CHAPTER XVIII.

THE BIBLE AND SCIENCE.

No book has caused so much controversy as the Bible. It has been made to answer for the folly of both its friends and foes. The fierce assaults made by the sceptic have been the legitimate result of the preposterous claims made by its ignorant but too zealous friends. The Bible makes no such claims for itself as have often been made for it. Its meaning has been perverted, sentences distorted, and words changed in order to suit the caprice of its advocates. If it were a living, speaking existence, it would certainly beg to be delivered from its friends. It has been made to conflict with the investigations of science, and those engaged in interpreting the laws of nature have been branded as infidels, although they may have devout and reverent spirits. The Bible is not and makes no pretensions of being a book of science. It is designed to be a book of religion, and a history of the ancient Jews, and its references to scientific questions are only incidental. If the references to science, or the account of Creation be radically wrong, its teachings on questions of morals and religion would not be thereby invalidated. The Christian, or the Jew, has nothing to fear from the results of scientific investigation. But there is a duty devolving on him, and that is to leave his fanciful interpretations and come to the true meaning of the Scriptures, and there learn how the words were understood by those to whom they were originally addressed. The meaning of words, as used in the nineteenth century, is not to be connected with their signification as used in the past. There is a great distance that divides the present from the times of the Hebrews, and their language and thoughts from the English language and modern thought. The ancient Hebrews were not given to scientific pursuits, and could have been but comparatively little advanced in civilization.

It is not the design here to enter upon an investigation of the points raised between the Scriptures and science, but to confine the inquiry to such questions as the previous chapters have demanded.

_Creation._--The first and second chapters of Genesis not only teach that God is the Creator of heaven and earth, but also the order of succession is given. It is not stated that the world was created out of nothing. The word "bara," translated "created," has a variety of meanings. According to Gesenius it means _to cut_, _to cut out_, _to carve_, _to form_, _to create_, _to produce_, _to beget_, _to bring forth_, _to feed_, _to eat_, _to grow fat_, _to fashion_, _to make_.[121] The idea presented seems to be this: The author asserts that heaven and earth owe their origin to God. Then he goes back and explains the successive stages of creation. At the commencement of the work the earth was formless and void, or in a nebulous condition, and from this preexisting mass the worlds were evolved. When this mass was created, if ever, the author of Genesis does not state.

Six periods, or "days," are given for the formation of the earth. The use of the words "evening and morning" naturally leads to the conclusion that the _days_ were each twenty-four hours in length. But doubt is thrown over this conclusion by the use of the word _day_ in the second chapter and fourth verse, where the whole creative week is called a _day_. The word translated "day" also means _time_, but it is to be generally taken in the sense of the civil day--from sun up to sun down. Hugh Miller held to the opinion that the creation was represented to Moses in a vision. The periods passed before his mind in succession and had the appearance of days. The evening was the closing of one and the morning was the beginning of another period of time.[122] If a description of the different orders of life had been given, it would have been beyond the comprehension of that primitive people. It was not the design to teach geology. The people were not prepared for such scientific knowledge. But the simple statement that God is the author of all things, could be and was understood by the Israelites.

On the sixth day man appears; but there are two records, and in them he is presented in different ways and for different purposes. In the first account man is made in the image of God, and to him is given dominion over the living things, and he is commanded to subdue the earth. The second account states that there was no man to till the ground, and the Lord formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. The second account cannot be, as has been assumed, a repetition of the first. The two accounts are radically different. One account makes man to have dominion over the beasts, birds, and fishes; the other, to till or cultivate the soil. This agrees with archaeo-geology. Men were hunters many ages before they were agriculturists. The one account has man made in the image of God, the other, a _living soul_. The "image of God" and "living soul" may be the same, but why the change? There may be a cause for it. If the theory of the vision be the true one, then Moses saw man in two capacities, differing one from the other. Man may be in the "image of God," and yet in a low, savage condition--subsisting on the chase. Man may be awakened from that condition, the "image of God" may assert its majesty, and make man a religious, worshipful being.[123] That there were two classes the record implies. Cain goes out into the Land of Nod, where his wife conceives, and he builds a city. Where did Cain get his wife, and why did he build a city? No account is given of the birth of his wife, but the natural inference is he obtained her in the Land of Nod.[124] It has been contended that Cain married his sister. If this be true it would certainly have been mentioned. It is too important a matter to have escaped notice. If he married his sister he was guilty of a heinous crime. If it was right then, it is right now. The city he built must have been more than an _encampment_, or a _small fortification_. (The word translated "city" bears this meaning also.) It would have been of no moment. It must have been a place of some consequence, and designed for more persons than Cain, his wife, and son. Taking all the circumstances together, including Cain's dread "of every one that findeth me shall slay me," it would seem that the object of this city was to provide for individuals of the pre-Adamic family dwelling on the east of Eden, and possibly to ingratiate himself into their favor.

Then, again, in the sixth chapter, "The sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose." This was followed by great wickedness, in consequence of which the world was destroyed by a flood. Who were the "sons of God," and who the "daughters of men"? Why not the daughters of God? The "sons of God" must have been the lineal descendants of Adam, and the "daughters of men" the offspring of the pre-Adamic race. The mongrel race produced were monsters,[125] and their minds were bent continually on doing evil. These sons of Adam must have retrograded, or else they would not have sought wives from among a lower people. By the laws of nature their offspring was lower than either of the races, from the fact that to the brutish natures of the pre-Adamic type would be added the natural wisdom of the Adamic, thus producing cunning and craft in their wickedness.[126] If stringent moral laws had been enforced upon them the result would have been reversed.

_Chronology._--The chronology given in the margins of the Bible is a mere invention, and has worked much mischief. There is nothing to warrant it, and no excuse can be made for it. The Bible gives no definite chronology for those early times. That no dependence can be placed in these chronologies is shown from the discrepancies between the Septuagint and the Hebrew texts.[127] The Septuagint dates the Flood eight hundred years farther back than the common Bible. "A margin of variation amounting to eight centuries between two versions of the same document, is a variation so enormous that it seems to cast complete doubt on the whole system of interpretation on which such computations of time are based."[128]

_The Deluge._--Allowing the date of the Deluge to have been 3149 B. C. instead of 2349 B. C., still there is not sufficient time to repopulate the earth, and form those mighty empires recorded in ancient history. The Duke of Argyle has very justly remarked that, "The founding of a monarchy is not the beginning of a race. The people among whom such monarchies arose must have grown and gathered during many generations." The peopling of Egypt is not the only difficulty. "The existence, in the days of Abraham, of such an organized government as that of Chedorlaomer shows that two thousand years B. C. there nourished in Elam, beyond Mesopotamia, a nation which even now would be ranked among 'the Great Powers.'"[129] Then the characteristic features of the Negro, one of the most strongly marked among the varieties of man, were as greatly marked 2000 B. C. as at present.

These statements lead to the conclusion that the Flood was not universal. Most nations have a tradition of a flood, but "the monuments of the two most ancient civilizations of which we have any knowledge--the Egyptian and Chinese--contain no account of, or allusion to, Noah's Deluge."[130] Many of these traditions doubtless refer to some local flood. The passages of Scripture seem to teach the universality of the Deluge, but the same expressions which convey the idea of universality, are sometimes used in a limited sense, and refer only to the Holy Land, and to bordering regions. The question is one of doubt whether or not the sacred historian means the Noachian Deluge to have been universal, or only a local cataclysm.

_Monarchies._--The Scriptures do not state that Nimrod was the first monarch, but "the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh." Nor is the statement made that he founded these cities. He was a mighty hunter, and these cities were the _beginning of his kingdom_.

_The Dispersion._--The building of the tower of Babel is no myth, but a veritable reality. A portion of the mighty fabric still stands, a mountain of ruins, attesting to the vast amount of work it required in its construction. The story is told in few words, and those words cover centuries. The people engaged in its construction spoke one language, but when this language was confounded the empire was rent asunder. The narrative seems to teach the use of but one language on the whole face of the earth. Dr. F. H. Hedge, in his sermon on "the Great Dispersion," says, "Moreover, the phrase 'the whole earth,' as commonly used in the Bible, is not to be taken in an absolute or scientific sense. It is not intended to include the entire globe, or even the greater part thereof, but is loosely employed to designate the whole of that particular portion which the writer or speaker has in his mind at the time. In the present case it denotes the country bordering on the Tigris and the Euphrates."[131] If the views of this eminent theologian be correct, then, by the same principle of interpretation the unity of language spoken of, is limited to the country bordering on the Tigris and the Euphrates.

There is no necessity of a supernatural aid for the origination of language. Under the view already advanced, when the animals were brought to Adam, he readily gave them names, for he had received language from his predecessors, and now, being an especially chosen person, his endowments would lead him to a more vigorous application of its use.

It is not incredible that God could have fashioned the world and peopled it with myriads of beings in a period of six days of twenty-four hours each. It is not incredible that a cataclysm could destroy every living creature, save an appointed few, and cover the remotest boundaries of the earth. It is possible for God to do anything save that which is inconsistent with his character. What is possible for God to do, and what He does, are two very different things. What He has done can only be told from the evidences which He has left. What He might have done is only speculation. Man can only judge from the facts presented to him. He observes the course of nature, and from these observations his conclusions are drawn.

The world of nature and the spirit of revelation, when properly understood, are seen to be in harmony. Man is not to close his eyes and refuse to be guided by science, and with blind credulity accept the tales and prejudices of his grandfathers.

NOTE.--Dean Stanley, an eminent divine of the Church of England, in his discourse at the funeral of Sir Charles Lyell, takes unusual grounds for a theologist. He is reported as saying that there were and are two modes of reconciling the letter of Scripture with geology, but each has totally and deservedly failed. One of these attempts to wrest the words of the Bible from their real meaning, and force them to speak the language of science; the other attempts to falsify science to meet the supposed requirements of the Bible. But there is another reconciliation of a higher kind, or rather an acknowledgment of the affinity and identity which exist between the spirit of science and the spirit of the Bible. First, there is a likeness of the general spirit of the Bible truths; and, secondly, there is a likeness in the methods. The frame of this earth was gradually brought into its present condition by the slow and silent action of the same causes which we see now operating through a long succession of ages beyond the memory and imagination of man. We do not expect this doctrine to agree with the letter of the Bible. The early biblical records could not be literal, prosaic, matter-of-fact descriptions of the beginning of the world. It is now clear that the first and second chapters of Genesis contain two narratives of the Creation side by side, differing from each other in almost every particular of time and place and order. It is now known that the vast epochs demanded by scientific observation are incompatible both with the six thousand years of the Mosaic chronology and the six days of the Mosaic Creation. The discoveries of geology are found to fill up the old religious truths with a new life, and to derive from them in turn a hallowing glory.

GLOSSARY OF SCIENTIFIC AND DIFFICULT TERMS USED IN THIS VOLUME.

Adjunctive, having the quality of joining.

Alluvial, pertaining to the deposits of sand, clay, or gravel, made by river action.

Amalgamate, to mix or blend different things or races.

Antero-posterior, in a direction from behind forward.

Aphelion, that point of a planet's or comet's orbit which is most distant from the sun.

Archaeo-geologist, one versed in pre-historic remains, or familiar with both archaeology and geology.

Archives, public records and papers preserved as evidence of fact.

Aryan, a term applied to all the nations who speak languages derived mainly from the Sanskrit, or ancient Hindoo.

Atomic, a system of philosophy which accounted for the origin and formation of all things by assuming that atoms are endowed with gravity and motion.

Auditory, having the power of hearing.

Baton, a staff used as an emblem of authority.

Brachycephalic, a skull whose transverse diameter exceeds the antero-posterior diameter.

Breccia, a rock made up of angular fragments cemented together.

Bronze, an alloy of copper, with from ten to thirty per cent. of tin, to which other metals are sometimes added.

Calcareous, consisting of, or containing, carbonate of lime.

Calcined, reduced to a powder, or friable state, by the action of heat.

Carbonate, a salt formed by the union of carbonic acid with a base.

Carnivora, an order of animals which subsist on flesh.

Carpal, that portion of the skeleton pertaining to the wrist.

Cataclysm, a deluge.

Celt, one of an ancient race of people who formerly inhabited a great part of Central and Western Europe; an implement made of stone or metal, found in the ancient tumuli of Europe.

Cereal, edible grain.

Champlain Epoch, a name derived from the beds on the borders of Lake Champlain. The beds are subsequent in origin to the glacial epoch.

Chert, an impure variety of flint.

Clavicle, the collar-bone.

Conglomerate, rock made of pebbles cemented together.

Coronoid, the process of the ulna and lower jaw.

Cosmogony, the science of the origin of the world or universe.

Cranium, the skull.

Crannoges, small islets in the lakes of Ireland and Scotland, used by the ancients as places of habitation.

Crucible, a vessel capable of enduring great heat, and used for melting ores, metals, etc.

Cyclical, pertaining to a periodical space of time marked by the recurrence of something peculiar.

Data (pl. of datum), a ground of inference or deduction.

Debris (d[=a]-bree), fragments detached from rocks, and piled up in masses.

Demi-relief, the projection of one half the figure beyond the plane from which it rises.

Dendrites, a stone on which are tree-like markings.

Devonian, the geological age between the Silurian and Carboniferous.

Diluvium, the time when the glacial beds were deposited.

Diorite, a tough rock, in color whitish, speckled with black, or greenish black.

Dolichocephalic, a skull whose diameter from the frontal to the occipital bone exceeds the transverse diameter.

Dorsal, the name given to the second division of the vertebrae.

Drift, a collection of loose earth and bowlders, distributed during the glacial epoch over large portions of the earth's surface.

Druidical, pertaining to the religious ceremonies of the ancient Celtic nations in France, Britain, and Germany.

Dynasty, a succession of kings of the same line or family.

Eccentricity, the distance of the centre of the orbit of a heavenly body from the centre of the body round which it revolves.

Edible, eatable.

Elliptical, having an oval or oblong figure.

Eocene, the oldest of the three epochs of the tertiary.

Epoch, any period of time marked by some particular cause or event.

Esplanade, a clear space, or grass plat.

Fauna, the animals of any given area or epoch.

Flora, the complete system of vegetable species native in a given locality, or period.

Fluor-spar, a mineral of beautiful colors, composed by fluorine and calcium.

Fluvio-marine, the deposits formed by the joint action of a river and the sea.

Foramen, a little opening.

Fossa, a depression in a bone.

Fossil, the form of a plant or animal in the strata composing the surface of the earth.

Genus (pl. genera), an assemblage of species possessing certain characters in common, by which they are distinguished from all others.

Geode, an irregular shaped stone, containing a small cavity.

Geognostic, pertaining to a knowledge of the structure of the earth.

Glabella, the middle or frontal protuberance of the superciliary arch.

Glaciation, the process of becoming covered with glaciers.

Glacier, an immense mass of ice, or snow and ice, formed in the region of perpetual snow, and moving slowly down mountain slopes or valleys.

Gneiss, a crystalline rock, consisting of quartz, feldspar, and mica.

Herbivora, that order of animals which subsists upon herbs or vegetables.

Homologous, having the same typical structure.

Humerus, the bone of the arm nearest the shoulder.

Hybrid, that which is produced from the mixture of two species.

Ilium, the upper part of the hip bone.

Jade, a hard and compact stone, of a dark green color, and capable of a fine polish.

Lambdoidal, the suture which connects the occipital with the parietal bones.

Leptinite, a fine-grained granitic rock.

Loam, a soil composed of siliceous sand, clay, carbonate of lime, oxide of iron, magnesia, and various salts, and also decayed vegetable and animal matter.

Loess, a term usually applied to a tertiary deposit on the banks of the Rhine.

Lumbar, the vertebrae near the loins.

Mammalia, that class of animals characterized by the female suckling its young.

Marl, a mixed earthy substance, consisting of carbonate of lime, clay, and siliceous sand.

Mastoid, a process situated at the posterior part of the temporal bone.

Matrix, a mould; the cavity in which a thing is held.

Maxillary, the upper jaw bone.

Metacarpal, the part of the hand between the wrist and the fingers.

Metallurgy, the art of working metals.

Metatarsal, the middle part of the foot.

Miocene, the middle or second epoch of the Tertiary.

Molar, a grinding tooth.

Mold, or mould, a prepared cavity used in casting; to form or shape; fine soft earth.

Mollusca, an order of invertebrate animals having a soft, fleshy body, which is inarticulate, and not radiate internally.

Moraine, a line of blocks and gravel extending along the sides of separate glaciers, and along the middle part of glaciers formed by the union of one or more separate ones.

Nebulous, having a faint, misty appearance; applied to uncondensed gaseous matter.

Neolithic, new stone age; a term applied to the more modern age of stone.

Nummulitic, composed of, or containing a fossil of a flattened form, resembling a small coin, and common in the early tertiary period.

Obsidian, a kind of glass produced by volcanoes.

Occipital, pertaining to the back part of the head.

Ochreous, consisting of fine clay, containing iron.

Olecranon, the large process at the extremity of the larger bone of the fore-arm.

Onusprobandi, the burden of proof.

Orbit, the cavity in which the eye is located; the path described by a heavenly body in its periodical revolution.

Osar, a low ridge of stone or gravel formed by glaciers.

Oscillation, the act of moving backward and forward.

Osseous, composed of bone.

Osteologist, one versed in the nature, arrangement, and uses of the bones.

Oxide, a compound of oxygen, and a base destitute of acid and saltish properties.

Pachyderm, a non-ruminant animal, characterized by the thickness of its skin.

Palaeolithic, the ancient stone age; a term applied to the earliest traces of man when he was cotemporary with many extinct mammalia.

Palaeontological, belonging to the science of the ancient life of the earth.

Parallelogram, a figure having four sides, the opposite sides of which are parallel, and consequently equal.

Parietal, pertaining to the bones which form the sides and upper part of the skull.

Pathological, pertaining to the knowledge of disease.

Pelvic, pertaining to the open, bony structure at the lower extremity of the body.

Perihelion, that point in the orbit of a planet, or comet, in which it is nearest to the sun.

Perimeter, the outer boundary of a body.

Phalanges, the small bones of the fingers and toes.

Philologist, one versed in the laws of human speech.

Pliocene, a term applied to the most recent tertiary deposits.

Post-Tertiary, the second period of the age of mammals.

Prototype, a model after which anything is to be copied.

Quadrangular, having four angles, and consequently four sides.

Quadrumana, an order of animals whose fore feet correspond to the hands of man.

Quartz, a stone of great hardness, with a glassy lustre, and varying in color from white, or colorless, to black.

Quartzite, granular quartz.

Quaternary, same as Post-Tertiary.

Radius, the smaller and exterior bone of the fore-arm.

Reliquiae, remains of the dead.

Rhematic, that period when men first began to coin expressions for the most necessary ideas.

Rodent, an animal that gnaws.

Ruminant, an animal that chews the cud.

Sagittal, the suture which connects the parietal bones of the skull.

Savant (sae-v[)o]ng), a person eminent for acquirements.

Scapula, the shoulder-blade.

Schist, a rock having a slaty structure.

Scientist, a person noted for his profound knowledge.

Sediment, the matter which subsides to the bottom.

Semitic, pertaining to one of the families of nations, or languages, and so named from its members being ranked as the descendants of Shem.

Serpentine, a soft, massive stone, in color dark to light green.

Siliceous, containing silica, or flinty matter.

Simian, a name given to the various tribes of monkeys.

Squamous, the anterior and upper part of the temporal bone, scale-like in form.

Stalagmite, a deposit of earthy matter, made by calcareous water dropping on the floors of caverns.

Stratified, formed or deposited in layers.

Stratum (pl. strata), a bed or layer.

Subsidence, the act of sinking or gradually descending.

Superciliary, the bony superior arch above the eye-brow.

Suture, the seam which unites the bones of the skull.

Symphysis, a connection of bones without a movable joint.

Talus, a sloping heap of fragments of rocks lying at the foot of a hill.

Tarsal, relating to the ankle.

Temporal, pertaining to that portion of the head located to the front and a little above the ear.

Terra-cotta, a kind of pottery made from fine clay, hardened by heat.

Tertiary, the first period of the age of mammals.

Thoracic, pertaining to the breast or chest.

Troglodyte, an inhabitant of a cave.

Truncated, cut off.

Tufaceous, consisting of, of resembling, tuff.

Tuff, a sand rock formed by agglutinated volcanic rock.

Turanian, that order of languages known as monosyllabic.

Ulna, the larger of the two bones of the fore-arm.

Veda, the ancient sacred literature of the Hindoos.

Vertebra, a joint of the back bone.

INDEX.

Agassiz, 136. Agriculture, 106, 110. Amalgamation, 140. Amiel, Dr., 20. Archiac, Vic. d', 13. Arts, 77, 91, 104, 109. Aymard, Dr., 19.

Baldwin, A. W., 115. Bara, 144. Belgian Caverns, 44, 86. Berosus, 128. Blackmore, Dr., 23. Bligh, Lieut., 138, 140. Bonnemaison, 20. Boucher de Perthes, 12, 18, 19, 38. Boue, Aime, 11, 16, 41. Bourgeois, Abbe, 22, 61, 62. Brown, James, 22. Buchner, Dr., 50, 52, 55, 56, 60, 75, 121, 124. Buckland. Dr., 16. Burdett-Coutts, Miss, 22. Burial, 91, 106, 110. Busk, 19, 50, 55.

Cain, Case of, 146. Cannibalism, 90. Carpenter, 19. Cartailhac, 74. Casiano de Prado, 20, 38. Cave of Aurignac, 20, 72-74. Cave of Brixham, 39. Cave of Chokier, 17, 45. Cave of Feldhofner, 53. Cave of Furfooz, 88. Cave of Gourdan, 82. Cave of Kirkdale, 16. Cave of La Madeleine, 80. Cave of La Naulette, 42. Cave of Les Eyzies, 80. Cave of Massat, 22. Cave of Mentone, 23, 24. Cave of Saint Jean d'Alcas, 94. Cave of Thayngen, 88. Cave of Tron de Chaleux, 86, 87. Cave of Trou des Nutons, 86. Cave of Trou Rosette, 86. Cave of Trou du Frontal, 86. Cavern of Ariege, 22. Cavern of Bize, 16. Cavern of Cracow, 88. Cavern of Enghihoul, 16, 17. Cavern of Engis, 16, 17. Cavern of Gailenruth, 15. Cavern of Maccagnone, 71. Cavern of Pondres, 16. Cavern of Torquay, 22. Caverns of Brazil, 116. Caverns of Liege, 44. Cazalis de Fondace, 95. Chaldea, 128-130. China, 130. Christian, Fletcher, 140. Christol, 16. Christy, 19, 80. Chronology, 101, 148. Chronology, Usher's, 11. Clothing, 77, 90, 103, 109. Codrington, Thos., 23. Creation, 144. Croll, 31. Cromlech, 106. Cushing, F. H. 121.

Dana, J. D., 28. Danish Shell-Mounds, 95. Danish Peat Bogs, 96. Darwin, Charles, 137. Dawkins, 68. Delaunay, Abbe, 62. Deluge, 148. Denton, W., 61, 77. Desnoyers, 22, 60, 61. Desor, 28, 75. Dickeson, Dr. 115. Dolmen, 106. Dowler, Dr. Bennet, 116. Dupont, Edward, 23, 86, 87, 92. Dwellings, 89, 103, 108.

Edwards, M. A. Milne, 22. Egypt, 124-126. Epoch, Eocene, 62. Epoch, Eocene, Fauna of, 58. Epoch, Eocene, Glaciers in, 62. Epoch, Miocene, Fauna of, 59. Epoch, Miocene, Flint flake from Aurillac, 62. Epoch, Miocene, Flints from Pontlevoy, 62. Epoch, Miocene, Glaciers in, 62. Epoch, Miocene, Man in, 62. Epoch, Pliocene, 58. Epoch, Pliocene, Man in, 60, 61. Epochs, not sharply defined, 14. Eschricht, Prof., 56. Esper, J. F. 15.

Falconer, Dr., 18, 19. Fauna of Reindeer Epoch, 79. Figuier, 13, 102. Filhol, 22, 94. Fishing and Navigation, 110. Fontan, M. A., 22. Food, 90, 103, 108. Forchammer, 95. Ft. Shelby, 121. Fossil Man of Denise, 19, 74. Fossil Man of Mentone, 23, 85. Fossil Remains from Florida, 116. Fraas, Oscar, 75. Frere, John, 15. Fuhlrott, Dr., 22, 52.

Garrigou, Dr., 22, 85, 94 Geikie, 28. Gillieron, 102. Glacial Epoch, 52. Glacial Epoch, Date of, 27. Glacial Epoch, Duration of, 28. Glacial Epoch, Fauna of, 26. Glacial Epoch, Geological Period of, 27. Godwin-Austen, 19, 39. Gosse, 38. Gunning, W. D., 117.

Half-castes, 147. Hall, Dr., 28. Hauzeur, 88. Herodotus, 101, 124. History, Outline of, 14. Horner, 126. Human bones from Colmar, 23, 42. Human bones from Savonia, 23, 60. Huxley, Prof., 46, 50, 52, 54-57. Hybridity, law of, 141.

Implements, 104, 109. Implements, from Toronto, 115. Implements, superstitious regard for, 15. India, Fauna of, in Miocene, 63. Issel, M. A., 60, 90.

Jaw from Maestricht, 16, 40. Jaw from Moulin-Quignon, 19, 38, 67. Jaw from La Naulette, 23, 42, 67. Joly, 18.

Keller, Dr., 21, 96, 100, 112. Kemp, 15. Kent's Hole, 19, 39. Kutorga, Dr., 56.

Land of Nod, 146. Language, 78. Language, Change of, 134. Language, Divisions of, 132. Language, Number of, 135. Language, Origin of, 134. Language, Written, 135. Lake-Dwellings of Switzerland, 21, 96-101. Lartet, Edward, 12, 21, 72, 73, 80. Las Casas, 131. Lastic, M. de, 81. Lee, J. E. 21. Lepsius, 126. Litse, 130. Lubbock, Sir John, 12, 14, 28, 30, 50, 59, 86, 92, 106. Lund, Dr., 116. Lyell, Sir Charles, 11, 12, 17, 21, 27, 29, 50, 59.

MacEnery, Rev. J., 19. Mahndel before the Academy of Paris, 15. Man, Contentions, 64. Man, Description of, 77, 92. Man, Development of, 63, 76, 89. Man, Dispersion of, 149. Man, During Glaciers, 65. Man, Inventive, 65, 76. Man, Mode of living, 65, 66. Man, Origin of, 63, 145. Man, Type, 64, 66, 89, 103, 108. Manetho, 124. Marks on fossil bones, 18, 62. Mariette, 125. Matson, James, 61. Max Mueller, Prof., 133, 138. Menhirs, 106. Mexico, 130. Miller, Hugh, 145. Morlot, 101. Mound Builders, 117-122. Mounds, Antiquity of, 120. Mounds, Extent of, 117. Mounds, Sacrificial, 118. Mounds, Sepulchral, 119. Mounds, Symbolical, 119. Mounds, Temple, 119. Murchison, Sir Roderick I., 18, 136.

Neolithic, 14.

Osars, hearth and wood coal beneath, 60. Owen, Prof., 91.

Pelvic bone from Natchez, 115. Piers Ploughman's Creed, 135. Piette, 82. Pliocene beds at St. Prest, 23, 60, 61. Pouchet, Georges, 136. Pourtalis, Count, 116. Pre-historic Archaeology, Divisions of, 12, 13. Prichard, Dr., 140.

Quatrefages, 61.

Rames, 22. Rawlinson, 129. Reindeer Station on the Schusse, 23, 75. Religious Belief, 111. Renevier, 13. Rigollot, Dr., 35. Riviere, 23, 24. Robenhausen, 98, 99. Rock-Shelters of Bruniquel, 81. Rollin, 123.

Schaaffhausen, Prof., 55, 56. Schleicher, 136. Schlieman, Dr., 127. Schmerling, Dr., 11, 16, 17, 44-46, 50. Scott, P. A., 115. Septuagint, 148. Shell-Heaps of America, 117. Skeleton from Lahr, 16, 41. Skeleton from New Orleans, 116. Skeleton from Plau, 56. Skull, Engis, 45-51, 67. Skull, Neanderthal, 22, 51-56, 66. Skull, Neanderthal, Race Type, 56. Skull from Altaville, 61. Skull from Cochrane's Cave, 56. Skull from Comstock Lode, 115. Skull from Constatt, 15. Skull from Osage Mission, 114. Skull from Rhine, 56. Skull of Arno, 57. Skulls from Borreby, 57. Skulls from Minsk, 56. Skulls from Moen, 56. Somme, Valley of, 18, 34. Somme, Valley of, Implements from, 35-37. Sons of God, 146. Spring, Dr., 46. Stanley, Dean, on the Mosaic Record, 151. Steenstrup, Prof. 95, 96. Stevens, Alfred, 23. Stone Implements from Bournemonth, 23. Stone Implements from Colorado and Wyoming, 62, 114. Stone Implements from Foreland Cliff, 23, 33. Stone Implements from Gosport, 22, 33. Stone Implements from Grinell Leads, 115. Stone Implements from London, 15. Stone Implements from Madrid, 20, 38. Stone Implements from Seine, 38. Stone Implements near Hoxne, 15. Stone Implements, number, 105.

Tardy, 62. Taylor, Bayard, 124. Tertiary beds at St. Prest, 23. Tertiary, Climate of, 58. Tertiary, Fauna of, in America, 59. Tertiary, Geography of, 58. Tournal, 16. Troy, 127, 128. Troyon, 13, 100. Traffic, 91. Tylor, 12. Tyson, Capt., 139.

Unity of Race, 136-142, 147. Unity of Race, Objections to, 136.

Vivian, 19. Vogt, Carl, 50, 51, 57, 61.

Wallace, A. R., 59, 136. War, 105. Weirley, Dr., 114. Welcker, 137. Westropp, 13. Whitney, Prof., 61. Wilson, Dr. Daniel, 115. Wokey Hole, 68. Workshops of Laugerie-Basse, 80, 91. Workshops of Laugerie-Haute, 80, 91. Worsaae, 95.

Zawisza, Count, 88. Zumarraga, Bishop, 131.

FOOTNOTES

[1] "Pre-Historic Times," p. 2.

[2] Buchner, p. 269.

[3] "Man in the Past, Present, and Future," p. 238.

[4] "Antiquity of Man," p. 68.

[5] Discoveries of this kind were made in 1829.--Keller's "Lake-Dwellings," p. 11.

[6] "Principles of Geology," vol. i. p. 286.

[7] "Pre-Historic Times," p. 418.

[8] "Manual of Geology," p. 590.

[9] "Antiquity of Man," pp. 282, 285.

[10] "Pre-Historic Times," p. 417.

[11] Principles of Geology, vol. i. p. 285; "Pre-Historic Times," p. 411.

Mr. Croll believes that, owing to variations in the eccentricity of the earth's orbit "cold periods regularly recur every ten or fifteen thousand years; but that at much longer intervals the cold, owing to certain contingencies, is extremely severe, and lasts for a great length of time; and the last great glacial period occurred about two hundred and forty thousand years ago, and endured with slight alterations of climate for about one hundred and sixty thousand years."--Darwin's _Origin of Species_, p. 343.

[12] It would be plausible to assume that the ice melted much more rapidly than is generally supposed. Charles Darwin, in his "Naturalist's Voyage around the World," p. 245, states that "during one very dry and long summer, all the snow disappeared from Aconcagua, although it attains the prodigious height of twenty-three thousand feet. It is probable that much of the snow at these great heights is evaporated, rather than thawed."

[13] "Principles of Geology," vol. ii, pp. 567-569.

[14] Buchner, p. 118

[15] "Pre-Historic Times," p. 362.

[16] "Antiquity of Man," p. 97; "Pre-Historic Times," p. 315.

[17] The "Science Record" for 1874, p. 501, in speaking of these implements says, "At the very lowest estimate, the flint weapons were made half a million years ago."

[18] "Antiquity of Man," p. 98. "Pre-Historic Times," p. 317.

[19] "Antiquity of Man," p. 338; Buchner, 27.

[20] "Antiquity of Man," p. 510; Buchner, p. 27.

[21] Buchner, pp. 118, 306.

[22] Buchner, p. 239.

[23] "Principles," vol. ii, p. 566.

[24] "Antiquity of Man," p. 63.

[25] It has been estimated by the British Association that it requires twenty thousand years to produce a foot of stalagmite.--_Science Record._ 1874, p. 601.

[26] "Principles," vol. ii, p. 527.

[27] "Man's Place in Nature," p. 146.

[28] "Pre-Historic Times," p. 337.

[29] "Antiquity of Man," p. 80.

[30] "Man's Place in Nature," p. 143.

[31] "Antiquity of Man," p. 80.

[32] Buchner, p. 263.

[33] _Ibid._ p. 262.

[34] "Man's Place in Nature," p. 158.

[35] Buchner, p. 241.

[36] Buchner, p. 240.

[37] _Ibid._ p. 241.

[38] "Man's Place in Nature," p. 164.

[39] Buchner, p. 116.

[40] "Antiquity of Man," p. 84.

[41] _Ibid._, p. 53.

[42] "Antiquity of Man," p. 84.

[43] Buchner, p. 54.

[44] Buchner, p. 242.

[45] Denton's "Our Planet," p. 270.

[46] Buchner, p. 265.

[47] _Ibid._, p. 54.

[48] _Ibid._, p. 242.

[49] "Pre-Historic Times," p. 422.

[50] _Ibid._, p. 423.

[51] Wallace's "Natural Selection, p. 322."

[52] Buchner, pp. 34, 252.

[53] Buchner, p. 242.

[54] Buchner, p. 31; "Pre-Historic Times," p. 420.

[55] Buchner, p. 33; "Pre-Historic Times," p. 421.

[56] Denton's "Our Planet," p. 270; "American Phrenological Journal, Feb." 1874.

Having seen the statement in one of the newspapers that this skull was not genuine, but a joke played on Professor Whitney, I wrote to Professor W. Denton of Wellesley, Masschussetts, on 19th March 1875, inquiring about it. A few days later I received from him the statement that he had visited the place where the skull was found; that certain persons assured him that Professor Whitney had been the victim of a joke. Yet these persons had never seen the skull, and were prejudiced against Professor Whitney. The persons who were best informed had every reason to believe the statements made by Professor Whitney were true. The skull is a very remarkable one, and stands alone for the enormous size of the orbits, and I have good reasons to believe it to have been found as stated.

[57] "Several geologists are convinced, from direct evidence, that glacial periods occurred during the miocene and eocene formations, not to mention still more ancient formations."--Darwin's _Origin of Species_, p. 343.

[58] "Pre-Historic Times," p. 421; Buchner, 32.

[59] "Pre-Historic Times," p. 422.

[60] Buchner, p. 32.

[61] "American Phrenological Journal," Feb. 1874.

[62] Buchner, p. 274.

[63] "Our Planet," p. 266.

[64] "Science Record," 1874, p. 499.

[65] "Pre-Historic Times," p. 315.

[66] "Origin of Civilization," p. 121.

[67] Figuier's "Primitive Man," p. 116.

[68] Buchner, p. 248.

[69] Buchner, p. 247; "Keller's Lake-Dwellings."

[70] "Lake-Dwellings," pp. 37, 334, 350, 360.

[71] "Lake-Dwellings," p. 394.

[72] "Lake-Dwellings," p. 396.

[73] "Primitive Man," p. 219.

[74] "Primitive Man," p. 293.

[75] "Pre-Historic Times," p. 76.

[76] "Primitive Man," p. 200.

[77] "Lake Dwellings," p. 319.

[78] "Pre-Historic Times," p. 218; "Primitive Man," p. 281.

[79] "Lake-Dwellings," p. 400.

[80] "Science Record," p. 564. 1875.

[81] "American Phrenological Journal," February, 1874.

[82] Wilson's "Pre-Historic Man," p. 40.

[83] "Pre-Historic Man," p. 46.

[84] "Antiquity of Man," p. 200; "Principles of Geology," vol. i. p. 454.

[85] "Antiquity of Man," p. 43; "Pre-Historic Man," p. 47.

[86] "Antiquity of Man," p. 44.

[87] "Primitive Man," pp. 9, 77.

[88] "Pre-Historic Man," p. 236.

[89] "Ancient Monuments," p. 304.

[90] Buchner, p. 35.

[91] Rollin, vol. i. p. 138.

[92] Anthon's Classical Dictionary, p. 788.

[93] Buchner, 254.

[94] "New York Tribune", June 6, 1874.

[95] Rawlinson's Herodotus, vol. ii. p. 189.

[96] "Principles of Geology," vol. i. p. 432.

[97] "Antiquity of Man," p. 36.

[98] Bayard Taylor in "New York Tribune, Extra," No. 15.

[99] "Pre-Historic Nations," p. 190.

[100] _Ibid._ pp. 178, 175.

[101] "Pre-Historic Nations," p. 37.

[102] "Ancient America," p. 187.

[103] "Chips from a German Workshop," vol. i. p. 21.

[104] _Ibid._ vol. ii. p. 8.

[105] Wake's "Chapters on Man," p. 33.

[106] "Diodorus Siculus, Lucretius, Horace, and many other Greek and Roman writers, consider language as one of the arts invented by man. The first men, say they, lived for some time in woods and caves, after the manner of beasts, uttering only confused and indistinct noises, till, associating for mutual assistance, they came by degrees to use articulate sounds mutually agreed upon, for the arbitrary signs or marks of those ideas in the mind of the speaker which he wanted to communicate to the hearer. This opinion sprung from the atomic cosmogony which was framed by Mochus, the Phoenician, and afterward improved by Democritus and Epicurus."--Pouchet's _Plurality of the Human Race_, p. 142.

[107] "Principles of Geology," vol. ii. p. 475. "It is generally acknowledged that all organic beings have been formed on two great laws--Unity of Type, and the Conditions of Existence. By unity of type is meant that fundamental agreement in structure which we see in organic beings of the same class, and which is quite independent of their habits of life. On my theory, unity of type is explained by unity of descent."--Darwin's _Origin of Species_, p. 200.

[108] I put myself into clothes.

[109] Shepherd.

[110] And.

[111] Wonder.

[112] "Descent of Man," vol. i. p. 143.

[113] Mivart's "Genesis of Species," p. 114.

[114] "Origin of Species," p. 193.

[115] "Descent of Man," vol. i. p. 142.

[116] "Chips," vol. i. pp. 63, 62.

[117] Lady Belcher's "Mutineers of the Bounty," p. 61.

[118] "Captain Cook found on the island of Wateoo, three inhabitants of Otaheite, who had been drifted thither in a canoe, although the distance between the two isles is five hundred and fifty miles. In 1696, two canoes, containing thirty persons, who had left Ancorso, were thrown by contrary winds and storms on the Island of Samar, one of the Philippines, at a distance of eight hundred miles. In 1721, two canoes, one of which contained twenty-four, and the other six persons, men, women, and children, were drifted from an island called Farroilep to the island of Guaham, one of the Marians, a distance of two hundred miles." Kadu, a native of Ulea, and three of his countrymen, while sailing in a boat, were driven out to sea by a violent storm, and drifted about the sea for eight months, subsisting entirely on the produce of the sea, and finally were picked up in an insensible condition by the inhabitants of Aur (Caroline Isles) one thousand five hundred miles distant from his native isle.--_Principles of Geology_, vol. ii. p. 472.

[119] "Natural History of Man," vol. i. p. 16.

[120] Powell's "Human Temperaments," p. 180.

[121] The idea that "bara" meant to create out of nothing is a modern invention, and most likely called forth by the contact between Jews and Greeks at Alexandria. The Greeks believed that matter was co-eternal with the Creator, and it was probably in contradistinction to this notion that the Jews first asserted that God made all things out of nothing. The word, however, only calls forth the simple conception of _fashioning_ or _arranging_.--_Chips_, vol. i. p. 132.

[122] "Testimony of the Rocks," Fifth Lecture.

[123] Rev. Dr. J. P. Thompson represents Adam as a typical man (Man in Genesis and Geology, p. 105); Lubbock regards him as a typical savage (Origin Civilization, p. 361). Why not call him the first great prototype of the human race?

[124] The word _Nod_ means _to wander_, _to be driven about_, etc. It appears to have been a familiar name at the time of the fratricide. It was then the name of a land or tract of country. May there not have been roving tribes there, and from them the place was designated "Wandering Land"?

[125] Dr. Livingstone, after speaking of a half-caste man on the Zambesi, described by the Portuguese as a rare monster of humanity, "remarks, 'It is unaccountable why half-castes, such as he, are so much more cruel than the Portuguese, but such is undoubtedly the case.' An inhabitant remarked to Livingstone, 'God made white men, and God made black men, but the devil made half castes.' When two races, both low in the scale, are crossed, the progeny seem to be eminently bad. Thus the noble-hearted Humboldt speaks in strong terms of the bad and savage disposition of Zambos, or half-castes between Indians and Negroes; and this conclusion has been arrived at by various observers. From these facts we may perhaps infer that the degraded state of so many half-castes is in part due to reversion to a primitive and savage condition, as well as to the unfavorable moral conditions under which they generally exist."--_Animals and Plants under Domestication_, vol. ii. p. 63.

[126] This view does not conflict with the doctrine of the unity of the race. The great difficulty in interpreting the Scriptures is its briefness. A long period of time is comprehended in a very few words, and much is left to inference. The tenor of the Scriptures favors the idea of the unity of the race, still it is not specifically declared. The strongest passage is Acts chapter 17 and verse 26: "Hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth." This does not conflict with the idea of there being more than one pair, but their _blood_ is the same. It is not declared that Adam had no ancestors. When it is declared that Adam was the son of God, it is only to trace man's origin to the Supreme Being. If Adam had ancestors, the leaving of them out has no signification, as it was not uncommon to drop the name of unimportant persons. An instance of this kind is given in the genealogy of David. From the birth of Obed to the birth of his grandson David (common chronology) is a period of two hundred and twenty-three years. Evidently one or more members have been dropped. If Adam was a prototype it was not necessary to trace the line any farther back. The forming him of the dust of the ground would give his relationship to the rest of mankind. He was chosen, endowed for the purpose of elevating the race--of becoming the head of a new type of humanity.

[127] The Septuagint version is a translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, made about three hundred years B. C. The oldest existing MS. of the Old Testament in Hebrew dates back no farther than about the tenth century after the Christian era--_Chips._ vol. i. p. 11.

[128] "Primeval Man," p. 86.

[129] "Primeval Man," p. 87.

[130] "Primeval World of Hebrew Tradition," p. 195.

[131] "Primeval World of Hebrew Tradition," p. 222.

End of Project Gutenberg's A Manual of the Antiquity of Man, by J. P. MacLean