vivid. Humanity lives still in an ineffaceable longing and a burning
desire to regain that period. Like diamonds dropped in unknown ages in small crystallisations into the sand of rivers, the works of Greece appear in the stream of time, serving as a fundamental basis of beauty, truth, and goodness.
The well-balanced harmony was unfortunately soon disturbed.
Giddy with victory and joy, the Greeks discarded ethics; truth was made the handmaid of sophistry, superstition, and scepticism; and beauty, in losing her ideal glory, sank into the depths of sensualism and realism. The harmony of the triad, which artists, philosophers, and moral teachers had succeeded in establishing, was destroyed, and a discordant strain of melancholy woe resounded through history, echoing here and there some remnants of the old and charming melodies. The conquests of Philip of Makedon and Alexander the Great brought the East into contact with the Greek spirit. The East furnished mystic incomprehensibilities, and an egotistic hatred of all art that could not be turned into money, or used for serving some deity to buy up its good graces. Buddhistic tenets joined hands with Brahmanic conceits; Egyptian symbols were intermingled with Hebrew practical enactments, without any ideal aspirations. Greek philosophical diatribes were used to prove the impossible possible, and the ‘supernatural’ most natural. Some Greeks attempted to revive the antique mode of thinking, but they were silenced by the Neo-Platonists, and thus the Greeks themselves became the most successful apostles of unnaturally-shaped superstitions, deadening the vivifying spirit of Christ’s teachings.
The Romans had only one aim in history--to regulate their conquests. The State was everything with them; they taught us how to systematise the actions of men, to make them useful citizens in this world, and, when they left their legacy of infallible authority to the Romish Church, how to prepare fit inhabitants for another world. The outward realistic form, proclaiming some inward mystic grace or meaning, became everything. Base hollowness in art and morals, vapid verbiage in philosophy, unnatural profligacy and licentiousness, mean covetousness and heartless egotism, brought humanity intellectually, morally, and spiritually, to the brink of destruction. Everyone thirsted for a change--reality was unbearable.
Men strove, in deadening their bodies, to seek the salvation of their souls. The realistic tendency of the degenerated ancient times gave way to blind faith, which by degrees obtained an exclusive hold on the ideal in man, ignoring his reflective and reasoning nature, working only on the emotional, and burying antiquity under the gloomy ruins of the Middle Ages. For more than 1000 years beauty had to yield to mystic symbolism, truth to superstitious prejudice, and ethics to a morbid sentimentality and a cruel hierarchical despotism. Dogmatic scholasticism sought to foster elegance of forms; to create artistic enthusiasm; but this attempt was vain. When, however, the dogmatic ice began to melt in the burning rays of the rising sun of a freer inquiry; when the Romish Church, anxious for some powerful helpmate to check the rays of this sun, and work on the gloomy, stupified emotions of the masses, called in to aid her the spirit of the Greeks in art, she prepared a bright and happy future for humanity. The reformation in art-forms, and the revival of the antique spirit in poetry, was soon followed by a revival in science and ethics. Philosophy began to unravel the mysteries of nature, and to make natural forces subservient to man’s wants and happiness. Ethics, based on freedom of thought, grew day by day more powerful, and Greek forms were used in the purified spirit of Christ, divested of strange and unintelligible dogmas.
Having secured the right freely to store up the results of our intellectual investigations, we must devote our artistic energies, through an assiduous study of the historical development of art, to a corresponding culture of our sense of beauty. This is essential, if we hope to stand as high artistically, as we do technically and mechanically. Without culture we cannot hope to vie with other nations in high art, in historical paintings, frescoes, sculpture, and architecture. A thorough knowledge of art-history will destroy tasteless prejudices, and enable us progressively to develop the past without becoming guilty of anachronisms. Inspired by the firm conviction that the culture of taste leads to the very highest development of ethics, and that art can only flourish in strict harmony with truth and goodness, we can progress, but not otherwise.
In this volume we have brought the reader down to the art of the Mahomedans, and trust in a future work to trace the historical development of art to our own times. What we have said in praise of Greek art, must not be misunderstood to imply that, since it flourished, we have not made gigantic progressive strides in sculpture, architecture, and painting; but we have done so only when we have worked in the Greek spirit, that is, on the principles which stamped their works of art with perfection.
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‘Traveller’s Companion, The.’ Bell and Daldy, 1868.
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Zerffi (Dr.), _Historic Art Studies_, with 1030 illustrations. ‘Building News,’ 1872-6.
INDEX.
A, 84
ΑΩ {AÔ}, 272
Abulfeda, 35
Absolom, 150
Achaians, 180
Acherusian, 134
Achilles, 184
Action, 16
Adoniram, 146
Æneas, 234
Æsop, 242
Ætna, 215
Agamemnon, 185
Ageladas, 193
Agesander, 207
Agincourt, 225
Agodhyá, 77
Agrômainyus, 89
Ahriman, 89
Ahura-Mazda, 89
Albans, 233
Alemanni, 283
Alexander the Great, 87
Alkibiades, 201
Alkmene, 185
Allegory, 270
Allvater, 286
Amn, 114
Amphiprostyle, 176
Anaxagoras, 193
Ancus Martius, 235
Andromeda, 250
Angeians, 180
Angelmir, 286
Antætemple, 176
Anthemis of Tralles, 281
Antiope, 208
Antonines, 258
Anubis, 117
Apis, 189
Apollo at Bassæ, 200
Apollo (Saurokthonos), 206
Apollo (Smintheus), 203
Apollodorus, 256
Apollonius, 207
Archaic-Doric, 178
Arch (Roman), 245
Ariadne, 190
Arians, 275
Aristotle, 187
Arkadia, 200
Arno, 213
Artemis of Ephesus, 189
Aryan, 26
Asar, 214
Asioatha, 80
Asklepios, 196
Asphaltites, 134
Athanasians, 275
Athene Promachos, 195
Athenodorus, 207
Atlas, 164
Atos (Akotus), 108
Attic-Doric, 178
Audumbla, 286
Augustus, 252
Aurelius Commodus, 241
Azer-Abad, 89
Babylon, 97
Baltic, 285
Barucchi, 105
Bachante, 204
Basilica of Reparatus, 277
Beautiful, 3
Beelzebub, 290
Bendemir (Araxes), 91
Bengallee, 82
Bhîma, 159
Boaz, 148
Böckh, 104
Book of Deliverance, 113
Bor, 286
Botta, M., 88
Brahmă, 64
Brahman, 85
Brahmapootra, 60
Bronze (age), 33
Brugsch, 105
Bryaxis, 205
Buddha, 75
Bunsen, 105
Burgundians, 284
Buri, 286
Byzantine, 270
Byzes of Naxos, 191
Cadam, 89
Cainozoic, 180
Caracalla, 260
Carthage, 236
Carrios, 41
Catulus, M., 251
Cavœdium, 217
Celerus, 254
Chalúkyan, 82
Champ-levé, 131
Champollion, 104
Cheops (Shufu), 119
Chephren (Shafra), 120
Chichen, 42
Chimera, 168
Chinese language, 46
Chinese trellis-work, 50
Chiron, 185
Choda (Gott, God), 84
Christianity, 263
Chuda (Khuda, Svadâtta), 84
Cicero, 242
Cis-Himâlâyans, 61
Claudius, 253
Cleopatra, 253
Cloisonné, 131
Clusium, 218
Coati, 40
Colosseum, 255
Compluvium, 217
Confucius, 47
Constantine (triumphal arch), 256
Contractura, 175
Copan, 42
Corichanca, 41
Corneto, 220
Cortona, 213
Cranoges, 37
Crassus, L., 251
Critical (School of Art), 8
Cross-vault (Roman), 245
Crusades, 292
Crystallisations, 12
Cupid, 69
Cupola (Roman), 245
Cuzco, 41
Cynerary chests, 217
Daghopa, 79
Daidalos, 190
Danaians, 180
Dante, 240
Dea Cloacina, 239
Dead (book of the), 112
Delphos, 188
Demeratos, 221
Demeter, 161
Demetrius, 271
Dempster, 225
Derush, 141
Devaki, 70
Dews (Devas), 96
Dialectic, 63
Dibutades, 181
Diodorus (Siculus), 100
Diogenes Laertius, 111
Diopos, 221
Dipteros, 176
Diptichs, 291
Dirkê, 208
Disk heresy, 105
Divespitar, 67
Donatists, 275
Dös (Dyss, or Dolmens), 35
Dordogne, 34
Doric, 173
Dshemshid, 90
Dshey-Afram, 89
Dravidian, 82
Durga, 69
Dypuc, 69
Echidna, 168
Eight Periods of Jewish History, 139
Echetlos, 215
Eirene, 202
Elbruz, 94
Elektra, 185
El Hayz, 277
El Kassr, 98
Encaustum, 131
Entasis, 176
Epimetheus, 164
Epistyle, 176
Erato, 165
Erechtheium, 179
Eriene Veedjo (Iran Veji), 89
Eros, 204
ἦθος {êthos}, 188
Etruskans, 212
Etruskan style, 225
Euchier, 221
Eugrammos, 221
Euripides, 201
Eurythmy, 13
Euxine, 244
Euterpe, 165
Exarchs, 279
Expression, 16
Ezekiel, 139
Farnese Bull, 207
Fascine constructions, 37
Faust, 164
Feather ornament, 126
Fervers, 96
Ficus Indica, 80
Ficus religiosa, 81
Figeac, 104
Flavians, 247
Fora (Civilia), 252
Fortuna Virilis (temple of), 251
Forum Trajanum, 255
Franks, 283
Freyja, 288
Froh (Freyr), 287
Gæa, 160
Galpones, 41
Gânesa, 67
Ganges, 60
Ganymede, 68
Garuda, 68
Gepidi, 284
Geryon, 168
Ghandarvas, 200
Giallo antico, 262
Glaukos, 191
Glypthotek, 203
Gnostics, 275
Gurgerni, 284
Hadrian, 247
Hal-her, 116
Hamadan (Erbatana), 92
Hamilton (Lord), 183
Hanau, 41
Harris, 73
Harpies, 219
Hassarlik, 189
Hathor-masks, 125
Herakles, 159
Hekatoncheires, 162
Hektor, 184
Hermetic books, 104
Here, 161
Herodotus, 35
Hertha (Nerthus, Earth), 288
Herulians, 284
Hes (Isis), 117
Hesiri (Osiris), 117
Hestia, 161
Hieratic style, 125
Hieroglyphs, 108
Hierogrammatists, 111
Hillel (Rabbi), 104
Himeros, 204
Hincks, 105
Hirmthursen, 286
Historical (School of Art), 7
Hittites, 34
Holda, 288
Horace, 242
Horoskopus, 111
Horus, 117
Hurin, 41
Hyksos, 105
Hypæthral, 176
Ideography, 108
Iphikrates, 193
Iliad, 184
Impluvium, 217
Ingavorians, 284
Indus, 60
Ionic, 173
Iron (age), 33
Isidorus of Miletus, 281
Istavorians, 284
Is’wara, 69
Itza, 42
Jachin, 148
Janus, 67
Japetós, 160
Jordan, 134
Jordanes, 34
Jugurtha, 237
Julius Cæsar, 251
Ka, 84
Kadmus, 157
Kalamis, 193
Kaledonian (boar), 202
Kaliphs, 87
Kaliya Nága, 71
Kalliope, 166
Kansa, 70
κάθαρσις {katharsis}, 188
Kentaur, 218
Kekrops, 157
Kelts, 283
Kenrick, 105
Kentimanos, 160
Kephisodotus, 202
Kha, 84
Kham (Ham, Chemnus), 106
Khem, 114
Khai-Khorus (Kyrus), 87
Kimon, 190
Klio, 165
Kneph, 116
κονίασις {koniasis}, 173
Korinthian, 173
Korœbus, 181
Kouyunjik, 93
Krishna, 70
Kronos, 160
Kshattriya, 85
Ktesias, 100
Kynic, 187
Kyprus, 44
Kyrenæic, 187
Labyrinth, 123
Lake-dwellings, 35
Laokoön, 207
Lapis lazuli, 262
Laplanders, 34
Lauth, 106
Layard, R. H., 88
Leah, 273
Lekythus, 186
Leochares, 205
Lepsius, 105
Lernean serpent, 168
Li-king, 47
Lotus, 126
Lukeres, 233
Lysippus, 201
Maccabees, 133
Mahâbhârata, 73
Makedonian-Doric, 178
Makrokosm, 289
Mal’hurâ, 71
Man (Jao), 116
Manasseh Ben Israel, 135
Mania, 223
Manichæans, 275
Mantus, 223
Manurra, 251
Marcus Aurelius, 258
Markomanni, 258
Masaya, 39
Mastadon, 213
Mausoleum (of Augustus), 253
Mausolos at Halikarnassus, 205
Medea, 250
Medusa, 185
Mêlas, 191
Melpomene, 165
Memnonium, 123
Memnons, 124
Memphis, 106
Mem-tsu, 47
Menes, 106
Menkerynus (Menkare), 120
Meshiah, 155
Metis, 161
Metopes, 176
Miaos, 53
Miltiades, 196
Milton, 240
μίμησις {mimêsis}, 188
Module, 174
Moltke, 41
Moses, 141
Motion, 16
Murghab, 92
Muspel-heim, 286
Mut, 114
Myths, 271
Naksh-i-Rustam, 92
Negro, 23
Neolithic, 33
Nero, 253
Nestorians, 275
Net, 115
Nifel-heim, 286
Niké, 185
Nineveh, 97
Ninus, 90
Niobe, 206
Normans, 283
Num (Nu), 114
Numa Pompilius, 234
Nundi, 189
Odin, 286
Okeanos, 160
Oligochromatic, 182
Olympian, Pythian, Nemæan, and Isthmian games, 171
Onatas, 193
Opisthodome, 175
Opus plumarium, 54
Orchia, 219
Ormuzd, 89
Orpheus, 157
Ostrogoths, 283
Ovid, 242
Palenque, 42
Palm-tree, as ornament, 126
Palæolithic, 33
Pantheon, 253
Paphos, 145
Papyrus, as ornament, 126
Parsagad (Passagarda or Persepolis), 91
Parthenon, 197
Pátála, 71
Paulastya, 68
Pelasgians, 180
Penelope, 184
Pentagram, 289
Per-ao (Pharaoh), 107
Perigord, 34
Perikles, 193
Peripteros, 176
Peshat, 141
Perseus, 185
Perseus, 250
Phædrus, 242
Pheidias, 193
Phigalia, 200
Philesian Apollo, 171
Phtah, 115
Pile-dwellings, 36
Pindar, 224
Planimetric, 17
Plato, 187
Plautus, 242
Pluton, 161
Pluton, 202
Polychromatic, 182
Polydoros, 207
Polyhymnia, 165
Polykrates, 191
Pompey, 143
Pontos, 160
Poseidon, 161, 203
Posticum, 175
Pothos, 204
Prasias, 35
Prathama-Raja, 75
Praxiteles, 193
Præneste (Palestrina), 220
Prometheus, 164
Prophets, 112
Proportion, 19
Prostyle, 176
Proteus, 159
Proto-Doric, 178
Ptolemaic style, 129
Punic war, 236
Pythagoras of Regium, 193
Quadi, 284
Quatusco, or Huatusco, 40
Ra (with the Persians), 84
Ra, 115
Rachel, 273
Radamanthus, 223
Ramâyâna, 73
Ramnes, 233
Ravenna, 279
Realistic (School of Art), 7
Remes, 141
Rhœkos, 191
Roma (Amor), 229
Romanesque, 270
Romulus and Remus, 234
Rosetta-stone, 104
Sabines, 233
Sacred books (of the Egyptians), 111
Sacsahuaman, 41
Sallust, 242
Samoyedes, 34
Sanchi Tope, 76
San Paolo fuori le mura, 278
Saul, 132
Scandinavia, 285
Scaurus, M., 251
Schliemann (Dr.), 189
Seb (Kronos), 116
Semiramis, 90
Septimus Severus, 247
Servius Tullius, 235
Seti, 115
Shi-king, 47
Shoo-king, 47
Siamek, 90
Skopas, 201
Skylla, 168
Smilis, 191
Sod, 141
Solomon, 138
Sophokles, 171
Sphinx, 168
Sphinxes (six kinds of), 120
S’rî, 68
Sta. Agnese, 272
Sta. Barbara, 274
Sta. Croce at Jerusalem, 277
Sta. Maria at Bethlehem, 277
St. Apollinare in Classe, 279
St. Calisto, 272
Stereometric, 17
Stiens (of Cambodia), 35
St. John, 274
St. Katherine’s wheel, 289
St. Lorenzo, 272
Stolists, 112
St. Peter’s at Rome, 277
St. Sebaldus, 274
St. Sebastian, 274
St. Sebastiano, 272
St. Sophia, 280
St. Vitale, 279
Sublime, 3
S’udra, 85
S’wa, 64
Symbol, 270
Symbolic, 63
Symmetry, 13
Syrakuse, 236
Tachyno, 35
Tahamur, 90
Tarquinius Priscus, 235
Tarquinius Superbus, 235
Tartaros, 162
Tauriskos, 207
Tacitus, 242
Telos, 181
Temple, Egyptian, 122
Teni (This, Thinis), 106
Teotl, 39
Terence, 242
Terpsichore, 165
Teth (Toth, Hermes), 116
Thales, 213
Thalia, 165
Thebes, 123
Themistokles, 193
Theodorus, 191
Thera, 182
Thermæ, 253
Thor, 287
Thukydides, 193
Tiberius, 253
Timotheos, 205
Tingitanum, 277
Titicaca, 40
Titians, 233
Titus Livy, 242
Tombs, Egyptian, 120
Trajan, 247
Trans-Himâlâyans, 61
Tree of Art, 28
Triglyphs, 176
Trilôchana, 69
Trimurty, 65
Triophthalmos, 70
Tritons, 203
Tsem-tsu, 47
Tshao-Pings, 52
Tshil-Minar, 91
Tudor roses, 289
Tulasi, 71
Tullus Hostilius, 234
Turanian, 24
Tuscanicum, 217
Types, 271
Typhon (Nubi, or Set), 116
Tyrrhenian, 181
Uhleman, 105
Ulpia (Basilica), 256
Ulysses, 184
Unger, 106
Urania, 165
Uranus, 160
Uræus, 129
Uxmal, 42
Va, 84
Vaisya, 85
Vandals, 284
Vauban, 41
Veretaghna, 287
Vesta, 251
Vesuvius, 222
Via Sacra, 255
Vinitians, 284
Virgil, 242
Vishnu, 64
Viterbo, 219
Volaterra, 218
Volci, 218
Vritaghna, 287
Vurka, 98
Xp, 272
Xenophon, 193
Yachahnasi, 41
Yamuná, 71
Y-King, 47
Ymir, 286
Yo-king, 47
Young, Dr., 104
Zacharias, 150
Zahok, 90
Zarathustra (Zerdusht, Zoroaster), 94
Zedekiah, 132
Zend-Avesta, 88
Zeruane-Akerene, 95
Zeus, 162
Zorobabel, 142
Zui (or Tui, Tuisco), 287
LONDON: PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE AND PARLIAMENT STREET
* * * * * *
Transcriber's note:
Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected.
Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.
Transcriber-added descriptions of some illustrations are in parentheses, like this: [Illustration: (description)].
Some words were printed both with and without accent marks. The ones clearly meant to be the same (e.g., Index references to the other form) were changed; the rest appear both ways.
Greek and symbols not in the Latin-1 or ASCII character sets have been transliterated or substituted in those versions of this eBook. The original letters and symbols might appear in the UTF-8 and HTML versions. Devices unable to display such characters may substitute question marks or other placeholders.