Category: Science - Chemistry/Biochemistry
Section I.--_The Chemistry of the Salts of Silver._--The preparation and properties of the Nitrate of Silver--of the Chloride, Bromide, and Iodide of Silver.--The Chemistry of the Oxides of Silver 12
Acetic Acid is a product of the _oxidation_ of Alcohol. Spirituous liquids, when perfectly pure, are not affected by exposure to air; but if a portion of yeast, or Nitrogenous o...
35. CHAPTER VIII.The subject of Collodion Negatives having been explained in the previous Chapter, we proceed to show how they may be made to yield an indefinite number of copies with the lights...
41. CHAPTER IV.Section I.--The ordinary direct process of positive printing. Section II.--Positive printing by development. Section III.--The mode of toning Positives by Sel d'or. Section IV.-...
33. CHAPTER VI.In the preceding part of this Work the physical and chemical properties of Chloride and Iodide of Silver have been described, with the changes which they experience by the actio...
40. CHAPTER III.These may be classed under five heads:--Cleaning the Plates.--Coating with Iodide of Silver.--Exposure in the Camera.--Developing the image.--Fixing the image.--In addition to t...
32. CHAPTER V.The present Chapter is devoted to a discussion of the more remarkable properties of Light; the object being to select certain prominent points, and to state them as clearly as p...
45. CHAPTER I.The limits of the present Work allow only of a simple sketch of the subjects which it is proposed to treat in this Chapter. Our attention therefore must be confined to an explan...
29. CHAPTER III.It has been shown in the previous Chapter that the majority of the Salts of Silver, both organic and inorganic, are darkened in colour on exposure to light, and, by the loss of...
38. CHAPTER I.Pyroxyline may be prepared either from cotton wool or from Swedish Filtering-paper. Most operators prefer the latter, from its giving a product of constant solubility, and yield...
34. CHAPTER VII.The terms "Positive" and "Negative" occur so frequently in all works upon the subject of Photography, that it will be impossible for the student to make progress without thoroug...
28. CHAPTER II.By the term Salt of Silver we understand that the compound in question contains Silver, but not in its elementary form; the metal is in fact in a state of chemical union with ot...
42. CHAPTER V.1. _Over-exposure of the Plate._--This is likely to happen when using the full aperture of a double combination lens for distant objects brightly illuminated, the Collodion bein...
36. CHAPTER IX.It was not the original intention of the Author to include a description of the Daguerreotype Process within the limits of the present Work. The Daguerreotype is a branch of the...
44. Part III.; it must be diluted with three or four parts of water, andCertain facts to which attention has been lately drawn by Dr. Norris and Mr. Barnes in working with dry Collodion, may be advantageously borne in mind when using Oxymel; the pre...
39. CHAPTER II.Of the two formulæ above given, the first is considered the best, but the second may be substituted for it when highly rectified spirits cannot be obtained. Iodide of Ammonium c...
27. CHAPTER I.The word Photography means literally "writing by means of Light;" and it includes all processes by which any kind of picture can be obtained by the chemical agency of Light, wit...
43. CHAPTER VI.The Collodion process may be applied with success to landscape Photography; but as the plates become dry and lose their sensitiveness shortly after their removal from the Bath,...
30. CHAPTER IV.A sensitive layer of Chloride or Iodide of Silver on which an image has been formed, either with or without the aid of a developing agent, must pass through further treatment in...
16. CHAPTER II.Quantitative testing of Nitrate Baths.--Recovery of Silver from waste solutions.--Reduction of Chloride of Silver.--Mode of taking the Specific Gravity of liquids.--On Filtratio...
31. Chapter VIII.Iodide of Silver is dissolved by Hyposulphite of Soda more slowly than Chloride of Silver, and the amount eventually taken up is less. This is explained as follows:-- During the...
26. Chapter IX. is supplementary to the others, and a brief notice of itwill suffice. It explains the theory of the Photographic processes of Daguerre and Talbot; especially noticing those points in which they may be contrasted with Photography upon...
4. CHAPTER V.Section II.--_The Refraction of Light._--Phenomena of simple refraction by parallel and inclined surfaces.--Refraction from curved surfaces.--The various forms of Lenses.--The F...
5. CHAPTER VI.Section I.--_Collodion._--Pyroxyline--its varieties--its chemical composition.--Means of obtaining Nitro-Sulphuric Acid of the proper strength.--Solvents for Pyroxyline.--Variat...
7. CHAPTER VIII.Section I.--_The Preparation of the Sensitive Paper._--Its darkening by light.--The conditions which affect its sensitiveness and the vigour of the Image.--The colour of the pri...
2. CHAPTER III.Section I.--_Chemistry of the Substances, employed as Developers._--Development shown to be a process of reduction.--The chemistry of the principal reducing agents, Gallic Acid,...
6. CHAPTER VII.Section I.--_On Collodion Positives._--The Collodion and Nitrate Bath best suited for Positives.--Peculiarities of Pyrogallic Acid, and the Protosalts of Iron employed to develo...
11. CHAPTER III.12. CHAPTER IV.Section I.--_Positive Printing by the ordinary process._--Selection of the paper.--Preparation of Albuminized paper--of plain paper--of Ammonio-Nitrate Paper.--Preparation of th...
1. CHAPTER II.Section I.--_The Chemistry of the Salts of Silver._--The preparation and properties of the Nitrate of Silver--of the Chloride, Bromide, and Iodide of Silver.--The Chemistry of t...
21. Chapter III. leads us on to the formation of _an invisible image_ upon asensitive surface, with the development or bringing out to view of the same by means of chemical re-agents. This point, being of elementary importance, is described carefully;--...
8. CHAPTER IX.15. CHAPTER I.The more important Elementary Bodies, with their Symbols and Atomic Weights.--The Compounds formed by their union.--The class of Salts.--Illustrations of the nature of Chemical...
18. Part I., or "the Science of Photography," includes a fulldescription of the chemical action of Light upon the Salts of Silver, with its application to artistic purposes; all mention of manipulatory details, and of quantities of ingred...
23. Chapter VI. embraces a more minute description of the sensitivePhotographic processes upon Collodion. In it is explained the chemistry of Pyroxyline, with its solution in Alcoholized Ether, or _Collodion_; also the Photographic properties o...
22. Chapter V. contains a sketch of the _Optics_ of Photography--thedecomposition of white Light into its elementary rays, the Photographic properties of the different colours, the refraction of Light, and construction of Lenses. In the last Sec...
10. CHAPTER II.17. Part I. enters minutely into the _theory_ of Photographicprocesses; Part II. treats of the _practice_ of Photography upon Collodion; Part III. embraces a simple statement of the main laws of Chemistry, with the principal properties of...
13. CHAPTER V.25. Chapter VIII. contains the theory of the production of PositivePhotographs upon paper. In this Chapter will be found an explanation of the somewhat complex chemical changes involved in printing Positives, with the precautions which are requ...
9. CHAPTER I.3. CHAPTER IV.14. CHAPTER VI.20. Chapter II. describes the Chemistry of the Salts of Silver employed by19. Chapter I. is a sketch of the history of Photography, intended to convey a24. Chapter VII. continues the same subject, describing the classification of37. PART II.