PART II.

COMPOSITION OF SENTENCES.

Owing to the absence of inflexion, the composition of simple sentences in Malay offers few difficulties. The phrases and exercises which will be given in this Part are simple and elementary, serving thus as a preparation for others of progressive difficulty to be reached at a later stage.

LESSON I.

SUBSTANTIVES.

person (man, woman, or child), _orang_. man, _laki-laki_. woman, _per-ampu-an_. child, _anak_. house, _rumah_. water, _ayer_. fire, _api_. wind, _angin_. wood, _kayu_. carriage, _kreta_. horse, _kuda_. ship, _kapal_. steamer, _kapal-api_. boat, _sampan_. cow, ox, _lumbu_. dog, _anjing_. bird, _burong_. snake, _ular_. fish, _ikan_. sun, _mata-hari_. moon, _bulan_. star, _bintang_. sea, _laut_. river, _sungei_. cloth, _kain_.

ADJECTIVES.

good, _baik_. new, _b[)a]haru_. naughty, wicked, _jahat_. beautiful, _bagus_. pretty, _chantek_. wise, _pandei_. stupid, _bodoh_. large, _b[)e]sar_. small, _k[)e]chil_. deep, _dalam_. swift, _laju_. high, _tinggi_. round, _bulat_. old, _tuah_. young, _muda_. cold, _s[)e]juk_. hot, _panas_. far, _jauh_. near, _d[)e]kat_. coarse, _kasar_. fine, _halus_.

ADVERBS.

very, _baniak_. exceedingly, _sangat_.

Before showing how sentences may be constructed with these words by means of the verb _ada_, and with the aid of the personal pronouns, two of the hints already given are here repeated:--

1. Adjectives follow their substantives.

2. The verb _ada_ is frequently omitted and left to be understood.

EXAMPLES.

A bad man-- _Orang jahat._ A pretty woman-- _Perampuan chantek._ A high house-- _Rumah tinggi._ A high wind-- _Angin b[)e]sar._ Cold water-- _Ayer s[)e]juk._ This is my child-- _Ini anak sahaya_ (not, _Ini ada sahaya punya anak_). That bullock-cart is mine-- _Kreta lumbu itu sahaya punya._ That pony-carriage is swift-- _Kreta kuda itu ada laju._ That person has a dog-- _Orang itu ada sa'ekor anjing._ That woman's cloth is very fine-- _Kain perampuan itu halus sangat._ This man has one son and two daughters-- _Orang ini ada anak laki-laki sa'orang dan anak perampuan dua orang._ The steamer is near-- _Kapal-api ada d[)e]kat._ His child is very naughty-- _Anak dia baniak jahat._ They have a boat-- _Dia orang ada sa'buah sampan._ There are men and women-- _Ada orang laki-laki dan perampuan._ The old man has a piece of coarse cloth-- _Orang tuah itu ada kain kasar sa'lei._

EXERCISE.

I am a good man. His child is very wise. The moon is round. They have a beautiful horse. My boat is very large. The sea is very deep. The sun and stars are very far off. This person has a vicious dog. That man's daughter is beautiful. This river is very swift. A small snake. This ox is very old. That person's boat is small. There are fish. There is a bird. The water of the river is warm. There are stupid people and there are wise people. His ship is very far off.

LESSON II.

ON THE SECOND PERSON.

The use of the word _angkau_ and similar pronouns is to be avoided as much as possible. When the pronoun of the second person cannot be understood but must be expressed, _angkau_, or the local or provincial word used in substitution for it (according to the part of the Archipelago in which the speaker finds himself), may be employed. In addressing natives of rank or of superior position, the appropriate forms should be used. The word _lu_ should never be used to a Malay; it is, however, in common use among those Chinese who use Malay as a medium of communication with other nationalities. On the subject of the second person see _supra_, p. 49.

SUBSTANTIVES.

animal, _b[)e]natang_. father (common form), _bapa_. father (polite form), _ayah_, _ayahnda_. mother (common form), _mak_, _ibu_. mother (polite form), _bonda_. elder brother, _abang_. elder sister, _kakak_. younger brother or sister, _adek_. boy or girl, _budak_. brother or sister, _sudara_. husband, _laki_. wife, _bini_. forest, _hutan_. tree, _pokok_. plain, _padang_. shop, _k[)e]dei_. fruit, _buah_. sky, _langit_. ground, _tanah_. dollar, _ringgit_. road, _jalan_. age, _`umur_.

ADJECTIVES.

long, _panjang_. short, _pendek_, _pandah_. sweet, _manis_. wet, _basah_. dry, _k[)e]ring_. many, _baniak_. rich, _kaya_. poor, _miskin_. strong, _kuat_. hard, _k[)e]ras_. soft, _lumbut_. few, _sadikit_.

VERBS.

to say, _kata_. to go, _pergi_. to run, _lari_. to talk, _chakap_. to tell, _bilang_. to arrive, _sampei_. to sit, _duduk_. to dwell, _tinggal_. to send, _kirim_. to bring, _bawa_.

EXAMPLES.

_To a Raja._

Your house is very large-- _Rumah tunku baniak besar._ Your father is very old-- _Ayahnda tunku tuah sangat._ This is your horse-- _Ini tunku punya kuda._

_To a respectable Chinese._

There is a quantity of cloth in your shop-- _Ada baniak kain-kain didalam baba punya k[)e]dei._ When did you arrive?-- _Towkay bila sampei?_ Your elder brother is very rich-- _Towkay punya abang baniak kaya._ Your carriage and mine are alike-- _Kreta baba dengan kreta sahaya ada sama._

_To a Malay Headman._

There are a number of people in your house-- _Ada baniak orang di-dalam rumah datoh._ Your son is very strong-- _Anak datoh, baniak kuat._ Where do you live?-- _Datoh di-mana tinggal?_

_To a Malay of superior rank._

What do you say to it?-- _Apa kata inche?_ Who told it to you?-- _Siapa bilang kapada inche?_ Your elder sister has a great many fruit-trees-- _Inche punya kakak ada baniak pokok buah._

_To a Sayyid or Haji._

Where are you going to?-- _Tuan handak pergi ka-mana?_ What is your age?-- _B[)e]r-apa `umur tuan?_ I wish to talk a little with you-- _Sahaya handak chakap sadikit dengan tuan._

_To Persons of inferior rank._

Who are you?-- _Siapa kamu?_ Is this yours?-- _Angkau punya-kah ini?_ Where is your house?-- _Di-mana rumah angkau?_ Bring your hat-- _Bawa topi s[)e]ndiri._ Where do you live?-- _Di-mana tinggal?_ Have you got a light?-- _Ada api?_ Why are you so late?-- _Apa buat lambat ini?_ When you were at the shop just now, who was there?-- _Apabila angkau di k[)e]dei tadi siapa ada di-situ?_

EXERCISE.

Where is your shop? Is this your mother? You and your brother were running. You are very stupid. Have you told your elder sister? Your son has arrived. Was it you who sent fruit? What did you say to him? When will you go? You will bring a boat. You went to the jungle.

LESSON III.

SUBSTANTIVES.

news, _khabar_. workman, _tukang_. cat, _kuching_. rat, _tikus_. sugar, _gula_. needle, _jarum_. form, _rupa_. elephant, _gajah_.

ADJECTIVES.

excellent, _endah_. careful, _jimat_. worthless, _burok_. difficult, _susah_.

VERBS.

To do, make, _buat_. To seek, _ch[)a]hari_. To conceal, _sembunyi_. To find, obtain, _dapat_.

ON THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON.

One form of the comparative degree is similar in construction to the Hindustani comparative, that is to say, the object with which the comparison is made is put in the ablative case (by the use of the preposition _deri_ or _deri-pada_), while the adjective remains unmodified by adverb or particle. Thus the phrase "This house is larger than that," may be rendered _Besar rumah ini deri rumah itu_ (_Yih ghar us ghar se ba[r.][-a] hai_).

EXAMPLES.

The rumour is better than the reality-- _Endah khabar deri rupa._ The Chinese workman is more skilful than the Kling-- _Pandei tukang China deri tukang Kling._ The cat is larger than the mouse-- _Besar kuching deri tikus._ This is better than that-- _Baik ini deri-pada itu._ (_Note that the adjective always precedes the objects compared._)

The comparative degree is also formed by the use of the adverb _lebeh_ or _ter-lebeh_, more, prefixed to the adjective, which is followed by the preposition _deri_ or _deri-pada_.

Hotter than before-- _Lebeh panas deri dahulu._ Sweeter than honey-- _Lebeh manis deri gula._ It is better to go than to remain-- _Ter-lebeh baik pergi deri-pada tinggal._

The adverb _lagi_, more, is sometimes used instead of _lebeh_.

You must make it larger-- _Mahu buat besar lagi._ This is better-- _Ini lagi baik._

Another form of comparison is constructed with the adverb _korang_, less, prefixed to the adjective; as _korang baik_, not very good; _korang biasa_, inexperienced (lit. less accustomed).

The superlative degree is formed in several ways: First, by making a comparison of universal application; as--

This is the best (lit. this is better than all)-- _Baik ini deri sumua._ The finest needle of all-- _Jarum yang lebeh halus deri-pada sumua-nia._ The hardest of all to obtain-- _Yang ter-lebeh susah men-dapat deri-pada sumua-nia._

Secondly, by the use of the adverb _sakali_, very, exceedingly, after the adjective when the latter is preceded by the relative pronoun _yang_; as--

The best-- _Yang baik sakali._ The worst-- _Yang burok sakali._ Such-a-one was the handsomest-- _Yang elok sakali si-anu._

Thirdly, by duplication of the adjective, which then takes the particle _sa_ before it; as--

The quickest pace of an elephant is the slowest walk of a man-- _Sa-chepat-chepat jalan-an gajah, sa-lambat-lambat jalan an orang._ The very least-- _Sa-korang-korang._ Utterly and completely guilty-- _Sa-penoh-penoh salah._ The most just king-- _Sa-adil-adil raja._ With the greatest care-- _Dengan sa-habis-habis jimat._ You must look out for the very best article-- _Handak ch[)a]hari yang sa-baik-baik-nia._ He hides it with the greatest pains-- _Di-sembunyi-kan-nia dengan sa-buleh-buleh-nia._

EXERCISE.

My horse is better than your horse. These people are more stupid than those. The form of the horse is handsomer than that of the elephant. The men are more wicked than the women. The pace of the horse is swifter than that of the elephant. That woman is the handsomest, but this one is the wisest. His house is the worst of all. Bring the slowest elephant of all. The father is wiser than the child. It is better to bring the ox than the horse.

LESSON IV.

ON INTENSIVES.

SUBSTANTIVES.

reception-hall, _balei_. room, _bilek_. stairs, _tangga_. a play, _per-main-an_. conduct, _ka-laku-an_. body, _tuboh_. head, _kapala_. year, _tahun_. month, _bulan_. price, _harga_. country, _n[)e]gri_. queen, _permeisuri_. king, _raja_. minister, _mantri_. patience, _sabar_.

ADJECTIVES.

ill, painful, _sakit_. cheap, _morah_. dear, _mahal_. wide, _luas_. astonished, _heiran_. thin, _kurus_. fat, _gumok_. illustrious, _mulia_. narrow, _simpit_. glad, _suka_.

VERBS.

to see, _lihat_. to demand, _minta_. to be able, _buleh_. to hear, _dengar_. to play, _main_. to look, _tengok_. to enter, _masok_ to order, _suroh_.

_On Intensives._-- To express an intensive degree the particle _ter_ is prefixed to adjectives and adverbs; as _ter-b[)e]sar_, very large; _ter-kuasa_, very powerful; _ter-lebeh_, most; _ter-lalu_, excessively; _ter-lampau_, surpassing; _ter-amat_, most exceedingly.

The adjective may also be intensified by duplication; as _ikan yang besar-besar_, great big fish; _burong kechil-kechil_, very small birds; _n[)e]gri jauh-jauh_, far-distant lands; _dia harti baik-baik_, he understands very well.

The following adverbs are of frequent use in heightening the sense of words:--

_baniak_, very. _amat_, exceedingly. _sangat_, very. _sakali_, quite, most. _ter-lebeh_, most. _ter-lalu_, excessively. _ter-langsong_, } surpassingly. _ter-lampau_, } _ter-amat_, most exceedingly.

All of these precede the positive except _sakali_, which invariably follows it. _Amat_ and _sangat_ are also sometimes placed after the adjective which they qualify.

It is common to use more than one of these words with the same adjective, just as we say "the very most."

EXAMPLES.

There were a very great number of people in the reception-hall-- _Di balei itu ter-amat-lah baniak orang._ His body was very thin-- _Tuboh-nia sangat kurus._ The performance was exceedingly pretty-- _Sangat-lah chantek itu per-main-an._ He was immensely astonished at seeing it-- _Dia ter-lalu heiran me-lihat-kan._ This year all fruit is very plentiful and cheap-- _Tahun ini sagala buah-buah sangat-lah baniak dan morah harga-nia._ You must be exceedingly patient-- _Handak-lah dengan sabar sangat._ Very stupid in appearance-- _Ter-lalu bodoh rupa-nia._ The road is very bad-- _Jalan itu burok sakali._ Most exceedingly painful-- _Yang ter-lebeh sangat sakit._ It was a very large country-- _Ter-lalu amat besar negri itu._ His conduct was too bad-- _Ter-lampau jahat ka-laku-an-nia._

The adjective _maha_, great, is similarly used; as _maha besar_, very great; _maha mulia_, most illustrious; _maha kuasa_, all-powerful.

EXERCISE.

He demanded a very high price. He is very ill. Your father was exceedingly wise. It is a very large river. I am very frightened. The water is very deep. Those Chinese are very wicked. The most illustrious and most mighty queen. The old man's cow is very thin. I was much surprised at hearing it. He brought some very big horses. Some very large ships have arrived. This month fish is very cheap. The room is very wide. The river was much too narrow, the ship could not enter. I have a very bad headache.

LESSON V.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.

In asking a question, the tone of the voice sometimes marks the interrogation sufficiently.

Sometimes the interrogation is marked by the use of the particle _-kah_ affixed to the emphatic word of the sentence.

Sometimes the interrogative form of a sentence is shown by the use of such words as--

_apa_, what? _siapa_, who? _ka-mana_, where? _b[)e]r-apa_, how many? _mana_, who, which, how? _bagei-mana_, how? _apa sebab_, or } _apa buat_, or } why? _mengapa_ }

SUBSTANTIVES.

time, _kali_. rain, _hujan_. market, _pasar_. stone, _batu_. use, _guna_. iron, _besi_. steel, _baja_. tin, _timah_. lead, _timah hitam_. copper, _tambaga_. box, _p[)e]ti_. kind, sort, _macham_. tobacco, _tambakau_. coffee, _kahwah_. tea, _teh_, _cha_. tea (dry), _daun teh_. tea (liquid), _ayer teh_. money, _wang_. jacket, _baju_. trousers, _saluar_.

EXAMPLES.

What is the matter?-- _Apa korang?_ What is to be done? (_i.e._, there is nothing to be done)-- _Apa bulik buat?_ What is the use?-- _Apa guna?_ Whence do you come?-- _Deri-mana datang kamu?_ Where are you going?-- _Handak pergi ka-mana?_ Why did you not tell me sooner?-- _Apa buat ta'bilang dahulu?_ What do you say?-- _Apa kata kamu?_ Why do ye run?-- _Mengapa kumu orang lari?_ Where did you get that?-- _Di-mana-kah angkau dapat itu?_ Which tree shall I cut down?-- _Pokoh mana handak tebang?_ How many days ago?-- _B[)e]rapa hari sudah?_ When was he at the market?-- _Bila-mana dia di pasar?_ Whose house is this?-- _Rumah ini siapa punya?_ Are there many Chinese in Patani?-- _Baniak-kah orang China di Patani?_ Was it truly he who did it?-- _Sunggoh-kah dia yang buat?_ Is it this one or another?-- _Ini-kah atau lain-kah?_ Is it going to rain?-- _Handak hujan-kah?_ What is the price of this?-- _B[)e]rapa harga ini?_ What is the news? (How goes it?)-- _Apa khabar?_ How could I dare to do it ?-- _Macham mana sahaya b[)e]rani buat?_

EXERCISE.

Where is my jacket? What did he say? Why do you come here? Are there any dollars in the box? How many times has it rained this month? Whose tin is this? Who brought this tobacco? Did you demand the money from his father? Whence did you obtain this news? Did you order him to bring the coffee? How many miles (lit. _stones_) is it to the market? Shall I cut down this tree? Have you seen that play? Who was that who brought the fish? What kind of animal is that? When were you at the house? Why do they not enter?

Sometimes the word _apa_ at the commencement of a sentence gives it an interrogative sense;[1] as _apa, tuan ta' makan daging karbau?_ do you not eat buffalo meat? _apa tiada-kah sukar leher bangau itu?_ what! would not the stork's neck be inconveniently long? _apa tiada-kah tuan-hamba kenal akan bangau itu?_ does not my lord recognise that stork?[2]

[Footnote 1: Like the Hindustani _kya_ or the Latin _an_, _num_. Forbes' Hindustani Manual.]

[Footnote 2: Sri Rama. Favre's Grammar, p. 92.]

LESSON VI.

FORMATION OF NEGATIVE SENTENCES.

_Tidak_, no. _Tiada_, is not (are, was, were, do, did not, &c.). _Bukan_, no, not. _Jangan_, don't, let not. _Antah_, I know not; who knows? there is no saying. _Jangan-kan_, not only, not, so far from.

_Bukan_ is a more emphatic denial than _tidak_. It is also used, either alone or with the affix _-kah_, to signify _is it not?_ _is it not so?_

_Tiada_ is generally abbreviated colloquially to _t'ada_ and _t'a'_ (in Java _trada_ and _tra_).

_Antah_ is an expression of doubt.

EXAMPLES.

Yes or no?-- _Ya atau tidak._ That which is he causes not to be; that which is not he causes to be-- _Yang ada dia tidak-kan, yang tidak dia ada-kan._ It is nothing = never mind-- _Tidak apa._ He got no small quantity of fish-- _Dia men-dapat ikan bukan sadikit._ Her beauty was of no ordinary kind-- _Molek-nia bukan alang-kapalang._ Is this his house or not?-- _Ini-kah rumah dia atau bukan?_ Indescribable, wonderful-- _Bukan buat-an lagi_ (lit. _it was no longer doing_). You said just now that you went home first, did you not?-- _Kata kamu tadi sudah pulang ka rumah dahulu, bukan-kah?_ He is not my child-- _Bukan-lah iya anak hamba._ He will not come-- _Dia ta' mahu datang._ I asked him a great many times, but he would not-- _Sahaya minta b[)e]rapa kali tiada dia mahu._ There are no fish in the market-- _T'ada ikan di pasar._ I do not know where he has gone-- _Antah ka-mana pergi-nia._ There is no saying how many of them died-- _Antah ber-apa baniak-nia yang mati._ It cannot be otherwise-- _Ta' dapat tiada._ He cannot enter-- _Dia ta'bulih masok._ Do not go-- _Jangan pergi._ Do not believe what people say-- _Jangan perchaya akan perkata-an orang._ Shall I enter the house or not?-- _Masok-kah aku dalam rumah atau jangan-kah?_ So far from obtaining it, we did not even see it-- _Jangan-kan dapat, me-lihat-pun tidak._ Not to speak of _you_, of _me_, even, they are afraid-- _Jangan-kan tuan, hamba-tuan pun dia orang takut._

EXERCISE.

He said no. That conduct is not proper. He cannot write. The children are not in the house. So far from getting a pony-carriage, we cannot even get a bullock-cart. Not to speak of the night, by day even people are afraid to go there. There is no saying how it happened. Do not go near. Shall I give the fruit to the woman or not? There are not many horses here. Do you not know that? The Chinaman will not say yes or no. Do not be afraid. If the seed is good it cannot but be that the fruit is good also. The wind was of no ordinary force (_kuat_).

_New words in this Lesson to be learned by heart._

Beautiful, beauty, _molek_; dead, to die, _mati_; to believe, _perchaya_; saying, speech, _per-kata-an_ (from _kata_, to say); to fear, _takut_; to write, _tulis_; night, _malam_; daylight, _siyang_; seed, _biji_; doing, making, fabrication, manufacture, _buat-an_ (from _buat_, to do, to make); to go away, go home, _pulang_.

LESSON VII.

ON THE USE OF PREPOSITIONS.

For a list of the most useful prepositions see _supra_, p. 63.

EXAMPLES.

We are going _up_ the mountain-- _Kita handak naik ka-atas gunong._ _For_ every _orlong_ (land-measure) ten cents-- _Pada satu orlong sa-puloh duit._[3] The clerks who are _under_ him-- _Krani-krani yang di-bawah-nia._ Many people have settled _at_ that place-- _Baniak orang sudah masok di tampat itu._ He saw it _from_ outside-- _Deri luar iya me-lihat-kan._ People have remarked upon the subject _before_ me (in my presence)-- _Ada juga orang ter-kenang-kan hal itu di hadap-an sahaya._ The Raja gave a present _to_ him-- _Raja memb[)e]ri hadia kapada-nia._ Che Ismail has made preparations for marrying his daughter _to (with)_ Haji Daud-- _Che Ismail sudah siap handak me-nika[h.]-kan anak-nia dengan Haji Daud._ They were sentenced _by_ the judge-- _Di-[h.]ukum-kan uleh [h.]akim._ _Among_ the four men three were wounded and one ran away-- _Di-dalam ampat orang itu tiga luka satu lari._ I want to know _about_ that affair-- _Sahaya handak tahu deri-pada hal itu._ The case was begun _on_ the first day of the month-- _Kapada satu hari bulan di-mula-i bichara-nia._ _With_ great haste-- _Dengan sangat gopoh._ He has gone _towards_ the kitchen-- _Sudah dia jalan sa-b[)e]lah dapor._ _On_ both sides of the road-- _Antara ka-dua b[)e]lah jalan._ _Regarding_ the subject of that document-- _Akan hal surat itu._ _After_ a few days-- _Lepas sadikit hari._ He was buried _near_ his father-- _Di-[k.]ubur-kan d[)e]kat ayah-nia._ _According to_ their circumstances-- _Atas [k.]adar-nia._ _According to_ his strength-- _Sa-kadar kuasa-nia._ Go _to_ your master-- _Pergi sama tuan kamu._ He inquired _about_ a murder-- _Dia pre[k.]sa fasal bunoh._ Another version _behind_ your back-- _Balik b[)e]lakang lain bichara._ _Between_ earth and sky-- _Antara bumi dan langit._ To walk _through_ the water-- _Ber-jalan trus ayer._ _For the sake of_ God-- _Karana Allah._ _As far as_ the cross-roads-- _Hingga sempang jalan._ _Until_ now-- _Sampei sakarang._

[Footnote 3: In Penang 1 _duit_ = 1 cent.; in Singapore and Malacca ¼ cent.]

EXERCISE.

He lives upon the hill. On the tenth day of the month. They came before the raja. His master gave a dollar to him. He was buried by his brothers. After that all went away. Among those ten persons six are men and four are women. As regards the subject of that case, inquiry is now being made. Each man received according to his circumstances. In which direction has he gone, towards the right or towards the left? Between the house and the river. How much will you receive for every pikul of tin? The dogs are under the house. They sat upon the ground. He arrived at that place with fifteen men. They remained until night.

The following words used in this lesson should be committed to memory:--

Clerk, _krani_; place, _tampat_; affair, subject, _hal_; gift, present, _hadia_; judge, _[h.]akim_; order, sentence, _[h.]ukum_; case, negotiation, _bichara_; hurried, haste, _gopoh_; kitchen, _dapor_; a grave, _[k.]ubur_; to bury, _[k.]ubur-kan_; rate, condition, circumstances, _[k.]adar_; strength, power, _kuasa_; the back, _b[)e]lakang_; the earth, _bumi_; God, _Allah_; fork (of a road), _sempang_; side, _b[)e]lah_.

To ascend, _naik_; to reflect, consider, _kenang_; wounded, to wound, _luka_; to marry, _nika[h.]_; to give in marriage, _nika[h.]-kan_; to examine, inquire into, _pre[k.]sa_; to kill, _bunoh_; to receive, _t[)e]rima_.

LESSON VIII.

ON THE WORDS _SUDAH_ AND _HABIS_.

SUBSTANTIVES.

a lock, _kunchi_. a key, _anak kunchi_. accounts, _kira-kira_. skill, _ka-pandei-an_. anger, _ka-marah-an_. small-pox, _ka-tumboh-an_. loss, _rugi_. disease, _penyakit_. an egg, _t[)e]lor_. an axe, _kapak_. the foot, _kaki_. cold (in the head), _sardi_. dagger, kris, _kris_. rocks, reef, _karang_. a fine, _denda_. blemish, _chachat_.

VERBS.

to lock, _kunchi-kan_. to try, attempt, _choba_. to expend, _b[)e]lanja_. to be silent, _diam_. to break, _pechah_. to stab, _tikam_. to beat, _pukul_. to be destroyed, _binasa_. to burn, _bakar_; burnt, _ter-bakar_. to be angry, _marah_. to loose, _lepas_; loosed _ter-lepas_. to disobey, _bantah_. to cheat, _tipu_. to be damaged, _rosak_. to rob, _samun_. to bite (as a snake), _pagut_.

ADJECTIVES.

guilty, _salah_. black, _hitam_. slow, _lambat_. rotten, _busuk_. severe, _t[)e]rok_. fit, suitable, probable, _harus_.

ADVERBS.

quickly, _l[)a]kas_. slowly, _perlahan_.

_Sudah_ is classed as an adverb, but its most common use is to serve as a kind of auxiliary verb in forming the past tenses. It is translateable, according to the context, by the words and phrases, has, had; has, have, and had been, or become; done, finished, completed, &c.

_Habis_ signifies done, finished, exhausted, expended; utterly, completely. The use of these words with verbs will be seen from the following examples:--

EXAMPLES.

Have you locked the door?-- _Sudah kunchi-kan pintu-kah?_ I have-- _Sudah._ When I reached the house he was already there (lit. had become present before)-- _Tatkala sahaya sampei di rumah dia sudah ada dahulu._ It is not yet finished-- _Belum sudah._ It is half finished (just being finished)-- _Tengah handak sudah._ Nearly finished-- _Dekat mahu sudah._ Long ago-- _Lama sudah._ A month ago, more or less-- _Lebih korang sa'bulan sudah._ That is enough-- _Sudah-lah._ It has gone bad-- _Sudah busuk._ It is over-- _Sudah habis._ His father is an old man (has become old)-- _Bapa-nia sudah tuah._ Try to complete this-- _Choba-lah bagi sudah._ He understands (has arrived at understanding) accounts very well-- _Pasal kira-kira sudah iya harti baik-baik._ Now it is (has become) near-- _Sakarang sudah d[)e]kat._ They are all dead and gone-- _Sumua-nia mati habis._ Entirely destroyed-- _Habis binasa._ It is all spent-- _Sudah b[)e]lanja habis._ When he had finished speaking-- _Apabila sudah habis chakap._ All were quite silent-- _Habis-lah diam sumua._ The utmost of his skill-- _Sa-habis ka-pandei-an dia._

EXERCISE.

He is dead. He died long ago. He had made preparations for going away. Are they all ready? The workman says that the box is not yet finished. He has gone to Malacca. I have seen this before. The tea is finished. All the eggs are broken. The house was entirely burnt. He spent all his father's money. Finish that quickly. They have gone back to their own country. That house is nearly finished. I arrived here a year ago. When you have finished writing that letter go home. It is now at a distance. I am just finishing this letter.

LESSON IX.

ON THE VERB _K[)E]NA_.

_K[)e]na_, in the sense of "to incur," is frequently used with other words to express the passive mood. Thus, instead of "he was fined," Malays will say "he incurred a fine;" instead of "he was blamed," "he incurred anger." _K[)e]na_ also means to touch, strike, hit, affect. _K[)e]na apa?_ "affected by what?" is frequently pronounced as a single word, _kenapa_, meaning "why?"

He was prosecuted-- _Dia k[)e]na bichara._ They were sentenced to five years each-- _K[)e]na hukum atas sa'orang lima tahun._ He incurred the displeasure of his father-- _Dia k[)e]na ka-marah-an deri-pada bapa-nia._ The axe slipped in his hand and took effect on the back of his leg-- _Ter lepas di tangan kapak itu, k[)e]na di b[)e]lakang kaki-nia._ Those who have not yet had small-pox-- _Orang yang belum k[)e]na ka-tumboh-an._[4] If any one disobeys he will be fined five dollars-- _Kalau ada siapa ban tah nanti k[)e]na denda lima ringgit._ I have been cheated-- _Sahaya sudah k[)e]na tipu._ He has been found guilty-- _Dia sudah k[)e]na salah._ He died of a snake-bite-- _Dia mati k[)e]na pagut ular._ That won't do (does not hit it)-- _Ta' k[)e]na bagitu._ Don't go there, you may be injured-- _Jangan pergi sana, barangkali k[)e]na satu apa-apa._ I am always catching cold-- _Salalu sahaya k[)e]na sardi._[5] If the medicine does not take effect it is likely that the disease will take a long time to be cured (_i.e._, the patient will probably die)-- _Kalau tiada k[)e]na ubat-nia harus juga lambat baik penyakit itu._

[Footnote 4: The Malay word for small-pox differs in various localities. In Penang the common word is _ka-tumboh-an_ (lit. _eruption_); in Malacca and Singapore, _chachar_; in Perak, _si-tawar_ and _sakit orang baik_ (lit. "disease of the good people," a euphuism); in some parts of Borneo, _puru nasi_.]

[Footnote 5: _Sardi_ (Persian and Hindustani) is the word used by the Malays of Penang. _Selesima_ and _selimat_ generally mean more than a mere cold in the head.]

EXERCISE.

He died of a stab with a _kris_. He was put to great expense. The ship was damaged by striking on the rocks. They were fined twenty dollars each. It did not receive a single blemish. Those who disobey will be prosecuted. He was very severely beaten. What has happened to the dog that he limps like that? He has been robbed on the road. He suffered no small loss. That place won't do. This letter has been blackened by fire. Yesterday he incurred his master's anger.

LESSON X.

ON THE VERBS _BULEH_, _BAHAGI_, &C.

The verbs _buleh_, can, or to be able; _bahagi_, to give (lit. to divide); _kasih_ and _b[)e]ri_, to give, grant; and _biar_, to permit, to suffer, are frequently used to govern other verbs, which they invariably precede.

_Buleh_ is a contraction of _ber-uleh_, a verb formed from the preposition _uleh_, by, by means of. The primary meaning of _ber-uleh_ or _buleh_ is to obtain, effect, and hence it has come to mean "to be able." The original sense of the word may be seen in such sentences as _ber-uleh per-minta-an_, to obtain (compliance with) a request; _sudah-kah buleh anak?_ have you had a child?

EXAMPLES.

How can one know?-- _Mana buleh tahu?_ Can you read English?-- _Kamu buleh-kah mem-bacha surat Inggris?_ It is not to be calculated-- _Tiada-lah buleh handak di-kira-kira lagi._ Every month I remind (give to remember) him-- _Tiap-tiap bulan ada hamba-tuan b[)e]ri ingat._ To feed (lit. give to eat)-- _B[)e]ri makan._ Just read that and let me hear it-- _Choba bacha itu biar sahaya dengar._ I wished to speak to him, but they would not let me-- _Sahaya handak chakap dengan dia orang ta' bahagi._ He informed (gave to know) the Penghulu-- _Dia b[)e]ri tahu kapada Penghulu._ Send those people away-- _Kasih pulang orang-orang itu._ Let it fall-- _Biar jatoh._

EXERCISE.

I cannot open the door. He tried to stab him, but could not touch him. Let him strike. Let the axe drop. His brother cannot understand the accounts. Let that child go back to the house. I wanted to give him a little tea, but they would not permit it. The raja sent (gave to go) messengers. He brought (gave to come) his wife and children. Can I live here? I have searched, but I cannot find it. He lets them come into the house. When can you come?

Request, _per-minta-an_, from _minta_, to ask; messenger, _lit._ one ordered, _penyuroh_, from _suroh_, to order; to remember, _ingat_; to read, _bacha_; to fall, _jatoh_; every, _tiap-tiap_.

LESSON XI.

ON THE VERBS _LANGSONG_, _LALU_, &C.

In describing a proceeding which involves motion to a place or continuous action on the part of some person or thing, it is common to use the words _langsong_, _lanjar_ or _lanchar_, and _lalu_, to proceed, go, direct one's course. Their signification in a sentence is not easily translateable in English, but it is perhaps best rendered by the English idiom, to _go and_ do a thing. Sometimes the effect is that of the adverbs "immediately," "at last," "incontinently," "forthwith," "altogether." _Langsong_ is generally used in Penang, but in Perak the Malays generally use _lanjar_ in the same sense.

EXAMPLES.

Intending to cook (food), to go and burn it-- _Handak masak langsong hangus._ He went to Meccah and never returned-- _Dia pergi ka-Makah lanjar ta' balik._ The pony fell down and immediately died-- _R[)e]bah kuda itu langsong mati._ He journeyed to Singapore and thence on to Johor-- _Ber-laiar-lah dia ka-Singgapura lalu ka-Johor._ He spat it out and then went and licked it up again-- _Sudah ludah lalu di-jilat_ (a proverb). He took a knife and forthwith stabbed him-- _Dia ambil pisau langsong tikam._ He visited the districts down the river and thence went on to Kampar-- _Dia pergi ka-daira rantau hilir, lanjar ka-Kampar._ He has gone altogether-- _Dia sudah pergi langsong._

_Lalu_ is often used in the sense of "can," "able," instead of _buleh_.

I cannot do it-- _Sahaya ta' lalu buat._ For a day or two past she has been unable to eat-- _Sudah satu dua hari dia ta' lalu makan nasi._[6] Will fish swallow a bare hook?-- _Ada-kah ikan lalu me-makan mata kail sahaja?_

[Footnote 6: _Makan nasi_, eat rice. Malays do not, like us, say simply eat, read, write. It is more idiomatic to say, eat rice, read book, write letter.]

EXERCISE.

He got up and forthwith went away. He was very angry, and at once ordered him to go out. The ship struck on a rock and immediately sunk. He ate rice and then went to sleep. He stabbed him twice and immediately ran away. He came out of the house and at once fell down. He returned to his country and died there. Do you intend to go direct to Johor?

To cook, _masak_; to burn, _hangus_; to fall down, _r[)e]bah_; to return, _balik_; to spit, _ludah_; to lick, _jilat_; to take, _ambil_; to eat, _makan_; to go out, _kaluar_; to sink, _tinggalam_; a sail, _laiar_; to sail; _ber-laiar_; a knife, _pisau_; a district, _daira_; rice, _b[)e]ras_; boiled rice, _nasi_; fish-hook, _mata kail_; reach of a river, _rantau_; down-stream, _hilir_; up-stream, _hulu_.

LESSON XII.

ON THE WORDS _SAMPAT_ AND _DAN_.

_Sampat_, to be able, competent to, opportunity, fit time; and _dan_, occasion, opportunity, fit time, are two useful words which are employed with verbs in much the same manner as _buleh_, _lalu_, &c.

In some parts of the peninsula (Perak, for example), _sampang_ is used instead of _sampat_.

These words are used more generally to state a negative proposition than an affirmative one.

EXAMPLES.

They are not able to stand-- _Tiada-lah sampat iya ber-diri._ There was not time (for the fire) to spread to the inner part of the house, but (it was confined) to the cook-room-- _Tiada sampang di-makan sampei ka-dalam rumah hania sa-b[)e]lah dapor sahaja._ There was no time to render assistance-- _Tiada dan di-tulong._ He is not in a position to resist-- _Tiada sampat iya me-lawan._ I was not in time to see him; he had already started-- _Ta'dan ber-jumpa, sudah dia jalan dahulu._ Such of them as could not gain the shore-- _Barang yang tiada sampat naik ka-darat._

EXERCISE.

He ran away before I was able to seize him. They were unable to run away, for people seized them. He went away quickly, so I had no time to see him. That place is very far off; there is not time to reach it in one day. He fell down and died before one could render assistance. Yesterday I was in a great hurry and had not time to finish what I was saying. There is not time to finish it in two days. Before I could stand up he struck me.

To stand, _ber-diri_; except, but, _hania_; to help, _tulong_; to resist, oppose, _lawan_; to meet, _jumpa_; land, _darat_; any, some, each, every, _barang_.