, he will commence to learn (Arabic) grammar-- _Tatkala sudah khatam dia handak mengaji nahu._ He chants the Koran very well-- _Pandei juga dia mem-bacha Koran._

EXERCISE.

I am not skilled in composition. He ordered the two writings to be compared. If he is diligent, he will soon get instruction. He has been attending school for ever so long, but he knows nothing. After reading the letter he put it away in a box. The raja ordered the letter to be read aloud in the assembly. How were these lines ruled? Just look over this letter and see if it will do. If you will permit me, I will take away this book to read it. His handwriting is exceedingly good.

LESSON XXXIII.

HOUSEKEEPING.

There will be no one dining here to-day except the master and myself-- _T' ada orang lain makan di rumah hari ini, sahaya ber-dua dengan tuan sahaja._ Tell the cook that last night's dinner was not at all good-- _Choba bilang kapada tukang-masak makan-an sa-malam ta' baik sakali masak-nia._ What he put into the soup I don't know, but it had a nasty taste-- _Apa-apa di-bubok-nia di-dalam tim itu ta' tahu-lah sahaya, rasa-nia maung sahaja._ The rice, too, was burned, and no one could eat it-- _Nasi pun hangus ta' lalu (OR buleh) orang makan._ What is the price of fowls at the market?-- _Hayam b[)e]r-apa harga di pasar?_ Full-grown hens as much as fifty cents each, half-grown fowls about twenty cents each, and capons so much a catty according to weight-- _Kalau ibu hayam sampei lima kupang pun ada, hayam sedang agak-nia, dua kupang sa' ekor, hayam kambiri (OR kasi) ikut timbang-an kati._ The milk-man has not come yet-- _B[)e]lum orang bawa susu lagi._ Choose fish which is quite fresh. What we had yesterday was spoilt before it could be cooked-- _Pilih ikan yang baharu. Ikan kalmarin belum s[)a]mpat di-masak lagi sudah bus[)u]k._ Wait a moment. You must have breakfast ready every day at nine o'clock punctually, there must be no delay-- _Nanti-lah dahulu. Sa-hari-hari mahu-lah sedia-kan hazri waktu pukul sambilan ta' buleh lambat lagi._ Pour this oil into a jar-- _Minyak ini tuang-lah di-dalam tempayan._ Take care not to spill it-- _Baik-baik jangan tumpah._ Are the kitchen utensils complete, pots and pans, cocoanut scraper, stone for grinding spices, &c.?-- _Chukup-kah per-kakas-an dapor, priuk, b[)e]langa, kuali, kukur-an, batu giling rampah-rampah, dan lain-lain-nia?_ The only things wanting are basket-work frames for the cooking-pots, and a coffee-mill-- _Yang ada korang sadikit lekar sahaja dengan kisar-an kahwa._ I am tired of poultry-- _Sahaya sudah j[)e]mu makan daging hayam itek._

EXERCISE.

Is the water boiling? Boil two eggs, but take care that they are not hard. What do you call this vegetable in Malay? Tell some one to pull the punkah. This plate is dirty; take it away and bring another. Put the dish down upon that tray. Weigh the meat when it is brought every day. I have weighed the beef; there is half a catty too little. How many months did you work for that gentleman? On what account did you leave?

LESSON XXXIV.

PREPARATIONS FOR DEPARTURE.

I am going away to ---- on Friday next-- _Sahaya handak ka-luar ka-kampong anu pada hari juma`at yang datang ini._ Pack up enough clothes for a few days-- _Kemas-kan kain-kain mana chukup sampei dua tiga ampat hari lama-nia._ You need not take so many; I am not going for good-- _Ta'payah bagitu baniak, ta'kan orang handak pergi langsong._ Put all these clothes into a box-- _Isi-kan kain-kain ini sumua dalam peti._ Will this go in?-- _Chelus-kah ini._ No; it is too big-- _Ta'chelus, besar sangat._ Three or four handkerchiefs and two pairs of socks-- _Saputangan barang tiga ampat 'lei, sarong kaki dua pasang._ Not this spotted neck-tie, but the striped one-- _Bukan tali leher yang ber-rintik ini, ada lain yang ber-choring._ Unfasten this cord-- _Rangkei tali ini._ Roll up that rug-- _Gulong kain panas itu._ Have everything taken down to the boat-- _Bawa-lah turun ka-prahu barang-barang ini sumua._ Put them into the bullock-cart-- _Muat-kan di-atas kreta lumbu_. Call the coolies, and tell them to take the things away-- _Panggil kuli-kuli suroh angkat._ We will stop to-night at Kampong--which is the usual halting-place-- _Hari ini kita ber-malam di Kampong--itu-lah tampat per-hinti-an deri salama-lama._ Wrap a waterproof sheet round that bedding, so that it may not get wet-- _Balut tikar bantal itu dengan kain-g[)e]tah jangan di-kena basah._ Set that box down here; I want to take something out of it-- _Letak-kan peti itu di-sini, sahaya mahu ambil apa-apa di-dalam-nia._ Put everything away again-- _Simpan kambali sumua._ What else is there (to detain us)?-- _Apa lagi kita?_

EXERCISE.

Count all those clothes, and then put them away. At least one hundred people were waiting at the river-side. After waiting for several hours, no one came, so they were all disappointed. About midnight there was a great storm, with thunder and lightning. His shoulder was quite swollen, for he had never been in the habit of carrying a load on a stick. What have those two people been quarrelling about? There is a great difference between these two things.

LESSON XXXV.

ORDINARY NARRATIVE STYLE.

On the 5th inst., at three o'clock on Thursday morning-- _Pada lima tarikh pukul tiga malam[5] Khamis._ On Tuesday last about mid-day-- _Pada hari Salasa yang sudah waktu tengah hari._ I had just finished my breakfast, and was about to smoke a cigar-- _Sahaya pun baharu lepas makan nasi tengah handak minum rokok._ So-and-so came and called me, saying that my uncle was very ill-- _Datang-lah si-anu me-manggil kata-nia bapa penakan sahaya sakit sangat._ I said, "Let me lock the door of the house first, and then I will go with you"-- _Kata sahaya biar-lah aku kunchi-kan pintu rumah dahulu baharu-lah buleh pergi sama-sama._ There is a single woman who lives in the house of her brother-in-law-- _Ada-lah sa'orang perampuan yang duduk di rumah ipar-nia._ All her property was carried off in the middle of the night by thieves without the knowledge of the inmates of the house-- _Barang-barang dia habis di-angkat penchuri tengah malam tiada orang rumah sedar._ Search was made everywhere without success-- _Di-chahari rata t'ada juga di-dapat-nia._ While we were searching about we found a box thrown aside in the jungle-- _Tengah chahari itu jumpa sa' biji peti ter-champak di-dalam hutan._ After that we got into the carriage again and returned home without stopping anywhere-- _Lepas itu naik kreta pula pulang ka rumah t'ada singgah di-mana-mana._ After that we watched for ever so long at the edge of the jungle-- _Sudah-lah bagitu b[)e]r-apa lama pula kita meng-endap di-tepi hutan._ At length, as no one appeared, and it was getting very late, we went home to bed-- _Kemdian sa' orang pun t'ada kaluar hari pun sudah jahu malam jadi kita pun pulang-lah tidor._ It is as well that I should tell you so, that you may not be ignorant of it-- _Baik sahaya khabar-kan jangan-lah tuan ta' tahu._

[Footnote 5: Among Muhammadans the day commences at sunset and the night is classed with the day which _follows_ it. Thursday night, therefore, with them, includes our Wednesday night and part of Thursday morning.]

EXERCISE.

On Wednesday night at 9.30 p.m. He drove to the landing-place, took a boat and went on board the steamer. They were not permitted to land. I was just getting ready to return when your messenger arrived. We left before daylight in the morning and did not return until after dark. Can we go there and back in a day? All the men who were with me were very tired. I said, "Very well, come to my house to-morrow morning at six o'clock." He seemed to be very weak, and walked with difficulty.

LESSON XXXVI.

BUYING AND SELLING.

How much did you give for this?-- _B[)e]r-apa tuan b[)e]li ini?_ What is the balance remaining?-- _Tinggal ba[k.]i-nia b[)e]r-apa?_ Don't ask too much; say exactly what you want-- _Jangan-lah mahal sangat, kata-lah betul-betul._ I can't take that; it would not even cover my outlay-- _Ta' buleh-lah tuan, ta' pulang modal sahaya._ He paid an exorbitant price for it-- _Dia b[)e]li dengan harga mahal ter-lampau._ What is it worth?-- _B[)e]r-apa patut di-bayar harga-nia?_ Whatever you may pay for it, I will repay to you-- _B[)e]r-apa-apa harga yang angkau b[)e]li itu nanti sahaya bayar-kan._ Have you no curiosities in your shop?-- _T'ada-kah benda apa-apa yang pelik-pelik di-dalam kedei ini?_ I bought this article at auction-- _Benda ini sudah sahaya tangkap dalam 'lelong._ I did not venture to bid more-- _Ta' b[)e]rani sahaya tawar lebeh._ I have always sold them for a dollar a-piece-- _Yang sudah-sudah ini sahaya jual sa-ringgit satu._ You must pay ready-money; he will not give credit-- _Mahu-lah mem-bayar tunei, ta' mahu dia mem-b[)e]ri hutang._ He was offered one hundred dollars for it, but would not part with it-- _Sudah orang minta dengan harga sa-ratus rial ta' mahu juga dia lepas-kan._ As long as it is a good article, I don't mind about the price-- _Asal-kan barang yang baik sahaya ta' sayang pasal harga-nia._ Examine it well lest there should be any defect in it-- _P[)a]re[k.]sa-lah baik-baik takut ada chachat-nia apa-apa._ Gutta-percha sells very well just now-- _G[)e]tah baniak laku sakarang._ This coin is not current here-- _Wang ini ta' laku di-sini._ Write down all the items and let me know what the total is-- _Tulis-lah perkara-perkara satu-satu khabar-kan b[)e]r-apa j[)e]mlah-nia._ There are ten dollars for you-- _Nah! sa-puloh ringgit._ This material is not to be surpassed either in excellence of quality or beauty of colour-- _Ta' lawan-lah kain ini deri-pada baik sifat-nia dan dok warna-nia._ It is both strong and thick-- _Kukuh lagi tebal._ This colour does not fade-- _Ta' turun warna ini._

EXERCISE.

How much are these plantains a bunch? It is not worth a cent. I have searched all the shops without finding what I want. I offered him two dollars and a half, and after a time he agreed. He said he would guarantee the goods, and that you might return the whole if they are not in good order. There is a quantity of chaff in this rice. I have no copper money, be good enough to get me change for a dollar. This is not according to sample. Weigh it first and then put it away. Don't be uneasy; you can trust this man.

LESSON XXXVII.

BUILDING.

When will your new house be finished?-- _Rumah tuan yang baharu itu bila akan sudah?_ Not for a long time yet; I am just getting the materials together-- _Lama juga lagi, tengah kumpul ramu-ramu-an._ The floor and walls will be of plank-- _Lantei papan dinding pun papan._ There will be four windows on each side opening down to the floor-- _Sa-b[)e]lah ampat jandela panjang ter-buka sampei di bendul._ The front door has steps (in front of it)-- _Pintu di hadap-an ber-tangga._ The length of the house is thirty-five feet and the breadth forty feet, including the verandah-- _Panjang-nia rumah itu tiga-puloh lima kaki, buka-nia dengan sarambi ampat puloh kaki._ The servants' houses have _atap_ walls covered with _samir_ or _kajang_ matting-- _Rumah orang gaji itu dinding-nia ikat atap apit samir atau kajang._ This timber will not last long; it will rot very quickly-- _Kayu ini ta tahan lama, lakas nanti r[)e]put._ These wooden posts will be planed as smooth as possible-- _Tiang kayu ini nanti tukang tara buat lichin sakali._ Make out a list of all the different timber you will require, such as posts, beams, joists, rafters, &c.-- _Buat-lah kira-kira kayu-kayu yang handak itu deri-pada jerjak, rasuk, g[)e]l[)e]gar, kasau, dan lain-lain-nia._ Measure the height from the floor to the top of the wall-plate-- _Hukur-lah tinggi-nia deri lantei sampei ka-atas kapala-tiang._ Those door-posts are not straight-- _Ta' betul jinang paha pintu itu._ I shall fix lattice-work here for climbing plants to grow over-- _Sahaya handak pukul papan jala-jala di-sini biar me-lata pokok bunga di-atas-nia._ In how many days will you thatch it?-- _B[)e]r-apa hari lagi mahu bubok atap?_ Three thousand _ataps_ will not be enough-- _Ta' chukup-lah tiga ribu atap._

EXERCISE.

In former days the Raja of Kedah sent messengers to the Rajah of Perak with a letter. When the letter was opened and read in the assembly, in the presence of the Raja and the chiefs, its purport was found to be this single question only:-- "Which is the higher, Gunong Jerei or Gunong Bubu?" Now Gunong Jerei is a mountain in Kedah, and Gunong Bubu is a mountain in Perak. When the letter had been read, there was much excitement among the Perak people, for many thought that the message betokened war. For three days the Raja and the chiefs consulted together as to the nature of the answer which should be given to the Raja of Kedah. On the third day a letter was written in reply to this effect:-- "Gunong Jerei is the higher of the two, but Gunong Bubu is the greater."

LESSON XXXVIII.

SEWING.

I want two or three jackets made-- _Sahaya handak suroh buat baju dua tiga 'lei._ I don't mind your taking some time about it, as long as the work is well done-- _Biar lambat sadikit karja ta'apa, asal-kan elok jahit-an-nia._ If it is not well done I will not take it-- _Jikalau ta'elok sahaya ta'mahu t[)e]rima._ Join these two pieces and sew them-- _Dua 'lei ini kampuh-lah jahit._ Tack it first and then sew it-- _Jelujur-lah jarang dahulu, lepas itu sakali jahit._ Fell the seams close-- _K[)e]lim tulang halus-halus._ Don't let them ravel-- _Jangan bahagi ka-luar benang._ When you fell, fold the stuff wide and turn the edge well in, so that when it is washed the threads will not ravel-- _Kalau k[)e]lim lipat kain baniak, masok-kan tepi ka-dalam, nanti waktu basoh bulu-nia tidak-lah ka-luar._ Stitch the wristband-- _Ber-kiya hujong tangan-nia._ Hem the border-- _Tepi itu lipat jahit._ To make the seam strong, don't run it, but sew it over-- _Tulang it mahu buat kukuh jangan-lah jelujur, lilit ubi sahaja._ Take those torn stockings and darn them-- _Ambil sarong-kaki yang koyak itu jerumat-lah sadikit._ That is very much torn and cannot be darned; you must patch it-- _Sudah baniak koyak kain itu radup ta'buleh k[)e]na tampong-lah._ To gather (lit. pull the thread and make it pucker)-- _Tarik benang bahagi kerudut._ Why do you take such long stitches? I take three stitches where you take one. Cannot you sew closer?-- _Ken'apa jahit ini jarang sahaja, tiga penyuchuk kita satu penyuchuk dia, ta tahu-kah buat k[)e]rap-k[)e]rap?_ Needles, Berlin wool, scissors, thimble, and a reel of white cotton-- _Jerum, benang bulu kambing, gunting, sarong-jari dan benang puteh sa'kotak._

EXERCISE.

It happened once that two men had a dispute about a woman. One of them was a learned man and the other was a peasant who earned his living by cultivating his fields. Each asserted that the woman was his wife, and they went before the Kazi and stated their claims. The case was rendered all the more difficult by the refusal of the woman to say anything one way or the other. After hearing all the witnesses on both sides, the Kazi directed the woman to remain at his house and all the rest to return next day. All then saluted him and retired. On the following day, when the parties assembled, the Kazi delivered the woman to the learned man and sentenced the peasant to fifty stripes of a rattan. When questioned afterwards as to his reason for this decision, the Kazi said, "This morning, in my house, I ordered this woman to fill my inkstand; this she at once did most expertly, like one accustomed to the task. Then I knew she must be the wife of the learned man, for what should the wife of a peasant know of inkstands?" All praised the Kazi for his wisdom, and his fame as a judge was spread far and wide.

LESSON XXXIX.

SICKNESS.

I am not at all well-- _Ta' sedap badan sahaya._ For five or six days he has been unable to eat-- _Sudah lima anam hari dia ta'buleh makan nasi._ What is the matter with him?-- _Apa sakit-nia?_ His father has taken him into the country for treatment-- _Bapa-nia sudah bawa naik ka-darat ber-ubat._ He is a little better-- _Ada-lah korang sadikit sakit-nia._ When he was very ill the other day, many people thought that he would not recover-- _Tatkala dia tengah sakit sangat dahulu itu baniak orang fikir tiada buleh baik._ I saw that he was very thin and his voice was very weak-- _Sahaya lihat tuboh-nia sangat kurus, dia ber-chakap pun suara-nia perlahan sahaja._ Where do you feel pain? I am very weak and cannot get up-- _Sa-b[)e]lah mana rasa sakit? Sahaya leteh sakali ta'lalu bangket._ Open your mouth and put out your tongue-- _Nganga hulur lidak._ You had better take a purgative-- _Baik makan penchahar._ Let me feel his pulse-- _Biar sahaya pegang nadi dia._ He is suffering from fever-- _Dia sakit demam panas._ He is suffering from rheumatism and has pains in his joints-- _Dia sakit angin, rasa-nia sakit di sendi-sendi sumua._ I will give you some oil of a certain kind which you must rub on his body every day till he is well-- _Nanti sahaya bahagi minyuk satu macham mahu di-urut tiap-tiap hari sampei hilang sakit itu._ Mix this white powder with a little water, stir it and then drink it-- _Serbuk puteh ini champor-lah dengan ayer sadikit kachau lalu minum._ If the small-pox spreads the natives will all certainly leave their homes-- _Kalau me-larat penyakit chachar itu ter-tuntu lah lari habis ra`iyat sumua._ The fever called _kapialu_ is very dangerous and often ends fatally-- _Demam kapialu itu jahat sangat k[)e]rap juga bawa niawa._ Cholera is the disease which is most dreaded-- _Ta`un itu yang orang takut ter-lebeh sakali._

EXERCISE.

Di-kata-kan pada suatu hari Nabi Suleiman `aleyhi-assalam duduk di-atas takhta ka-raja-an dan angin pun mem-bawa dia ka-atas di-udara dan sagala manusia dan jin yang tiada ter-bilang baniak-nia itu ber-jalan serta-nia maka `ajaib Nabi Suleiman deri-pada ka-besar-an ka-raja-an itu maka laku-lah dalam hati-nia suatu nafsu pada katika itu dan karana itu mahkota jadi bengkok maka Nabi Suleiman sigra handak mem-betul-kan mahkota itu jadi makin bengkok dan jikalau sa-hingga tiga kali pun sudah handak di-betul-kan Nabi Suleiman mahkota-nia itu tiada jadi betul sa-telah itu maka ber-kata-lah Nabi Suleiman, "Hei, mahkota, karana apa angkau tiada jadi betul?" Maka mahkota itu dengan firman Allah ta`ala menyahut. "Hei, Suleiman, betul-kan hati-mu dahulu sapaya aku-pun jadi betul."[6]

[Footnote 6: This and the following exercise are extracts from the _Taj-assalatin_.]

LESSON XL.

TO ILLUSTRATE THE USE OF NUMERAL CO-EFFICIENTS.[7]

In that gentleman's house one piece of matting covers a whole room-- _Rumah tuan itu sa'BIDANG tikar sahaja chukup satu bilek._ They found in the hut five spears, one long _kris_, and nine muskets-- _Di-jumpa di bangsal itu lembing lima BATANG, kris panjang sa-BILAH dengan snapang sembilan PUCHUK._ See if you can get twenty-five fish-roes. How much are they a-piece?-- _Chahari-lah telor t[)e]rubuk dua puloh lima KAMPUH. B[)e]r-apa harga-nia sa-KAMPUH?_ She ordered a curtain to be hung before the doorway-- _Di-suroh-nia gantong tirei sa-LABUH di muka pintu._ That bunch of plantains contains about ten rows-- _Di-dalam sa-TANDAN pisang itu agak-agak sapuloh sikat._ I said I wanted to buy ten cakes of wax-- _Kata sahaya, sahaya mahu b[)e]li lilin sa-puloh TAMPANG._ The child was wearing a coral necklace round her neck-- _Budak itu ada pakei sa-LABUH merjan di leher-nia._ How many yards of cloth are there in a piece?-- _Sa-KAYU kain itu jadi ber-apa ela?_[8] How many _ataps_ can one person make in a day?-- _Satu orang b[)e]r-apa MENGKAWAN buleh semat atap pada sa'hari?_ The buffalo destroyed six sugar-cane plants and a quantity of lemon-grass plants-- _Sudah di-makan kerbau t[)e]bu anam RUMPUN dengan serei ta'tuntu baniak RUMPUN-nia._ He planted seven or eight young trees in front of the house-- _Di-tanam-nia di-hadap-an rumah anak pokok kayu tujoh delapan PERDU._ It was a pretty thick book, containing about two hundred sheets-- _Tebal juga kitab itu ada lebeh korang dua ratus KAJANG kartas._ I have bought a casting-net to take home with me-- _Sahaya sudah b[)e]li jala sa'UTAS (OR sa'RAWAN) handak bawa pulang ka tampat sahaya._ He tied three threads round his stomach-- _Di-ikat-nia tiga URAT benang di p[)e]rut-nia._ Pick two or three jasmine blossoms, and about ten sprays of that red flower-- _Petik-lah bunga melor dua tiga KUTUM dengan bunga merah itu barang sa-puloh TANGKEI._

[Footnote 7: See _supra_, p. 70.]

[Footnote 8: _Ela_, yard, from the Dutch _el_.]

EXERCISE.

Di cheritra-kan deri-pada Sultan Iskandar bahwa sa-hari duduk dengan chinta-nia dan tiada kaluar deri-pada astana-nia maka Jalinus Hakim masok mengadap Sultan Iskandar lalu lihat dia duduk ber-chinta maka iya-pun ber-tanya deri-pada-nia "apa chinta Sultan itu bahwa Sultan tiada kaluar deri-dalam astana?" maka Sultan Iskandar ber-sabda "chinta-ku deri-pada itu-lah yang dunia ini tiada baniak dan karana suatu ka-raja-an dunia ini yang tiada ber-apa ada-nia aku menyusah-kan diri-ku dan sagala orang yang lain maka deri-pada pekarja-an yang sia-sia ini-lah aku jua ber-chinta" maka sembah Hakim itu "Benar-lah bichara Sultan itu karana apa garangan dunia dan ber-apa dunia ini bahwa Sultan menyusah-kan diri-nia karana ka-raja-an itu yang sia-sia tetapi ka-raja-an dunia ini ada suatu tanda deri-pada maha besar ka-raja-an akhirat itu yang tiada ber-ka-sudah-an ada-nia dan yang Sultan dapat ber-uleh deri-pada pe-karja-an ka-raja-an dunia ini dengan sa-sunggoh-nia sapaya Sultan men-dapat ka-raja-an akhirat itu yang sagala yang tiada buleh di-kira-kira-i ka-besar-an-nia itu" maka suka-lah Sultan Iskandar deri-pada kata-nia dan bichara-nia yang baik itu.

APPENDIX TO PART IV.

MUHAMMADAN MONTHS.

1. _Muharram._ 2. _Safar._ 3. _Rabia-el-awal._ 4. _Rabia-el-akhir._ 5. _Jumad-el-awal._ 6. _Jumad-el-akhir._ 7. _Rejab._ 8. _Sha`aban._ 9. _Ramazan._ 10. _Shawal._ 11. _Zu'l-ka`adah._ 12. _Zu'l-hajah._

DAYS OF THE WEEK.

Sunday, _Ahad_, lit. "the first." Monday, _Isnein_ or _Senein_, lit. "the second." Tuesday, _Salasa_, lit. "the third." Wednesday, _Arba`ah_ or _Rabu_, lit. "the fourth." Thursday, _Khamis_, lit. "the fifth." Friday, _Juma`at_, lit. "the congregation." Saturday, _Sabtu_, lit. "Sabbath."

PERIODS OF PRAYER.

1. _Maghrib_, a few minutes after sunset. 2. _`Isha_, evening, after dark. 3. _Subh_, daybreak. 4. _Lohor_, or _Dlu[h.]r_, between noon and 1 P.M. 5. _Asr_, afternoon, midway between noon and nightfall.

MALAY PHRASES FOR DIVISIONS OF TIME.

1. _Belum terbang lalat_, "Before the flies are astir," just before daybreak. 2. _Pechah panas_, "When the heat commences," sun-up. 3. _K[)e]ring ambun_, "When the dew dries," about 8 A.M. 4. _Tengah naik_, "When the sun is half-way," 9 A.M. 5. _Tulih tenggala_, "When the plough is idle."[1] 6. _Tengah hari t[)e]pat_, "Mid-day exactly," noon. 7. _Rambang_, "Right in the middle" (_i.e._ the sun in the sky), noon. 8. _Buntar membayang_, "When the shadows are round" (_i.e._, when your shadow is round your feet), noon. 9. _Ber-alis hari_, "When the day changes," afternoon. 10. _Lepas ba`adah_, and _lepas ba`adah salah_, "After (Friday's) prayers (in the mosque)," about 1.30 P.M. 11. _Turun kerbau be-rendam_, "When the buffaloes go down to the water," about 5 P.M. 12. _Jind[)e]ra budak_, "When the children have gone to sleep," about 10 P.M.

[Footnote 1: _Tulih tinggala muda_ is about 9 A.M., and _tulih tinggala tuah_ about 11 A.M.]

MALAY PROPER NAMES.

The proper names common to the whole Muhammadan world, many of which are Hebrew also, are in use among the Malays. It is common, however, to abbreviate them in a manner peculiarly Malay. For example, "Muhammad" is shortened to "Mat," "Ibrahim" becomes "Brahim" and "Him," and for "Isahak," "Sahak" and "Ak" are often heard.

Certain names are also in use, which, either used by themselves or prefixed to other proper names, show the relative seniority of a person in his or her family. In Kedah, Penang, &c., three of these are commonly used, "_Long_," "_Ngah_," and "_Busuk_:"--

_Long_ is equivalent to _Sulong_, "eldest," _Ngah_ is equivalent to _Tengah_, "middle," _Busuk_ is equivalent to _Bongsu_, "youngest."

In Perak seven of these names are in use:--

1. _Long._ 2. _Ngah._ 3. _Alang._ 4. _Panjang._ 5. _Pandah._ 6. _Uda._ 7. _Utih._

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

16 _tahil_, 1 _kati_.[2] 100 _kati_, 1 _pikul_. 3 _pikul_, 1 _bahara_. 40 _pikul_, 1 _koyan_.

[Footnote 2: 1 _kati_ = 1 lb. 6 oz. 13 drs.]

GOLDSMITH'S WEIGHT.

12 _saga_, 1 _mayam_. 16 _mayam_, 1 _bungkal_.[3] 12 _bungkal_, 1 _kati_.

[Footnote 3: 1 _bungkal_ = the weight of two Spanish dollars = 832 grains.]

CAPACITY.

4 _chupak_, 1 _gantang_.[4] 10 _gantang_, 1 _parah_. 16 _gantang_, 1 _nalih_. 160 _gantang_, 1 _kunchah_. 5 _kunchah_ or 800 _gantang_ 1 _koyan_.

[Footnote 4: 1 _gantang_ contains 271.65 cubic inches, or 1¼ gallons nearly. The standard varies according to locality.]

LINEAR.

2 _jingkal_ (span), 1 _hasta_ (cubit). 2 _hasta_, 1 _ela_ (yard). 4 _hasta_, 1 _d[)e]pa_ (fathom). 2 _d[)e]pa_, 1 _jumba_. 20 _jumba_, 1 _orlong_ (80 yards).

SQUARE MEASURE.

400 _jumba_, 1 _orlong_.

The _jumba_ is equal to 144 square feet; the _orlong_ is equal to 6400 square feet, or about 1-1/3 acre (1 acre, 1 rood, 12 perches).

MONEY.

The currency in the Straits of Malacca is the Spanish dollar (_ringgit_ or _real_) divided into cents. A quarter of a dollar (25 cents) is called _suku_ (quarter). Local terms are also used to denote fractions of the dollar, as in Penang, _kupang_ (= 10 cents), and in Malacca, _wang baharu_ (= 2½ cents).

In the native states on the west coast of the peninsula, the currency of the British settlements has almost entirely displaced that which was in use before. In Perak lumps of tin were formerly current as coin; in addition to these Dutch and Spanish silver coins were also employed.

The following are some of the old modes of reckoning:--

TIN COINAGE.

2 _boya_, 1 _tampang_ (value the 10th part of a dollar).[5] 5 _boya_, 1 _bidor_ (value the 4th part of a dollar).

[Footnote 5: The weight of the _tampang_ (in Perak) was one _kati_. It was a small cubical lump of tin, with a pattern stamped on it. The _bidor_ weighed 2½ _kati_, or the 40th part of a _pikul_.]

SILVER COINS USED IN WEIGHING GOLD.

2 _penjuru_, 1 _piah_, weight 1 _mayam_. 4 _piah_, 1 _jampal_, weight 4 _mayam_. 2 _jampal_, 1 _real_, weight 8 _mayam_.

COINS FORMERLY IN USE.

36 _duit hayam_ (copper), 1 _wang_ (silver). 7 _wang_, 1 _suku_.