mm. The nest which is constructed of fine roots, like that of other
bulbuls, was placed in a bush in the vicinity of the forest." (Grant and Whitehead.)
483. IOLE GUIMARASENSIS Steere.
STEERE'S BULBUL.
Iole guimarasensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 19; Grant, Ibis (1896), 546; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 215; McGregor, Pub. Govt. Labs. (1905), 25, 32; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79. Iole philippinensis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 60 (part). Iole philippensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 313 (part).
Pá-la-go, Ticao, used for Pycnonotus also.
Bantayan (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Keay); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).
Adult.--Very similar to Iole gularis from which it differs only in being slightly larger and in having the throat and breast paler. Ten males from Masbate and Ticao yield the following extreme and average measurements: Wing, 102 to 111 (107); tail, 86 to 94 (90); exposed culmen, 22 to 25 (23); bill from nostril, 15 to 18 (17); tarsus, 19.5 to 23 (21). Nine females from the same localities measure: Wing, 98 to 106 (99); tail, 87 to 99 (88); exposed culmen, 20.5 to 25 (21); bill from nostril, 15 to 17 (16); tarsus, 18 to 22 (20).
"Doctor Steere separates the Iole from Panay, Guimaras, and Negros from the Luzon, Samar, Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, and Mindanao birds. He states that I. guimarasensis has the 'size and general coloring of I. rufigularis, with the light shaft-streaks of I. philippinensis.' The latter differences would not seem to be of special value in differentiating it from I. philippinensis and we can find nothing in the size or color of our large series of specimens from the central Philippines to warrant us in separating them from typical I. philippinensis [=gularis].
"Steere mentions the very different note of the Cebu birds. We were unable to perceive the slightest difference in the notes of the birds in question and incline to the opinion that the Doctor must have heard the note of I. monticola when he crossed over into Cebu." (Bourns and Worcester.)
484. IOLE MINDORENSIS Steere.
MINDORO BULBUL.
Iole mindorensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 19; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 238, pl. 5, fig. 2 (egg); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 215; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 314; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 307; McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs. Manila (1905), 34, 20 (nest and egg); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.
Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Porter); Semirara (Worcester).
Adult.--Very much like Iole gularis, but chin and throat light drab-brown; whitish shaft-streaks less conspicuous than in either I. gularis or I. guimarasensis; sides of breast and flanks grayer; under parts with fewer streaks of pale yellow. Ten males measure: Wing, 102 to 107 (105); tail, 90 to 99 (95); exposed culmen, 21 to 24 (23); bill from nostril, 15 to 18 (17); tarsus, 18 to 21 (20); Four females, wing, 98 to 99 (98.5); tail, 91 to 95 (92); exposed culmen, 21 to 22 (21.5); bill from nostril, 15 to 16.5 (16); tarsus, 19 to 20 (19.8).
"Quite common in Mindoro. Two males average: Length, 222; wing, 100.5; tail, 91; culmen, 26; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 22. A female, length, 235; wing, 97; tail, 90; culmen, 27; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe with claw, 21. Iris chocolate-brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails leaden." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
On April 2, 1905, I collected, in Mindoro, a nest with three eggs of this species. The ground-color of the eggs is white, under shell-markings faint lavender, and entire surface thickly and uniformly marked with elongated and twisted spots of reddish brown. The eggs measure: 26.1 by 18.2, 25.4 by 18, and 25.1 by 19.
The nest was composed of several leaves which were held in place by threads of a black hair-like fungus; cobweb and green moss in small quantities also entered into the construction. The lining consisted of a quantity of long slender fibers.
485. IOLE SIQUIJORENSIS Steere.
SIQUIJOR BULBUL.
Iole siquijorensis Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 19; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 314; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.
Tig-ba-ya, Siquijor.
Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).
Adult.--Forehead and entire top of head seal-brown; rest of upper parts, wings, and tail lighter brown, the feathers edged with dark olivaceous; tips of greater and median wing-coverts whitish, or light brown, forming two wing-bars; sides of head and neck light brown; chin, throat, and breast brown with a slight olivaceous wash, the feathers with white shaft-streaks, the streaks on chin and throat very wide; middle of lower breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillars, and wing-lining white, faintly washed with pale yellow; sides, flanks, and thighs light drab-brown. A male measures: Wing, 133; tail, 121; culmen from base, 32; bill from nostril, 21; tarsus, 23. A female measures: Wing, 122; tail, 111; culmen from base, 31; bill from nostril, 20; tarsus, 23.
This distinct species may be recognized by its entirely seal-brown head.
"The Siquijor bulbul is found about low bushes in open fields, often in flocks. Twelve males average: Length, 279; wing, 132; tail, 118; culmen, 31; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 25. Four females, wing, 121; tail, 109; culmen, 30; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris chocolate-brown; legs, feet, and nails brown, bottoms of feet yellowish; upper mandible black, lower black to dark brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
486. IOLE CINEREICEPS Bourns and Worcester.
ASHY-HEADED BULBUL.
Iole cinereiceps Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 25; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 314; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.
Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).
Adult.--Entire top of head slate-gray, bases of the feathers olive-brown, the shafts nearly black; chin and throat white, streaked with pale yellow; otherwise very similar to Iole siquijorensis. A male measures: Wing, 126; tail, 115; culmen from base, 32; bill from nostril, 21; tarsus, 22. A female, wing, 122; tail, 111; culmen from base, 30; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 24.
"The ashy-headed bulbul occurs in the open, but is far more abundant in the woods. Eleven males from Romblon measure: Length, 288; wing, 131; tail, 115; culmen, 35; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 26. Four females from the same locality, length, 274; wing, 122; tail, 109; culmen, 33; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 25. Males and females from Tablas average slightly less in length, but are otherwise identical with Romblon birds. Iris, legs, feet, and nails very dark brown; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
487. IOLE MONTICOLA Bourns and Worcester.
MOUNTAIN BULBUL.
Iole monticola Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 25; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 314; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.
Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).
Adult.--Very similar to Iole siquijorensis but smaller; top of head lighter seal-brown; forehead washed with slate-gray; mantle and back more ruddy; ear-coverts tawny; chin and fore throat almost solid white. A male measures: Wing, 127; tail, 117; culmen from base, 32; bill from nostril, 21; tarsus, 22.
"Iole monticola differs from Iole siquijorensis, its nearest ally, in its more ruddy upper surface, its lighter head with a wash of ashy gray on front of crown, in its lighter ear-coverts and tawny throat, and in its lighter under wing- and tail-coverts. So far as our observation goes it is a highland form. It was invariably met with by us in the forest on the tops and sides of the hills in central Cebu and was never seen in open or flat country." (Bourns and Worcester.)
"Three males average: Length, 267; wing, 121; tail, 111; culmen, 31; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 24. A female measures, 260 in length; wing, 115; tail, 102; culmen, 31; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris, legs, feet, and nails dark brown; bill nearly black. Breeding in June." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus POLIOLOPHUS Sharpe, 1877.
Occipital crest short and pointed; eye surrounded by a narrow wattle; bill from base about equal to tarsus; rictal bristles long, the longest much more than bill from nostril; rectrices graduated and tipped with white; difference between lengths of outermost and middle tail-feathers more than length of bill from nostril.
488. POLIOLOPHUS UROSTICTUS (Salvadori).
WATTLED BULBUL.
Brachypus urostictus Salvadori, Atti R. Accad. Sc. Torino (1870), 5, 509. Pycnonotus urostictus Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, pl. 32, fig. 2. Poliolophus urostictus Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 334; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 63 (text figure of head); Hand-List (1901), 3, 315; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 215; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 308, pl. 10, fig. 9 (egg); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79. Poliolophus basilanicus Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 19.
Basilan (Steere Exp., McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Luzon (Meyer, Steere Exp., McGregor, Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Goodfellow, Celestino); Panaon (Everett); Samar (Bourns & Worcester).
Adult.--Top of head dark brown, shaft-lines seal-brown; rest of upper parts dark olive-green, the shafts of the feathers darker; feathers of lower back long and thick-set, forming a bunch which covers the feathers of the rump; the long feathers with dark brown subterminal spots and some of the lateral ones tipped with white washed with pale yellow; rectrices brown, each with a subterminal blackish area and a distinct white tip; sides of head dark drab; chin and throat drab-gray; breast ashy brown, this color, faintly washed with olivaceous, extends onto sides of neck and breast and onto flanks; rest of under parts white with some streaks of pale yellow on breast; axillars and wing-lining white, washed with light yellow. Iris gray; eyelids lemon-yellow; bill and feet black. Length, about 185. A male from Luzon measures: Wing, 80; tail, 75; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 16. A male from Bohol, wing, 78; tail, 73; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 17. A male from Basilan, wing, 80; tail, 80; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 10.5; tarsus, 17.
In specimens from Basilan the bill is slightly longer and the white spots on the rectrices occupy more space than in specimens from Luzon.
"The wattled bulbul is fairly common about fruit trees in the forest and in open fields. A male measures: Length, 187; wing, 78; tail, 81; culmen, 16; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 17. A female, length, 174; wing, 78; tail, 80; culmen, 16; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 17. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails brown; bill black; eye-wattles yellow." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus MICROTARSUS Eyton, 1839.
The Philippine species of the genus Microtarsus is characterized by its long tail-coverts, which are two-thirds the length of tail and nearly as long as the outermost pair of rectrices; rectrices graduated, and tipped with bright yellow; the colors are black and yellow.
489. MICROTARSUS MELANOCEPHALOS (Gmelin).
BLACK-HEADED BULBUL.
Lanius melanocephalos Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, pt. 1, 309. Micropus melanocephalus Sharpe, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 65; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1889), 1, 294, fig. 91 (tail). Microtarsus melanocephalus Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 315; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 80.
Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Celestino, White). Malay Peninsula, Burmese provinces, eastern Bengal, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
Adult.--Entire head, chin, and throat black, faintly glossed with green and purple; mantle and back olive-yellow, gradually becoming citron-yellow on rump and tail-coverts; feathers of lower back long and thick-set, overhanging the rump, each feather with a subterminal black band; breast and sides olive-yellow, becoming lighter posteriorly and bright egg-yellow on middle of abdomen and on under tail-coverts; wings mostly black, but the secondaries and their coverts broadly edged with citron-yellow; inner webs of quills edged with white; axillars and wing-lining pale yellow; basal part of tail olive-green, followed by a wide black subterminal bar; tips of rectrices bright egg-yellow. The sexes are similar in colors, but the female is a little the darker. Length, about 165. A male measures: Wing, 77; tail, 67; culmen from base, 16.5; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 15. A female, wing, 75; tail, 67; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 12.
"The black-headed bulbul is fairly common in Palawan. It is usually seen about trees and bushes in the open, but is occasionally met with in the forest, above the tree tops. Seven males average: Length, 170; wing, 76; tail, 68; culmen, 16.5; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 16. Three females, length, 167; wing, 75; tail, 69; culmen, 15; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris bright blue; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus TRICHOPHORUS Temminck, 1821.
This genus resembles Irena in having long nuchal hairs and a rather short, slightly compressed, bill, but in Trichophorus the nostrils are exposed and the wings are relatively short and rounded, the primaries exceeding the secondaries by about the length of tarsus; head slightly crested; the colors are olive-yellow, light yellow, brown, and gray.
Species.
a1. Chin and throat clear gray; much larger; wing, more than 95 mm. ... frater (p. 514) a2. Chin and throat gray, streaked with yellow; much smaller; wing, less than 90 mm. ... palawanensis (p. 515)
490. TRICHOPHORUS FRATER (Sharpe).
GRAY-THROATED HAIRY BULBUL.
Criniger frater Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 334; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 79, pl. 5; Hand-List (1901), 3, 317; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 80. Trichophorus frater Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Colls. (1905), 48, 152.
Balabac (Steere Exp., Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).
Adult.--Top of head dark tan-brown; back and rump olive-green; upper tail-coverts and rectrices tan-brown, edged with tawny olive; lores, sides of face, a narrow supercilium, and ear-coverts light gray, the last streaked with white; chin, throat, and breast clear light gray with white shaft-lines; feathers of breast edged with yellow; rest of under parts yellow, darker on crissum and slightly olivaceous on sides and flanks; wings brown, quills edged with ruddy olive on outer webs and with ocherous-white on inner webs; axillars and wing-lining pale yellow. Sexes similar in colors. Length, about 230. A male measures: Wing, 108; tail, 97; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 22. A female, wing, 100; tail, 92; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 20.
"This bulbul is very common and feeds always in the woods, so far as our observation goes. Four males average: Length, 213; wing, 104; tail, 92; culmen, 23; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 21. A female, length, 209; wing, 100; tail, 88; culmen, 23; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 22. Iris reddish to chocolate-brown; legs, feet, and nails very light brown; bill brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
491. TRICHOPHORUS PALAWANENSIS (Tweeddale).
PALAWAN HAIRY BULBUL.
Criniger palawanensis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 618; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 83, pl. 6, fig. 2; Hand-List (1901), 3, 318; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 80. Trichophorus palawanensis Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Colls. (1905), 48, 152.
Palawan (Steere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).
Adult.--Above scarcely different from T. frater, except that the feathers on top of head have light shaft-lines; ear-coverts olive-green with whitish shaft-lines; lores white, mixed with olive-green; cheeks, chin, throat, and breast pale yellow, streaked with white; rest of under parts pale lemon-yellow, olivaceous along the sides and flanks; crissum light ocherous-yellow. The sexes are similar; length, about 190. A male measures: Wing, 82; tail, 76; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 18. A female, wing, 81; tail, 72; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 18.
"Common in Palawan; feeds about bushes in the open, frequently in good sized flocks. Four males measure: Length, 185; wing, 84; tail, 73; culmen, 20; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 18. Three females, length, 174; wing, 81; tail, 74; culmen, 19.8; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 18. Eyes usually straw-yellow; in one case light hazel; legs, feet, and nails light brown; upper mandible nearly black, lower gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus PYCNONOTUS Boie, 1826.
Bill short, when measured from base, less than tarsus; rictal bristles usually less than bill from nostril; wing short and rounded; the primaries exceed secondaries by less than length of tarsus; a short crest which is not very evident in dry skins.
Species.
a1. Legs and feet black; supercilium white, contrasting with the black lores; ear-coverts brown. ... goiavier (p. 516) a2. Legs and feet light brown; supercilium and lores dull olive-brown like the crown; ear-coverts with white shaft-lines. ... cinereifrons (p. 517)
492. PYCNONOTUS GOIAVIER (Scopoli).
GUAVA BULBUL.
Muscicapa goiavier Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 2, 96. Pycnonotus goiavier Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 141; Hand-List (1901), 3, 330; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 239; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 215; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 316; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 80. Pycnonotus goiavier suluensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 470 (Sulu, Mindanao, and Basilan). [69]
Pá-la-go, Ticao; this name also used for Iole. Luc-lac, Manila; cul-cul, in general.
Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, Steere Exp., McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Cebu (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett, Whitehead, Bartsch); Libagao (Porter); Luzon (Meyer, Möllendorff, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Nipa (Everett); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (McGregor); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester, Bartsch); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).
Adult.--Middle of forehead and crown seal-brown, bordered on each side by a band of white extending from base of bill over eyes to sides of occiput; lores and a ring around eye black; above including wings and tail dark brown, the feathers fringed with earthy or ocherous brown; ear-coverts brown; spot below eye, jaw, and most of the under parts white; breast and sides with distinct brown shaft-streaks; flanks and thighs brown; abdomen washed with pale yellow; crissum lemon-yellow; axillars and wing-lining white, washed with yellow. Sexes similar in color. A male from Mindanao measures: Wing, 76; tail, 73; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 9.5; tarsus, 20. A female from Basilan, wing, 78; tail, 77; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 20.
"The guava bulbul is one of the commonest of Philippine birds; it is called 'cul-cul' by the natives. Very abundant about fruit trees and bushes in the open fields, and in scrub and second growth; much rarer in deep forest. Four male birds average: Length, 189; wing, 84; tail, 84; culmen, 19; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 21. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and feet black; one specimen had been eating insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Two eggs were collected by Whitehead near Paranas, Samar, on June 24, 1896. Steere took three eggs at Dumaguete, Negros, February 11, 1888, and four eggs in Marinduque, May 12, 1888. The two eggs from Samar are thus described: "Shape ovate. Ground-color pale pinkish white, very thickly mottled all over with light red and underlying grayish lavender blotches. Measurements 21 mm. by 15 mm.
"Nest cup-shaped, built of fine roots, and placed in a low tree about five feet [1.5 meters] from the ground in an open situation." (Grant and Whitehead.)
493. PYCNONOTUS CINEREIFRONS (Tweeddale).
ASHY-FRONTED BULBUL.
Brachypus cinereifrons Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 617. Pycnonotus cinereifrons Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 153; Hand-List (1901), 3, 332; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 80.
Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Celestino, White).
Adult (sexes alike).--Above dull olive-green; feathers on top of head with dark centers and gray edges; ear-coverts brown with distinct whitish shaft-lines; cheeks brown, streaked with gray; chin and throat whitish; breast and sides ashy brown, slightly washed with olivaceous; abdomen buffy white; flanks brown; thighs and crissum buff; wings and tail brown, most of the feathers edged with dull olive-green; wing-coverts entirely olive-green; axillars and wing-lining light yellow. Length, about 190. A male measures: Wing, 84; tail, 76; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 19. A female, wing, 80; tail, 73; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 20.
"Four males from Calamianes average: Length, 190; wing, 86; tail, 78; culmen, 22; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 20. Three females, length, 189; wing, 83; tail, 79; culmen, 20; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 20. Both males and females from Palawan average slightly less in length; other measurements are about the same. Bill nearly black; iris, legs, feet, and nails brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Family TIMELIIDÆ.
Bill slender, rarely decidedly strong, never broad; culmen more or less ridged, curved at tip; a slight notch near tip of upper mandible; gonys slightly to somewhat strongly curved; culmen from base less than tarsus; nostril opening covered by a flat scale or partly closed by a membrane; rictal bristles evident, but seldom greatly developed; wings short, rounded, and curved to the body; first, second, and third primaries very unequal and much shorter than longest quill; tarsus and toes long; tarsus booted or with obsolete divisions.
Subfamilies.
a1. Male and female similar in colors; plumage, especially of back and rump, lax and decomposed; tarsus stouter. ... Timeliinæ (p. 518) a2. Male and female very unlike in colors; plumage not noticeably decomposed; tarsus more slender. ... Brachypteryginæ (p. 538)
Subfamily TIMELIINÆ.
Tarsus rather stout; plumage of back, rump, and flanks lax and decomposed, the feathers of the back often lengthened and overhanging the rump and tail-coverts.
Genera.
a1. Tail much longer than wing; rectrices pointed, their shafts stiff, and their webs decomposed. ... Pseudotharrhaleus (p. 518) a2. Tail shorter than wing; rectrices usually not pointed, their shafts not very stiff, and their webs not decomposed.
b1. Tail very short, only one-half to two-thirds as long as wing; tarsus long, the outstretched feet reaching beyond the end of tail.
c1. Tail but little longer than tarsus; wing twice the tarsus. ... Anuropsis (p. 525) c2. Tail equal to tarsus and middle toe without claw; wing one and one-half times the tarsus. ... Ptilocichla (p. 522)
b2. Tail not very short, more than three-fourths as long as wing; outstretched feet not reaching end of tail.
c1. Bill very much deeper and stronger, the tip decidedly hooked; rictal bristles well developed, longer than bill from nostril. ... Turdinus (p. 521) c2. Bill more slender, the tip but slightly hooked; rictal bristles shorter.
d1. A tuft of lengthened feathers above each eye. ... Dasycrotapha (p. 526) d2. No lengthened feathers above eye; plumage soft and more or less decomposed.
e1. Feathers of back not greatly lengthened; nostril with an overhanging membrane ... Zosterornis (p. 527) e2. Feathers of back greatly lengthened, decomposed, and overhanging the tail-coverts; nostril opening without an overhanging membrane.
f1. Long feathers of back without greatly stiffened shafts. ... Mixornis [70] (p. 533) f2. Long feathers of the back with shafts conspicuously stiffened. ... Macronous (p. 534)
Genus PSEUDOTHARRHALEUS Grant, 1895.
Bill slender, rictal bristles short and weak; wing very short, rounded, and curved to the body; fifth to eighth primaries nearly equal and longest; tarsus and feet strong; tarsus one and one-half times the culmen from base; hind toe with claw about equal to culmen; tail long; rectrices graduated, pointed, and with stiff shafts and decomposed webs.
Species.
a1. Smaller; wing, 61 to 63 mm.; tail, 70 to 80.
b1. Chin and throat gray.
c1. Tail longer, about 88 mm. ... caudatus (p. 519) c2. Tail shorter, about 70 mm. ... griseipectus (p. 519)
b2. Chin and throat light brown tinged with buff; tail, about 75 mm. ... unicolor (p. 519)
a2. Larger; wing, 66 mm.; tail, 90; feathers of chest heavily marked with black centers. ... malindangensis (p. 520)
494. PSEUDOTHARRHALEUS CAUDATUS Grant.
LUZON WOOD ACCENTOR.
Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 4, 40; Ibis (1895), 448, pl. 13; Whitehead, Ibis, (1899), 222, (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 29; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 80.
Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).
Adult (sexes alike).--Above rich umber or dark brown, a grayish line on each side above lores and eye; lores brown; cheeks and ear-coverts brown with narrow whitish shaft-lines; chin and throat whitish, bordered on each side with gray; breast gray; sides of neck and breast gray with a faint olivaceous wash; flanks and thighs dark brown like upper parts; crissum lighter; middle of abdomen gray. Iris light brown; bill black; lower mandible whitish; legs dark brown; feet and nails lighter brown. Length, about 190. Two males measure: Wing, 61, 62; tail, 85, 88; culmen from base 17, 17; bill from nostril, 11, 10; tarsus, 26, 27.
495. PSEUDOTHARRHALEUS UNICOLOR Hartert.
MINDANAO WOOD ACCENTOR.
Pseudotharrhaleus unicolor Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1904), 14, 74; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 80; Grant, Ibis (1906), 479.
Mindanao (Goodfellow).
"Female.--Of exactly the same structure as P. caudatus Grant, from Luzon, but the tail much shorter, the upper side deeper rufous-brown, the whole under side rufous-brown with an olive tinge, only the upper throat lighter and somewhat tinged with buff. Wing, 92.5 [62.5?]; tail, 75; culmen from forehead, 16; metatarsus, 26." (Hartert.)
496. PSEUDOTHARRHALEUS GRISEIPECTUS Mearns.
GRAY-BREASTED WOOD ACCENTOR.
Pseudotharrhaleus griseipectus Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 2; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 81.
Mindanao (Mearns).
"Adult female (type and only specimen).--Size similar to that of the female of P. unicolor Hartert, assuming that the measurement 'wing 92.5' is a typographical error for 62.5, but the bill appears to be 2 mm. shorter. Coloration similar to that of the male and female of P. caudatus Grant, from which it may be readily distinguished by the shortness of the tail, 81 mm. in the female of P. griseipectus and 86.36 in the female of P. caudatus. The outermost tail-feather is slender and abortive, measuring 32 mm. in length; tarsus with six scutes; rictal bristles scarcely discernible; plumage soft and loose, the feathers of the back and rump 35 mm. in length, with gray bases and fluffy aftershafts; webs of rectrices decomposed and abraded apically; general color above burnt umber, washed with vandyke-brown on rump and upper tail-coverts; tail darker; wing-quills brownish black, the outer webs margined with the same color as the upper parts and extending to the outer webs of the under side of wing; head darker, inclining to sepia, with a dirty grayish supraorbital stripe; sides of throat, breast, and a wash down center of abdomen mouse-gray; chin and middle of throat white, each feather with a grayish middle; sides, crissum, and under tail-coverts like the back; breast tinged with gray. Iris hazel; bill with maxilla black; mandible grayish horn-color; feet and claws sepia-brown (from fresh specimens). Length, 176; alar expanse, 200; wing, 63; tail, 81; bill, measured from base of mandible, 14; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 23." (Mearns.)
497. PSEUDOTHARRHALEUS MALINDANGENSIS Mearns.
MALINDANG WOOD ACCENTOR.
Pseudotharrhaleus malindangensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 441.
Mindanao (Mearns).
"Characters.--The largest known species of Pseudotharrhaleus; gray of cheeks and supraorbital stripe obscured by heavy markings of brown; feathers of chest heavily marked with black centers.
"Adult male (type and only specimen).--General color above burnt umber, washed with vandyke-brown on rump and upper tail-coverts; tail darker; wing-quills brownish black, with outer webs broadly margined with the same color as the upper parts and extending to the outer webs of the under side of wing; head sepia above, without an appreciable supraorbital stripe; sides of head grayish brown, maculated with bister; chin and upper throat dirty whitish; much obscured by dusky macules occupying the centers of the feathers; middle of chest gray, heavily marked with blackish centers to the feathers; sides, crissum and under tail-coverts, axillars, and lining of wings like the back, this color shading to wood-brown on middle of belly. Iris brown; bill plumbeous-black; feet and claws brown (from fresh specimen). The following measurements were taken from the type specimen, freshly killed, by the writer: Total length, 196; alar expanse, 212; wing, 66; tail, 90; culmen (chord), 16.5; bill from nostril, 10.3; from occiput to tip of bill, 42; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 25.
"This bird was usually found in hollows under mossy logs. Its note resembles the alarm call of the American Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus." (Mearns.)
Genus TURDINUS Blyth, 1844.
Bill stout and deep; tip of upper mandible strongly curved and forming an overhanging hook; rictal bristles well developed, the longest nearly as long as bill from nostril; wing moderate in length, not greatly curved, longer than tail by about one-half the tarsus; tarsus strong and slightly longer than culmen from base.
498. TURDINUS RUFIFRONS (Tweeddale).
RUFOUS-HEADED BABBLER.
Trichostoma rufifrons Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 616, pl. 38 (Trichostomus on plate). Turdinus rufifrons Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 546; Hand-List (1903), 4, 33; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 81.
Balabac (Everett); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).
Adult.--Above fulvous-brown, the feathers of head more rufous and with dark shafts and tips; back more ashy, rump more rufous; lores, line under eye, and line over eye to occiput ashy gray; cheeks and ear-coverts fulvous; under parts white; chin and throat with a few dusky shaft-lines; fore breast, sides of breast, and under tail-coverts washed with ocherous; flanks and thighs light brown; wings brown, edges of primaries and secondaries lighter and slightly olivaceous; rectrices bark-brown, the edges rusty brown. Length, 185 to 200. A male from Palawan measures: Wing, 86; tail, 81; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 25. A female, wing, 82; tail, 73; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 24.
"Common in the deep woods of Palawan, where it is found in the tops of low trees and in tangled vines. It hides cleverly and is difficult to see. It is a great whistler, and can be readily called up by imitating its note.
"Six males average: Length, 204; wing, 85; tail, 78; culmen, 23; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 24. Four females, length, 191; wing, 82; tail, 64; culmen, 21; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris pale straw-color; legs and feet light slate; nails lighter than feet, their tips white; upper mandible black, lower light slate." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus PTILOCICHLA Sharpe, 1877.
Bill moderate in size; culmen from base contained one and one-half times in tarsus; no bristles anywhere about the mouth; wings rounded and short; tarsus and feet stout, the outstretched toes extending to, or beyond, the end of tail; plumage lax and decomposed; feathers of the back long and overhanging the rump. Chin and throat white; breast and abdomen streaked with white.
Species.
a1. Back blackish brown; larger; wing, about 80 mm.; tail, 60. ... falcata (p. 522) a2. Back reddish brown; smaller.
b1. Shaft-lines on upper parts less prominent; wing, about 75 mm.; tail, 50.
c1. Above slightly darker and more reddish brown. ... mindanensis (p. 523) c2. Above lighter and slightly olivaceous. ... basilanica (p. 523)
b2. Shaft-lines on upper parts more prominent; wing, about 70 mm.; tail, 42. ... minuta (p. 524)
499. PTILOCICHLA FALCATA Sharpe.
PALAWAN GROUND BABBLER.
Ptilocichla falcata Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 332, pl. 50, fig. 3; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 586; Hand-List (1903), 4, 40; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 81.
Balabac (Everett); Palawan (Steere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).
"Adult male.--Top of the head and nape rufous-brown; sides of the forehead and a stripe behind the eye fawn-rufous; lores narrow and white; spot before the eye and ear-coverts black; cheeks and throat white, with a narrow malar streak of blackish; entire back blackish brown, the feathers broadly centered with fulvous; the feathers of the lower back long, but somewhat sickle-shaped and hanging over on each side, brown or black in color, broadly streaked with white; wings rufous-brown, the quills internally blackish; tail entirely rufous-brown; under surface of body blackish, the feathers broadly streaked with white down the middle; thighs, under wing-coverts, and under tail-coverts brown, streaked with fulvous. Bill yellowish horn-color, the mandible more yellow; feet dark brown. Length, 173; culmen, 24; wing, 81; tail, 61; tarsus, 33." (Sharpe.)
"Not rare in Palawan, but difficult to see, as it is shy and protectively colored. It seems to be a very pugnacious bird, and the males can be readily called by imitating their note. They come apparently prepared to do battle. We found P. falcata at a height of 760 meters on Mount Pulgar.
"A male measures: Length, 203; wing, 86; tail, 70; culmen, 26; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 29. Iris reddish brown; legs and feet dark gray; upper mandible black, lower gray; breeding in January." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
500. PTILOCICHLA BASILANICA Steere.
BASILAN GROUND BABBLER.
Ptiocichla (?) basilanica Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 18 (error). Ptilocichla basilanica Steere, Ibis, (1891), 312, pl. 7; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 40; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 81.
Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).
Adult.--Above dark or reddish brown, most of the feathers with lighter shafts, feathers of head darker and with blackish brown margins; lores white, some of the feathers tipped with black; line under eye white; line over eye extending to nape white; ear-coverts brown with light shafts, bordered below by a narrow white line which is separated from the white chin and throat by a black line; feathers of breast, abdomen, and tail-coverts with wide median white stripes and black edges; sides and flanks reddish brown with lighter shafts; thighs brown; primaries, secondaries, and rectrices blackish brown, their shafts black, and outer edges reddish brown; wing-coverts reddish brown with light shafts. A male measures: Wing, 70; tail, 47; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 27. A female, wing, 70; tail, 46; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 27.
"Common in Basilan. Lives on the ground, or near it, and sometimes perches on stones, fallen trees, or roots. Note not in the least like that of P. falcata. Ptilocichla basilanica always seems loth to take flight, and one can readily secure it by following it carefully as it runs along the ground, uttering its complaining note at frequent intervals. Sooner or later one is sure to catch sight of it in some little open place, though the protective coloring makes it hard to see.
"Twenty-two males average: Length, 155; wing, 73; tail, 48; culmen, 20; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 26. Fifteen females, length, 150; wing, 71; tail, 45; culmen, 20; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 25. Iris chocolate-brown; legs, feet, and nails light brown; upper mandible black, lower ashy gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
501. PTILOCICHLA MINDANENSIS Steere.
MINDANAO GROUND BABBLER.
Ptilocichla (?) mindanensis Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 18. Ptilocichla mindanensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 40; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 81. Ptilopyga mindanensis Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (1890), 146.
Mindanao (Steere Exp., Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).
"Above fulvous-brown; feathers of head narrowly edged with black; feathers of back showing indistinct shaft-stripes; below much as in P. basilanica which it equals in size also. It is readily separated by the fulvous-brown of the head and the uniform fulvous of the back." (Steere.)
"Habits similar to those of P. basilanica. Our specimens all show the differences pointed out by Dr. Steere between the Mindanao and Basilan birds, and we consider the two birds to belong to distinct species.
"A male from Mindanao measures: Length, 174; wing, 75; tail, 51; culmen, 22; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 27. A female, length, 152; wing, 69; tail, 46; culmen, 20; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 26. Iris light yellow or nearly white; legs, feet, and nails drab; upper mandible black, lower gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
502. PTILOCICHLA MINUTA Bourns and Worcester.
LESSER GROUND BABBLER.
Ptilocichla minuta Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Paper (1894), 1, 24; Grant, Ibis (1897), 230; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 40; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 81.
Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Leyte (Whitehead).
"Sexes alike.--Feathers of the head and nape black, with heavy rufous-brown shaft-lines; feathers of back and upper wing-coverts bright reddish brown, with conspicuous, nearly white shaft-markings for their entire length; tips of feathers black; the elongated feathers of back, which reach to tail-coverts, with white shafts and white shaft-markings broad at base and narrowing at tip, edges and extreme tips of feathers being dark rich fulvous-brown; upper tail-coverts rufous-brown; tail-feathers fulvous-brown edged with rufous-brown; lores white; superciliary line white, extending as far as hind neck; ear-coverts fulvous with light shaft-stripes, the latter becoming rufous on hind neck, malar stripe black; chin and throat pure white; feathers of breast and abdomen have very broad white shaft-stripes, giving a streaked appearance to the under surface; feathers of flanks much elongated, light fulvous-brown with distinct white shaft-stripes, broadest at base; under tail-coverts colored like flanks; under surface of wing fulvous-brown, brighter on coverts.
"Readily distinguished from P. basilanica by having all the feathers of back, head, rump, and upper wing-coverts with prominent shaft-lines, by the darker color of the long feathers of the back, and by its much smaller size. Exceedingly rare. Length, 136; wing, 69; tail, 42; culmen, 19; tarsus, 24." (Bourns and Worcester.)
"Iris dark reddish brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown; bill black, except base of lower mandible, which is yellow." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
"'This bird is always found on the ground; when moving it does not hop like the thrush-tribe, but has a most decided walk like the starlings. Its note is a 'chic-chic-chic'; it is most shy and very difficult to obtain. Iris dark brown, tip of upper mandible black, lower light gray; feet brown.'--J. W." (Grant.)
Genus ANUROPSIS Sharpe, 1883.
Bill from nostril less than one-half the tarsus; nostril with an overhanging membrane; rictal bristles weak, the longest less than bill from nostril; wing very short and rounded; tail very short and soft, not more than one-half the wing; legs and feet very large, when outstretched extending well beyond the end of tail; tarsus about equal to tail; body plumage soft and decomposed.
503. ANUROPSIS CINEREICEPS (Tweeddale).
ASHY-HEADED WOOD BABBLER.
Drymocataphus cinereiceps Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 617. Anuropsis cinereiceps Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 590; Hand-List (1903), 4, 41; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 81.
Balabac (Everett); Palawan (Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).
Male.--Top of head and hind neck ashy gray, lighter on lores and ear-coverts; remainder of upper parts fulvous-brown, more rusty on outer webs of primaries and secondaries: chin, throat, and middle of breast and abdomen white; sides of breast, flanks, thighs, and crissum light tan or ocherous-brown, extending faintly across fore-breast. Length, 114; wing, 61; tail, 30; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 27.
"Adult female.--(Puerto Princesa, Palawan, January, 1878; A. Everett; type of species). General color above dark fulvous-brown, with faintly indicated pale shaft-stripes to the feathers of the mantle; the plumage of the lower back and rump very full and lax, with dusky or silvery gray bases; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, with the same pale shaft-lines; greater series dark fulvous-brown; quills dark brown internally, externally dark fulvous-brown, somewhat ashy on the outer webs of the primaries; tail-feathers dark fulvous-brown; crown of head dark ashy gray, the hind neck and sides of neck lighter ashy gray; lores and feathers round the eye ashy whitish; ear-coverts light ashy gray with whitish shaft-lines; cheeks white, with a narrow line of black along their upper margin; entire throat pure white, as also the entire abdomen; breast and sides of the body, thighs, and under tail-coverts light fulvous-brown, with paler shaft-lines on the feathers of the breast; axillars fulvous with white bases; under wing-coverts fulvous; quills dusky brown below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web. 'Bill brownish gray, the mandible white; legs pallid, the front of the tarsi tinged brown; iris burnt sienna-orange.' (A. H. Everett.) Length, 144; culmen, 18; wing, 60; tail, 27; tarsus, 28. (Mus. R. G. Wardlaw-Ramsay)." (Sharpe.)
"Rare in the region collected in by us; a single male obtained. It measures: Length, 127; wing, 61; tail, 27; culmen, 20; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris brown; legs, feet, and nails pale flesh-color; upper mandible black, lower nearly white." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus DASYCROTAPHA Tweeddale, 1878.
"Base of maxilla densely clothed with short feathers, space behind the eye naked; bill about the length of head, and formed as in Mixornis; wing lengthened, longer than tail; first primary half the length of the second, which is a fifth shorter than the third; third a little shorter than the fourth, which is equal to fifth and sixth; tail moderate and square; tarsus strong; hallux with claw stout and long; digits short and slender; outer a little longer than inner." (Tweeddale.)
504. DASYCROTAPHA SPECIOSA Tweeddale.
BEAUTIFUL ROUGHTEMPLE.
Dasycrotapha speciosa Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 114, pl. 9; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 574; Hand-List (1903), 4, 51; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 81.
Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).
Male.--"Head crested; forehead with dense short plumes covering the base of the maxilla; circle round the eye, whole space before the eye, tuft on the side of the base of mandible, chin and uppermost part of throat pure lemon-yellow; crown of the head black; post occipital plumes yellow; nape yellowish green tipped with black; a lengthened tuft of plumes springing from above the eye bright orange; a line immediately below this tuft black; a tuft of stiff decomposed feathers springing from below the eye and extending over the ears white or grayish white; an irregular band across the throat black; dorsal feathers gray with light olive-green tips and white shafts; uropygium yellowish green; upper tail-coverts the same, tinged with rufous; lower throat and upper breast bright yellow, most of the feathers with black terminal drops; lower breast and rest of under plumage duller yellow tinged with green on the flanks; quills brown margined with yellowish olive-green, inner margin of quills pale yellow; wing-coverts dull olive-green, carpal edge and wing-lining yellow; tail dull rufous. 'Iris crimson; bill orange-yellow.' (Everett.) Wing, 66; tail, 60; tarsus, 22; culmen, 19." (Tweeddale.)
"Only three specimens of this rare bird were obtained by us. They were all secured in the deep forest, where they were feeding among the leaves of low trees. We feel quite confident that we saw D. speciosa in Panay on one occasion, but the one individual observed escaped us. Three specimens average as follows: Wing, 66; tail, 57; culmen, 17; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris reddish brown; legs and feet olive-yellow, nails nearly white; bill yellow." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus ZOSTERORNIS Grant, 1894.
Bill slender and pointed; rictal bristles small, less than bill from nostril; nasal opening oval with a large overhanging membrane; wing pointed, not greatly curved, and slightly exceeding the tail; rectrices well developed; tarsi and feet slender, and moderate in length; tarsus about twice the bill from nostril. Some species in this genus resemble species of Mixornis, but in the latter there is no flap above the nasal opening and the feathers of the back are long and fluffy.
"This genus is most nearly allied to Cyanoderma, but there is no naked space around the eyes, which, on the contrary, are encircled by a ring of short white feathers perfectly similar to that of a true Zosterops. From Mixornis it differs in having the nostrils long and covered by a large membrane. The tail is composed of twelve feathers. The fifth primary is slightly longer than the fourth and sixth; first, short, half the length of the second." (Grant.)
Species.
a1. Outer tail-feathers not tipped with white.
b1. Under parts heavily streaked with black. ... striatus (p. 527) b2. Under parts not heavily streaked with black.
c1. Larger; wing, 60 mm. or more; forehead and sides of head chestnut; crown gray; under parts light yellow. ... whiteheadi (p. 528) c2. Smaller; wing, 56 mm. or less; forehead and sides of face not chestnut; under parts white.
d1. Forehead and crown brown with pale shaft-stripes; upper parts olive-brown with indistinct pale shafts; throat and chest gray with white shaft-stripes; rest of under parts white. ... pygmæus (p. 529) d2. Head, neck, and breast reddish brown with white shaft-stripes. ... plateni (p. 530)
a2. Outer tail-feathers widely tipped with white.
b1. Forehead, crown, chin, and throat not uniform in color.
c1. Forehead and crown red-brown or auburn. ... capitalis (p. 530) c2. Forehead and crown black.
d1. Chin and throat lemon-yellow with a patch of dull reddish brown on each side. ... nigrocapitatus (p. 531) d2. Chin and throat lemon-yellow, washed with reddish brown. ... affinis (p. 532)
b2. Forehead, crown, chin, and throat golden yellow; back and under parts washed with lighter yellow. ... dennistouni (p. 529)
505. ZOSTERORNIS STRIATUS Grant.
STRIPED TREE BABBLER.
Zosterornis striatus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 4, 2; Ibis (1895), 111, pl. 4, fig. 1; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 222 (habits). Zosterornis striata Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 51; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.
Luzon (Whitehead).
"Male and female adult.--In general appearance this new species resembles Mixornis montana Sharpe, from Mount Kina Balu, but it is readily recognizable as forming a second species of the genus Zosterornis by the shape of the nostrils and the peculiar ring of white feathers which surrounds the eye, as well as the absence of rufous-brown or dark chestnut on the wings so characteristic of the genus Mixornis.
"The general color of the upper parts is dull olive, tinged with brownish on the upper tail-coverts: quills dark brown, edged on the outer web with olive, and on the inner with yellowish white. A marked ring of white plumes surrounds the eye; lores and fore part of cheeks whitish, tinged with yellow; a well-marked black eyebrow stripe from the nostril to the posterior margin of the orbit, and a second less distinct band below the eye; hind cheek and ear-coverts dull olive like the crown; chin and throat uniform white, tinged with yellow and bordered on either side by a black malar stripe; rest of the under parts yellowish white, each feather with a wide black shaft-stripe; tail-feathers brown, margined with olive towards the edges of the outer webs.
"Types of the species.--Male adult: Length, 140; wing, 60; tail, 52; tarsus, 18; culmen, 16. Female adult: Length, 140; wing, 61; tail, 52; tarsus, 18; culmen, 16." (Grant.)
The striped tree babbler is known only from the mountains of northern Luzon.
506. ZOSTERORNIS WHITEHEADI Grant.
WHITEHEAD'S TREE BABBLER.
Zosterornis whiteheadi Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 40; Ibis (1894); 510, pl. 15, fig. 1; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 222 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 51; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.
Luzon (Whitehead, Worcester, McGregor).
Adult (sexes alike).--Forehead, chin, entire side of head, and superciliary stripe cinnamon-rufous; a ring of white around eye; top of head dark gray; remainder of upper parts dull olive-green; under parts greenish yellow; middle of abdomen lemon-yellow; wing- and tail-feathers brown, edged with olive-green; inner webs of quills ocherous fawn; wing-lining pale yellow. Iris brown; bill black; legs dull greenish; nails light flesh-color. Length, about 155. A male measures: Wing, 66; tail, 59; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 23. A female, wing, 64; tail, 65; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 22.
Young.--Similar to the adult, but the colors duller and the gray of crown passing gradually into the olive of back; flanks and crissum washed with cinnamon.
Whitehead's tree babbler is very abundant in the vicinity of Baguio, Benguet Province, Luzon.
507. ZOSTERORNIS DENNISTOUNI Grant.
YELLOW TREE BABBLER.
Zosterornis dennistouni Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 5, 2; Ibis (1896), 118, pl. 3, fig. 2; (1897), 234 (key to species); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 223, (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 51; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.
Luzon (Whitehead).
"Adult male and female.--Forehead and crown shining golden yellow, shading into yellowish gray on the back and sides of the head and neck, and greenish gray on the back and rest of the upper parts, all the feathers with narrow whitish shaft-stripes; wings dark brown, the quills margined with yellowish brown; chin and throat golden yellow, but paler than the crown, and shading into whitish yellow on the breast and rest of under parts; sides and flanks washed with greenish gray; tail-feathers brownish black, margined on the outer webs with yellowish brown, the five outer pairs tipped with white, the tips increasing in width towards the outer pair, which has also the greater part of the outer web white.
"Immature birds resemble the adult, but the golden yellow forehead is represented by yellowish brown feathers with pale middles, the quills are edged with rufous, and the under parts are white slightly tinged with yellow." (Grant.)
Grant's measurements of the types, converted to millimeters, are: Male, length, 140; wing, 68; tail, 61; culmen, 18; tarsus, 19; female, length, 135; wing, 66; tail, 56; culmen, 18; tarsus, 19.
The yellow tree babbler is resident in the vicinity of Cape Engaño, northern Luzon.
508. ZOSTERORNIS PYGMÆUS Grant.
PYGMY TREE BABBLER.
Mixornis plateni Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 58, (not of Blasius). Zosterornis pygmæus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1896), 6, 18; Ibis (1897), 233, pl. 6, fig. 1; Whitehead, Ibis, (1899), 223 (habits). Zosterornis pygmæa Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 51; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.
Leyte (Whitehead); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).
"Adult male and female.--General color above brownish olive, brownest on the crown, each feather of which has a narrow whitish shaft-stripe; lores whitish; feathers above and below the eye blackish with white shafts; chin whitish; throat, fore neck, and chest gray with white middles to the feathers, most marked on the throat; breast and belly white, shading into grayish on the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts. 'Iris bicolored, outer ring red, inner pale yellow; bill slate-blue, black at tip; feet slate-gray.' (Whitehead.) Length, 102; culmen, 13; wing, 53; tail, 39; tarsus, 16.5." (Grant.)
509. ZOSTERORNIS PLATENI (Blasius).
PLATEN'S TREE BABBLER.
Mixornis plateni Blasius, Journ. für Orn. (1890), 147. Zosterornis plateni Grant, Ibis (1897), 233, (key to species); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 51; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.
Mindanao (Platen).
Diagnosis.--Similar to Zosterornis capitalis, but noticeably smaller.
Description of female.--Above olive-brown; rump and tail-coverts more rust-colored; upper back with white shaft-stripes; entire head above and on sides, neck, and breast red-brown, with fine white shaft-stripes; chin and throat more blackish with broad white shaft-stripes; tail-feathers uniformly brown, washed with olive-brown on the outer webs; tail-feathers above and upper wing-coverts similar; under wing-coverts and axillars whitish. Length, 120; wing, 55; tail, 47; culmen, 10; tarsus, 15. [71]
510. ZOSTERORNIS CAPITALIS (Tweeddale).
RUFOUS-CROWNED TREE BABBLER.
Mixornis capitalis Tweeddale, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, 535; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 110, pl. 7, fig. 2; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 582. Zosterornis capitalis Grant, Ibis, (1897), 233, (key to species); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 51; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.
Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Everett); Mindanao (Platen, Goodfellow, Celestino); Panaon (Everett).
Adult (male and female).--Forehead and crown rufous-chestnut or reddish auburn, some of the feathers with yellowish shaft-stripes; occiput, back, and lesser and median wing-coverts dark brown with pale yellow shaft-stripes; rump and tail-coverts slightly olivaceous and without shaft-stripes; lores, ear-coverts, and cheeks ashy with whitish shaft-stripes; chin and throat chestnut, washed with light yellow; remainder of under parts very pale yellow; sides and flanks gray; wings brown, the outer webs edged with lighter brown, inner webs edged with white; rectrices brown, all but the middle pair tipped with white which increases on each pair toward the outermost, the outer webs of which are entirely white. A male from Mindanao measures: Length, 147; wing, 69; tail, 60; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 18. A female, wing, 67; tail, 60; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9.5; tarsus, 18.5.
"Not uncommon in the deep forest of Basilan, where it is usually found in company with Macronous, Hypothymis, and other birds. Seventeen males average: Length, 143; wing, 67; tail, 61; culmen, 18; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 16. Eleven females, length, 141; wing, 67; tail, 60; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 16; culmen, 16. Iris reddish brown; legs and feet drab, with a greenish tinge; feet and nails yellowish; bill almost black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
511. ZOSTERORNIS NIGROCAPITATUS (Steere).
BLACK-CROWNED TREE BABBLER.
Mixornis nigrocapitatus Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 17. Zosterornis nigrocapitatus Grant, Ibis (1897), 232; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 223 (habits). Zosterornis nigrocapitata Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 51; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82 (part).
Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).
Adult (male and female).--Forehead, lores, and crown black, on each side behind eye a small patch of dark chestnut; remainder of upper parts ashy gray with lighter shaft-stripes; tail-coverts slightly olivaceous; ear-coverts and sides of head and neck like the back; chin and throat clear saffron-yellow, extending faintly onto fore breast; a short stripe of dark chestnut on each side of throat; middle of lower breast and abdomen and tail-coverts white; sides, flanks, and thighs gray; quills brown, externally edged with dull olivaceous, internally with white; median and lesser coverts like the back; rectrices brown, all but the middle pair tipped with white which increases on each pair toward the outermost, the outer webs of which are entirely white. Length, about 145. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 68; tail, 62; culmen from base, 14.5; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 17. A female, wing, 65.5; tail, 59; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9.5; tarsus, 17.
"Professor Steere originally described this bird as a Mixornis, but the structure of the nasal opening, as well as the shape of the wing, clearly shows that it is a species of Zosterornis, most nearly allied to Z. dennistouni Grant from Luzon. Young birds have the top of the head brownish and the interscapular region darker than in the adult, and both these parts have well-defined whitish shaft-stripes; the color of the chin and throat is also paler than in the adult, while the outer webs of the primary-quills are pale sandy.
"(The black-headed babbler is common in Samar and Leyte, and frequents the higher branches of the undergrowth. Iris two-colored, having an outer ring of red and an inner one of pale yellow; bill black; legs dull lead-blue.--J. W.)" (Grant.)
"Fairly common in the deep forest of Samar. Never seen in any other locality by us. Seven males average: Length, 140; wing, 66; tail, 59; culmen, 17; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 16. Five females, length, 139; wing, 67; tail, 57; culmen, 16; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris varies from light brown to brick-red, in young birds it is dull yellow; legs and feet light olive-brown, often with a wash of yellow; nails brown to yellow; bill black. Breeding in July and August." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
512. ZOSTERORNIS AFFINIS McGregor.
RUFOUS-CHINNED TREE BABBLER.
Zosterornis nigrocapitata McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82, (part). Zosterornis affinis McGregor, Phil. Journ. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 292.
Luzon (Celestino).
Male (type).--Forehead and crown black, the shafts obscurely whitish; a small patch of chestnut behind each eye next to the black crown; general color above dull olive-gray, feathers of neck and mantle with conspicuous, narrow, whitish shaft-lines; rump uniform; a narrow ring around eye, ear-coverts, and cheeks gray with pale yellow shaft-lines; chin, throat, and fore breast pale lemon-yellow, the chin heavily washed with chestnut-rufous which becomes gradually less on throat and disappears on breast; middle of breast and abdomen very pale yellow, their sides gray, overlaid with a faint yellow wash; under tail-coverts pale yellow; wings blackish brown, outer edges of quills lighter and inner edges whitish; median and lesser coverts with light shaft-lines; upper tail-coverts dull olive-brown; rectrices dark brown, except the outermost feathers, their outer webs edged with olive-brown, all but the center pair tipped with white, increasing in extent toward the outermost feather which has its outer web almost entirely white. Length, 152; wing, 68; tail, 61; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 19.
This species is similar to Z. nigrocapitatus, but is slightly larger and the back is distinctly olivaceous; the reddish brown of chin and upper throat are diffused over these parts instead of forming a patch on each side. The only known specimen, a male, was taken in Bataan Province, Luzon, December 3, 1904.
Genus MIXORNIS "Hodgson" Blyth, 1842.
Rictal bristles nearly as long as bill from nostril; culmen from base a little shorter than tarsus; nasal opening oval and with no overhanging membrane; feathers of lower back long, decomposed, and hair-like, without stiff shafts, the longest reaching to tips of tail-coverts; entire body plumage soft and decomposed.
Species.
a1. Chin and throat light yellow, narrowly striped with black. ... woodi (p. 533) a2. Chin and throat white, broadly striped with black. ... cagayanensis (p. 534)
513. MIXORNIS WOODI Sharpe.
PALAWAN TIT BABBLER.
Mixornis woodi Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 331; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 577; Hand-List (1903), 4, 53; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 49, pl. 2, fig. 9; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.
Balabac (Everett); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, White, Celestino).
Adult (sexes similar).--Forehead, lores, cheeks, ear-coverts, and feathers around eye ashy gray, more or less streaked with black; crown dark chestnut; occiput, nape, sides of crown behind eye, sides of neck, and back olive-gray; long feathers of lower back dark ocherous brown; chin white; throat and fore breast light sulphur-yellow with narrow black shaft-lines; remainder of under parts light olive-gray, more yellowish along middle of breast and abdomen; wings, tail, and upper tail-coverts rusty chestnut; primaries and secondaries edged with white on inner webs; rectrices with narrow obsolete bars. Length, about 140. A male measures: Wing, 60; tail, 55; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 20. A female, wing, 62; tail, 56; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 21.
"Very common in the vines and thickets of forest and second growth in Palawan. Not found by us in the Calamianes. Four males average: Length, 137; wing, 61; tail, 56; culmen, 16; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 18. Seven females, length, 133; wing, 58; tail, 52; culmen, 16; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 17." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
514. MIXORNIS CAGAYANENSIS Guillemard.
CAGAYAN SULU TIT BABBLER.
Mixornis cagayanensis Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 419, pl. 25; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 53; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.
Cagayan Sulu (Guillemard).
Male.--"Above grayish olive; the forehead grayish, with black shafts to the feathers, the occipital region with a tinge of chestnut; feathers round the eye and in the parotic region ashy; throat and chin pure white, broadly striped with black; breast pale yellow, also broadly striped, shading off below into the yellowish olive-gray of the crissum and under tail-coverts; thighs with a slight reddish tint; under wing-coverts white; wings chestnut; tail brown with traces of dark barring. Iris pale yellow; bill and feet lead-colored. Length, about 145; wing, 64; tail, 60; bill from gape, 18; tarsus, 20.
"This species, which was common in low bushes in the more open situations in the island, is at once distinguishable from M. bornensis by the upper surface being of an ashy olive-brown instead of chestnut. It has a loud note of alarm, is very restless in its movements, and apparently rarely flies far off the ground." (Guillemard.)
Genus MACRONOUS Jardine and Selby, 1835.
Rictal bristles about as long as bill from nostril; nasal opening oval and not protected by a flap; culmen from base less than tarsus; long feathers of the back reaching to or beyond the tips of tail-coverts, their shafts stiff and usually white; feathers on sides of body long, decomposed, and hair-like; most of the plumage loose and decomposed. Macronous resembles Mixornis in its long dorsal feathers, but differs from the latter in having the shafts of these feathers thick and stiff. Zosterornis differs from both of these genera in having shorter dorsal plumes and in having a flap above the nasal opening.
Species.
a1. Entire top of head black with conspicuous white shaft-stripes.
b1. Throat and breast white, edges of the feathers ocherous buff or brown. ... striaticeps (p. 535) b2. Throat and breast washed with ocherous brown or sparrow-brown.
c1. Slightly larger; lighter in color and with lighter markings. ... mindanensis (p. 535) c2. Slightly smaller; much darker and with heavier markings throughout. ... montanus (p. 536)
a2. Entire top of head brown with a few narrow shaft-stripes of white. ... kettlewelli (p. 537)
515. MACRONOUS STRIATICEPS Sharpe.
BASILAN TIT BABBLER.
Macronus striaticeps Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 331; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 584; Hand-List (1903), 4, 53; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 50; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.
Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).
Adult (male and female).--Entire top and sides of head and neck black, streaked with white; lores white; remainder of upper parts, including exposed edges of wing- and tail-feathers, rusty tan-brown; feathers of mantle and back with lighter shafts; chin and throat white; feathers of breast and abdomen white with gray or brown edges, slightly olivaceous on fore breast; flanks and tail-coverts ocherous buff with lighter shafts; thighs ocherous buff; wing-lining and inner edges of quills dark buff. Length, 140 to 144. A male measures: Wing, 60; tail, 54; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 20. A female, wing, 60; tail, 54; culmen from base, 15.5; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 21.
"The sexes are alike in size and color. Young birds are rather more rufescent below and have the streaks on the head tinged with rufous. Both specimens collected by Doctor Steere had the iris hazel, but Mr. Everett gives the iris as white in all those obtained by him." (Sharpe.)
"This species seems to be confined to the Island of Basilan, where it is extremely common in the forest and second growth. It works about the dense tangle of vines, and usually keeps within five to ten meters of the ground. Thirteen males average: Length, 134; wing, 60; tail, 54; culmen, 16; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 18. Eight females, length, 130; wing, 58; tail, 53.5; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 17.5. Iris very dark brown; upper mandible black, lower drab; legs and feet drab." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
516. MACRONOUS MINDANENSIS Steere.
MINDANAO TIT BABBLER.
Macronus mindanensis Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 17; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 240 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 223 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 54; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.
Bohol (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino, Clemens); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).
Adult.--Similar to Macronous striaticeps, but throat, breast, and sides of head washed with ocherous buff or fulvous giving these parts a soiled appearance. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 60; tail, 53; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 20. A female from Bohol, wing, 59; tail, 53; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 19.
"Common in Mindanao and Samar. Habits exactly like those of M. striaticeps. Four males average: Length, 144; wing, 60; tail, 56; culmen, 16.5; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe with claw, 19. Four females, length, 135; wing, 55; tail, 54; culmen, 14.7; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 18.5. Iris light yellow-white; legs, feet, and nails drab; bill nearly black, the lower mandible slightly lighter than upper.
"It is remarkable that the differences between M. striaticeps and M. mindanensis should have escaped the notice of naturalists until they were pointed out by Doctor Steere. The two species are quite distinct, and can be distinguished with absolute certainty." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
"Mr. Whitehead found a nest of this species [near Paranas, Samar, June 15, 1896] containing three eggs. These were in such an advanced stage of incubation that the young birds hatched out a few hours after the eggs were placed in his room. Eggs pure white, thickly speckled towards the larger end with dark red. The nest, a large ball of bamboo leaves and loosely constructed, was placed close to the ground in old forest." (Grant and Whitehead.)
517. MACRONOUS MONTANUS (Mearns).
MOUNTAIN TIT BABBLER.
Macronous mindanensis montanus Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 4. Macronus montanus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.
Tah-gó-saa or tah-go-say'-ahn, Bagobo; tar-man'-op, Moros of Pantar and Lake Lanao.
Mindanao (Mearns).
"Adult male and female.--Similar to Macronous mindanensis mindanensis, but very much darker with heavier markings throughout; the dark shaft-streaks are increased in area and intensity; the blackish feathering of the upper side of the head occupies more of the nape; and the back and rump are prout's brown instead of raw umber; the under parts are dark from the throat backward, the flanks being dark isabella instead of clay-color. This mountain form (from Pantar at 610 meters and Mount Apo at 1,220 meters) is slightly smaller than the subspecies mindanensis. It is still farther removed from Macronous striaticeps Sharpe from the Island of Basilan." (Mearns.)
518. MACRONOUS KETTLEWELLI Guillemard.
KETTLEWELL'S TIT BABBLER.
Macronus kettlewelli Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 262, pl. 18, fig. 2; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 54; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.
Bongao (Everett); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Everett, Bourns & Worcester).
Adult.--Differs from the other Philippine species in having the upper parts nearly uniform brown; shafts whitish; forehead blackish with narrow white shaft-lines; tail and upper tail-coverts pale chestnut; under parts nearly uniform pale fawn; sides of throat and body faintly lined with white; webs of the long dorsal feathers partly white next to the white shafts. Length, about 140; wing, 63; tail, 70; bill, 15; tarsus, 24. [72]
"Rare in Sulu, very common in Tawi Tawi. Found in the forest working in tangled herbage, like the other Philippine members of the genus. Fifteen males average: Length, 150; wing, 64; tail, 61; culmen, 18.5; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 22. Eight females, length, 155; wing, 62; tail, 59; culmen, 18; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 21. Iris green; legs and feet light brown, washed with yellow; nails light brown; upper mandible black, lower gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus LEONARDINA Mearns, 1905.
"Bill somewhat depressed, broader than high at base, higher than broad at anterior border of nostrils, equal in height and breadth at posterior edge of nostrils; culmen strongly ridged, curved from base; maxilla with a subterminal notch; nostrils apparently elongate-oval; distance between anterior angle of nostril and tip of bill equal to the length of the hind toe without claw; rictal bristles strongly developed; length of skull equal to that of tarsus; length of tarsus contained two and one-third times in that of wing; tarsus booted; hind toe with claw less than half the length of tarsus; wing and tail about equal; wing rounded, the first primary half as long as the third; tail moderate, graduated, with feathers somewhat pointed, and webs not decomposed; plumage full and soft." (Mearns.)
519. LEONARDINA WOODI Mearns.
WOOD'S BAGOBO BIRD.
Leonardia woodi Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 2. Leonardina woodi Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 88; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.
Doo-roogh-bah-long, Bagobo of Mount Apo.
Mindanao (Mearns).
"Type (adult male).--Third primary equal to ninth; fifth, sixth, and seventh subequal and longest. Upper parts bistre, washed with burnt umber on lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; tail blackish seal-brown; the feathers of the rump, which are very long and soft, have concealed white spots; sides of head and neck (including lores and ear-coverts), breast, and abdomen slate-gray, the latter washed with white; sides gray washed with burnt umber, particularly on the flanks, some of the feathers with concealed white spots; thighs gray washed with burnt umber; under tail-coverts tawny olive, the longest ochraceous; chin and throat white. Iris reddish brown; bill black; feet and claws plumbeous. Length, 205; alar expanse, 280; wing, 90; tail, 87; bill, measured from nostril, 10; culmen, 16; tarsus, 38; middle toe and claw, 27." (Mearns.)
The type and only known specimen was taken on Mount Apo, Mindanao, at 1,220 meters altitude.
Subfamily BRACHYPTERYGINÆ.
Tarsus slender; plumage normal, the feathers of back not lengthened; sexes unlike in colors.
Genus BRACHYPTERYX Horsfield, 1821.
Bill small and slender; rictal bristles weak; wing and tail moderate; tarsus long and slender, equal to more than one-half the tail and to about three times the bill from nostril. Sexes very unlike in colors; male with a concealed eyebrow-patch; female with head and neck brown.
Species.
a1. Head, neck, and throat slate-blue like the rest of the plumage (males).
b1. Smaller; throat and top of head dark slate. ... poliogyna (p. 539) b2. Larger; throat and top of head black.
c1. Smaller. ... brunneiceps (p. 539) c2. Larger; no grayish white on abdomen.
d1. White spot above the eye larger and not entirely concealed. ... mindanensis (p. 540) d2. White spot above the eye minute and wholly concealed. ... malindangensis (p. 540)
a2. Head, neck, and throat rusty brown, contrasting with the rest of the plumage (females).
b1. Crown lighter; chin and throat lighter. ... poliogyna (p. 539) b2. Crown darker; chin and throat deeper in color; belly not paler than breast.
c1. Smaller, tail shorter. ... brunneiceps (p. 539) c2. Larger, tail longer; abdomen washed with brownish gray.
d1. Color much lighter. ... mindanensis (p. 540) d2. Color much darker; russet of front of head intensified to almost a burnt umber and not extending backward beyond the eyes. ... malindangensis (p. 540)
520. BRACHYPTERYX POLIOGYNA Grant.
GRANT'S SHORTWING.
Brachypteryx poliogyna Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 4, 40; Ibis (1895), 446, pl. 12, fig. 1; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 216 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 56; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.
Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Whitehead).
Male.--Most of the plumage dark slate-blue; middle of abdomen washed with gray; forehead, lores, ring around eye, jaw, and chin black; above each eye a concealed patch of soft silky white feathers; wings and tail black, the feathers edged with slate-blue; bend of wing white. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 140; wing, 67; tail, 49; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 22.
Female.--Entire head, neck, chin, and throat umber or rusty brown, much darker on crown, lighter on chin and throat; remainder of plumage slaty blue, similar to the male, but lighter on the under parts and much grayer on abdomen. Length, 127; wing, 63; tail, 42; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 30; middle toe with claw, 21.
521. BRACHYPTERYX BRUNNEICEPS Grant.
NEGROS SHORTWING.
Brachypteryx brunneiceps Grant, Ibis (1896), 457; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 217 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 56; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.
Negros (Whitehead).
Diagnosis.--"The Negros shortwing is closely allied to B. poliogyna, which Mr. Whitehead discovered in the highlands of Lepanto, Luzon. The males in fact, are, as one would expect, very much alike, but the Negros bird has the top of the head and throat washed with black instead of dark slate. Between the females the differences are much more marked; the crown of the head in B. brunneiceps is much darker brown, much less strongly washed with sienna on the forehead; the chin and middle of the throat are much deeper in color, very little paler than the sides; and the general tone of the under parts is darker slate-blue, the belly being in no way paler than the breast. Adult male: Length, 127; wing, 67; tail, 48; tarsus, 29. Adult female: Length, 132; wing, 67; tail, 48; tarsus, 29." (Grant.)
522. BRACHYPTERYX MINDANENSIS Mearns.
MINDANAO SHORTWING.
Brachypteryx mindanensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 3; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.
Boor-roo-win'g, Bagobos of Mount Apo.
Mindanao (Mearns, Goodfellow).
"Adult male.--Similar to the male of B. brunneiceps, but larger and apparently less heavily washed with black on the top of the head and throat. Belly without a trace of grayish wash present in B. poliogyna from the Island of Luzon. Measurements of No. 192,256, U. S. National Museum, from Mount Apo at 1,920 meters, July 4, 1904. Total length, 158; alar expanse, 220; wing, 70; tail, 62; bill from base of culmen, 14; bill from nostril, 9.5; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris dark brown; bill, feet, and claws gray-black, darker than plumage.
"Adult female.--Similar to the female of B. brunneiceps, but differs in addition to its larger size and relatively longer tail, in having the abdomen washed with brownish gray. The wing-quills and spurious wing are brown. Measurements of type: Length, 158; alar expanse, 212; wing, 70; tail, 56; bill from base of culmen, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 31; middle toe with claw, 24. Iris dark brown; bill, feet, and claws dark gray.
"Young male in first plumage.--Slate-colored feathers of the adult plumage are present in the greater wing-coverts and pectoral region of the specimen (No. 192,257, U. S. National Museum, from Todava, at 1,220 meters, on Mount Apo, July 11, 1904). General color clove-brown, the feathers slaty at base, all but the quills with russet shaft-spots, which are small and triangular on the back, and so extended as to give a general russet tone to the abdomen. Iris brown; bill and feet gray-black. Length, 155; alar expanse, 218; wing, 70; tail, 50; bill from base of culmen, 13; bill from nostril, 8.6; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 22.
"The name 'boor-roo-wi'ng,' used by the native Bagobos, is in imitation of the lisping notes of this bird, which suggest sounds of the winds." (Mearns.)
523. BRACHYPTERYX MALINDANGENSIS Mearns.
MALINDANG SHORTWING.
Brachypteryx malindangensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 441.
Mindanao (Mearns).
"Characters.--Most closely related to Brachypteryx brunneiceps Grant and B. mindanensis Mearns. Smaller than brunneiceps, about equaling mindanensis; coloration very dark; russet of front of head intensified to almost a burnt umber, and not extending backward beyond the eyes; edge and lining of wings, slate-color, instead of rusty.
"Adult male * * *.--Uniformly slate-black, becoming practically black on the whole head, except a minute and wholly concealed supraorbital white spot. Iris dark reddish brown; bill all jet-black; feet and claws plumbeous-black (from fresh specimen).
"Adult female (type).--Front of the head back to the eyes rusty burnt umber, with eye-ring of same color; hind half of head, neck all round, and all of body except abdomen, blackish slate; abdomen washed with brownish gray; wings and tail brownish black, washed with slate-color; edge and lining of wings slate-color, not russet. The colors of the iris, bill, and feet were noted as exactly like those of the male topotype.
"Measurements.--Adult male * * *: Total length, 160; alar expanse, 222; wing, 70; tail, 60; culmen (chord), 14.5; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 32; middle toe with claw, 24. Adult female (type): Total length, 148; alar expanse, 213; wing, 66; tail, 53; culmen (chord), 13; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 34; middle toe with claw, 24.5." (Mearns.)
Family TURDIDÆ.
Bill slender; moderate to small in size; culmen curved near the tip; a slight notch in the cutting edge of bill; bristles about the bill usually reduced; wing flat and pointed; first primary not more than one-half of second, and often much less; tarsi and feet moderate to large, the former entire in front except for the lower part; young in first plumage spotted. [73]
Subfamilies.
a1. Much larger; wing, 100 mm. or more; tail square or slightly rounded. ... Turdinæ (p. 541) a2. Much smaller; wing, 95 mm. or less, usually much less; tail rounded, or rectrices slightly graduated.
b1. Upper tail-coverts black, brown, or gray. ... Ruticillinæ (p. 556) b2. Upper tail-coverts white. ... Saxicolinæ (p. 564)
Subfamily TURDINÆ.
Birds of this subfamily are nearly all much larger than any of the Ruticillinæ or Saxicolinæ. The wing is long, pointed, and flat, the first primary very short; tail nearly square; plumage uniform, spotted, or bicolored; habits either arboreal or terrestrial.
Genera.
a1. Without blue anywhere in the plumage.
b1. Axillars and wing-lining uniform in color; bill more slender.
c1. Plumage black and dark brown; four primaries with outer webs emarginate. ... Planesticus (p. 542) c2. Plumage of under parts white, and chestnut or gray, never black; three primaries with outer webs emarginate. ... Turdus (p. 547)
b2. Axillars and under wing-coverts of two colors, the arrangement of colors on one reversed on the other; bill stouter.
c1. Bill moderate in length; rictal bristles not greatly developed, few and lateral.
d1. Under parts marked with crescent-shaped black bands. ... Oreocincla (p. 553) d2. Under parts marked with fan-shaped spots. ... Geokichla (p. 550)
c2. Bill long and strongly curved near the tip; rictal bristles numerous and long, the anterior ones extending over the nostrils as in the flycatchers; throat, breast, and flanks with fan-shaped spots. ... Zoothera (p. 552)
a2. With more or less blue in the plumage; axillars and wing-lining nearly uniform chestnut, or else ocherous barred with black; feathers of under parts usually fringed with gray or black. ... Petrophila (p. 554)
Genus PLANESTICUS Bonaparte, 1854.
Four primaries, third to sixth, with the outer webs emarginate; bill somewhat stouter than in Turdus; otherwise the two genera are very similar in structure. The Philippine members of Planesticus are resident, mountain species, and may be easily recognized by the colors, smoky brown and blackish slate, with no white on the breast and abdomen.
Species. [74]
KEY BASED ON ADULT MALES.
a1. Wing less than 115 mm.; sides of lower breast and flanks chestnut. ... mindorensis (p. 543) a2. Wing more than 115 mm.; sides of lower breast and flanks not chestnut.
b1. Chest, head and neck all round nearly uniform broccoli-brown (slightly darkest on crown).
c1. Wing, about 120 mm.; body uniform blackish; under tail-coverts longitudinally striped with white.
d1. Larger; length, 225; wing, 121; bill from nostril, 14.7; body dark brown. ... thomassoni (p. 544) d2. Smaller; length, 215; wing, 120; bill from nostril, 13; body practically black. ... mayonensis (p. 544)
c2. Wing less than 120 mm.; body, including tail-coverts and crissum, uniform clove-brown. ... kelleri (p. 545)
b2. Chest paler, contrasting strongly with the dark color of crown.
c1. Smaller; wing, 124.5 mm.; tail, 96.5; chin, throat, and chest pale sooty brown, rather lighter on breast, flanks, and belly; median area of under surface dark, except at vent; under tail-coverts dark brown with pale, whitish brown tips. ... nigrorum (p. 545) c2. Larger; wing, 127 mm.; tail, 115; chin, throat, and chest pale drab-gray; flanks and breast similar in color to the upper surface of body; median area of under surface spotted with white anteriorly, all white posteriorly; under tail-coverts sooty-brown, with broad, longitudinal white stripes. ... malindangensis (p. 546)
524. PLANESTICUS MINDORENSIS (Grant).
MINDORO BLACK THRUSH. [75]
Turdus mindorensis Grant, Ibis (1896), 465; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 213 (habits). Merula mindorensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 125; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.
Mindoro (Whitehead).
"Adult male.--Top and sides of the head and nape grayish brown, shading into brownish black on the rest of the upper parts and tail; chin whitish; throat and upper breast brownish gray, but considerably paler than the crown; sides of the lower breast and flanks rich chestnut; middle of the breast and belly pure white; under tail-coverts dark gray, tinged with rufous and with wide white middles, widest toward the extremity. Length, 229; wing, 108; tail, 88; tarsus, 30.
"Adult female.--Only differs from the male in having the brownish black upper parts washed with dark olive, most conspicuous on the rump and upper tail-coverts. Length, 221; wing, 108; tail, 82.5; tarsus, 30.
"In the immature male the upper parts resemble those of the female, but most or many of the feathers on the top of the head are brownish black and similar in color to the back of the adult male.
"In a slightly older example the head is mixed with the brownish gray feathers of the adult plumage; in a younger bird the crown is uniform brownish black, and the feathers of the mantle have rufous shaft-stripes. Both these birds have the chest and upper breast mixed with rust-colored feathers spotted with black at the extremity, and perfectly similar to those found in the young of the common blackbird (T. merula).
"An immature female has the top of the head and nape warm dark brown, and the rest of the upper parts dark brown washed with olive, as in the adult female, but few of the feathers of the mantle and wing-coverts have narrow rufous shaft-stripes, and the throat and chest are mostly clad in the rust and black-spotted immature plumage. The nearly adult female differs only from the adult in having the crown blackish brown." (Grant).
525. PLANESTICUS THOMASSONI (Seebohm).
LUZON BLACK THRUSH.
Merula thomassoni Seebohm, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 41; Grant, Ibis (1894), 508; (1895), 445; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 120; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83. Turdus thomassoni Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 212.
Bul-it, Benguet.
Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor, Mearns).
Adult.--Entire head, neck all round, chin, throat, and chest light smoky brown, darker on forehead and crown; remainder of plumage black; some of the feathers at sides of abdomen tipped with white; under tail-coverts with white shaft-streaks and narrow rusty brown tips. Bill, legs, and nails yellow. Length of a male, plumage somewhat worn, 240; wing, 116; tail, 92; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 31. A female, wing, 118; tail, 93; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 33. Even in adult birds there is some variation in the amount of white on the under tail-coverts, and rusty brown fringes on the feathers of the abdomen seem to indicate immaturity. A young male has the head and neck black instead of chocolate-brown and the feathers of lower breast and abdomen are liberally marked with rusty brown, this coloring the shafts of some feathers.
526. PLANESTICUS MAYONENSIS (Mearns).
MAYON BLACK THRUSH.
Merula mayonensis Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 358.
Luzon (Mearns).
"Characters.--Pattern of coloration similar to that of Merula thomassoni Grant, but darker, with less contrast between the coloration of the head and that of the body. Smaller, with relatively stouter bill; preanal feathers not tipped with white.
"Description of type (adult male).--Upper surface except head and neck all black; under surface of body black perceptibly washed with brown on feather edges; head and neck very dark brown, almost black on crown; entire under surface of wings and tail dull black; under tail-coverts black with narrow median white stripes involving the shafts. Iris very dark brown; eyelids, bill, feet, and claws all yellow. Female exactly like the male. A younger male than the type differs only in having the feathers of the under side of the body edged with yellowish brown. Length, 215; wing, 120; tail, 101; culmen (chord measured from true base), 22; bill from anterior margin of nostril, 13; tarsus, 34; middle toe with claw, 32.5.
"Female.--Length, 210; wing, 117; tail, 99; culmen, 20.5; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 32." (Mearns.)
527. PLANESTICUS KELLERI (Mearns).
KELLER'S BLACK THRUSH.
Merula kelleri Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 6; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.
Pó-lo, Bagobo of Mount Apo.
Mindanao (Mearns, Goodfellow).
Adult.--This species is almost exactly like P. thomassoni in colors, but is considerably smaller in size. A male collected by Mearns measures: Length, 246; wing, 110; tail, 94; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 31.
A female, wing, 110; tail, 89; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 30.
528. PLANESTICUS NIGRORUM (Grant).
NEGROS BLACK THRUSH.
Turdus nigrorum Grant, Ibis (1896), 544; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 238, pl. 5, figs. 8 and 9 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 213 (nest). Merula nigrorum Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 119; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, pl. 5, fig. 18; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.
Negros (Whitehead).
"Adult male and female.--Above rich dark umber, darkest on the top of the head; wings and tail brownish black; chin, throat, and chest pale sooty brown, rather lighter on the breast, flanks, and belly; a band of white feathers across the vent; under tail-coverts dark brown, with pale whitish-brown tips. Bill and feet yellow. Male: Length, 241; wing, 124; tail, 96.5; tarsus, 34. Female: Length, 223.5; wing, 119; tail, 91; tarsus, 31.5.
"An immature male has the upper parts much like those of the adult, but the feathers of the back have indistinct margins of darker color, the chin and middle of the throat are buff, and the breast and under parts spotted with black and washed with rufous, shading into tawny buff on the middle of the belly.
"The Negros blackbird is resident on the volcano of Canloon at an altitude of from 1,600 to 2,000 meters, and both young birds and eggs were obtained." (Grant.)
A nest containing two "much incubated" eggs was taken by Whitehead on April 12, 1896, and another nest with two young birds was found on the 21st of the same month. The eggs are described as follows: "Shape ovate. Ground-color very pale green; one egg very thickly mottled with brick-red, almost hiding the ground-color; the second blotched toward the larger end and more thinly marked over the rest of the shell showing the very pale red-lilac clouded under-markings. As compared with eggs of the common blackbird, the above are very much redder, and closely resemble those of Turdus simillimus." (Grant and Whitehead.)
529. PLANESTICUS MALINDANGENSIS (Mearns).
MALINDANG BLACK THRUSH.
Merula malindangensis Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 357.
Mindanao (Mearns).
"Characters.--Largest of the Philippine species of Merula. Breast and under side of neck light drab-gray, a darker shade of this color extending to the throat and chin and forming an indistinct collar around the hind neck; middle of abdomen and crissum nearly white; mantle, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts light sooty-brown; wings and tail dark sooty-brown.
"Adult male.--Upper side of head, mantle, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts light sooty-brown; flanks slightly paler and browner; wings and tail dark sooty-brown, more fuliginous on under surface; chest and under side of neck light drab-gray, a darker shade of this color encircling the neck and extending to the chin and throat, where the feathers have dark shaft-streaks; sides of head pale sooty-brown; feathers of the median area from chest to crissum, with broad, white edges and a dark central area inclosing a sagittate white spot, giving a spotted appearance to the middle of the under surface of the body; crissum with this light area expanded and practically all white; under tail-coverts sooty-brown, longitudinally striped with white or pale buff.
"Adult female.--Similar to the male but slightly smaller and dingier in color with a slight rufescence on sides of lower breast and flanks.
"Immature male.--Sides of lower chest and flanks more strongly washed with raw-umber than in adult females; chest and throat darker.
"First plumage (male).--Upper surface dusky, washed with raw-umber, especially on the head, neck, upper back, and wing-coverts; scapulars with pale rusty shaft-streaks, and some of the lesser wing-coverts edged with the same; under surface sepia-brown strongly mixed with reddish brown and spotted with brownish black, the rufescence covering the middle of the throat and much of the chest, the blackish cordate spots being confined to the tips and the rusty bands crossing the middle of the feathers; whitish median stripe distinct but with pale rufescent edging to the feathers except on lower abdomen; under tail-coverts sepia-brown with rusty edging and broad, white, median stripes.
"In other specimens taken at the same season, the molt was nearly finished, leaving a few feathers with rusty bands and black spots and with a stronger rusty washing to the flanks than in adults." (Mearns.)
Genus TURDUS Linnæus, 1758.
Rictal bristles weak, less than bill from nostril; wing strong, flat, and pointed; third, fourth, and fifth primaries emarginate on outer webs; first primary very short, less than primary-coverts; tail nearly square; tarsus slightly less than one-third of tail and about equal to middle toe with claw. Upper parts olive-brown, russet-brown, or gray; chin and throat light with dusky streaks; chest, sides, and flanks dull chestnut or gray; crissum and middle of breast and abdomen white. This color pattern is characteristic of the three migratory species which have been found in the Philippine Islands.
Species.
a1. Without a white superciliary stripe.
b1. Chest, sides, and flanks gray or drab-gray ... pallidus (p. 547) b2. Chest, sides, and flanks chestnut ... chrysolaus (p. 548)
a2. With a well-marked, white, superciliary stripe extending from above lores to above ear-coverts ... obscurus (p. 549)
530. TURDUS PALLIDUS Gmelin.
PALE THRUSH.
Turdus pallidus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, 815; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 128; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 118, pl. 6, fig. 11; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 84. Merula pallida Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 273.
Calayan (McGregor). Japan and eastern Siberia; Formosa and Southern China in winter.
"In the adult male the general color of the upper parts is rich russet-brown, tinged with gray on the head; lores very dark brown; ear-coverts brown; no trace of eye-stripe; wings brown, the primaries, primary-coverts, and alula wing-feathers with the outer webs slate-gray, the secondaries, greater, median, and lesser wing-coverts with the outer webs russet-brown; tail dark brown, the outer webs of each feather margined with olive-brown; inner web of outside tail-feathers white for half an inch [13 mm.] at the tip; inner web of second outside tail-feather on each side with rather less white at the tip; more or less white at the tip of the third outside tail-feather on each side; throat and cheeks, breast and flanks slate-gray, shading into white on the belly and the center of the breast, and more or less irregularly shaded with brown on the lower throat, sides of breast, and flanks; under tail-coverts white, with the basal half edged with brown; axillars and under wing-coverts pale slate-gray obscurely tipped with white; inner margin of quills pale slaty brown. Bill dark brown, yellow at the base of the under mandible. Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate in length between the fifth and sixth, bastard primary 19 to 12.7 mm. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Wing, 129.5 to 119; tail, 99 to 84; culmen, 29 to 23; tarsus, 30 to 29.
"The female differs from the male in having the parts which are slate-gray replaced by russet-brown, and in having the center of the throat grayish white, and the cheeks and sides of the throat with brown fan-shaped terminal spots. Males of the year have the plumage of the female, and the greater wing-coverts with more or less conspicuous pale tips. Young in first plumage are unknown." (Seebohm.)
A female from Calayan measures: Wing, 122; tail, 87; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 30.
531. TURDUS CHRYSOLAUS Temminck.
JAPANESE BROWN THRUSH.
Turdus chrysolaus Temminck, Pl. Col. (1831), 2, 537; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 213; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 139; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 119, pl. 6, figs. 15 and 18; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 84. Merula chrysolaus Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 5, 275.
Pir-pi-rú-ca, Calayan.
Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead). Japan, Hainan, and Eastern Siberia; in winter to Formosa and China.
"In the adult male the general color of the upper parts is russet-brown, tinged with gray on the head; lores very dark brown; ear-coverts brown; scarcely a trace of eye-stripe; wings brown, the primaries, primary-coverts, and alula feathers with the outer webs slaty brown; the secondaries, greater, median, and lesser wing-coverts with outer webs russet-brown; tail brown, the outer web of each feather margined with olive-brown; inner web of the outside tail-feathers narrowly margined with white; throat and cheeks sooty brown, shading into chestnut-brown on the breast, and into deep rich chestnut on the flanks, leaving the belly white; under tail-coverts white, with the basal half edged with brown; axillars and under wing-coverts edged with pale slate-gray, obscurely tipped with white; inner margin of quills pale slaty brown. Bill dark brown, yellow at the base of the under mandible. Wings with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary between the fourth and fifth, or fifth and sixth, bastard primary 18 to 16.5 mm. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Wing, 127 to 117; tail, 91 to 79; culmen, 22.6 to 19; tarsus, 33 to 29.
"The female has no gray on the head or wings, the upper throat is nearly white, and the feathers of the cheeks and the center of the throat are white, with dark brown, fan-shaped terminal spots. Males of the year resemble females. Young in first plumage are unknown." (Seebohm.)
532. TURDUS OBSCURUS Gmelin.
DARK THRUSH.
Turdus obscurus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, pt. 2, 816; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 212 (migration); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 119; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 84. Merula obscura Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 5, 273.
Apo (Celestino); Calayan (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Luzon (Cuming, Othberg, Whitehead); Mindanao (Goodfellow); Negros (Whitehead). Eastern Siberia, Japan, Eastern Himalayas and Malay Peninsula; in winter to China, Borneo, and Burma.
"In the adult male the general color of the upper parts is olive-brown, tinged with gray on the crown and nape; lores very dark brown; ear-coverts slaty brown; eye-stripe white, extending nearly to the nape; wings, wing-coverts, and tail brown, the outer web of each feather olive-brown, grayer on the margins of the primaries and primary-coverts; outside tail-feathers obscurely tipped with white on the inner web; throat and cheeks slaty brown, shading into olive-brown on the breast and into pale chestnut-brown on the flanks, leaving the belly white; under tail-coverts white, with basal half edged with brown; axillars and under wing-coverts pale slate-gray, obscurely tipped with white; inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill with upper mandible dark brown; under mandible pale yellow, darker toward the tip. Wing with the third primary longest, second primary between the fourth and fifth, bastard primary, 15 to 13 mm. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Wing, 127 to 112; tail, 91 to 76; culmen, 22 to 20; tarsus, 32 to 28.
"The female differs from the male in not having the slaty tint on the crown, nape, and sides of the head; the throat is white, obscurely streaked with brown, and the flanks are very slightly suffused with pale chestnut-brown. In spring the general color of the upper parts has faded from russet-brown into a grayer brown, which becomes still more gray during summer.
"Birds of the year do not entirely lose the marks of immaturity until their second autumn molt; the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries frequently retain the pale tips, though these are white rather than ochraceous; the throat and eye-stripe of the female are much suffused with ochraceous, and the throat of the male resembles that of the adult female.
"Young in first plumage have most of the feathers of the upper parts with pale ochraceous shafts, the feathers of the back have traces of dark-brown terminal bars, and the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries have pale ochraceous tips to the outside webs; on the under parts the feathers of the cheeks and breast have dark-brown tips, which become less conspicuous on the flanks; the throat and eye-stripe are suffused with ochraceous." (Seebohm.)
A male from Apo Island, near Mindoro, measures: Wing, 126; tail, 97; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 30.
Genus GEOKICHLA "Boie" S. Müller, 1835.
Bill short and stout; bristles about bill short and weak; first primary a little shorter than primary-coverts; third to sixth primaries with outer webs emarginate; inner webs of quills light colored at base; axillars bicolored, the colors reversed on the under wing-coverts; tail short, about twice the tarsus. Under parts white, spotted with black.
Species.
a1. Head brownish chestnut; chin, throat, and chest black ... interpres (p. 550) a2. Head ashy gray; chin and throat white, spotted or barred with black.
b1. Median and greater wing-coverts with white tips forming two bars. ... cinerea (p. 551) b2. No white spots on any of the upper wing-coverts ... mindanensis (p. 552)
533. GEOKICHLA INTERPRES (Temminck).
KUHL'S GROUND THRUSH.
Turdus interpres "Kuhl MS," Temminck, Pl. Col. (1828), 2, no. 458. Geocichla interpres Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 166; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 132; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 84.
Basilan (Steere Exp.); Sulu (Platen); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Malay Peninsula, northwestern Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Lombok, Sumbawa.
"In the adult male in spring plumage the head is brownish chestnut, shading into orange-chestnut on the nape; the rest of the upper parts slate-gray; lores grayish white; no trace of eye-stripe; ear-coverts and cheeks black, the feathers of the former with white bases; innermost secondaries and quills dark brown; wing-coverts nearly black; median wing-coverts white; greater wing-coverts tipped with white; unemarginated portion of outside web of primaries pale slate-gray; tail brown, the outside feather on each side broadly tipped with white, and the next narrowly so; chin, throat, and upper breast black; rest of the under parts white, suffused with ochraceous on the flanks; the feathers of the lower breast with conspicuous fan-shaped black terminal spots, which become obscure on the flanks; axillars, basal portion white, terminal portion dark slate-gray; lower under wing-coverts, basal portion black, terminal portion white; basal portion of inner web of the secondaries and many of the primaries white. Bill dark brown above and below. Wing with the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary between the seventh and eighth, bastard primary, 24 to 21.5 mm. Legs, feet, and claws flesh-color. Wing, 108 to 102; tail, 61 to 53; culmen, 19.5 to 18; tarsus, 29 to 28. The adult plumage of the sexes appears to be alike, nor is it known that any important change takes place by abrasion.
"Young in first plumage appear to have the whole of the upper parts dull chestnut, each feather having a pale shaft and obscure pale center; the white bars on the wings are suffused with chestnut, and the black on the under parts is confined to two moustachial lines on the cheeks, the rest being dull chestnut. This plumage is immediately molted to the adult plumage in the first autumn, except that certain birds, which I take to be females, have the slate-gray of the upper parts replaced by dark olive-brown." (Seebohm.)
534. GEOKICHLA CINEREA Bourns and Worcester.
MINDORO GROUND THRUSH.
Geocichla cinerea Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 23; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 133; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 84.
Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).
Male.--Above black; feathers of head, neck, back, rump, and scapulars edged with ashy gray; lores white, the hair-like tips of the shafts black; eye-circle white, broken above and below center of eye by a black spot; feathers of jaw and ear-coverts white with black tips, between these areas the cheeks are black; chin feathers white, their shafts with black hair-like tips; remainder of under parts white, the feathers of throat, chest, and sides of body and abdomen with large fan-shaped black tips, forming an almost solid black pectoral patch, but posteriorly becoming gradually smaller; crissum and middle of abdomen without spots and washed with ocherous buff, most heavily on the longer tail-coverts; a dusky wash on flanks; wing-feathers blackish; outer webs of primaries edged with gray; inner webs of quills, except first two, with a diagonal band of light buff or white; alula and primary- and secondary-coverts black; greater and median coverts tipped with white forming two bars; edge of wing white; axillars white, tipped with blackish, these colors reversed on under wing-coverts; tail blackish, outermost rectrices each with a terminal white spot on inner web. Length, about 200 mm. A male measures: Wing, 115; tail, 70; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 32; middle toe with claw, 29.
Female.--The only female examined is very similar to the male, but the ocherous wash of the under parts is lighter and the outer webs of the primary-coverts are marked with white forming a short band. Bill black, base of lower mandible whitish; iris very dark brown; legs and nails white. Wing, 112; tail, 63; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 30.
535. GEOKICHLA MINDANENSIS Mearns.
MINDANAO GROUND THRUSH.
Geocichla mindanensis Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 359.
Mindanao (Mearns).
"Description of type (and only specimen).--Upper surface, including head, dark ashen gray closely resembling the shade of the same parts in Geocichla cinerea Bourns and Worcester; feathers of the back edged with black; scapulars with black spots occupying the tip of the web on the upper side; wing and tail-feathers shaded with brown and crossed by obsolete, wavy bars of darker; lores, eyelids, ear-coverts, and cheeks cinereous finely mixed with pale fawn-color, the malar region being cross-banded with black and fawn and the ear-coverts longitudinally striped with white; chin and throat white, narrowly cross-banded with black and bordered by black stripes; pectoral region plain cinereous-ash with pale shafts to the feathers; lower chest and flanks black and white, each feather heavily margined with jet-black inclosing a sharply pointed white spot; middle of abdomen white; crissum white, faintly washed with buff which is strongest on the lower tail-coverts; under side of wing-quills broadly white on inner border at base; edge of wing white; axillars white at base, broadly black at tip; under wing-coverts black, tipped with white and pale cream-color; upper wing-coverts without white spots. Length, 230; wing, 125; tail, 78; culmen (chord), 35; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 32; middle toe with claw, 30.
"This species was occasionally seen as it darted through the mossy forest or alighted upon the ground; but it was so shy that only a single specimen was shot, although its loud, sweet song was frequently heard at morning and evening." (Mearns.)
Genus ZOOTHERA Vigors, 1831.
"In the genus Zoothera the sexes are alike, the under wing-coverts and axillars of two colors, the colors in the one part transposed or reversed in the other, the lower plumage squamated, not distinctly barred nor spotted, and the rictal bristles very long and numerous. The anterior or supplementary bristles extend over the nostrils as in the flycatchers, and Zoothera is the only genus of thrushes in which this feature is present. The bill is very long and strongly curved near the tip, and the edges of the mandible are frequently serrated by wear and tear, but never originally so." (Oates.)
536. ZOOTHERA ANDROMEDÆ (Temminck).
JAVAN GROUND THRUSH.
Myiothera andromedæ "Kuhl MS," Temminck, Pl. Col. (1826), 2, no. 392. Geocichla andromedæ Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 163. Zoothera andromeda Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 138. Geocichla andromeda Grant, Ibis (1906), 477.
Mindanao (Goodfellow). Java, Sumatra, Lombok.
"In the adult male in spring plumage the general color of the upper parts is dark brown, approaching black on the head and on the margins of the feathers of the back; feathers of lores and ear-coverts with pale centers; no trace of eye-stripe; wings and tail not quite so black as the back; chin and upper throat white, with narrow transverse terminal black bands; cheeks pale slate-gray with broad terminal black bands; lower throat and breast pale slate-gray; center of belly and under tail-coverts buffish white; flanks black with large diamond-shaped white centers; axillars, basal half white, terminal half black; lower under wing-coverts, basal half black, terminal half white; basal portions of the inner webs of the secondaries and many of the primaries white. Bill abnormally long, dark brown above and below; wing with the fourth primary slightly the longest, second primary about equal to the sixth; bastard primary, 32 to 28 mm. Legs, feet, and claws dark brown. Wing, 124 to 122; tail, 77 to 71; culmen, 29 to 28; tarsus, 34 to 33.
"It is not known that there is any difference of plumage attributable to either sex or season. Young in first plumage have pale ochraceous shafts to most of the feathers of the upper parts and fan-shaped, ochraceous terminal spots to the wing-coverts. The under parts are also much suffused with ochraceous and the breast and flanks barred with black, the diamond-shaped pale centers being irregular in shape." (Seebohm.)
Genus OREOCINCLA Gould, 1838.
"In the genus Oreocincla the sexes are alike, the under wing-coverts and axillars are each of two colors, those on the axillars being transposed or reversed in order on the under wing-coverts, the lower plumage is distinctly barred or spotted, never squamated, and the rictal bristles are few and confined to the gape. The tail is typically short and the upper tail-coverts very ample. There is a distinct pattern on the under side of the wing." (Oates.)
537. OREOCINCLA VARIA (Pallas).
VARIED THRUSH.
Turdus varius Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. (1811), 1, 449. Geocichla varia Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 151; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 212. Oreocichla varia Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 136; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 84.
Luzon (Whitehead); Mindoro (Porter). Japan and Siberia, accidental in Europe; China and Burma in winter.
"In the adult male in spring plumage the general color of the upper parts is ochraceous brown, each feather having a transverse terminal crescent-shaped black band; most of the feathers have pale shafts and a more or less distinct ochraceous transverse subterminal band, very conspicuous on the head and neck; lores grayish white; no trace of eye-stripe; wing-coverts and innermost secondaries shading from dark olive-brown on the inside webs to ochraceous brown on the outside webs, but, with the exception of the primary-coverts, wanting the black terminal bands; quills brown, the outside webs ochraceous brown; four central and terminal portion on two outside tail-feathers on each side ochraceous brown, the remaining three on each side very dark olive-brown; five outside tail-feathers on each side more or less distinctly tipped with white, and all more or less obscurely barred; under parts white, with a more or less distinct tinge of ochraceous on the breast, each feather with a transverse terminal crescent-shaped black band, nearly obsolete on the chin, center of belly, and under tail-coverts; axillars, basal half white, terminal half black; under wing-coverts, basal portion black, terminal portion white; basal half of inner web of secondaries and basal portion of many of the primaries pale buff. Bill dark brown above, basal half of under mandible pale yellowish brown. Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary between the fourth and fifth; bastard primary, 26.6 to 23 mm. Legs, feet, and claws pale yellowish brown. Length of wing, 162.5 to 150; tail, 114 to 105; culmen, 33 to 28; tarsus, 35.5 to 33.
"It is not known that there is any difference in the color of the plumage of the sexes, or in consequence of the autumn molt. Birds of the year and young in first plumage are unknown." (Seebohm.)
Genus PETROPHILA Swainson, 1837.
Rictal bristles weak, less than bill from nostril; first primary slender, equal to primary-coverts; outer webs of third, fourth, and fifth primaries sinuate; tarsus little longer than middle toe with claw; tail three times the tarsus. Males largely blue and chestnut; females dull gray or brown, barred with blackish brown; under parts washed with ocherous buff.
538. PETROPHILA MANILLENSIS (J. R. Forster).
EASTERN ROCK THRUSH.
Turdus manillensis J. R. Forster, Ind. Zool. (1781), 41. [76] Turdus manilla Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 39. Monticola cyanus solitaria Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 318. Petrophila solitaria Oates, Fauna Brit. India (1890), 2, 145. Monticola solitarius Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 214 (winter migration). Petrophila manilla Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 144; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 130; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 85.
Sol-i-tá-ri-o, in general use; yu-ta-yú-ta, Siquijor.
Agutaya (McGregor); Balabac (Steere Exp., Everett); Basilan (Steere Exp.); Batan (McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Schmacker, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Goodfellow); Mindoro (Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Layard, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Keay); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, White); Panaon (Everett); Panay (Steere, Steere Exp.); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor); Y'Ami (McGregor). Japan and eastern Siberia; in winter to southern China, Burmese Provinces, and Malay Archipelago.
Male.--Upper parts, sides of head and neck, chin, throat, and chest blue, this color much obscured by gray, brown, and blackish tips to the feathers; lower breast, abdomen, crissum, and thighs deep chestnut, obscured by whitish tips and blackish subterminal bars; axillars and wing-lining chestnut; wings and tail black, the feathers edged with blue and tipped with white. Length, about 215; wing, 125; tail, 81; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 27.5. This plumage is the one usually found in winter birds in the Philippines. "At the end of winter the white fringes and subterminal black bars on the blue parts of the plumage are entirely lost, and the marks on the chestnut parts are also removed by abrasion in great measure, but never entirely." (Oates.)
"The female much resembles the autumn plumage of the male, except that the blue of the upper parts is much duller and the whole of the under parts are pale whitish brown, suffused with pale buffish brown on the axillaries and under wing- and tail-coverts; each feather on the under parts has a dark brown subterminal transverse band, which on the throat is continued on the margins of the feathers; the axillars and the under tail-coverts have several transverse dark bars. After the autumn molt the only perceptible difference in the female is that the pale brown margins of the feathers are somewhat longer. Males of the year scarcely differ from adult females, excepting in having the ground-color of the under parts, especially on the breast and belly, tinged with blue. Females of the year have the ground-color of the upper parts brown, only slightly tinged with blue on the wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts. Young in first plumage differ very slightly from the females of the year, but have scarcely a trace of blue." (Seebohm.)
A young female from Calayan is brown, slightly washed with dull blue on mantle and back; feathers of mantle, back, and tail-coverts with subterminal blackish bars and gray tips; under parts ocherous buff the feathers with subterminal blackish bars; wings black, the feathers tipped with white and edged with gray, tail similar; wing-lining, axillars, and crissum richer ocherous barred with black.
"Curiously enough this bird is called 'solitaria' by the natives of Negros on account of its habits. Always seen singly or in pairs. Common in the villages, especially about old churches. Also abundant on the rocks along the seashore and in open country in general; never found in the forest. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black; food, insects.
"Six males average, 210 in length; wing, 111; tail, 85; culmen, 23; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 26. Four females, length, 210; wing, 111; tail, 84; culmen, 23; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 27." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
A specimen from Bataan Province, Luzon, appears to be much nearer Petrophila cyanus (Linnæus) than P. manillensis; the under parts are blue with the chestnut restricted to the axillars, wing-lining, crissum, and a few feathers in the middle of abdomen.
Subfamily RUTICILLINÆ.
Nearly all the members of this subfamily are considerably smaller than any of the Turdinæ. There is much diversity in the color pattern as well as in the length and shape of the tail. The species are mostly terrestrial.
Genera.
a1. Tail rounded and decidedly shorter than wing.
b1. Without a white eyebrow; plumage dark blue and chestnut. ... Chaimarrornis (p. 557) b2. With a distinct white eyebrow; chin and throat bright red in the male, white in the female, forming a conspicuous patch ... Calliope (p. 558)
a2. Tail-feathers strongly graduated, the longest equal to or longer than the wing; plumage mostly black, or black and white.
b1. Lesser and median wing-coverts mostly white, forming a large patch; abdomen and crissum white ... Copsychus (p. 558) b2. Lesser and median wing-coverts black; outer tail-feathers tipped with white, or else entire plumage black ... Kittacincla (p. 560)
Genus CHAIMARRORNIS Hodgson, 1844.
Bill small and slender; culmen from base about equal to hind toe with claw; first primary about one-half of second and a little shorter than tarsus; tail rounded, about two-thirds as long as wing, and scarcely exceeding the outstretched legs and feet. Colors dark blue and chestnut.
539. CHAIMARRORNIS BICOLOR Grant.
BICOLORED REDSTART.
Chimarrhornis bicolor Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 44; Ibis (1894), 509, pl. 15, fig. 2; (1895), 446; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 217 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 150; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 85.
U-li-si-u, Irisan, Benguet Province.
Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).
Male.--General color slate-blue, throat darker; chin, jaw, and lores black; abdomen, crissum, flanks, rump, and upper tail-coverts rich chestnut; thighs slate-gray, tail chestnut; wing-feathers dark brown, their edges slate-blue. Bill and nails black; legs and feet very dark brown. Length, 152; wing, 77; tail, 58; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 21.
Female.--Similar to the male but duller in color; rump, tail-coverts, and tail brown, very slightly chestnut. Length, 152; wing, 75; tail, 55; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 21.
Young.--A young male taken in June, 1903, has the plumage dark smoke-gray, almost black, the feathers of throat, breast, and wing-coverts faintly tipped with gray; wings and tail as in the adult and a few new feathers of head, neck, breast, and abdomen indicating the adult colors.
Genus CALLIOPE Gould, 1837.
Bill slender; culmen from base nearly equal to hind toe with claw; wing long and pointed; first primary more than one-half second and longer than tarsus; tail rounded, about three-fourths as long as wing. Throat white or bright red.
540. CALLIOPE CALLIOPE (Pallas).
SIBERIAN RUBYTHROAT.
Motacilla calliope Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs (1776), 3, 697. Erithacus calliope Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 305. Calliope camtschatkensis Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 102, fig. 29 (head); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 214 (habits). Calliope calliope Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 155; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 149; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1900), 85.
Pi-lóy, Manila.
Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Whitehead); Negros (Whitehead). Siberia and northern China; in winter to southern China, Burmese Provinces, northern and central India; accidental in Europe.
Male.--Above olive-brown, at times more or less ashy; line over lores and over eye white; lores and line under eye black, below this a broader white line; base of jaw black; chin and throat-patch bright strawberry-red surrounded by a narrow line of black; chest ashy gray; middle of breast and abdomen white; sides of abdomen and flanks light buff-brown; tail-coverts white, washed with buff. Iris brown; bill dusky brown, nearly black with its base whitish; legs and nails dark flesh-color. Length, about 160 mm. A male from Calayan measures: Wing, 80; tail, 64; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 30; middle toe with claw, 24.
Female.--Differs from the male in having black lines on sides of head and throat replaced by brown; loral feathers with brown tips; throat-patch white; no ashy gray on breast. A female from Calayan measures: Wing, 78; tail, 63; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 29.
"Birds of the year have the brown of both the upper and under parts more ochraceous, and the male resembles the female, except in having traces of red on the throat. Young in first plumage appear to be unknown." (Seebohm.)
Genus COPSYCHUS Wagler, 1827.
Bill moderately stout, when measured from nostril less than hind toe with claw; rictal bristles small; wing pointed, slightly concave, and less than tail in length; first primary more than one-half the second, and much longer than tarsus; rectrices long, narrow, and strongly graduated; outstretched feet not reaching tips of shortest pair of rectrices. Colors black and white, the tail entirely black in the only Philippine species. Sexes somewhat unlike in colors.
541. COPSYCHUS MINDANENSIS (Boddaert).
DOMINICO.
Turdus mindanensis Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 38. Turdus mindanænsis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, pt. 1, 823. Copsychus mindanensis Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 194, pl. 33, fig. 1; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 60; Hand-List (1903), 4, 159; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 218 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 86.
A-ni-ní-hol, Siquijor; do-mi-ní-co, Manila.
Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cebu (Meyer, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.); Lapac (Bartsch); Leyte (Everett); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, Everett, McGregor); Negros (Layard, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Bartsch); Samar (Steere Exp.); Semirara? (Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).
Male.--Upper parts and entire head, throat, and breast glossy blue-black; axillars, under wing-coverts, and feathers of thighs black, tipped with white; remainder of under parts white; wings and tail black, outer webs of the feathers glossy; inner wing-coverts entirely white (but one of the greater coverts occasionally half black); two secondaries with outer webs white. Length, about 185 mm. A specimen from Siquijor measures: Wing, 92; tail, 90; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 25.
Female.--Similar to the male, but upper parts duller; forehead, lores, chin, throat, and breast ash-gray; flanks and crissum washed with pale fulvous. A female measures: Wing, 83; tail, 83; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12.
Young.--Colors similar to adult in pattern, but upper parts dull black; chin, throat, and breast dark smoke-gray, spotted with white and pale buff.
"A showy bird, commonly seen in low bushes and about clumps of bamboo, close to the ground, or on it. The male is constantly opening and closing his tail, and seems to be a vain fellow, well aware of his good looks, and disposed to make the most of them. He is a fine singer as well. Seven males average 203 in length; wing, 107; tail, 105; culmen, 20; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 24. Four females, length, 199; wing, 84; tail, 83; culmen, 18.5; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris and bill black; legs and feet nearly black. Breeding in Mindanao in the month of May." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus KITTACINCLA Gould, 1836.
Bill slender, hind toe with claw longer than bill from nostril; rictal bristles small; feathers about bill and chin with the shafts stiff, produced, and slightly recurved; wing pointed; first primary more than one-half the second; rectrices wide and strongly graduated. Colors largely black and white. In the type of the genus (Kittacincla tricolor) the tail is nearly twice as long as the wing, but in none of the Philippine species is the tail so greatly developed. Kittacincla may be distinguished from Copsychus by its more slender bill and wider rectrices.
Species.
a1. Wing slightly longer than tail; superciliary stripe white; breast and abdomen white.
b1. Rump and tail-coverts orange-chestnut ... luzoniensis (p. 560) b2. Rump and tail-coverts black ... superciliaris (p. 561)
a2. Wing decidedly shorter than tail; superciliary stripe wanting; throat, breast, and abdomen nearly all, or entirely, black.
b1. Tail partly white ... nigra (p. 562) b2. Tail all black ... cebuensis (p. 563)
542. KITTACINCLA LUZONIENSIS (Kittlitz).
LUZON SHAMA.
Turdus luzoniensis Kittlitz, Kupf. der Vögel (1832), 7, pl. 11, fig. 2. Cittocincla luzoniensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 91; Hand-List (1903), 4, 162; Grant, Ibis (1895), 447; (1896), 116; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 239, pl. 6, fig. 4 (egg); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 218 (habits, eggs); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 156, pl. 7, fig. 15; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 86.
Catanduanes (Whitehead); Luzon (Kittlitz, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Polillo (McGregor).
Male.--Head, neck, back, chin, and throat black, the upper parts with a slight blue gloss; on each side of head from above lores to nape a broad superciliary band of white, connected across forehead by a narrow white band; rump and tail-coverts orange-chestnut; breast, abdomen, and crissum white; flanks washed with orange-buff; feathers of thighs brown with white tips; wings black; some of the primaries narrowly edged with white, some of the greater coverts broadly tipped with white; axillars and wing-lining white; rectrices black, the four outer pairs broadly tipped with white. Iris and bill black; feet and nails light flesh-color. Length, about 180 mm. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 82; tail, 82; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 23.
Adult female.--"Top of the head, mantle, and upper back olive-brown; lores, sides of the head and neck, and the chest dull gray, the chin and middle of throat being somewhat paler, almost whitish; wings washed and edged on the outer web with brown; the rest of the plumage is very similar to that of the male. Length, 183; wing, 76; tail, 81; tarsus, 27.
"An immature female is similar to the above, but the middle of the chin and throat is mostly white, in somewhat marked contrast to the gray chest and sides of the head and neck." (Grant.)
Two eggs of the Luzon shama collected at Cape Engaño, Luzon, on April 27, 1895, are thus described:
"Shape short ovate. Ground-color pale sea-green, profusely spotted and blotched all over, especially toward the larger end, with reddish brown and with some indistinct lilac under-markings. Measurements 21 mm. by 16 mm." Two eggs collected in the same locality on May 26, are "rather more oval in shape than the above and more richly marked. Measurements 23 mm. by 16 mm.
"One nest was placed in the hollowed-out stem of a dead palm broken off by the wind, the other in a hollow stump close to the ground; in both cases the nest was composed of moss and dry grass." (Grant and Whitehead.)
"In Marinduque we shot this species about bamboo clumps in the open. In Luzon we invariably found it in the deep woods. A male from Luzon measures as follows: Wing, 75; tail, 79; culmen, 18; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 22. Bill black; legs, feet, and nails flesh-color." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
543. KITTACINCLA SUPERCILIARIS Bourns and Worcester.
WHITE-EYEBROWED SHAMA.
Cittocincla superciliaris Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 23; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903) 1, 162; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1903), 1, 9; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 86. Cittocincla nigrorum Grant, Ibis (1896), 547; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 218 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 162; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 86.
Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Whitehead, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor).
Male.--General color glossy black; a broad superciliary line from above lores to nape white; breast, abdomen, and crissum white with a faint buff wash on flanks; feathers of thighs brown with white tips; wings black; axillars and wing-lining white; tail black, outer pairs of rectrices with narrow white tips, wanting in one specimen. Iris dark; bill black; legs light flesh-color; nails light brown. Length, 165 mm. A male from Masbate measures: Wing, 84; tail, 73; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 23. A male from Ticao, wing, 79; tail, 66; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 22.
"A young male, nearly adult, has a few white feathers on chin and throat and a faint wash of light buff on the flanks. A much younger bird has many of the feathers of the back tipped with rusty brown and the greater wing-coverts and quills washed with the same color; chin and throat almost pure white; an ill-defined black collar; the entire under surface washed with light buff, deeper on the flanks.
"This well-marked species is extremely rare in Masbate. It feeds in dense thickets in the deep woods and we never heard it utter a note. The Luzon bird, C. luzoniensis, has a superciliary stripe, but this stripe is not nearly so broad as in this species, and as the strongly marked superciliary line is one of the most noticeable characters of the Masbate bird we have named it accordingly." (Bourns and Worcester.)
544. KITTACINCLA NIGRA Sharpe.
PALAWAN BLACK SHAMA.
Cittocincla nigra Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 335, pl. 52; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 90; Hand-List (1903), 4, 161; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 86.
Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Everett, Celestino, White).
Adult male and female.--Almost entirely glossy blue-black; some feathers of lower abdomen, flanks, and sides of back with white shafts, or with subterminal white spots which are more or less concealed; under tail-coverts black, broadly tipped with white; four central rectrices black, the others white with concealed black bases; wings black, most of the feathers edged with glossy blue-black. Length, 215 to 220 mm. A male from Palawan measures: Wing, 88; tail, 105; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 23. A female, wing, 81; tail, 98; culmen, from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 22.
Young.--Similar to the adult but throat and breast less glossy; abdomen, flanks, and crissum entirely white, thighs brown; the flanks slightly washed with earthy brown. In more nearly adult plumage the throat and breast become glossy and the white of the abdomen is reduced in extent and broken up; the thighs become black.
"Quite common in Palawan, where we found it skulking in thickets in the deep woods, usually near or on the ground, though it would fly up into the trees if followed. In the Calamianes Islands we found it abundantly in bamboo thickets.
"Four males from Palawan average: Length, 205; wing, 87; tail, 107; culmen, 21; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 22. Two females, length, 230; wing, 90; tail, 105; culmen, 20; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 22. Iris dark brown to black; legs, feet, and nails brown to black; bill black. Called by natives of Palawan 'tam-be-lad-nun'." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
545. KITTACINCLA CEBUENSIS Steere.
CEBU BLACK SHAMA.
Cittocincla cebuensis Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 20; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 58; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 162; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 86; McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 307.
Cebu (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).
Adult.--Glossy blue-black; wings black; coverts, alula, and some of the secondaries edged with glossy blue-black; axillars and wing-lining similar; tail black. Two adult males measure: Wing, 90, 95; tail, 105.6, 99 (imperfect); culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 27, 26; middle toe with claw, 24, 23.
An immature male from Toledo, Cebu, October 13, differs from the adult as follows: Feathers of crown and nape tipped with dull rusty brown; wings dull seal-brown; each feather of alula and greater coverts with a subterminal spot of ocherous brown; lesser coverts black, fringed with silvery gray; lower parts dull blue-gray, tips of feathers ocherous, becoming more rusty on flanks.
"An immature female is slaty black above, tail dull black; wing-coverts brown, tipped with distinct spots of rufous-brown, these spots forming two irregular bars; quills fulvous-brown; primaries faintly washed on outer webs with rufous-brown; forehead brownish; lores, ring round eye, sides of face and chin light rufous-brown; center of throat and upper breast slaty gray, a few of the feathers still retaining brownish centers; rest of under surface slaty black washed with brown; under tail-coverts black with brown shaft-stripes." (Bourns and Worcester.)
"Apparently confined to the island of Cebu where it is very rare. Invariably found in the forest and in dense thickets close to the ground. It is both quiet and shy. We never heard it utter a note.
"Two males from Cebu average: Length, 205; wing, 90; tail, 100; culmen, 20; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 24. Iris very dark brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown, almost black; bill black. Breeding in June." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Subfamily SAXICOLINÆ.
The two species representing this subfamily in the Philippines are small; the upper tail-coverts are white, which is not true of the other Philippine Turdidæ; the bill is slender and the feeding habits are Muscicapine.
Genera.
a1. First primary about one-half the second in length; tail uniform in color. ... Pratincola (p. 564) a2. First primary less than one-third the length of second; tail bicolored, the basal part light ... Saxicola (p. 565)
Genus PRATINCOLA Koch, 1816.
Bill stout; rictal bristles strong, equal to or longer than bill from nostril; wing moderate; first primary more than one-half second and longer than tarsus; tail moderate in length and rounded.
546. PRATINCOLA CAPRATA (Linnæus).
PIED CHAT.
Motacilla caprata Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 335. Pratincola caprata Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 195; Hand-List (1903), 4, 173; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 59, fig. 24 (head); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 104 (habits); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 161; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 86.
Si-páo, Manila.
Bantayan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Jagor, Everett, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Everett); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Panay (Steere, Steere Exp.); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor). Persia, India Peninsula, Burmese provinces, Java, Borneo.
Adult male.--Most of the plumage glossy black; inner series of secondary-coverts white, forming a conspicuous patch; rump, upper tail-coverts, and crissum pure white; some feathers of flanks, lower abdomen, and thighs tipped with white; extreme bases of outer rectrices white. Bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 130 mm. Wing, 68; tail, 50; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 20. In winter the male has many feathers of head, back, breast, abdomen, and sides of body fringed with buff.
Adult female.--In fresh plumage (April); upper parts ashy gray with dark brown centers to the feathers; rump and tail-coverts rusty buff; lower parts brown; feathers of chin edged with pale whitish buff; crissum pale whitish buff; remainder of under parts ocherous brown, the feathers with darker centers; feathers of wing dark brown with lighter margins; rectrices blackish brown. In worn plumage (September) the upper parts, except uropygium, become seal-brown; wing-feathers similar from the wearing away of the light margins; under parts darker than in the fresh plumage. A female measures: Wing, 64; tail, 50; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 7.5; tarsus, 20.
Young.--A young male (May) resembles the female in worn plumage, but the under parts are richer and more mottled; chin and throat buff with blackish edges to feathers; breast and abdomen rusty ocherous, the feathers of breast fringed with dull black; head, neck, and back smoky black, most of the feathers marked with small buff spots; secondaries, alula, and secondary-coverts broadly edged with rusty ocherous; edging of alula-feathers lighter; bases of inner greater coverts pure white.
Genus SAXICOLA Bechstein, 1802.
Bill slender; rictal bristles weak, the longest less than bill from nostril; wing long, flat, and pointed; first primary short and slender, less than one-third of second; tail rounded, extending very little beyond the folded wings.
547. SAXICOLA OENANTHE (Linnæus).
WHEATEAR.
Motacilla oenanthe Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 186. Saxicola oenanthe Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 391; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 175; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 165; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 27; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 86.
Calayan (McGregor). Europe and northern Asia to Alaska; in winter to the Indian Peninsula and eastern Africa.
"Adult male in breeding plumage.--General color of the upper parts pale slate-gray; forehead and eye-stripe, which extends to the nape, white; lores and upper part of the ear-coverts black; wings and wing-coverts nearly black, a few traces of the autumnal buff margins to the feathers generally left; rump and upper tail-coverts white; tail white except the terminal three-fifths of the two center feathers, and the terminal fourths of the others, which are nearly black; under parts very pale buff, slightly darker on the throat and breast; axillars and under wing-coverts white with dark centers; inner margin of quills brown. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest; second primary sometimes as long as the fourth; bastard primary, 19 to 14 mm. Wing, 106.6 to 89; (females, 94 to 87.6); tail 62 to 51; culmen, 18 to 16; tarsus, 30 to 27.
"Adult female in breeding plumage.--General color of the upper parts dull brown; forehead and eye-stripe buffish white, much narrower than in the male; lores and upper part of the ear-coverts brown; wings and wing-coverts not so dark as in the male; rump and upper tail-coverts white; tail as in the male, but the dark parts not quite so dark; under parts as in the male. After the autumn molt both sexes have a buffish brown margin to every feather, so that they are scarcely distinguishable, and resemble the adult female in breeding plumage except that the quills and tail-feathers are margined with buffish brown at the tip, and the innermost secondaries and wing-coverts are similarly margined, not only at the tip but along the outside webs; the under parts are also darker in color. It is not known that birds of the year differ from adults.
"Young in first plumage resemble the female, but have obscure transverse terminal dark bars and pale centers to most of the feathers of the upper and under parts." (Seebohm.)
The only specimen of the wheatear recorded from the Philippines, a male from Calayan, measures: Wing, 97; tail, 57; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 27.
Family SYLVIIDÆ.
Bill slender, short or moderately long; upper mandible with a small notch; culmen slightly curved near the tip; nostrils exposed; rictal bristles usually inconspicuous; wing rounded and curved to the body, tertials much shorter than secondaries; tarsus slender, longer than bill from gape; tail rounded, wedge-shaped, or graduate. Nearly all the members of this family are plainly colored and the sexes closely resemble each other. The young birds are unspotted; they either resemble the adults, or else they are more highly colored. Some of the genera of flycatchers are very similar to certain genera which are here placed in the Sylviidæ.
Characteristic species of the Turdidæ, Muscicapidæ, and Sylviidæ are easily recognized and distinguished, but the three families intergrade through intermediate genera so that even the highest authorities on classification are by no means agreed as to the respective limits of these three families.
Genera.
a1. Tail with twelve rectrices.
b1. Tail wedge-shaped, or at least decidedly rounded, the rectrices usually pointed.
c1. Wing longer than tail.
d1. First primary shorter than primary-coverts and more or less pointed.
e1. Rictal bristles minute ... Locustella (p. 567) e2. Rictal bristles strong ... Acrocephalus (p. 569)
d2. First primary longer than primary-coverts, equal to one-half the second primary or more.
e1. Bill much longer; hind toe with claw less than exposed culmen. ... Orthotomus (p. 572) e2. Bill much shorter; hind toe with claw more than culmen from base. ... Cisticola (p. 579)
c2. Wing shorter than tail.
d1. Rictal bristles minute; tail rounded ... Tribura (p. 571) d2. Rictal bristles moderate, the longest more than one-half the bill from nostril; rectrices strongly graduated ... Megalurus (p. 582)
b2. Tail square; the rectrices not pointed; first primary about equal to primary-coverts; third and fourth primaries equal and longest; rictal bristles moderate ... Acanthopneuste (p. 584)
a2. Tail with ten rectrices; rictal bristles well developed; first primary more than one-half the second; tail rounded or slightly graduate.
b1. Front of tarsus scutellate; feathers of forehead and chin with their shafts stiff and extending beyond the webs ... Horornis (p. 586) b2. Front of tarsus entire; feathers of forehead and chin normal. ... Phyllergates (p. 588)
Genus LOCUSTELLA Kaup, 1829.
Bill small and slender; rictal bristles minute; wing flat and pointed, somewhat longer than tail; first primary narrow and pointed, less than primary-coverts; second primary nearly as long as third which is longest; rectrices graduated and slightly pointed, the outermost feather nearly as short as, or shorter than, under tail-coverts; tarsus and toes well developed, reaching nearly to tip of tail. Plumage obscure, spotted in the smallest species.
Species.
a1. Larger; wing more than 60 mm.; plumage without spots or streaks.
b1. Slightly larger; bill, tarsus, and toes decidedly heavier; bill from nostril about 11 mm.; rectrices uniform in color, the outermost pair slightly longer than the under coverts ... fasciolata (p. 567) b2. Slightly smaller; bill, tarsus, and toes decidedly more slender; bill from nostril about 10 mm.; rectrices with pale tips and subterminal blackish bars, the outermost pair slightly shorter than the under coverts. ... ochotensis (p. 568)
a2. Smaller; wing less than 60 mm.; feathers of upper parts with conspicuous, dark, median streaks; chest, sides, and flanks usually marked with elongate dark spots ... lanceolata (p. 569)
548. LOCUSTELLA FASCIOLATA (Gray).
GRAY'S GRASSHOPPER WARBLER.
Acrocephalus fasciolatus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1860), 349. Locustella fasciolata Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 109, pl. 5; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 210 (habits, migration); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 185; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 87.
Batan (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, Celestino); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindoro (Porter); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Talaut, Sangir, and Molucca Islands, eastern Siberia, China, and Japan; in winter to Batchian, Halmahera, and Morotai.
Male (Batan Island, May).--Above dark russet-brown; wings and tail seal-brown, edged with russet-brown; second primary edged with gray; a distinct line over lores, eye, and ear-coverts ashy gray; lores and upper ear-coverts dusky; chin and fore throat white, becoming ashy or drab-gray on cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of throat, and breast; breast ashy gray, becoming white on middle of abdomen; sides, flanks, and thighs light olive-brown; crissum yellowish olive-brown. Wing, 76; tail, 68; outermost rectrix, 45; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 24.
In winter the upper parts, especially the head, are lighter; the superciliary stripe, cheeks, and under parts are washed with buff and the gray is entirely obscured. The male and female are very similar if not identical in colors. A female from Calayan in fresh winter-plumage measures: Wing, 72; tail, 66; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 26. A female in somewhat worn plumage, wing, 72; tail, 68; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 25.
549. LOCUSTELLA OCHOTENSIS (Middendorf).
YELLOW GRASSHOPPER WARBLER.
Sylvia (Locustella) ochotensis Middendorf, Sib. Reise (1853), 2, 185. Locustella ochotensis Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 113; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 210 (migration); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 186; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 87.
Basilan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Goodfellow); Mindoro (Whitehead); Romblon (McGregor). Kurile Islands, northeastern Siberia, Greater Sunda Islands, Kamtchatka, Japan; Borneo in winter.
Adult.--Above russet-brown; feathers of head and back with darker centers; lores and a line over eye to nape ashy; cheeks and ear-coverts brown with a buff wash; jaws white; loral and malar feathers with shafts extending beyond the webs, the produced portions black; sides of the neck brown; under parts white; sides, flanks, thighs, and crissum buffy brown; a faint buff wash across fore breast; wings and tail similar to the back, the latter with obsolete, narrow bars on upper surface; rectrices dark gray below, each with a dark bar just anterior to the whitish tip. Upper mandible dusky, lower mandible light flesh-color, dusky at tip; legs and nails pale flesh-color. Length, about 165; male, wing, 74; tail, 60; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 23. Female, wing, 65; tail, 54; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 21.
Young.--In young birds the sides of the head and the entire under parts are strongly suffused with yellowish buff.
550. LOCUSTELLA LANCEOLATA (Temminck).
STREAKED GRASSHOPPER WARBLER.
Sylvia lanceolata Temminck, Man. d'Orn. (1840), 4, 614. Locustella lanceolata Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 118; Oates, Fauna Brit. India Birds (1889), 1, 354; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 186; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 180, pl. 9, fig. 9; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 87.
Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Heriot, McGregor). Russia, Siberia, and central Asia; in winter to China, Andaman Islands, Indian Peninsula, and Burmese provinces.
Adult (sexes similar).--Above olivaceous russet-brown, each feather with a wide seal-brown shaft-streak; primaries and secondaries seal-brown edged with russet-brown, second primary edged with whitish; secondary-coverts similar to back; tail nearly uniform brown; sides of head and ear-coverts brown; a yellowish buff line above, and another below, eye; cheek and jaw buff, traversed by a narrow blackish brown line; under parts whitish, washed with buff on fore breast, sides, flanks, and crissum; feathers of these parts more or less marked with blackish brown shaft-lines. Bill dusky above, flesh-color below; legs and nails pale yellowish flesh-color. Length, 120 to 125. A male from Calayan measures: Wing, 57; tail, 45; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 17. A female, wing, 53; tail, 43; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 19.
"The streaks on the lower surface become reduced in aged birds. The bird least marked in my series has a few streaks only on the middle of the breast and on the flanks, with one or two faint marks on the under tail-coverts. In this state it is very like the Indian L. straminea. The majority of the birds are densely streaked from the chin to the tail-coverts, except on the abdomen; and all these are characterized by a richer tone of coloring beneath. The tail-coverts vary in the most extraordinary manner. In many of the birds they are entirely unmarked; in others densely streaked, and this apparently quite independently of the amount of streaking on the other parts of the lower plumage." (Oates.)
Genus ACROCEPHALUS Naumann, 1811.
Bill comparatively long and stout; from three to five large rictal bristles on each side of bill; wing long, flat, and pointed; first primary minute, narrow, and pointed; third primary longest, second a little shorter; tail decidedly rounded; tarsus and feet well developed.
Species.
a1. Much smaller; wing, about 60 mm.; a blackish stripe on each side of crown. ... sorghophilus (p. 570) a2. Much larger; wing, about 90 mm.; no blackish stripes on the crown. ... orientalis (p. 571)
551. ACROCEPHALUS SORGHOPHILUS (Swinhoe).
LITTLE REED WARBLER.
Calamodyta sorghophila Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1863), 92 and 293.
Acrocephalus sorgophilus Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 94; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 187; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 87.
Luzon (McGregor). China.
Male.--Above tawny olive, uniform and more ocherous on rump and tail-coverts; head and back distinctly streaked with dark brown; lores, sides of head, and a line above each eye yellow-buff; on each side of crown a long blackish stripe bordering the superciliary line below; a dark line on upper border of ear-coverts; under parts pale buff, flanks and thighs darker; wings and tail brown and much worn. Rectrices twelve; iris dark brown. Wing, 55; tail, 49; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 18; hind toe with claw, 14. Bill comparatively broad and flat.
The specimen described above was killed in a bed of reeds on the border of Laguna de Bay, January 19, 1902. The only other specimen known was taken near Amoy, China, in May, 1861. The original description follows:
Type.--"Upper mandible of bill blackish brown, edge of upper and whole of lower yellow-ocher; rictus and inside of mouth yellow; iris ocherous brown; legs and toes plumbeous, with paler soles; upper parts ocherous olive, with a few rather faint streaks of blackish brown; eyebrow and cheeks ocherous, more buff-colored on the lores; over the eyebrow a black streak marks each side of the head; under parts yellowish buff, much paler on the throat, under neck, and center of belly; wing-coverts and tertiaries deep hair-brown, margined with ocherous olive; quills hair-brown edged with light chestnut-brown; tail pale hair-brown margined with reddish olive which color also tinges the rump; inner edges of the under wing edged with very pale rusty ocher. Length, 116.8; wing, 56.6; tail, 47.7; tarsi, 17.7; bill along culmen, 10.6.
"First quill very small, narrow, and pointed, about 8.6 mm. long; second quill 7 mm. shorter than the third and fourth, which are equal and longest, the fifth quill 3.8 mm. shorter than the third and fourth; the sixth 5.5 mm. shorter than the fifth. Tail much graduated, the rectrices being narrowed at their tips; tarsi thick; toes and claws strong, the hind toe and claw especially so." (Swinhoe.)
552. ACROCEPHALUS ORIENTALIS (Temminck and Schlegel).
ORIENTAL REED WARBLER.
Salicaria turdina orientalis Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves (1850), 50. Acrocephalus orientalis Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 97; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 210 (migration); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 187; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 183; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 87.
Batan (McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Cebu (Meyer, Steere Exp., McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere Exp., Goodfellow); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Palawan (Platen). Japan, northern China, and eastern Siberia; in winter to Burmese provinces and the Malay Archipelago.
Adult male and female.--Above nearly uniform olive-brown; feathers of back, tail-coverts, and wing-coverts somewhat fringed with ocherous buff; primaries, secondaries, and rectrices dark brown, edged with olive-brown; second primary with a whitish outer web; below white, washed with buff; chin and throat nearly pure white; breast pale buff; sides, flanks, thighs, and crissum considerably darker; lores and spot behind eye brown; eyelids pale buff; a line from nostril over lores and eye to occiput pale buff; feathers of lores and jaws with produced black shaft-tips. The obscure dusky streak on throat and the pale tips to the rectrices, frequently seen in Philippine specimens, are said to be characteristic of birds of the year. Length, about 190. A male in fresh plumage from Calayan measures: Wing, 85; tail, 77; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 26. A female from Calayan, wing, 80; tail, 68; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 24.
This species is resident in Bohol and specimens from that island are smaller than those taken in Calayan and in Luzon during migration.
Genus TRIBURA Hodgson, 1845.
"Bill to gape equal to head or less, straight, cylindric, compressed; at base higher than broad, and having the ridge raised and keeled between the oval apert nares; tip of upper mandible scarcely inclined but distinctly notched; rictus smooth; wings short and feeble but not much or equally gradated; first two quills conspicuously gradated, three next subequal and longest; tail more or less elongated and gradated throughout, rather cuneate than fan-shaped and somewhat rigid or worn; tarsi stout, smooth, longer than the mid toe and nail; toes and nails simple, compressed, inner fore with its nail exceeding the outer fore, central elongate, hind least; nails acute." (Hodgson.)
553. TRIBURA SEEBOHMI (Grant).
SEEBOHM'S GRASS WARBLER.
Lusciniola seebohmi Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. (1895), 4, 40; Ibis (1895), 443; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 211 (habits). Tribura seebohmi Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 191; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88.
Luzon (Whitehead).
"Seebohm's grass warbler belongs to the section of the genus Lusciniola in which the first primary is half or more than half the length of the second, the sides of the head and ear-coverts brown, the throat pure white and devoid of spots, and the tail considerably longer than the wing.
"Clearly the nearest allies to this species are L. luteiventris and L. mandellii. In these three species the wing-formula is as follows:
"L. luteiventris. Fourth quill slightly longer than, rarely subequal to, the fifth; third intermediate between fifth and sixth.
"L. mandellii, L. seebohmi. Fifth somewhat longer than the fourth and sixth, which are subequal, and distinctly longer than the third.
"The present species differs from both its allies in having the general color of the upper parts browner, the white on the chin and throat more extensive and shading into grayish on the sides of the neck; while the sides and flanks are more grayish brown in tint and but slightly washed with buff; the lower mandible appears to have been yellowish white, as in L. luteiventris. Length, 147; wing, 51; tail, 63.5; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 19." (Grant.)
Genus ORTHOTOMUS Horsfield, 1821.
Bill long, depressed basally, compressed near the tip, with no notch at tip of mandible; rictal bristles few and moderate in length; no bristles on forehead; chin-feathers without lengthened shafts; wing short, rounded, and curved to the body; first primary less than one-half second, the latter considerably shorter than the fourth; fifth, sixth, and seventh subequal and longest; secondaries but little shorter than primaries; rectrices long, narrow, strongly graduated, and their tips rounded; tarsus about equal to culmen from base; outstretched feet usually reaching to, or beyond, the tip of tail; colors largely green, chestnut, gray, and white; or green, black, and gray or yellow.
Species.
a1. Top of head, or the forehead at least, chestnut.
b1. Chin, throat, and ear-coverts white, or gray streaked with white.
c1. Back bright olive-green.
d1. Chestnut of head confined to frontal and circumocular regions, not extending to occiput.
e1. Chestnut of forehead sharply defined posteriorly; crown gray. ... frontalis (p. 573) e2. Chestnut of forehead not sharply defined, but merging into dull olive-gray on crown ... mearnsi (p. 574)
d2. Chestnut of head covering the entire forehead, crown, and occiput. ... chloronotus (p. 575)
c2. Back gray.
d1. Outer webs of rectrices green ... castaneiceps (p. 574) d2. Outer webs of rectrices dull chestnut, gray basally.
e1. Wing-feathers edged with green; throat and breast white, streaked with gray ... derbianus (p. 575) e2. Wing-feathers edged with gray; throat and breast white. ... ruficeps (p. 576)
b2. Chin and ear-coverts, as well as forehead and crown, cinnamon-rufous. ... cineraceous (p. 576)
a2. Top of head smoky gray or black; throat black in the adult.
b1. Thighs green; middle of breast and of abdomen black or smoky gray.
c1. Ear-coverts white forming a conspicuous patch; top of head dark smoky gray cinereiceps (p. 577) c2. Ear-coverts black; top of head black; eyebrow and eye-circle white. ... nigriceps (p. 578)
b2. Thighs chestnut; entire breast and abdomen bright yellow. ... samarensis (p. 578)
554. ORTHOTOMUS FRONTALIS Sharpe.
SHARPE'S TAILORBIRD.
Orthotomus frontalis Sharpe, Ibis (1877), 112, pl. 2, fig. 1; Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 336 (part); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 220 (part); Hand-List (1903), 4, 192 (part); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 219 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88 (part).
Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino, Clemens, Bartsch); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).
Adult.--Forehead, lores, and ring around eye rufous-chestnut, sharply defined against the ashy gray crown; ear-coverts, sides of neck, and hind neck ashy gray like the crown; back, rump, tail-coverts, and edges of wing-feathers and of rectrices bright olive-green, the last with a dusky subterminal band; under parts white, more or less streaked with cinereous on throat and breast; sides ashy; flanks and under tail-coverts washed with light yellowish green; thighs chestnut. Length, about 115. A male from northern Mindanao measures: Wing, 44; tail, 35; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 19. A female from Bohol, wing, 41; tail, 34; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 19.
Specimens in fresh plumage have the occiput more or less washed with green; the dusky spots at end of tail are variable.
555. ORTHOTOMUS MEARNSI McGregor.
MEARNS'S TAILORBIRD.
Orthotomus frontalis Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 336 (part); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88 (part). Orthotomus mearnsi McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 289.
Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).
Adult.--Similar to Orthotomus frontalis, but the chestnut of forehead extending on crown to, or nearly to, posterior border of eye, not ending abruptly; the whole crown and nape slightly suffused with chestnut, the crown never clear slate-gray as in O. frontalis; behind eye the chestnut extends over the sides of nape. The type measures: Length, 114; wing, 47; tail, 45; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 11.5; tarsus, 20. Female, wing, 47; tail, 40; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 20.
556. ORTHOTOMUS CASTANEICEPS Walden.
CHESTNUT-HEADED TAILORBIRD.
Orthotomus castaneiceps Walden, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1872), 10, 252; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 223; Hand-List (1903), 4, 192; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 220; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88. Orthotomus panayensis Steere, List Bds. & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 20.
Sa-gua-ti, Ticao; ta-gua-ti, Masbate and Bantayan.
Bantayan (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Panay (Murray, Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).
Adult.--Top of head from bill to neck, lores, a broad line under eye, and upper part of ear-coverts chestnut; back, rump, and tail-coverts slate-gray; the rump and tail-coverts green in some specimens; wing-feathers and rectrices edged with bright olive-green; tail with a dusky band near its tip; under parts white; throat and breast streaked with slate-gray; sides and flanks more or less washed with ashy gray; thighs chestnut, flanks and crissum washed with green in some specimens. Length, about 150. A male from Bantayan measures: Wing, 57; tail, 55; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 23. A female, wing, 50; tail, 46; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 22.
"Steere has attempted to separate the Panay tailorbird from that of Guimaras and Negros, but after a most careful examination of a large series of specimens from Panay, Negros, and Masbate we are compelled to say that there is not the slightest difference between the birds from the three islands. Their size is the same. The wash of olive-green on the back, on which Doctor Steere relied to separate the Panay birds, is a variable character present in some birds, absent in others shot at the same season. It occurs in birds from Negros and Masbate as well as those from Panay. The presumptive evidence against finding one species of Orthotomus in Panay and another in Guimaras is of course very strong. Guimaras is to all intents and purposes a part of Panay and there are no other known differences between the birds of the two islands. Masbate is a new locality for the species." (Bourns and Worcester.)
"The chestnut-headed tailorbird frequents low bushes in open country, also the mangrove swamps; less common in the woods. A noisy bird, its note being very similar to that of O. frontalis." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
557. ORTHOTOMUS DERBIANUS Moore.
DERBY'S TAILORBIRD.
Orthotomus derbianus Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1854), 309, pl. 76; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 224; Hand-List (1903), 4, 192; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 220 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88.
Catanduanes (Whitehead); Luzon (Cuming, Everett, Möllendorff, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor).
Adult.--Top of head from bill to nape, lores, narrow line under eye, and upper parts of ear-coverts chestnut; back, rump, and tail-coverts cinereous; wing-feathers brown, edged with olive-green; tail dull chestnut, edged with gray at base; under parts light gray, streaked with white on throat and breast; thighs chestnut; iris and legs tan-brown; nails flesh-color. Length, about 140. Male, wing, 50; tail, 50; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 20.
"Habits similar to those of O. frontalis. A male measures as follows: Wing, 47; tail, 47; culmen, 18; tarsus, 19.5; middle toe with claw, 18. A female, wing, 46; tail, 41; culmen, 19; tarsus, 19.5; middle toe with claw, 17.5." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
558. ORTHOTOMUS CHLORONOTUS Grant.
GREEN-BACKED TAILORBIRD.
Orthotomus chloronotus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 3, 2; Ibis (1896), 117, pl. 3, fig. 1; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 240 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 220; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 192; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 191, pl. 9, fig. 12; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88.
Pi-pit ma-na-ná-hi, Manila.
Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).
Adult.--Differs from Orthotomus derbianus in having the entire back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and crissum olive-green and the rectrices edged basally with olive-green. A male measures: Wing, 49; tail, 47; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 21. A female, wing, 50; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 19.
Three eggs of the green-backed tailorbird from Isabela Province, Luzon, collected by Whitehead on May 29, 1894, are described as follows: "Shape ovate. Ground-color pure white, thinly spotted and dotted all over with brown-lake over-markings and a few pale reddish lilac under-markings. Measurements 16 mm. by 13 mm.
"The nest of the green-backed tailorbird is of the ordinary type, being a pocket formed by two leaves sewn together. It was placed among the herbage by the side of a path about 8 inches [20 cm.] from the ground. On the 19th of May a second nest was found on a small islet in a stream where a few slender large-leaved plants were growing just above the water. This nest contained two young birds." (Grant and Whitehead.)
559. ORTHOTOMUS RUFICEPS (Lesson).
RUFOUS-HEADED TAILORBIRD.
Edela ruficeps Lesson, Traité d'Orn. (1830), 309. Orthotomus ruficeps Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 224; Hand-List (1903), 4, 193; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88.
Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, White, Celestino); Sibutu (Everett); Sitanki (Bartsch). Malay Peninsula, southern Tenasserim, Sumatra, Borneo.
Adult.--Top of head, lores, and upper ear-coverts chestnut; back, rump, and tail-coverts ashy gray; wing-feathers blackish, edged with ashy gray; rectrices chestnut, basal one-third or more ashy gray or brown; under parts including cheeks, and lower part of ear-coverts, silky white; breast, sides, flanks, and crissum washed more or less with pale buff. Length, about 125. Male, wing, 48; tail, 42; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 20. Female, wing, 45; tail, 40; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 19.
In certain individuals (young?), each rectrix, except the two outer pairs, has a large black spot near its tip.
"This tailorbird is often found in the deepest forest; its habits are like those of the species already described. Birds from the Calamianes Islands average larger than those from Palawan. Four females from Palawan average: Length, 114; wing, 44; tail, 37; culmen, 17.5; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 15. Seven males from the Calamianes Islands, length, 130; wing, 50.5; tail, 46; culmen, 19; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 17. Iris light brown; legs, feet, and nails very light brown; upper mandible light brown, lower nearly white." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
560. ORTHOTOMUS CINERACEUS Blyth.
ASHY TAILORBIRD.
Orthotomus cineraceus Blyth, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal (1845), 14, 489; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 225; Hand-List (1903), 4, 193; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88.
Cagayan Sulu (Guillemard, Mearns). Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.
Male (Cagayan Sulu).--Forehead, crown, chin, entire sides of face, and ear-coverts chestnut-rufous; back dark gray; under parts gray, lighter on abdomen; wings dark brown, edged with lighter brown; tail with an indistinct, dark subterminal band.
"Adult male.--General color above clear ashy gray; the crown, sides of head, including the cheeks, ear-coverts, and chin bright cinnamon-rufous, the hinder crown and occiput gradually shading off into brown as they approach the hind neck; throat, neck, and under parts generally ashy gray; the center of the abdomen and under tail-coverts pure white; thighs deep cinnamon-rufous; under wing-coverts washed with rufous, as also is the edge of the wing; lower surface of quills dark brown, edged along the inner web with rufous-white; wings above brown, somewhat washed with olive and not so gray as the back, the primaries narrowly edged with whity brown; tail light brown, with paler brown margins, the outer feathers tipped with white, before which is a tolerably distinct subterminal bar of dark brown; bill in skin light horn-brown, the under mandible paler and more yellowish. 'Legs pale warm brown; iris naples-yellow.' (Everett). Length, 119; culmen, 14; wing, 47; tail, 44; tarsus, 19.
"Female.--Differs from the adult male in being white below, without the gray throat, although indications of the latter are generally seen in the grayish shade more or less observable on the lower throat and sides of breast. The cinnamon-color of the chin is also difficult to trace, being so faintly pronounced.
"Young.--General color above olive-brown; quills brown, externally washed with olive-green; tail brown, tipped obscurely with whity brown, with a subterminal shade of black, scarcely forming a spot; ear-coverts pale rufescent; under surface of body dull yellowish white, the thighs obscure fawn-color; center of the body pale yellowish, the sides of the breast and flanks obscurely washed with greenish." (Sharpe.)
561. ORTHOTOMUS CINEREICEPS Sharpe.
ASHY-HEADED TAILORBIRD.
Orthotomus cinereiceps Sharpe, Ibis (1877), 113, pl. 2, fig. 2; Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 337; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 222; Hand-List (1903), 4, 192; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88.
Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).
Adult.--Entire top of head, lores, and hind neck dark ashy gray; a large white patch on ear-coverts; remainder of upper parts olive-green, lighter on tail-coverts; wing-feathers blackish, edged with green; rectrices olive-brown, edged with green; cheeks, chin, and throat black; fore breast ashy gray; center of lower breast and abdomen white; sides, flanks, thighs, and crissum washed with yellow. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 47; tail, 55; culmen from base, 16.5; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 21.
Young.--The immature bird resembles the corresponding plumage in O. nigriceps, having more or less white on the chin and throat.
"Very common in Basilan. Eight from Basilan measure: Length, 126; wing, 47; tail, 76; culmen, 18.5; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 17.5. Six females, length, 111; wing, 45; tail, 41; tarsus, 19.5; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris brown; legs, feet, and nails very light brown, in some cases almost white; upper mandible nearly white, lower very light brown. Breeding in Basilan in August." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
562. ORTHOTOMUS NIGRICEPS Tweeddale.
BLACK-HEADED TAILORBIRD.
Orthotomus nigriceps Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 828, pl. 85; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 222; Hand-List (1903), 4, 192; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88.
Mindanao (Everett, Celestino).
Adult.--Loral feathers white with black tips; ring around eye and superciliary stripe to above ear-coverts white; remainder of head, hind neck, sides of neck, chin, throat, and chest black; back, rump, and tail-coverts olive-green; wing-feathers blackish, edged with green, brighter and more yellow on greater coverts and bend of wing; rectrices brown, edged with green; middle of breast and abdomen smoky gray; sides, flanks, thighs, and crissum olive-green. Length, about 125. A male from northern Mindanao measures: Wing, 46; tail, 45; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 22.
Young.--In immature birds the cheeks, chin, throat, and breast are white.
563. ORTHOTOMUS SAMARENSIS Steere.
YELLOW-BREASTED TAILORBIRD.
Orthotomus samarensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 20; Grant, Ibis (1897), 228; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 220 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 192; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88.
Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Whitehead); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).
Adult male.--Entire head, neck, chin, throat, and middle of fore breast black; back and rump dull olive-green brighter around the neck; rump and tail-coverts dull russet-brown; wing-feathers blackish, edged with olive-green, the bend of wing and tips of greater median coverts yellow; rectrices brown, edged with russet; breast, sides of breast, and of neck, and abdomen lemon-yellow becoming olivaceous on sides, flanks, and crissum; thighs dull chestnut. The black of fore breast is sharply defined against the yellow, and does not extend over the sides of the chest as it does in O. nigriceps, but is confined to the central parts of the chest, its posterior outline being rounded. All the specimens known have more or less white on the chin and malar region, but this is variable in extent and is probably a sign of immaturity as it is in O. nigriceps. A male from Bohol measures: Length, 127; wing, 44; tail, 39; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 21.
The female is unknown.
"Iris light brown; bill brownish black, mandible pinkish brown; legs yellowish flesh-color. This bird has a sweet and powerful song and in this respect it differs from the other species. It is very shy and difficult to obtain." (Whitehead.)
"The yellow-breasted tailorbird is extremely rare. A single specimen was secured by the Steere Expedition, and we were able to secure but one more. Both birds were shot in deep forest close to the bank of a stream. Our specimen, a male, measures: Length, 114; wing, 42.6; tail, 40; culmen, 19; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 18. Iris chocolate-brown; legs, feet, and nails very light brown; bill black. Breeding in August." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus CISTICOLA Kaup, 1829.
Bill small, slender, and sharply pointed; culmen gently curved in its terminal half; bill from nostril equal to hind-toe without claw; wing somewhat rounded and flat; difference between the length of primaries and of secondaries less than first primary; first primary slender, much less than one-half the second, the latter nearly as long as third; fourth and fifth equal and longest; rectrices long, much graduated, their tips rounded; the tail is similar to that of Orthotomus, but the feathers are much wider; tarsus and feet well developed, the outstretched toes reaching to or beyond tip of tail. Birds of this genus present puzzling seasonal changes of plumage. The tail is longer in the winter than in the breeding season, and the female is somewhat smaller than the male. The seasonal variation in color is great and has led ornithologists to name several species which do not exist. It is not certain that the smaller species found in the Philippines is really C. exilis, and it may be either C. erythrocephala Jerdon or C. semirufa Cabanis. [77]
Species.
a1. Larger, wing and tail longer; breeding male with top of head ocherous-buff, streaked with blackish brown, and with tail about 40 mm. ... cisticola (p. 580) a2. Smaller, wing and tail shorter, breeding male with top of head golden buff or tawny, and tail about 30 mm. ... exilis (p. 581)
564. CISTICOLA CISTICOLA (Temminck).
TEMMINCK'S CISTICOLA.
Sylvia cisticola Temminck, Man. d'Orn. (1820), 1, 228. Cisticola cisticola Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 259; Hand-List (1903), 4, 197; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 221 (habits); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 191; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 89.
Gug-nás, Batan; Tic-tic-ru-bo, Calayan.
Batan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Luzon (Heriot, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bartsch); Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Bartsch). Indian and Malay Peninsulas, southern Europe, Indo-Chinese countries, Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, Ceylon, China, Africa, Celebes.
Male, in worn plumage (Batan Island, June).--Above earthy brown; head and neck nearly uniform, much faded; feathers of back and tail-coverts with wide blackish brown centers; lores and superciliary line white; cheeks, ear-coverts, and under parts white; flanks and thighs ocherous-buff; wing-feathers dark or blackish brown with whitish edges; rectrices dark brown basally, followed by a wide ocherous-buff space, subterminal band blackish brown, wide tip white. Wing, 53; tail, 40; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 23.
Male and female in fresh plumage (Calayan Island, November).--Similar to the male described, but feathers on head blackish brown, edged with buff; neck, rump, and edges of dorsal feathers dark buff, more rusty buff on rump; edges of wing-feathers wider and more rusty than in the worn plumage; middle pair of rectrices dark buff with blackish shaft-streaks, the shafts light; outermost pair of rectrices with outer webs and wide tips white, the greater part of inner webs blackish; remaining rectrices with wide white tips and subterminal black bands, the latter fading into dark brown toward base of tail; under part of body white; breast and crissum washed with buff; flanks and thighs rusty buff. Male, wing, 56; tail, 53; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 22. Female, wing, 48; tail, 46; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 20.
On the authority of Colonel Legge, Sharpe says that in the male the inside of the mouth is black, while in the female it is fleshy.
"Common in the deep grass of the open fields. The habits of the various species of this genus found in the Philippines are practically the same. They live in the grass, and when flushed fly in a curious, jerky way for a short distance, and then drop back into the grass where they instantly disappear. They sometimes perch on tall grass stems or low bushes, and make a series of noises more like the notes of some great grasshopper than those of a bird. We several times found them perched in trees and singing. Four females from Mindanao measure: Length, 105; wing, 46; tail, 38; culmen, 12; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 17. Legs, feet, and nails pale reddish brown; upper mandible nearly black, lower pale at tip, black at base." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
565. CISTICOLA EXILIS (Vigors and Horsfield).
GOLDEN-HEADED CISTICOLA.
Malurus exilis Vigors and Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1825), 15, 223. Cisticola exilis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 269; Hand-List (1903), 4, 198; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 221 (habits); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 194; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 89.
Pí-rot, Bohol, Siquijor; pi-pit co-gon, Manila.
Bantayan (McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Caluya (Porter); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Leyte (Bartsch); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (McGregor & Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor). Southern China, India Peninsula, Burmese provinces, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Australia, Formosa.
Adult male (May to August).--Top of head golden buff becoming dusky on hind neck; back ashy gray heavily streaked with black; lower back, rump, and tail-coverts dark tawny buff; under parts heavily washed with tawny buff, most heavily on sides and thighs; middle of breast and thighs lighter and nearly white; wing-feathers blackish brown, more or less edged with ashy gray or rusty buff; tail blackish, tipped with dark buff. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 42; tail, 31; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6; tarsus, 29.
Female.--Similar to the male, but top of head fulvous-brown, heavily streaked with black.
Male in non-breeding plumage resembles the female, having a streaked crown and the under parts mostly white.
Young, in first plumage, resemble the adult in non-breeding plumage, but the under parts, especially the face, throat, and breast, are washed with pale lemon-yellow.
"Three males from Sulu measure: Length, 90; wing, 40.6; tail, 35.5; culmen, 11.6; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 14. Two females, length, 97; wing, 40; tail, 36.5; culmen, 12; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 15." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus MEGALURUS Horsfield, 1821.
Bill small and slender, culmen gently curved; bill from nostril a little less than hind toe without claw; rictal bristles few and small; first primary more than one-half second, the latter considerably exceeded by third; fifth and sixth equal and longest; rectrices long, pointed, and much graduated, the inner ones usually considerably abraded; tail much longer than wing; tarsus long and heavy; toes short; tarsus about two-fifths of wing.
Species.
a1. Much larger; wing, about 100 mm.; tarsus, about 38; top of head earthy brown. ... palustris (p. 582) a2. Much smaller; wing, about 70 mm.; tarsus, about 28; top of head rusty brown. ... tweeddalei (p. 583)
566. MEGALURUS PALUSTRIS Horsfield.
STRIATED MARSH WARBLER.
Megalurus palustris Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1820), 13, 159; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 7, 123; Hand-List (1903), 4, 202; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1889), 1, 383, fig. 122 (head); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 219 (habits); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 199; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 89.
Su-nód ca-la-bao, Manila.
Bohol (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Luzon (Cuming, Kittlitz, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Bartsch); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Mearns); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Everett, Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp.); Ticao (McGregor). Manipur, Burmese provinces, southeastern New Guinea, northern and central India to Bhutun and Buxa Doars, Assam, Java.
Adult.--Above sandy buff; back heavily streaked with black; top of head and tail-coverts faintly streaked with brown; superciliary line white; ear-coverts and space behind eye sandy brown; lores and cheeks whitish; under parts white; sides of breast, flanks, thighs, and crissum washed with buff; lower throat, sides, and crissum with dark brown shaft-lines; wing-feathers blackish, edged with pale sandy buff; basal portion of primaries and secondaries edged with light rusty buff; rectrices brown, edged with lighter brown. Iris brown; upper mandible brown, lower mandible horn-blue; legs and feet brown. In worn plumage the upper parts appear much blacker and the shaft-streaks on under parts are more prominent. A male from Luzon measures: Wing, 100; tail, 142; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 36. A female in worn plumage, wing, 85; tail, 113; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 33.
Young.--Immature birds are distinguished by having sides of head and under parts washed with pale lemon-yellow. In Benguet Province, Luzon, this species was found breeding during April and May.
"The striated marsh warbler is found about the open fields. It runs rapidly on the ground and skulks in bamboo thickets and patches of tall grass and weeds. It soars and attempts to sing while on the wing; also perches at the very top of bamboo clumps, and 'sings' vigorously." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
567. MEGALURUS TWEEDDALEI McGregor.
TWEEDDALE'S MARSH WARBLER.
Megalurus ruficeps, not Megalurus ? ruficeps Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1832), 91, Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, 95; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 695, pl. 72; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 7, 125; Hand-List (1903), 4, 202; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 240, pl. 5, fig. 7 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 219 (habits); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 200, pl. 9, fig. 19; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 89. Megalurus tweeddalei McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1908), 3, sec. A, 283.
Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Bohol (Steere Exp., McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (McGregor); Mindanao (Platen, Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Keay, Celestino); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Whitehead); Sibuyan (McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).
Adult.--Entire top of head rufous-brown; sides of neck and back olive-gray, the latter heavily streaked with blackish brown; lower back and rump olive-brown; tail-coverts olive-gray with narrow brown shaft-lines; lores, superciliary line, cheeks, and ear-coverts ashy gray; a rufous line behind eye; under parts whitish; sides ashy gray, flanks browner; thighs and crissum buff; wings and tail brown with lighter brown edges. A male from Mindanao measures: Wing, 69; tail, 107; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 28. A female from Luzon, wing, 66; tail, 114; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 27.
"Five males average: Length, 225; wing, 71; tail, 109; culmen, 18.5; tarsus, 27.6; middle toe with claw, 28. Five females, length, 211; wing, 68; tail, 104; culmen, 18.5; tarsus, 27.6; middle toe with claw, 28. Iris brown; legs and feet light brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Three eggs of Tweeddale's marsh warbler, collected by Steere in Marinduque, May 8, 1888, are thus described: "Shape ovate. Ground-color very pale pinkish white, sparingly marked all over with small blotches and minute dots of light red and pale violet-gray under-markings, the latter forming a more or less distinct zone round the larger pole. Measurements 21 mm. by 16 mm. Nest of the bulbul type, lined with fine wiry grasses and fiber." (Grant and Whitehead.)
Genus ACANTHOPNEUSTE Blasius, 1858.
Bill slender and acute, a slight notch near its tip; rictal and nasal bristles short; wing long and pointed; first primary very short, slender and acute, usually little more or less in length than primary-coverts; third and fourth primaries longest; tail moderate in length and square; tarsus and toes slender; bill from nostril less than one-half tarsus and equal to hind toe with half its claw; divisions between tarsal scutes obsolete. Upper parts dull olive-green, under parts pale yellow or white. The birds of this genus resemble some of the small flycatchers (Cryptolopha), but are distinguished by their short first primary.
Species.
a1. Second primary equal to or greater than the sixth.
b1. First primary shorter, from 7.5 to 11.5 mm. in length, equal to or less than the primary-coverts; under parts grayer ... borealis (p. 584) b2. First primary longer, from 12.5 to 15 mm. in length, and longer than primary-coverts; under parts yellower ... xanthodryas (p. 585)
a2. Second primary equal to or greater than the ninth, and from 17 to 20 mm. in length; under parts grayish yellow ... lugubris (p. 586)
568. ACANTHOPNEUSTE BOREALIS (Blasius).
NORTHERN WILLOW WARBLER.
Phyllopneuste borealis Blasius, Naumannia (1858), 313. Phylloscopus borealis Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 40; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 210 (migration). Acanthopneuste borealis Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1889), 1, 412; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 216; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 227; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 90.
Balabac (Everett); Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Cebu (McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Masbate (Steere Exp.); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Celestino); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Negros (Whitehead); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Steere Exp.); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Celestino); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor). Northern Europe, northern Asia, Alaska, Commander Islands; in winter to China, Formosa, Indo-Chinese provinces, Malay Peninsula, and Borneo.
"Coloration.--Upper plumage olive-green, lighter on the rump; wings brown, the outer webs edged with olive-green; wing-coverts brown on the inner and olive-green on the outer webs; the median and greater coverts with yellowish white tips forming two bars; tail brown, the outer webs edged with olive-green; a broad and well-defined eye-streak, reaching to the nape, yellowish white; lores brown; ear-coverts olive mingled with yellowish; under plumage white, suffused with yellow; under wing-coverts and axillars pale yellow.
"As the summer goes on the wing-bars get worn away and the upper one is sometimes absent. The lower plumage gets whiter and the upper plumage duller. After the autumn molt the wing-bars are very conspicuous and the under parts become suffused with deeper yellow.
"Upper mandible dark brown, the edges and tip yellow; gape and basal half of the lower mandible orange-yellow, terminal half dusky; mouth bright orange-yellow; iris dark brown; legs flesh-color tinged with yellow; claws yellowish horn-color. Length, 122; tail, 51; wing, 68.5; tarsus, 20; bill from gape, 17; the second primary is intermediate in length between the fifth and sixth, and is sometimes equal to the sixth; the first primary is very small, measuring from 7.6 to 11.4 in length." (Oates.)
The arctic willow warbler is the commonest species of the genus and is found in the Philippines during the winter months. Most of the specimens taken at this time have the under parts but faintly suffused with yellow and in this plumage the wing-bar is indicated by light spots on the outer webs of some of the greater coverts. This plainly colored species is usually seen flitting among the branches of forest trees and at such heights that it can not be distinguished from other species of similar habits.
569. ACANTHOPNEUSTE XANTHODRYAS (Swinhoe).
YELLOW WILLOW WARBLER.
Phylloscopus xanthodryas Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1863), 296; Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 42. Acanthopneuste xanthodryas Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 217; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 90.
Apo (Celestino); Basilan (McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Cebu (McGregor); Luzon (Celestino); Mindanao (Celestino); Palawan (Everett). Mongolia, Japan, Kamtchatka, and the Kurile Islands; in winter to southern China and Borneo.
"Spring plumage.--General color of the upper parts olive, slightly yellower on the rump; eye-stripe well defined, narrow, yellowish white, extending to the nape; lores and the feathers behind the eye to the nape dark olive; wing-coverts olive, the median wing-coverts with narrow, and the greater wing-coverts with broad yellowish white tips, forming an obscure upper wing-bar and a conspicuous lower wing-bar; quills brown, narrowly tipped with grayish white, the outside web edged with green and emarginated as in the preceding species; tail-feathers brown, the outside web margined with green, and the inside web with a narrow well defined grayish white margin; general color of the under parts greenish yellow, grayer on the breast and flanks; axillars, under wing-coverts, and thighs pale yellow; inner margin of quills grayish white. Bill acrocephaline; upper mandible dark brown, under mandible pale; legs, feet, and claws brown; third and fourth primaries longest; second primary usually intermediate in length between the sixth and fifth, sometimes slightly shorter than the sixth; bastard [first] primary measuring 12.7 to 15.2 mm. Length of wing, male, 72.1 to 68.5; female, 68.5 to 66; tail, male, 53.3 to 49.5; female, 49.5 to 45.7; culmen, 12.9 to 13.9; tarsus, 20.3.
"The changes of plumage in this species are similar to those of the preceding species, but at all seasons of the year the general color of the under parts is much paler in color in P. borealis (Blasius). The smaller size and smaller first primary of the latter species serve, however, to distinguish even birds of the year from the present species, though they approach each other very closely." (Swinhoe.)
The yellow willow warbler is undoubtedly much rarer in the Philippines than the next preceding species, but upon a careful examination of available material I find it necessary to refer to this species a number of specimens which were previously recorded as A. borealis. These changes will be found in the list of localities under each species.
570. ACANTHOPNEUSTE LUGUBRIS (Blyth).
MOURNING WILLOW WARBLER.
Phyllopneuste lugubris Blyth, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1843), 12, 98. Phylloscopus lugubris Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 48. Acanthopneuste lugubris Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 217; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 90.
Basilan (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Steere); Samar (Steere Exp.). Western China to Chuan-che, eastern Himalayas; in winter to eastern Bengal and Burmese provinces.
"Coloration.--Very similar to A. magnirostris, but rather darker and smaller, and differing also in the proportions of the primaries. Upper mandible dark brown, lower one yellowish, somewhat dusky on the terminal half; iris brown; mouth yellow; legs brown; claws horn-color. Length, 127; tail, 53; wing, 66; tarsus, 19; bill from gape, 15.7; the second primary is intermediate in length between the ninth and tenth, and sometimes equals the tenth; the first primary is very long, being sometimes 20.3 mm. in length." (Oates.)
I have not seen a full description of this species; it is usually compared with A. magnirostris, but its very long first primary would seem to be a character sufficient to prevent its being mistaken for either of the other species found in the Philippine Islands.
Genus HORORNIS Hodgson, 1845.
Bill short and stout with a small notch near the tip; rictal bristles few and well developed, a few short bristles in front of them; some feathers of forehead and chin with long bristle-like shafts; wing moderate to short, somewhat pointed, or else rounded, either shorter or longer than tail; first primary well developed but much (one-third to one-half) shorter than second, the latter considerably shorter than third; tail strongly rounded; tarsus and feet strong, hind toe and claw heavy; bill from nostril, less than one-half the tarsus, and equal to the hind toe without claw. Colors earthy brown, buff, and white; spots and bars entirely wanting.
Species.
a1. Larger, wing more than 70 mm. ... canturians (p. 587) a2. Smaller, wing less than 65 mm.
b1. Fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest; wing longer and about equal to tail. ... minutus (p. 587) b2. Fifth and sixth primaries nearly equal and longest; wing shorter and much shorter than tail ... seebohmi (p. 588)
571. HORORNIS CANTURIANS (Swinhoe).
CHINESE BUSH WARBLER.
Arundinax canturians Swinhoe, Ibis (1860), 52. Cettia canturiens Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 141; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 211 (winter). Horornis canturians Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 236; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 238. Horornis canturiens McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 90.
Apo (Celestino); Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor). Southern Ussuri Land to Lake Chanka, Formosa; in winter to Cachar and southern China.
Adult.--Above nearly uniform wood-brown; lighter on rump and tail-coverts; a dusky spot before and behind eye; eyelids white; a whitish line from bill over eye to nape; cheeks and ear-coverts buffy brown; under parts white, washed with buff on sides, flanks, crissum, and across fore breast; thighs slate-gray; wings brown, the feathers edged with russet; tail brown; axillars, wing-lining, edge of wing, and inner edges of quills white. Iris brown; bill dark brown above and light below; legs light horn. A male from Calayan measures: Length, 170; wing, 77; tail, 75; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 27.
572. HORORNIS MINUTUS (Swinhoe).
LITTLE BUSH WARBLER.
Arundinax minutus Swinhoe, Ibis (1860), 52. Cettia minuta Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 141. Horornis minuta Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 236; McGregor, Bull. Phil. Mus. (1904), 4, 30; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 91.
Calayan (McGregor). Hainan, Askold Island, southern China.
Adult.--This species differs from H. canturians in being much smaller, and the tail-feathers appear to be less pointed. Length, about 145. A male from Calayan measures: Wing, 62; tail, 61; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 22. A female, wing, 62; tail, 60; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 22. Exposed portion of first primary little more than one-half of second; fourth and fifth equal and longest.
In the Philippine Islands the little bush warbler is known only as a winter visitant to Calayan Island.
573. HORORNIS SEEBOHMI (Grant).
PHILIPPINE BUSH WARBLER.
Cettia seebohmi Grant, Ibis (1894), 507; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 211 (habits, note). Horornis seebohmi Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 236; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 90.
Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).
Adult.--Above dusky wood-brown, slightly olivaceous on the back and more russet-brown on the rump, tail-coverts, and margins of the rectrices; wings brown, the quills edged with russet; the first three primaries, however, fringed with much lighter brown; wing-coverts olivaceous; eyelids and eye-stripe whitish or pale buff; a dusky spot before and behind eye; under parts whitish; sides of neck and breast washed with olivaceous; flanks and crissum yellowish buff; thighs brown. Iris light brown; upper mandible dusky, lower mandible, legs, and nails flesh-color. Length, about 140. Male, wing, 55; tail, 63; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 24. Female, wing, 52; tail, 60; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 23.
Although this species resembles H. minutus both in size and color, it might be placed in another genus. The tail is decidedly longer than the wing, the latter rounded and weak; the first primary is equal to two-thirds of second and one-half of third; the fifth and sixth are nearly equal and longest. The plumage is somewhat decomposed and is less compact than in H. minutus.
Genus PHYLLERGATES Sharpe, 1883.
In size and superficial appearance Phyllergates resembles Orthotomus, but the two genera are really very distinct. In Phyllergates the bill is much wider and more depressed at the base, and blunter at the tip; the rictal bristles are slightly longer; the wing is longer; the tarsus and feet are more slender; the rectrices are much wider, nearly uniform in length, except the short outermost pair, and but ten in number.
Species.
a1. Chin and throat white ... philippinus (p. 589) a2. Chin and throat cinnamon ... heterolæmus (p. 589)
574. PHYLLERGATES PHILIPPINUS Hartert.
LUZON TAILOR WARBLER.
Phyllergates cinereicollis (not of Sharpe) Grant, Ibis (1894), 510; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 221 (habits). Phyllergates philippinus Hartert, Novit. Zool. (1897), 4, 517; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 237; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 91.
Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).
Adult.--Forehead and crown cadmium-yellow; occiput and neck slate-gray; a line of lemon-yellow over eye; remainder of upper parts, including edges of the wing-feathers and rectrices, olive-green; (rump lemon-yellow in the male); inner webs of primaries edged with white; lores and band behind eye dusky gray; ear-coverts, cheeks, chin, throat, and fore breast silky white; remainder of under parts, including edge of wing, axillars, and wing-lining, bright lemon-yellow. Bill dusky brown; base of lower mandible lighter; legs pale yellow; nails light brown. Length, about 115. Male, wing, 44; tail, 42; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 18. Female, wing, 42; tail, 37; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 18.
The Luzon tailor warbler is abundant in the Province of Benguet; its habits are similar to those of the lowland tailorbirds which it seems to replace in the mountains.
575. PHYLLERGATES HETEROLÆMUS Mearns.
MINDANAO TAILOR WARBLER.
Phyllergates heterolæmus Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 86; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List, (1906), 91.
Mindanao (Mearns).
Adult (sex?).--"Whole top and sides of head cinnamon-rufous; chin, throat, and sides of neck cinnamon; upper parts olive-green, yellower on upper tail-coverts; upper wing-coverts and wing-quills brownish black, edged with olive-green on outer webs; tail-feathers drab, edged with olive-green; breast and belly canary-yellow; thighs and crissum olive-yellow; axillars and under wing-coverts yellow; quills edged with white on inner webs. Iris brown; bill with maxilla brown; mandible yellow, tipped with red; feet pale yellowish brown. Length, 121; alar expanse, 150; wing, 50; tail, 47; culmen, 14; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 13.5." (Mearns.)
Family ARTAMIDÆ.
Bill stout, conical, and pointed; culmen and cutting edge gently curved; nostril about half way between base and tip of upper mandible; wings very long and pointed; tarsus short, its anterior face with about five plates; powder-downs present.
Genus ARTAMUS Vieillot, 1816.
Mandible with a slight notch near tip; rictal bristles much less than bill from nostril; first primary very small and slender, not longer than culmen from base; second primary longest, the wings when folded reaching beyond the middle of tail; tail short and square, the rectrices broad and square; plumage compact. Colors white and gray.
576. ARTAMUS LEUCORYNCHUS (Linnæus).
WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW SHRIKE.
Lanius leucorynchus Linnæus, Mantissa (1771), 524. Artamus leucogaster Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 3; Hand-List (1903), 4, 260; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 240 (habits); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 257. Artamus leucorynchus McGregor, Bur. Govt. Laboratories, Manila (1905), 34, 22, pls. 16 to 18 (nesting habits). Artamus leucorhynchus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 91.
Git-git, Ticao, Lubang, and Manila; it-it, Bohol.
Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Buluan (Mearns); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Murray, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett, Bartsch); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Palawan (Platen, Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Papahag (Bartsch); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Whitehead); Semirara (Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Burbidge, Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester, Bartsch); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor). Australia, Papuan and Andaman Islands, Malay Archipelago.
Adult (sexes alike).--Upper tail-coverts pure white; remainder of upper parts with wings and tail slate-gray; mantle and back decidedly browner; primaries and rectrices blacker; loral and nasal plumes black; sides of head and neck slate-gray; chin, throat, and fore part of chest blackish slate; remainder of under parts, axillars, and wing-lining pure white. Iris dark; bill light blue, its tip black; legs and nails black. Length, 190 to 200. A male from Siquijor measures: Wing, 136; tail, 67; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 16.5. A female from Luzon, wing, 137; tail, 66; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 15.
Young.--Four large nestlings taken in Benguet, Luzon, April 19, 1903, resemble the adult in having the breast, abdomen, and crissum white. but the throat is light gray; chin, cheeks, and jaw dark smoky gray; upper parts light seal-brown with some ocherous-colored fringes to the feathers of back and inner wing-coverts; upper tail-coverts white; primaries, secondaries, and rectrices slate-blue with wide edges of gray or white. Iris brown; bill brown, yellowish along cutting edge; legs and feet blackish; nails black.
The nestling down is light buff.
"The swallow shrike is one of the commonest Philippine birds and it seems probable that this species occurs on every island of the group. It hawks after insects during the day, and may sometimes be seen hunting in great flocks just at sundown. Hundreds often roost together on the leaves of coconut trees. Called 'git-git' and 'ala-git-git' by the natives. We found it nesting in the coconut trees as a rule, but a nest in Negros was placed on the broken top of the trunk of a cotton-tree. The nest is composed of small grass-stems, twigs, and similar materials loosely woven together, and is lined with fine grass and with fibers from the bark of the cabo negro palm. The cavity of the nest is broad and shallow, measuring 75 to 100 mm. in width and 25 to 40 mm. in depth. The exterior dimensions vary greatly in different nests. Three or four eggs are deposited. Their ground-color is pale creamy white, usually very heavily marked with spots and blotches of very pale lilac and light chocolate-brown. These markings are usually more numerous at the larger end where, in rare cases, they almost entirely conceal the ground-color, while in others they are replaced by fine dots and small spots. The eggs are remarkably uniform in shape. They vary from 22.8 to 24.8 mm. in length and from 17.2 to 18 mm. in breadth." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
This attractive species was found breeding in abundance along the Baco River, Mindoro, in April, 1904. The nests were usually placed among the upturned roots of fallen trees which had become stranded in the river.
Family LANIIDÆ.
Bill strong, either compressed or at least as high as broad at nostril, never depressed; upper mandible with a notch, or with a notch and a tooth near tip; nostrils partly hidden by antrorse frontal plumes, the shafts of which are produced; wing moderate in length, flat, and somewhat rounded; first primary one-half of third or less, the second falling between the first and third; rectrices twelve, either long, or else moderate in length; front of tarsus covered with distinct plates; hind toe with claw less than culmen from base.
Subfamilies.
a1. Bill strongly compressed except near base and with a strong tooth and a deep notch near its tip; shafts of chin-feathers not produced ... Laniinæ (p. 592) a2. Bill as high as broad, a slight notch near its tip; shafts of chin-feathers produced ... Pachycephalinæ (p. 599)
Subfamily LANIINÆ.
Bill strongly compressed, hooked, and with a strong tooth and deep notch on each side of upper mandible; inner webs of primaries slightly emarginate; rectrices graduated, usually as long as, or longer than, wing.
Genera.
a1. Mantle barred ... Enneoctonus (p. 592) a2. Mantle not barred.
b1. Forehead black; crown dark slate or black ... Cephalophoneus (p. 593) b2. Forehead gray or white in adults, more or less dull brown, earthy brown, or cinnamon-rufous in young birds, but never black; crown gray or brown ... Otomela (p. 596)
Genus ENNEOCTONUS Boie, 1826.
The only species of Enneoctonus known to occur in the Philippine Islands may be recognized by its barred mantle.
577. ENNEOCTONUS TIGRINUS (Drapiez).
TIGER SHRIKE.
Lanius tigrinus Drapiez, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. (1828), 13, 523; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 289; Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (1890), 139. Enneoctonus tigrinus Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 286; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 91.
Sulu (Platen). Korea, China, Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, and Borneo.
"Adult male (summer plumage).--Crown of head, hind neck, and upper part of the mantle clear bluish gray; mantle, scapulars, the whole back and the upper tail-coverts reddish brown, each feather with several transverse black bars; lesser wing-coverts like the back, the rest and the secondary quills chestnut-brown with submarginal black lines; primary quills uniform brown, with no white at the base whatever; tail uniform chestnut-brown, with faint subterminal bars and whitish tips to the outer rectrices; a frontal band, the loral and ocular region, and the ear-coverts deep black; all the under parts white, washed with cream-color, especially on the throat, breast, and edge of wings; some of the under wing-coverts with submarginal blackish brown bars. 'Bill bluish black; feet pale leaden, with a fleshy tinge; iris blackish brown.' (Swinhoe.)
"Winter plumage.--The gray of the head and neck is washed with brownish; the frontal band and ear-coverts are brownish black, so that the head has lost its beautiful appearance; cheeks, sides of breast, and flanks with a few subterminal brown vermiculations; bill and feet horny brown. Length, 168; culmen, 19; wing, 81; tail, 76; tarsus, 22.8.
"Adult female.--Very similar to the adult male in winter plumage, but generally with 'a large creamy patch on the lores, and a white half-eyebrow in rear of the eye-line' (Swinhoe); bill bluish black. The measurements are the same as in the male.
"Observation.--Consul Swinhoe observes 'that the sexes are alike, the males being more richly colored.' This, however, holds good only with old females in breeding plumage, since in winter (as proved by all the specimens from Malacca and Borneo) the female closely resembles the young and immature birds, the black frontal band and the gray of the head and neck being replaced by the reddish brown black-barred coloration of the back, while the region above the ear-coverts and above the eye is creamy instead of reddish brown.
"Immature bird.--General color of the whole upper surface of the body reddish brown, which color is more fulvous and grayish on the head and neck, passing into chestnut-brown on the rump and upper tail-coverts; each feather has several very distinct black or dark-brown cross-bars, and is mottled with small creamy or almost white spots; again, the shafts of the feathers being white, the upper parts of the body, especially the mantle and neck, exhibit a rather densely spotted aspect, thus differing from the adult female in summer plumage; no frontal band; the forehead, the region round the eye, and ear-coverts whitish mottled with brownish; throat, middle of abdomen, under tail- and under wing-coverts uniform cream-color; all the rest of the under parts and sides of the neck densely marked with blackish brown vermiculations. Bill pale horny brown; feet more bluish." (Gadow.)
"The tiger shrike is included in this list solely on the authority of Blasius. As it occurs in Borneo its presence in the Sulu group would not be surprising, but we failed to find it." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus CEPHALOPHONEUS Fitzinger, 1863.
Forehead black; crown either black or dark slate-gray; without a white eyebrow. [78]
Species.
a1. Tail much shorter, less than 100 mm.; crown, neck, and back nearly uniform slaty gray ... validirostris (p. 594) a2. Tail much longer, more than 120 mm.; crown and neck black, back light gray.
b1. Scapulars, back, and rump darker; abdomen white ... nasutus (p. 594) b2. Scapulars, back, and rump lighter; abdomen pinkish vinaceous. ... suluensis (p. 595)
578. CEPHALOPHONEUS VALIDIROSTRIS (Grant).
STRONG-BILLED SHRIKE.
Lanius validirostris Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 49; Ibis (1894), 512; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 226 (habits). Cephalophoneus validirostris Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 286; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 92.
Luzon (Whitehead, Worcester, McGregor); Mindoro (Whitehead).
Adult male.--Upper parts slate-gray, pale gray on forehead and over eye; frontal band, lores, ear-coverts, and line above and below eye black, forming a broad band to side of neck; under parts white; flanks cinnamon-buff, crissum faintly washed with buff; thighs black; wings blackish; inner secondaries margined with white on outer webs; rectrices blackish, the two or three outer pairs narrowly tipped with white. Bill and nails black; legs blackish brown; iris dark brown. Length, about 210; wing, 87; tail, 97; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 24.
"Adult female.--Differs slightly in having the black on the sides of the face paler and absent on the forehead, which is whitish gray; the whitish gray margins to the superciliaries are more marked; the margins to the secondaries are rufous-buff, and the thighs are gray. Length, 200; wing, 86; tail, 89; tarsus, 25; culmen, 23." (Grant.)
Young.--Young birds, in first plumage, have the upper part smoky gray; frontal band, lores, and band through eye black; chin, throat, and middle of abdomen white; thighs black; remainder of under parts tawny-buff; breast and malar region speckled with smoky brown, but no bars on the under parts; wings and tail blackish brown; greater secondary-coverts, inner secondaries and nearly all the remiges edged with tawny-buff.
The strong-billed shrike is fairly abundant in Benguet Province, Luzon.
579. CEPHALOPHONEUS NASUTUS (Scopoli).
LARGE-NOSED SHRIKE.
Lanius nasutus Scopoli, Del Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 2, 85; Oates, Bds. Brit. Burmah (1883), 1, 248; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 226 (habits). Lanius cephalomelas Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 269. Cephalophoneus nasutus Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 287; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 289; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 92.
Ta-rat San Diego, Manila.
Bohol (Steere Exp., McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cebu (Meyer, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett); Luzon (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Everett); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Panay (Sonnerat, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino). Northern Borneo.
Adult.--Entire top and sides of head, hind neck, and sides of neck black; mantle light gray shading into ocherous buff on scapulars, back, rump and tail-coverts; under parts white; sides and flanks ocherous buff; crissum light buff; thighs white; wings and tail black; inner webs of wing-quills edged with white; fifth to eighth primaries with a small white spot near base of outer webs; inner secondaries more or less edged and tipped with pale buff or white; edge of wing, of first alula quill, and of first and second primaries white; rectrices narrowly tipped with pale buff or white, two outermost pairs edged with pale buff or white; all the rectrices fringed with pale buff at base. Iris brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 240 to 245. A male from Siquijor measures: Wing, 88; tail, 125; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 26. A female, wing, 88; tail, 124; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 26.
"Quite common in some localities, especially in Siquijor, but less abundant than O. lucionensis. Habits the same, and frequents precisely the same localities. Three males from Mindanao average: Length, 240; wing, 88; tail, 120; culmen, 21; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 23. Two females from Culion, length, 228; wing, 87; tail, 113; culmen, 20; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris dark brown to black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
580. CEPHALOPHONEUS SULUENSIS Mearns.
SULU SHRIKE.
Lanius cephalomelas Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 257. Lanius nasutus Worcester and Bourns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1898), 20, 561, no. 391 (part). Cephalophoneus nasutus Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 287 (part). Cephalophoneus suluensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 86; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 92.
Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester, Mearns.)
Adult male.--"Whole top [of head] and sides of neck, and hind neck black; mantle gray (No. 10 Ridgway), fading to pale cream-buff on back; scapulars pale cream-buff, broadly bordered with white; rump and upper tail-coverts pinkish buff; primaries black with an exposed spot of white, formed by white bands crossing the external webs of third to seventh primaries opposite the end of the alula; secondaries black, tipped and edged externally with white; tail black, with outer feathers gray at base, tipped with grayish white; chin, throat, breast, thighs, axillars, and lining of wings pure white; side buff; abdomen pinkish vinaceous; under tail-coverts buffy white. Length (of skin), 240; wing, 95; tail, 135; culmen, 17; depth of bill at angle of gonys, 8.7; tarsus, 28.
"In size and color pattern this species closely resembles Lanius nasutus Scopoli from which it may be distinguished by the pale color of the scapulars, back, and rump, as well as by the pinkish vinaceous color of the abdomen." (Mearns.)
The long-tailed shrikes collected in Sulu by Bourns and Worcester and by Guillemard were probably of this species. I have not seen a specimen from Sulu.
Genus OTOMELA Bonaparte, 1853.
The Philippine species of Otomela may be recognized by the nearly uniformly colored upper parts, narrow, white or pale buff, superciliary stripe, and short tail; wing and tail about equal in length. [79]
Species.
a1. Forehead pearl-gray, shading gradually into earthy brown on the crown and back. ... lucionensis (p. 597) a2. Forehead not gray, the upper parts reddish brown.
b1. Upper parts duller brown. ... cristata (p. 598) b2. Upper parts brighter, reddish or fox-brown. ... superciliosa (p. 598)
581. OTOMELA LUCIONENSIS (Linnæus).
GRAY-HEADED SHRIKE.
Lanius lucionensis Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 135; Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 171, pl. 29, fig. 1; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 274; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 226. Otomela lucionensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 288; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 92.
Ta-ga-pa-ri, Ticao; ti-cong, Cagayancillo; te-ti-bi-as, Bantayan; ti-ba-las, Siquijor; ta-rat or ca-bi-so-te, Manila.
Agutaya (McGregor); Balabac (Everett); Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett, Bartsch); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Möllendorff, Meyer, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro (Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Palawan (Whitehead, Everett, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, White); Panaon (Everett); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp.); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Celestino, Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor). Mongolia, northern China, Korea, Formosa, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Malay Archipelago; southern India in winter.
Adult male (Bohol, April).--Lores, a narrow frontal line, and a broad band through eye to side of neck black; forehead delicate pearl-gray, shading gradually into earthy brown on the back and becoming more reddish brown on the lower back and rump; chin, throat, jaw, and middle of abdomen white; thighs pale gray; remaining under parts buff; wing-feathers blackish; primaries whitish at their bases; axillars and inner edges of wing-quills white; rectrices earthy brown, narrowly tipped with whitish and obsoletely barred. Bill, legs, and nails black. Wing, 88; tail, 87; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 23.
Most of the specimens taken in the Philippines, autumn and winter, have the under parts whitish with varying amounts of dusky vermiculations. This plumage appears to be characteristic of both young and winter specimens.
Young birds differ from the adults in the color of the upper parts, which are "brownish rufous, brighter on the upper tail-coverts; no gray on the head; loral region and a superciliary streak dingy white or cream-color; head, hind neck, mantle, and upper tail-coverts showing faint dark vermiculations; wing-coverts and secondary quills brown, broadly edged with rufous, each feather with a dark brown submarginal line; ear-coverts and a small spot in front of the eye dark brown; chin, throat, middle of abdomen, and the under wing-coverts, axillars, and edge of wing pale creamy white; all the rest of the under parts more strongly washed with creamy or even with rufous, and marked with numerous dark brown cross-vermiculations; bill brown, lighter at base." (Gadow.)
"One of the commonest of Philippine birds. Doubtless occurs on every island of the group. Found in open fields, where it perches on stones, weeds, bushes, etc. It is a very noisy, quarrelsome bird, and a vicious fighter when snared or wounded. Five males average: Length, 186; wing, 85; tail, 84; culmen, 20; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 22. Five females, length, 188; wing, 86; tail, 82.5; culmen, 20; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 21." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
582. OTOMELA CRISTATA (Linnæus).
BROWN SHRIKE.
Lanius cristatus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 93; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 271; Dresser, Man. Palæarctic Bds. (1902), 1, 240. Otomela cristata Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 288; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 290; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 92.
Asia, from the Yenesei to Kamchatka and Dauria, and from Yarkand to the east coast of China; wintering in India, Ceylon, the Andamans, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and as far south as Java. (Dresser.) Borneo and Philippine Islands in winter. (Sharpe.)
"Male adult (Dauria).--Upper parts reddish brown, more rufous on the crown; wings dark brown margined with rufous, the lesser wing-coverts like the back; no white alar speculum; tail reddish brown, paler at the tip; lores and a patch passing through the eye and extending over the ear-coverts black; forehead, supercilium, cheeks, chin, and throat white; rest of the under parts rufous-buff. Bill pale plumbeous, the upper mandible from the nostril, and the tip of the lower mandible dark horn; legs bluish brown; iris dark brown; eyelids plumbeous. Culmen, 17.7; wing, 89; tail, 91; tarsus, 25.4.
"The female has the supercilium creamy white, the under parts isabelline, the flanks rufous-buff, these and the breast faintly vermiculated, and the young have the upper parts distinctly barred and the under parts vermiculated with dark brown." (Dresser.)
583. OTOMELA SUPERCILIOSA (Latham).
WHITE-FRONTED SHRIKE.
Lanius superciliosus Latham, Ind. Ornith. (1801), suppl. 20, No. 4; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 273; Dresser, Man. Palæarctic Bds. (1902), 1, 241. Otomela superciliosa Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 288; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 290; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93.
The Island of Sagahalien, Askold and Japan; wintering in the Malay Peninsula, Philippines, and Java. (Dresser.)
"Male adult (Japan).--Differs from L. cristatus in having the upper parts much brighter, usually rich fox-red, the forehead and fore crown and a broad supercilium pure white; wings blackish, externally margined with rufous; tail fox-red tipped with dull white. Culmen, 17.7; wing, 89; tail, 94; tarsus, 21." (Dresser.)
Subfamily PACHYCEPHALINÆ.
Bill at nostril as broad as it is high, compressed toward the tip; a well-marked notch near tip of bill; feathers of chin and jaw with their shafts produced and hair-like; rectrices nearly uniform in length; tail decidedly shorter than wing.
Genus HYLOTERPE Cabanis, 1847.
Characters same as those given for the Subfamily.
Species.
a1. Upper parts olive-green.
b1. Breast, abdomen, and crissum lemon-yellow, or at least washed with yellow.
c1. Breast and abdomen bright lemon-yellow.
d1. Larger; bill longer; back duller olive-green. ... philippinensis (p. 599) d2. Smaller; bill shorter; back brighter olive-green. ... apoensis (p. 600)
c2. Breast, sides, and abdomen washed with yellow.
d1. Smaller; breast and sides less strongly washed with yellow. ... fallax (p. 601) d2. Larger; breast and sides more strongly washed with yellow. ... illex (p. 601)
b2. Breast olivaceous gray; abdomen white; crissum pale yellow. ... albiventris (p. 602)
a2. Upper parts brown.
b1. Smaller; wing, about 80 mm.; tail, 62; upper parts hair-brown, slightly olivaceous. ... whiteheadi (p. 602) b2. Larger; wing, 84 mm. or more; tail, 66 or more.
c1. Larger; upper parts mars-brown. ... winchelli (p. 603) c2. Smaller; upper parts dark walnut-brown; auriculars vinaceous cinnamon. ... homeyeri (p. 603)
584. HYLOTERPE PHILIPPINENSIS Walden.
LUZON THICKHEAD.
Hyloterpe philippinensis Walden, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1872), 10, 252; Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 8, 179, pl. 31, fig. 2; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 241 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 225 (habits, nest); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 313 (part); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93 (error in locality list). Pachycephala philippinensis Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 221.
Luzon (Meyer, Whitehead, McGregor).
Adult.--Top of head and hind neck olive-brown, shading into dull olive-green on back; lighter olive-green on rump, tail-coverts, and edges of wing-feathers and rectrices; lores and ear-coverts drab; chin, throat, and malar region white; chin-feathers with black shafts; throat with obscure drab shaft-lines; sides of fore breast olive-yellow; remainder of under parts bright lemon-yellow. Iris brown; bill black; legs and nails flesh-color. Length, about 150. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 84; tail, 69; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 19. A female from the same locality, wing, 81; tail, 66; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 20.
585. HYLOTERPE APOENSIS Mearns.
MOUNT APO THICKHEAD.
Hyloterpe philippinensis Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 241, pl. 5, fig. 1 (egg); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 313 (part); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 299, pl. 13, fig. 18. Hyloterpe apoensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 86; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93; Grant, Ibis (1906), 475 (critical); McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 329 (Bohol). Hyloterpe apoensis basilanica Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 442. [80]
Pbe'a-oi-toi, Bagobo of Mount Apo.
Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Mearns); Bohol (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester, Mearns, Goodfellow, Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).
Adult.--Similar to H. philippinensis, but the bill decidedly smaller and the back bright olive-green. A male topotype measures: Wing, 82; tail, 68; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 18.5. Specimens from Bohol differ in having larger bills. A male measures: Wing, 75; tail, 62; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10. A male from Siquijor measures: Wing, 84; tail, 69; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11.
Whitehead found a set of two eggs of the Mount Apo thickhead near Paranas, Samar, in June, 1896. The eggs are thus described: "Shape ovate. Ground-color brownish cream-color, shading into a zone of deeper color round the larger end; the zone is ornamented with spots of pale sienna-brown and larger underlying markings of bluish gray. Measurements 23 mm. by 17 mm.
"Nest cup-shaped, very similar to that constructed by Iole philippensis, and composed of similar materials--fine roots and dead leaves. It was situated in the undergrowth of old forest in a small tree about three meters from the ground, and the female bird was obtained." (Grant and Whitehead.)
586. HYLOTERPE FALLAX McGregor.
CALAYAN THICKHEAD.
Hyloterpe fallax McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 27; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93.
Sa-mot ba-sit, Calayan.
Calayan (McGregor).
Adult.--Top of head hair-brown washed with olive-green; remainder of upper parts, including exposed edges of wing-feathers and rectrices, dark olive-green; ear-coverts drab; chin and throat white with distinct dusky shaft-lines, bordered posteriorly by a crescentic, dusky band of drab, washed posteriorly with olive; breast, abdomen, and crissum yellow, pale for the greater part, but bright lemon-yellow on crissum; sides of breast and flanks dusky olive-green; feathers of thighs gray, tipped with yellow; edge of wing, under wing-coverts, and axillars white washed with yellow; inner webs of quills edged with white. Bill black; legs plumbeous; nails flesh-color. Measurements of male cotype: Length, 152; wing, 83; tail, 64; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 21. Female cotype, wing, 79; tail, 67; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 21.
Immature.--Sides of face and pectoral band washed with faint reddish brown; edges of wing-quills reddish brown. Bill dark brown, lower mandible lighter.
587. HYLOTERPE ILLEX McGregor.
CAMIGUIN THICKHEAD.
Hyloterpe illex McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 348.
Camiguin N. (McGregor).
Adult.--Similar to Hyloterpe fallax, but slightly larger; breast and flanks more strongly suffused with yellow. Male type, length, 183; wing, 93; tail, 75; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 21. Female, wing, 86; tail, 67; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 22.
Young.--A young bird taken in June has most of the head and body covered with vinaceous-cinnamon down, darker on the back; under tail-coverts pale yellow; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown, edged with olive-green; innermost secondaries and secondary-coverts washed with vinaceous-cinnamon.
588. HYLOTERPE ALBIVENTRIS Grant.
HIGHLAND THICKHEAD.
Hyloterpe albiventris Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (June 30, 1894), 3, 49; Ibis (1894), 511; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 225 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 313; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93. Hyloterpe mindorensis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (December 8, 1894), 1, 22; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93.
Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Mindoro (Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).
Adult.--Above dull olive-green, brighter on the rump, wings, and tail; sides of head and ear-coverts slightly washed with olive; chin, throat, and chest hair-brown streaked with white and slightly washed with olive; abdomen white faintly washed with yellow; sides and flanks more dusky; crissum pale lemon-yellow; axillars and wing-lining white faintly washed with yellow. Length, about 165. Male, wing, 82; tail, 70; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 22. Female, wing, 79; tail, 66; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 9.5; tarsus, 22.
Young.--A very young bird taken in April resembles the young of H. illex. Above dark walnut-brown; below vinaceous-cinnamon; three or four outer primaries edged with pale gray; the inner primaries edged with olive-green, some of them washed with reddish brown.
"Very rare in Mindoro. But a single female specimen obtained. It measures 165 in length; wing, 78; tail, 66; culmen, 17.8; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 19." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
589. HYLOTERPE WHITEHEADI Sharpe.
PALAWAN THICKHEAD.
Hyloterpe whiteheadi Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 311; Hand-List (1903), 4, 313; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93. Hyloterpe plateni Blasius, Ornis (1888), 311.
Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Everett, Celestino, White).
Adult.--Upper parts hair-brown; edges of wing-feathers and of rectrices slightly more ashy brown; auriculars and sides of neck hair-brown; throat white with faint drab-gray streaks; chest drab-gray; remainder of under parts white. Male, wing, 79; tail, 62; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 19. Female, wing, 78; tail, 65; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 18.
"Quite rare in the localities collected in by us. A male measures, length, 149; wing, 80.5; tail, 60; culmen, 17.5; tarsus, 18.8; middle toe with claw, 16. A female, length, 159; wing, 82; tail, 62.7; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe with claw, 17.5; culmen, 22. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails light slate; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
590. HYLOTERPE WINCHELLI Bourns and Worcester.
WINCHELL'S THICKHEAD.
Hyloterpe winchelli Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 21; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 313; Grant, Ibis (1896), 549; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 225; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93. Hyloterpe major Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1884), 1, 22.
Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Celestino); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).
Adult.--Top of head vandyke-brown; back, rump, and edges of wing-feathers and of rectrices reddish brown (near mars-brown of Ridgway); auriculars slightly lighter; sides of neck and of breast similar to the back; under parts white; chest, flanks, and thighs washed with hair-brown. Iris brown or dark red; bill black; legs and nails pale blue or slate-gray. Length, about 170 mm. A male from Cebu measures: Wing, 94; tail, 74; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 23. A male from Ticao, wing, 88; tail, 68; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 20. A female from Sibuyan, wing, 86; tail, 68; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 22.
"Quite common in the forests of the islands named. Rather a shy bird. Has a pleasant whistling note, and may be readily called up. Three males from Negros measure as follows: Wing, 82; tail, 69; culmen, 18.5; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe with claw, 19. Three females from Panay, wing, 81; tail, 66.5; culmen, 17.5; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe with claw, 18. Length measurement not taken in the flesh on any of the above. Two males from Masbate average 165 in length, and a female from same place measures 162. Bill black; iris brown; legs, feet, and nails light slate." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
591. HYLOTERPE HOMEYERI Blasius.
HOMEYER'S THICKHEAD.
Hyloterpe homeyeri Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (1890), 143; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 313; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93.
Bongao (Everett); Sibutu (Everett); Sulu (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).
Adult.--Upper parts, including margins of wing-feathers and rectrices, reddish brown (walnut-brown of Ridgway); head slightly darker; sides of neck like the back; auriculars vinaceous-cinnamon; under parts white; chin, throat, and fore breast streaked with cinnamon; sides of breast and flanks cinnamon; crissum washed with pale canary-yellow. A male from Tawi Tawi measures: Wing, 84; tail, 66; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 20. A female, wing, 74; tail, 62; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 20.
"Common in Tawi Tawi, less so in Sulu. A deep woods bird; tame and easily shot. Feeds on insects, and usually keeps some distance above the ground. Six males average: Length, 157; wing, 81; tail, 64; culmen, 17.8; tarsus, 19.5; middle toe with claw, 18. Four females, length, 150; wing, 77; tail, 63; culmen, 17.8; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 17.8. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails light brown; bill black. Breeding in Tawi Tawi in the month of September." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Family PARIDÆ.
Bill conoidal and stout, shorter than head; no notch in cutting edge, and tip not hooked; nostrils slightly oval, hidden by the antrorse frontal plumes; rictal bristles short and inconspicuous; wing flat and somewhat pointed; first primary less than one-half of second, the latter less than the third; fourth and fifth longest; third and sixth about equal in length; rectrices broad with nearly square tips; tail much shorter than wing; tarsus stout, less than twice the bill from nostril, distinctly scutellate in front; basal joints of anterior toes more or less united.
Genera.
a1. Breast and abdomen yellow; rectrices tipped with white or with pale yellow. ... Pardaliparus (p. 604) a2. Breast and abdomen black, or dull brown, nearly uniform in color with the back; rectrices without white or light-colored tips. ... Penthornis (p. 608)
Genus PARDALIPARUS Selys-Longchamps, 1884.
Chin, throat, and much or all of the head black; breast and abdomen yellow; rectrices and many of the wing-feathers with wide tips of white or of pale yellow.
Species.
a1. A broad yellow band from below eye across auriculars to side of neck, separating the black of chin and throat from the black of head.
b1. Larger; bill longer; spots on wing-coverts larger and more nearly white.
c1. Bill much smaller; spot on hind neck and stripe on side of head and neck bright canary-yellow.
d1. Back and scapulars more olive-green. ... elegans (p. 605) d2. Back and scapulars white. ... albescens (p. 606)
c2. Bill much larger; spot on neck and stripe on side of head and neck very pale yellow. ... edithæ (p. 606)
b2. Smaller; bill shorter; spots on wing-coverts smaller and washed with yellow. ... mindanensis (p. 607)
a2. No yellow band on side of head and neck, which are entirely black. ... amabilis (p. 607)
592. PARDALIPARUS ELEGANS (Lesson).
ELEGANT TITMOUSE.
Parus elegans Lesson, Traité d'Orn. (1831), 456; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 22; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 224 (habits). Pardaliparus elegans Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 328; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94 (part).
Pi-pít mó-tas, Manila.
Bongao (Everett); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere, Steere Exp.); Luzon (Cuming, Everett, Möllendorff, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Mearns, Bartsch); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); [81] Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).*
Male.--Entire top of head and hind neck glossy black; in the center of hind neck a large irregular yellow spot; upper back mostly black, but with some large spots of pale yellow; scapulars, lower back, and rump olive-green; tail-coverts black; chin, throat, chest, and sides of chest glossy black, separated from the black of head and neck by a broad lemon-yellow stripe which begins under the front of the eye and ends on side of neck; remainder of under parts lemon-yellow; wings black; inner webs of quills edged with white; most of the primaries white toward the tips of outer webs; secondaries and some of the primaries tipped with white; greater and median secondary-coverts with broad white tips, forming two wing-bars; rectrices black, tipped with white, three outer pairs with white on outer webs. Iris and bill black; feet and nails plumbeous. Length, about 120; wing, 65; tail, 42; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 17.
Female.--Duller, the chin and throat dark brown instead of glossy black. An adult breeding female from Benguet Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 62; tail, 37; culmen from base, 11.5; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 18.
Young.--Birds of the year have the entire upper parts olive-green, but the yellow nuchal patch is always indicated; under parts gray to pale yellow, somewhat washed with olive; chin and throat more or less uniform with the abdomen, but the black patch beginning to show in older individuals; wings and tail marked as in the adult.
"The habits of the elegant titmouse are like those of P. amabilis; it feeds in leaves at the ends of branches, often back downward. Ten males average: Length, 110; wing, 63; tail, 37.5; culmen, 12; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 16. Four females, length, 101; wing, 59; tail, 35; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 15; culmen, 11. Iris dark brown; legs and feet slaty blue to black; bill black; nails gray. We found this species breeding in Cebu in the month of June." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
593. PARDALIPARUS ALBESCENS McGregor.
WHITE-BACKED TITMOUSE.
Parus elegans Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 22 (part); McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1903), 1, 11. Pardaliparus elegans Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 328 (part); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94 (part). Pardaliparus albescens McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 293.
Masbate (McGregor); Ticao (McGregor).
Specific characters.--Similar to P. elegans Lesson, but with little or no olive-green on upper parts, and the white on scapulars and back much more extensive, to a large extent replacing the black. Male (type), wing, 63; tail, 38; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 17.
594. PARDALIPARUS EDITHÆ McGregor.
EDITH'S TITMOUSE.
Pardaliparus elegans McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 27; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94 (part). Pardaliparus edithæ McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 294.
Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor).
Male.--Top of head, sides of neck and mantle glossy blue-black; an irregular white patch in center of nape; a number of large white spots on mantle; back and rump gray, washed with olivaceous; upper tail-coverts glossy black; chin, throat, and fore breast dead black, forming a large triangular patch, bounded above by a broad band of white, slightly washed with yellow, which extends under eye across ear-coverts onto side of neck; rest of lower parts pale lemon-yellow, washed with olivaceous on sides of neck and abdomen and on flanks; wings glossy black; primaries narrowly edged with gray on their outer webs and with white on the inner; greater and median coverts with white spots at tips (much smaller than in P. elegans and not forming bands as in that species); secondaries tipped with white; tail black with white markings as in P. elegans, but the white tips much smaller and white on outer webs of two outer pairs of rectrices. Bill black except basal third which is horn-blue; legs dull blue; nails horn-brown. Length, 122; wing, 67; tail, 43; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 17.
Female.--Similar to the male, but somewhat duller and upper parts more olive-green. Wing, 63; tail, 38; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 18.
595. PARDALIPARUS MINDANENSIS (Mearns).
MINDANAO TITMOUSE.
Pardaliparus elegans mindanensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 8. Pardaliparus mindanensis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94.
Kah-too-reé-nay, Bagobo of Mount Apo.
Mindanao (Mearns, Clemens).
Adult male.--"Similar to Pardaliparus elegans elegans, but smaller with a relatively smaller bill; coloration heavier and yellower, the black of chin and throat extending to the chest; whitish spots of upper wing-coverts and tail-feathers washed with yellow. Length, 117; alar expanse, 210; wing, 67; tail, 41; culmen, 9.5; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 15." (Mearns.)
The Mindanao titmouse differs from the species found in more northern localities in the characters given by Mearns. A male from Lake Lanao measures: Wing, 63; tail, 37; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 15. A female, wing, 62; tail, 36; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 15.
596. PARDALIPARUS AMABILIS (Sharpe).
PALAWAN TITMOUSE.
Parus amabilis Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 338, pl. 5, fig. 2; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 22. Pardaliparus amabilis Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 327; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93.
Balabac (Steere, Everett); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).
Adult male.--Entire head, neck, chin, throat, and chest glossy blue-black; neck bordered behind by a mantle of clear canary-yellow; back and rump lavender-gray; tail-coverts black; breast and remainder of under parts bright lemon-yellow; wings and tail black; greater and median coverts and primary-coverts broadly tipped with white; primaries with small white tips or marks on outer webs; secondaries with wider white tips and pale gray edges; inner webs of quills edged with white; rectrices broadly tipped with white and all but the center pair with outer webs white, but this much reduced in pair next the center pair. Wing, 72; tail, 46; culmen from base, 10.5; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 16.
Adult female.--Black of head and throat much duller than in the male; yellow of the mantle reduced to a narrow band; remainder of the back olive-green, somewhat mixed with lavender-gray on rump; white marks on wings and tail much smaller than in the male. Wing, 70; tail, 44; culmen from base, 10.5; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 16.
"Young.--Very different from the adult. It is brown above with an olive-greenish tinge, the head and face browner. Below it is yellow, duller than in the adult, the throat olive; wings and tail browner than in the adult, with the same white spotting, but not so pronounced." (Sharpe.)
Genus PENTHORNIS Hellmayr, 1901.
The genus Penthornis is distinguished from Pardaliparus by its nearly uniform black plumage and white frontal band.
Species.
a1. Wings uniform black with no white bar. ... semilarvatus (p. 608) a2. Wings black, but with a conspicuous white bar near the base of primaries and secondaries. ... tessacourbe (p. 608)
597. PENTHORNIS SEMILARVATUS (Salvadori).
WHITE-FACED BLACK TITMOUSE.
Melaniparus semilarvatus Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat. (1865), 8, 375; Ibis (1879), 300, pl. 9. Parus semilarvatus Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 38; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 224 (habits). Penthornis semilarvatus Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 333; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94.
Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp.).
Adult male.--Greater part of plumage glossy black, the following parts white: Forehead to opposite center of eye, lores, line under eye, fore part of cheeks; a concealed patch on hind neck formed by the white bases of the feathers; part of the inner webs of wing and quills, wing-lining, axillars, and outer webs of under tail-coverts white. In one specimen before me, probably immature, the tail-coverts are entirely black. Iris light brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 130; wing, 75; tail, 50; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 17.
Female.--A female from Bataan Province, Luzon, has the under parts mostly seal-brown but this is probably because of immaturity. Wing, 71; tail, 59; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 15.
598. PENTHORNIS TESSACOURBE (Scopoli).
WHITE-WINGED BLACK TITMOUSE.
Muscicapa tessacourbe Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 2, 95 (based on Sonnerat's figure). Muscicapa luzoniensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, pt. 2, 942 (same basis as Scopoli's name). Micropus nehrkorni Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (1890), 147. Penthornis luzoniensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 333; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94.
Mindanao (Sonnerat?, Platen).
Male.--Similar to Penthornis semilarvatus, but with a broad white band across the inner primaries and outer secondaries near their bases. "Length, 140; wing, 78.5; tail, 53; culmen, 12.5; tarsus, 15." (Blasius.)
Muscicapa tessacourbe Scopoli and M. luzoniensis Gmelin were both based upon Sonnerat's plate. The species was unrecognized until Platen collected a male in Mindanao. Blasius described this specimen under the name Micropus nehrkorni, suggesting the probability that it was the same as Muscicapa luzoniensis. Sonnerat's figure does not look much like a Penthornis.
Family SITTIDÆ.
Bill slender and pointed, about as long as head; neither notched nor toothed; culmen but very slightly curved; nostrils oval, nearly hidden by the antrorse frontal plumes; shafts of the latter hair-like and extending beyond the nostrils; rictal bristles very small; wing long, pointed and somewhat curved; first primary equal to about one-third of second; fourth and fifth nearly equal and longest; second between fifth and sixth in length; tail square, very short, scarcely more than one-half the wing; tarsus distinctly scutellate, equal to culmen from base; three anterior toes with their basal joints united; outer toe much longer than inner toe; hind toe with claw much longer than tarsus and nearly equal to middle toe with claw.
Genus CALLISITTA Bonaparte, 1850.
Upper parts of body blue, forehead black; under parts, buff or cinnamon, more or less washed with lilac.
Species.
a1. Lores entirely black; mantle uniform blue like the back. ... palawana (p. 609) a2. Lores not entirely black, the lower part white or buff; mantle somewhat lighter than the rest of the back.
b1. Breast and abdomen lighter, with little or no lilac wash.
c1. Larger; under parts much darker; breast vinaceous-cinnamon. ... oenochlamys (p. 610) c2. Smaller; under parts much lighter; breast cream-buff. ... mesoleuca (p. 610)
b2. Breast and abdomen darker, and heavily washed with lilac. ... lilacea (p. 611)
599. CALLISITTA PALAWANA (Hartert).
PALAWAN NUTHATCH.
Sitta frontalis Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 358 (part). Dendrophila frontalis Whitehead, Ibis (1893), 53; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 351 (part). Sitta frontalis palawana Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1905), 16, 11. Callisitta frontalis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94.
Balabac (Steere, Everett); Palawan (Steere, Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Doherty, Celestino, White).
Adult male.--Above french-blue; lores and forehead velvet-black; a black stripe over eye, extending from the black frontal patch to nape; under parts vinaceous-buff, chin and throat considerably paler; abdomen and sides slightly washed with lilac; sides of head vinaceous-buff, slightly washed with violet; a blue line under eye; alula, primary-coverts, and primaries mostly black, some of the feathers narrowly edged with blue; secondaries and secondary-coverts mostly blue; rectrices blue, each feather with a large black mark which occupies much of the inner web and part of the outer web. A male from Puerto Princesa, Palawan, measures: Length, 127; wing, 75; tail, 42; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 17.
Adult female.--Like the male, but with no black line over eye and ear-coverts, although there is an indication of the line. Wing, 72; tail, 41; culmen from base, 15.5; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 15.
"Eye straw-yellow; bill vermilion; orbital skin gray; legs light brown." (Whitehead.)
600. CALLISITTA OENOCHLAMYS (Sharpe).
LOWLAND NUTHATCH.
Dendrophila oenochlamys Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 338, pl. 53, fig. 3; Hand-List (1903), 4, 351; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 227 (distribution). Sitta oenochlamys Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 359. Callisitta oenochlamys McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94 (error in locality list).
Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere); Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Negros (Whitehead, Celestino); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).
Adult male.--A small white spot on lower part of lores; very similar to Callisitta palawana, but slightly darker blue above, bases of mantle feathers vinaceous-buff forming an ill-defined patch; under parts slightly darker than in C. palawana and more strongly washed with lilac; ear-coverts washed with blue. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Length, 127; wing, 75; tail, 41; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 17.
Adult female.--Similar to the male, but lacking the black line over eye and auriculars.
601. CALLISITTA MESOLEUCA (Grant).
HIGHLAND NUTHATCH.
Dendrophila mesoleuca Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. (1894), 3, 49; Ibis (1895), 450, pl. 4, fig. 2; Whitehead, Ibis (1899); 227 (habits, plumage); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 351. Callisitta mesoleuca McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94.
Ta-ká, Benguet.
Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor, Worcester, Mearns, Bartsch).
Adult male.--A small white spot on lower part of lores; middle of mantle with the bases of feathers pale vinaceous-buff to whitish, forming a patch; under parts pale buff with no lilac wash; throat and chin very pale, almost white. Iris yellow; bill and bare skin around eye greenish yellow; legs and nails dark green. Length, about 140; wing, 75; tail, 43; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10.5; tarsus, 16.
Adult female.--Differs from the male in having no black line over the eye to nape. Wing, 72; tail, 40; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 16.
Callisitta mesoleuca is very abundant in the mountains of Benguet Province, while C. oenochlamys inhabits the forests of the lowlands.
602. CALLISITTA LILACEA (Whitehead).
LILAC-FACED NUTHATCH.
Dendrophila lilacea Whitehead, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1897), 6, 49; Ibis (1899), 228; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 351; Grant, Ibis (1906), 474. Callisitta lilacea McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94.
Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).
Adult male.--Spot on lower part of lores buff; hind neck, mantle, and sides of neck vinaceous-buff, washed with lilac; throat vinaceous-buff deepening to vinaceous-cinnamon on chest, and on the rest of under parts which are heavily washed with lilac. A male from Basilan measures: Length, 120; wing, 73; tail, 39; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 16.
Adult female.--Similar to the male, but lacking the black line over eye to nape. A female from Basilan measures: Wing, 70; tail, 40; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 15.
Family CERTHIIDÆ.
Bill gently curved, moderate in length, slender, decidedly compressed beyond nostril, and with an obsolete notch in cutting edge near tip; culmen with a distinct ridge; nostril-opening linear, exposed, and overhung by an operculum; rictal bristles few and very short; no frontal bristles; a number of long retrorse hairs springing from among the feathers of forehead; wing moderate in length, flat, and somewhat pointed; first primary slender and less than one-third of second, the latter nearly equal to third, fourth, and fifth which are subequal and longest; tail square, little more than one-half of wing; divisions between tarsal scutes obsolete; tarsus, longer than bill from nostril, and equal to, or shorter than, middle toe with claw. The characters detailed above are taken from Rhabdornis, a genus not typical of the family, but the only Philippine representative of the Certhiidæ.
Genus RHABDORNIS Reichenbach, 1853.
Characters the same as those given for the Family. Upper parts brown or gray, and black, streaked with white; under parts white, sides streaked with brown or black.
Species.
a1. Head and nape heavily streaked with white.
b1. Bill longer, about 16 mm. from nostril; upper parts grayer. ... mystacalis (p. 612) b2. Bill shorter, about 14 mm. from nostril; upper parts browner. ... minor (p. 612)
a2. Head and nape uniform dull brown or else dark gray. ... inornatus (p. 613)
603. RHABDORNIS MYSTACALIS (Temminck).
PHILIPPINE CREEPER.
Meliphaga mystacalis Temminck, Pl. Col. (1825), pl. 335, fig. 2. Climacteris mystacalis Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 339. Rhabdornis mystacalis Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 356; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 226 (habits, anatomy); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.
Luzon (Meyer, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Celestino); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).
Male.--Top of head and hind neck with broad white shaft-streaks; back and rump drab-gray, the shafts of the feathers white; wings like the back; primaries, secondaries, and rectrices blackish brown; inner webs of wing-quills edged with light buff; stripe under eye, on ear-coverts, and on side of neck black; under parts white; feathers of sides, flanks, and crissum bordered with black, producing a streaked appearance; under wing-coverts and axillars pale buff. Length, about 155. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 82; tail, 49; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 17; tarsus, 18.
Female.--Top of head, nape, and ear-coverts brown.
"This creeper feeds in deep woods, but is more common in second growth; it is nowhere very abundant. Very variable in size and in length of bill. Three males average as follows: Culmen, 26; wing, 80; tail, 28; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 20.5. A female, length, 149; wing, 80; tail, 49; culmen, 23; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 19.5. Bill, legs, and feet black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
604. RHABDORNIS MINOR Grant.
LESSER CREEPER.
Rhabdornis minor Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1896), 6, 17; Ibis (1897), 234; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 227 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 356; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.
Basilan (Celestino); Bohol (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett, Celestino); Samar (Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester).
Male.--Differs from Rhabdornis mystacalis in having the back brown (near prout's brown of Ridgway) instead of gray, and in having the bill decidedly shorter. Length, about 142. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 78; tail, 45; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 19.
Female.--Differs from the male in having general color of crown, ear-coverts, and sides of neck brown instead of black. A female from Basilan measures: Wing, 77; tail, 43; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 18.
605. RHABDORNIS INORNATUS Grant.
PLAIN CREEPER.
Rhabdornis inornatus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1896), 6, 18; Ibis (1897), 235, pl. 6, fig. 2; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 227. Rhabdornis inornata Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 356; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.
Mindanao (Clemens); Samar (Whitehead).
"Adult male.--Easily distinguished from R. mystacalis and R. minor by having the bill altogether stouter and stronger, the top of the head and nape uniform dull grayish brown; mantle brown with whitish shafts only to the feathers; the lesser and median wing-coverts with well-marked white shaft-stripes; chin, throat, and fore neck grayish white; the margins of the sides and flank-feathers narrower and browner. 'Iris dark brown; bill and feet black.' (Whitehead.) Length, 157; culmen, 19; wing, 81; tail, 51; tarsus, 20." (Grant.)
Female.--Similar to the male, but top of head browner. Wing, 89; tail, 57; exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 23.
Family ZOSTEROPIDÆ.
Bill curved and pointed, very similar to the bill of Dicoeum, but without serrations in the cutting edges; nostril opening beneath an opercle or scale; rictal bristles inconspicuous; eye usually surrounded by a ring of short white feathers of a silky texture; wing with nine primaries; tail square, moderate in length and extending beyond the toes.
Genera.
a1. Upper parts nearly uniform olive-green or greenish yellow; length rarely more than 125 mm. ... Zosterops (p. 613) a2. Upper parts uniform cinnamon-rufous; length more than 150 mm. ... Hypocryptadius (p. 621)
Genus ZOSTEROPS Vigors and Horsfield, 1826.
Culmen decidedly ridged; eye, except in Z. goodfellowi, surrounded by a ring of white feathers; general color yellow and yellowish green, the abdomen in some species white, gray, or drab.
Species. [82]
a1. Eye surrounded by a circle of white feathers; chin and throat, at least, bright lemon-yellow; much smaller in size; wing less than 60 mm.
b1. Under parts not entirely yellow; sides of breast and of abdomen whitish, ashy gray, or plumbeous.
c1. Median yellow line on breast and abdomen obsolete or wanting; breast and abdomen white or very pale gray.
d1. Smaller; wing, 53 mm. or less; culmen from base, 12 or less; forehead duller and less extensively yellow.
e1. Lighter and more yellow above; ear-coverts lighter and more yellowish. ... meyeni (p. 615) e2. Darker and less yellow above; ear-coverts darker and more greenish olive.
f1. Smaller.
g1. Smaller, with no dusky shade under the eye. ... whiteheadi (p. 615) g2. Larger, with a dusky shade under the eye. ... vulcani (p. 616)
f2. Larger. ... halconensis (p. 616)
d2. Larger; wing, about 58 mm.; culmen from base, 14; forehead much brighter yellow. ... batanis (p. 616)
c2. Median yellow line on breast and abdomen well developed; sides cinereous or ashy gray.
d1. Without a distinct blackish line under the eye; upper parts more yellowish.
e1 Smaller; sides of breast lighter gray; forehead more yellow. ... siquijorensis (p. 617) e2. Larger; sides of breast darker gray; forehead less yellow. ... boholensis (p. 617)
d2. With a distinct dusky line under eye; upper parts more greenish.
e1. Lores yellow. ... everetti (p. 618) e2. Lores dusky. ... basilanica (p. 618)
b2. Under parts entirely yellow.
c1. Greatest width of white eye-ring 3 mm. ... meyleri (p. 618) c2. Greatest width of white eye-ring about 1.5 mm.
d1. Upper parts yellower; under parts brighter and yellower.
e1. Larger; wing, about 55 mm.; a distinct black line under eye to base of bill. ... richmondi (p. 619) e2. Smaller; wing, about 50 mm.; dusky line under eye less distinct and not reaching the base of bill.
f1. General color duller. ... luzonica (p. 619) f2. General color brighter; lores and frontal band brilliant golden yellow. ... aureiloris (p. 619)
d2. Upper parts greener; under parts paler and, except on chin and throat, slightly greener; eye-circle interrupted in front by a small black spot. ... nigrorum (p. 620)
a2. Eye without a circle of white feathers; chin and fore throat very pale cream-buff; wing more than 65 mm.
b1. Larger; bill more slender; front half of head olive-green. ... goodfellowi (p. 620) b2. Smaller; bill stouter; front half of head grayish brown. ... malindangensis (p. 621)
606. ZOSTEROPS MEYENI Bonaparte.
MEYEN'S SILVEREYE.
Zosterops meyeni Bonaparte, Consp. Genera Avium (1850), 1, 398; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 180; Grant, Ibis (1895), 452; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 231 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.
Cu-sil-sil, Benguet; ti-tit, Calayan.
Banton (Celestino); Calayan (McGregor); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyen, Steere Exp., Möllendorff, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Verde (McGregor).
Male.--Above olive-yellow, brighter and yellower on forehead and tail-coverts; rectrices and wing-feathers brown and, except first alula feather and first primary, edged with olive-yellow on outer webs; primaries, secondaries, and rectrices edged with white on inner webs; a narrow ring around eye silky white, below this slightly dusky; lores olive-yellow; sides of head and neck like back; chin, throat, chest, and crissum light lemon-yellow; breast and abdomen white, very faintly drab-gray on sides and with a wash of yellow on median line; thighs, lining of wing, and axillars white faintly washed with yellow. A male from Manila measures: Length, 100; wing, 52; tail, 36; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 16.
Female.--Similar to the male. A female from Nueva Ecija Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 52; tail, 36; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 16.
"Shot in great numbers in bamboo clumps in the open fields. Four males average as follow: Wing, 53; tail, 37; culmen, 14; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 13.7. Three females, wing, 51; tail, 37; culmen, 13; tarsus, 14.7; middle toe with claw, 14.4. Iris light brown; legs, feet, and nails leaden." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
607. ZOSTEROPS WHITEHEADI Hartert.
WHITEHEAD'S SILVEREYE.
Zosterops whiteheadi Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1903), 14, 13; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.
Luzon (Whitehead, Worcester, McGregor, Mearns, Bartsch).
Diagnosis.--Similar to Zosterops meyeni from the vicinity of Manila, but male and female "differ conspicuously in being darker above and not so yellow, especially on the crown and forehead, in having darker and more greenish olive ear-coverts, all the feathers of the upper side having much darker gray bases, more greenish flanks, and a black loral patch which is not developed in Z. meyeni. Wing [male] [female], 52 to 53.5; tail, 36; bill, 9." (Hartert.)
608. ZOSTEROPS VULCANI (Hartert).
MOUNT APO SILVEREYE.
Zosterops whiteheadi vulcani Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1903), 14, 14. Zosterops vulcani McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95; Grant, Ibis (1906), 473.
Mindanao (Goodfellow, Mearns).
Diagnosis.--"Entirely like Z. w. whiteheadi but larger and with a dusky shade under the eye. Wing, 58.8; tail, 40; bill, 10.5." (Hartert.)
A male from Mount Apo measures: Wing, 55; tail, 38; culmen from base, 12.5; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 18. A female, wing, 54; tail, 37.5; culmen from base, 12.5; bill from nostril, 7.5.
This subspecies appears to be very slightly different from Zosterops meyeni.
609. ZOSTEROPS HALCONENSIS Mearns.
MOUNT HALCON SILVEREYE.
Zosterops halconensis Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 360.
Mindoro (Mearns).
"Characters.--Sexes alike. Similar to Zosterops vulcani, but slightly larger. Wing, 56 against 55 millimeters; tail, 42 to 41; culmen, 12 to 11.5. Color yellower, but without a longitudinal yellow stripe on middle of abdomen; sides more whitish gray; cheeks and ear-coverts paler and yellower, but the yellow confined to the chin and throat not suffusing the upper chest; upper surfaces of a more golden green. From Zosterops whiteheadi the Mindoro form is easily distinguished, when similar seasonal plumages are compared, by its greater size and more yellow coloration." (Mearns.)
610. ZOSTEROPS BATANIS McGregor.
BATANES SILVEREYE.
Zosterops batanis McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 343.
Da-ti-ú, Batan.
Batan (McGregor).
Male (type).--Above yellowish green or light olive-yellow, brighter on crown, rump, and upper tail-coverts; lores and frontal band bright yellow; eye surrounded by a ring of silky white feathers, interrupted in front by a small dusky spot; an indistinct dusky line below eye-circle; auriculars and sides of neck light yellowish green like the crown; chin, throat, breast, and under tail-coverts bright yellow like the forehead; a faint yellow wash on middle of breast and abdomen; wing-coverts olive-yellow like the back; quills blackish and, except first primary, edged with olive-yellow, inner webs margined with white; edge of wing light yellow; axillars and wing-lining white, faintly washed with yellow; rectrices blackish edged with olive-yellow. Iris light brown; upper mandible black; lower mandible and legs leaden blue; nails brown. Length, 127; wing, 58; tail, 43; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 18. Iris pale brown; upper mandible black; lower mandible and legs lead-blue; nails brown.
Female.--Similar to the male. Wing, 55; tail, 40; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 18.
A nest containing four fresh eggs of the Batan silvereye was taken on June 1, 1907. The nest, compactly made of plant fibers, was situated in the fork of a small tree; its inside diameter is 63 mm.; inside depth, 33. The eggs are pale blue and unmarked; they measure from 16.5 to 17.5 mm. in length, and from 12.1 to 12.9 mm. in breadth. Two nests containing young birds were found on the 5th of June.
611. ZOSTEROPS SIQUIJORENSIS Bourns and Worcester.
SIQUIJOR SILVEREYE.
Zosterops siquijorensis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 21; Grant, Ibis (1896), 551; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 232 (habits, distribution); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.
Bu-lai-og', Siquijor.
Negros (Whitehead, Celestino); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).
Male and female.--Above bright olive-yellow similar to Z. meyeni, but with a well-marked, yellow, frontal band; lores yellow; a faint dusky line under eye; below similar to Z. meyeni, but with a well-developed median line of lemon-yellow; sides of breast and of abdomen pale ashy gray. A male from Siquijor measures: Wing, 54; tail, 42; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 17. A female, wing, 54; tail, 39; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 16.
612. ZOSTEROPS BOHOLENSIS McGregor.
BOHOL SILVEREYE.
Zosterops læta (not of De Vis) McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 329. Zosterops boholensis McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1908), 3, sec. A, 283.
Bohol (McGregor).
Male and female.--Similar to Z. siquijorensis, but the sides of breast and abdomen darker ash-gray or cinereous; white eye-circle interrupted in front by a small dusky spot. The type measures: Length, 119; wing, 60; tail, 43; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 15. A female, wing, 51; tail, 36; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7.5; tarsus, 15.
613. ZOSTEROPS EVERETTI Tweeddale.
CEBU SILVEREYE.
Zosterops everetti Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 762; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 163; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 57 (critical notes); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.
Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).
Adult.--Very similar to Z. basilanica, but the lores dusky; from Z. siquijorensis and boholensis it differs in having a distinct blackish line under the eye. A male measures: Wing, 53; tail, 37; culmen from base, 12.5; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 15. A female, wing, 51; tail, 38; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7.5; tarsus, 15.
614. ZOSTEROPS BASILANICA Steere.
STEERE'S SILVEREYE.
Zosterops basilanica Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 21; Grant, Ibis (1896), 552 (critical notes); (1897), 238; (1906), 473; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 232; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.
Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Papahag (Bartsch); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester).
Adult.--Resembles Z. everetti, but the lores dusky; from Z. boholensis and siquijorensis it differs in having a distinct dusky line under the eye and the upper parts more greenish; sides of breast and of abdomen dark cinereous. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 51; tail, 39; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 16. A female, wing, 51; tail, 40; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 15.
615. ZOSTEROPS MEYLERI McGregor.
CAMIGUIN SILVEREYE.
Zosterops meyleri McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, Sec. A, 348.
Camiguin N. (McGregor).
Male (type).--Above bright olive-yellow, lighter on rump; forehead and lores golden yellow; ear-coverts and sides of neck like the back; a wide circle of short, silky, white feathers about the eye bordered below by a dusky line; below bright lemon-yellow; sides slightly dusky; wing-feathers and rectrices dark brown edged with olive-yellow. Iris brown; bill black, but basal two-thirds of lower mandible leaden blue; legs and nails flesh-color. Length, 114; wing, 53; tail, 38; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 16.
Female.--Similar to the male in color. Wing, 51; tail, 37; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 15.
In color this species is similar to Z. richmondi, but it lacks the black line under the eye and has the white eye-ring much wider than in any other Philippine species.
616. ZOSTEROPS RICHMONDI McGregor.
CAGAYANCILLO SILVEREYE.
Zosterops flavissima (not of Hartert), McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 26. Zosterops richmondi McGregor, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1904), 17, 165; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.
Tam-mig, Cagayancillo.
Cagayancillo (McGregor).
Adult male (type).--Resembles in general color the male of Z. meyleri, but has a distinct black line under the eye, a small dusky spot in front of the eye, and a narrow eye-ring. Length, 114; wing, 56; tail, 44; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 17.
Female.--Similar to the male. Wing, 54; tail, 40; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 17.
617. ZOSTEROPS LUZONICA Grant.
LUZON SILVEREYE.
Zosterops luzonica Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 4, 22; Ibis (1895), 257; (1896), 120; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 232 (habits, distribution); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.
Luzon (Whitehead).
Diagnosis.--"Most nearly allied to Z. nigrorum from Negros, but distinguished by having no black spot in front of the eye, the upper parts brighter olive, and the yellow of the throat and middle of the under parts more golden with no greenish tinge. Length, 96.5; wing, 46; tail, 35.5; tarsus, 15." (Grant.)
618. ZOSTEROPS AUREILORIS Grant.
GOLDEN-LORED SILVEREYE.
Zosterops aureiloris Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 4, 40; Ibis (1895), 453; (1896), 468; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 232; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.
Caluya (Porter); [83] Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Whitehead).
"This beautiful species is most nearly allied to Z. luzonica Grant, from the Mayon Volcano, in the Albay district, but is distinguished by its altogether brighter plumage above and below, and by the brilliant golden yellow frontal band, which forms a conspicuous patch on the lores and in front of the eyes.
"Adult male.--Length, about 114; wing, 47 to 52; tail, 35.5 to 38; tarsus, 15.
"Adult female.--Length, about 114; wing, 49.5 to 52; tail, 35.5 to 38; tarsus, 15." (Grant.)
A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 50; tail, 35; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 15.
619. ZOSTEROPS NIGRORUM Tweeddale.
NEGROS SILVEREYE.
Zosterops nigrorum Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 286; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 186; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 232 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.
Cresta de Gallo (McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Panay, (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).
Adult.--Similar to Z. aureiloris. Above dark olive-yellow; frontal band and lores bright lemon-yellow; a black line under eye; eye-ring interrupted in front by a small black spot; sides of head and neck like the back; chin and throat lemon-yellow, becoming more greenish on breast and abdomen. In general color this species is much greener than Z. aureiloris or other related species. Iris greenish white; bill dark above, bluish horn-color below; legs plumbeous; nails light horn-color. A male from Masbate measures: Length, 114; wing, 53; tail, 37; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 15. A female from Masbate, wing, 52; tail, 36; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7.5; tarsus, 15.
"Found in abundance about flowering trees in the forest together with sunbirds and Dicæidæ. Ten males average: Length, 114; wing, 55; tail, 40; culmen, 14; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 14.4. Nine females, length, 111; wing, 53.5; tail, 39; culmen, 13.7; tarsus, 14.4; middle toe with claw, 14. Iris light brown; legs and feet pale slaty; bill same color. Breeding in Negros in the month of January." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
620. ZOSTEROPS GOODFELLOWI Hartert.
GOODFELLOW'S SILVEREYE.
Zosterops goodfellowi Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1903), 14, 13; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96; Grant, Ibis (1906), 473.
Mindanao (Goodfellow).
Male.--Above olive-green; forehead and line over eye drab; ear-coverts dull green; lores blackish; no white eye-ring; chin and fore throat buffy white; remainder of under parts light green, becoming light sulphur-yellow on middle of breast and abdomen; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown edged with olive-green. "Iris reddish brown; bill all plumbeous black; feet and claws pale olive." (Mearns.) Length, 158; wing, 72; tail, 56; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 20. The male is described from a specimen collected by Mearns.
"Female.--Above olive-green, crown and ear-coverts tinged with brown; remiges deep brown with greenish outer edges and pale sulphur-yellow inner margins; tail brown with olive-green outer webs; under side sulphur-yellow; chin and upper throat pale buff; fore neck and sides of breast and abdomen strongly tinged with olive-greenish. No indication of white orbital ring. Wing, 71 to 75; tail, 58; bill from feathers, 12.5; tarsus, 21." (Hartert.)
Goodfellow's silvereye is a very distinct species of entirely different coloration from any of the preceding species. It is known only from Mount Apo, Mindanao.
621. ZOSTEROPS MALINDANGENSIS (Mearns).
MALINDANG SILVEREYE.
Zosterops goodfellowi malindangensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 443.
Mindanao (Mearns).
"Characters.--Smaller than typical Zosterops goodfellowi, with stouter bill, front half of head grayish brown instead of olive-green; nape greenish gray instead of olive-green; auricular patch more sharply defined and less greenish; malar region washed with brown instead of being dirty white; throat and upper breast more distinctly washed with brown. The iris is reddish brown in both; bill black in malindangensis, plumbeous-black in goodfellowi; feet and claws pale olive, yellowish on under side of toes in both." (Mearns.)
Genus HYPOCRYPTADIUS Hartert, 1903.
Bill similar to that of Zosterops, but somewhat stouter and ridge of culmen rounded; colors very different from Zosterops; entire upper parts cinnamon-rufous and no white eye-ring.
The characters of Hypocryptadius as given by Hartert follow: "Bill rather higher and comparatively short, the culmen distinctly curved; nasal groove less than one-third of the length of the exposed portion of the culmen; culminal ridge more rounded. Wing as in Zosterops (i. e., 'nine primaried'), the first (developed) primary only 5 mm. shorter than the next and at least 1 1/2 cm. longer than the secondaries. Larger than Zosterops, coloration different from all Zosteropidæ. Sexes alike. Feet very strong, but structurally similar to those of Zosterops."
622. HYPOCRYPTADIUS CINNAMOMEUS Hartert.
CINNAMON HYPOCRYPTADIUS.
Hypocryptadius cinnamomeus Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1903), 14, 13; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96; Grant, Ibis (1906), 473, pl. 18, fig. 1.
Mindanao (Goodfellow, Mearns).
Male.--Above bright cinnamon-rufous; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown with most of the outer webs cinnamon-rufous; inner webs of primaries and secondaries cinnamon; under parts buff, tinged with cinnamon on breast, and becoming lilac-gray on lower breast and abdomen, and nearly white on crissum; thighs darker. Wing, 90; tail, 54; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 21.
The female is similar to the male. This species is known only from Mount Apo, Mindanao.
Family DICÆIDÆ.
Bill short, rather broad at the base; cutting edges of both mandibles finely serrated for at least the distal third; first primary usually wanting; tail short and square. Birds of this family resemble the Nectariniidæ and differ from all other Passeriformes in the finely serrated tomia. The species are all small resident birds. Some are brightly marked with red or yellow, while others are plainly colored. They feed about flower or fruit trees or vines in the manner of the sunbirds.
Genera.
a1. Bill longer and more slender; width of upper mandible at base not greater, usually much less, than bill from nostril; tail shorter, not extending beyond the toes.
b1. Bill more slender, the terminal half decidedly compressed; outline of gonys nearly straight; culmen from base at least twice the greatest width of upper mandible; short first primary wanting ... Dicæum (p. 622) b2. Bill stouter, and decidedly broad nearly to the tip; outline of gonys convex; culmen from base less than twice the width of upper mandible. ... Prionochilus (p. 637)
a2. Bill shorter and stouter; width of upper mandible at base greater than length of bill from nostril; tail longer, its tip reaching beyond the toes. ... Piprisoma (p. 641)
Genus DICÆUM Cuvier, 1817.
The genus Dicæum is distinguished by the slender and sharply pointed bill, by the comparatively short tail, and by always lacking the first primary. The shape of the bill alone is enough to distinguish Dicæum from either Prionochilus or Piprisoma, for while the base of the bill is stout in all three genera, in Dicæum its distal portion is much compressed, slender and sharply pointed, and the outline of the gonys is but very slightly convex.
Species.
a1. Adults brightly colored with a large area, or at least a stripe, of red, orange, or yellow on under parts.
b1. Bright color of under parts red; no orange on the back; male and female similar in colors.
c1. A red collar on hind neck; chin and throat black with a red spot in center of throat and a red line on middle of abdomen. ... retrocinctum (p. 624) c2. No red on the upper parts.
d1. Throat white; a red streak on middle of breast and abdomen.
e1. Chest black ... hæmatostictum (p. 625) e2. Chest light gray like the sides and flanks ... papuense (p. 626)
d2. Throat and chest red; middle of abdomen black; crissum light yellow.
e1. Larger; wing, 53 to 55 mm.; upper parts with a more steel-green gloss.
f1. Sides of head slaty black; under tail-coverts duller yellow. ... luzoniense (p. 626) f2. Sides of head glossy greenish black; under tail-coverts brighter yellow ... apo (p. 627)
e2. Smaller; wing, 47 mm.; upper parts with more steel-blue gloss. ... bonga (p. 627)
b2. Bright colors of under parts orange or yellow, or both, in males; females much plainer than the males.
c1. Entire breast, abdomen, and crissum yellow, or orange and yellow; in some species the entire under parts yellow.
d1. Under parts entirely bright yellow and orange.
e1. No yellow band on rump.
f1. Fore breast cadmium-orange much brighter than the remaining under parts ... dorsale (p. 628) f2. Fore breast orange in the center not strongly contrasting with the yellow of remaining under parts ... pallidius (p. 628)
e2. A bright yellow band on rump ... xanthopygium (p. 629)
d2. Under parts not entirely yellow and orange; throat, or throat and chin, gray or blackish slate.
e1. Chin not distinctly yellow; center of breast washed with orange.
f1. Throat decidedly lighter gray.
g1. Smaller; chin and throat faintly washed with yellow; rump faintly washed with olive ... intermedium (p. 629) g2. Larger; chin and throat clear gray; rump with a decided wash of olive-green ... sibuyanicum (p. 630)
f2. Throat decidedly darker gray or even blackish slate-color.
g1. Chin and throat ashy gray, lighter than sides of face; rump heavily washed with yellow ... assimile (p. 630) g2. Chin and throat blackish slate, nearly uniform with top and sides of head; rump slightly washed with olive. ... sibutuense (p. 631)
e2. Chin decidedly light yellow in contrast with the gray throat; breast bright orpiment-orange.
f1. Smaller; gray of throat faintly washed with yellow; no olive wash on rump; breast brighter ... cinereigulare (p. 631) f2. Larger; throat gray; rump faintly washed with olive; breast duller orange ... besti (p. 632)
c2. Entire under parts white and ashy gray, except a wide stripe of bright cadmium-yellow on middle of breast ... flaviventer (p. 632)
a2. Adults dull colored, black and white, or at least without red, orange, or bright yellow in any part of the plumage; the sexes alike in colors or similar.
b1. Upper parts nearly uniform in color, or the head and mantle, at least, of one color.
c1. Smaller; bill from nostril, 7 mm.; wing, 40 to 45.
d1. Sides of head and neck ashy or slate-color; rump and tail-coverts washed with yellow ... pygmæum (p. 633) d2. Sides of head and neck black; rump and tail-coverts glossy green like the head and back ... davao (p. 634)
c2. Larger; bill from nostril, about 9 mm.; wing, 53 to 55.
d1. Under parts white or whitish.
e1. Upper parts black with a slight green gloss ... hypoleucum (p. 634) e2. Upper parts dark brown.
f1. Above sooty brown washed with olive; below white; fore neck, breast, and flanks washed with ashy ... mindanense (p. 635) f2. Above dark olive-brown; throat and fore neck ashy gray tinged with olive-yellow; breast and abdomen white tinged with yellow. ... everetti (p. 636)
d2. Under parts dull olive-gray; upper parts washed with olive-green. ... obscurum (p. 636)
b2. Upper parts not uniform in color; head, rump, and tail-coverts olive-green; mantle smoky brown ... nigrilore (p. 637)
623. DICÆUM RETROCINCTUM Gould.
RED-COLLARED FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum retrocinctum Gould, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1872), 10, 114; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 35; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.
Luzon (?); [84] Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Everett, McGregor).
Male and female.--Upper parts, including wings and tail, black with a slight blue gloss; a collar of scarlet-vermilion on hind neck; lores dead black; sides of head, chin, throat, and breast dull black with a small scarlet-vermilion patch in center of upper throat on line with the eyes; abdomen, flanks, thighs, crissum, and sides of breast white, mixed with gray on the sides; in the middle of lower breast an oblong scarlet-vermilion patch which is surrounded by black. A male measures: Length, 100; wing, 53; tail, 27; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 13.5. A female, wing, 50; tail, 26; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 14.
"Fairly abundant in Mindoro. Found both in the forest and in the coconut groves. Three males average: Length, 91; wing, 53; tail, 27; culmen, 13; tarsus, 12.7; middle toe with claw, 13.4. A female, length, 97; wing, 50; tail, 25; culmen, 15; tarsus, 14.4; middle toe with claw, 13. Iris dark reddish brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in Mindoro in the month of April." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
624. DICÆUM HÆMATOSTICTUM Sharpe.
WHITE-THROATED FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum hæmatostictum Sharpe, Nature (1876), 14, 298; Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 336; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 35; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 243, pl. 6, fig. 2 (egg); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 233 (nest); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.
Guimaras (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay, Celestino); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).
Male.--Upper parts, including wings and tail, black with a slight blue gloss; cheeks, sides of head and of neck black; no red on the neck; under parts white; sides and flanks washed with ashy; a slate-black band or patch across fore breast; a broad band of scarlet-vermilion on middle of breast and abdomen. A male from Panay measures: Wing, 53; tail, 29; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7.5; tarsus, 14.
"Young.--Differs from the adult in being slaty gray above, the wings and tail being blacker, with grayish margins to the feathers; under surface of body ashy whitish, washed with yellowish on the abdomen and with grayish on the sides of the body." (Sharpe.)
"Found in deep woods, also in coconut groves and about flowering trees in the open. Frequently found feeding side by side with D. dorsale. Fourteen males average: Length, 94; wing, 56; tail, 29; culmen, 14; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 14. Thirteen females, length, 93; wing, 53; tail, 27; culmen, 14; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 14. Iris very dark brown; bill, legs, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Whitehead collected one fresh egg of this species at the base of Canlaon Volcano, Negros, on March 19, 1896. It is described as follows: "Shape ovate. Ground-color very pale greenish white, profusely spotted towards the larger end with rather heavy clouded lilac under-markings and olive-brown specks, which are distributed sparingly over the rest of the shell. Measurements 17 mm. by 12 mm. The only nest found was suspended from the end of a branch some distance from the ground." (Grant and Whitehead.)
625. DICÆUM PAPUENSE (Gmelin).
PHILIPPINE FLOWERPECKER.
Pipra papuensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, pt. 2, 1004. Dicæum rubriventer Lesson, Traité d'Orn. (1831), 303; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 36; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 233 (habits). Dicæum schistaceum Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 111, pl. 8, fig. 1 (young). Dicæum papuense McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.
Pi-pit pu-ña-la-da, Manila.
Basiao, off Samar (Bartsch); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Whitehead); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).
Male and female.--Above black with a slight slate-blue gloss; lores and ear-coverts black; chin, throat, and crissum white; remainder of under parts cinereous, whitish on middle of lower abdomen; a wide scarlet-vermilion line down center of breast and abdomen. Iris red; bill, legs, and claws black. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 56; tail, 31; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 14. A female from Lubang, wing, 50; tail, 25; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 14.
Young.--Upper parts and sides of head and of neck dull smoky brown; under parts dirty cinereous, slightly lighter on throat and tail-coverts.
"The occurrence of this species in Masbate is somewhat surprising. We should naturally expect to find D. hæmatostictum there. D. papuense is, however, abundant, and D. hæmatostictum apparently does not occur. Habits similar to D. hæmatostictum, and never occurs in the same island with it so far as known. Eight males average: Length, 93; wing, 56; tail, 29; culmen, 13; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 14. Five females, length, 93; wing, 52; tail, 27; culmen, 13; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 13.4. Bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in Samar and Mindanao in August; in Cebu in June." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
626. DICÆUM LUZONIENSE Grant.
LUZON FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum luzoniense Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 1; Ibis (1897), 238; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 235; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.
Cu-si-ti, Benguet.
Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).
Adult male.--Upper parts, including exposed edges of wing-feathers and rectrices, glossy steel-green; lores black; sides of head and of neck black slightly glossed with green; chin very pale yellow; throat and chest scarlet-vermilion; breast and abdomen white, washed with pale yellow and with a slaty black line down the middle; sides and flanks olivaceous; thighs black mixed with white; crissum saffron-yellow; rectrices and wing-feathers black; wing-lining white. Iris brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 95; wing, 56; tail, 29; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6; tarsus, 12.
"The female resembles the female of D. ignipectus, but the top of the head and back are very distinctly glossed with metallic green as in the male, though the gloss is much less pronounced. In some females of D. ignipectus the head is slightly glossed, but the back is always olive-green. Length, 86; wing, 46.5; tail, 28; tarsus, 12; culmen, 11.4." (Grant.)
Young.--Above mouse-gray washed with olive-green; under parts gray washed with dull olivaceous; abdomen, crissum, and middle of breast washed with light yellow. The first indication of the adult plumage consists of a few red feathers on the throat.
The Luzon flowerpecker is abundant in the mountains of Benguet Province and appears not to occur in the lowlands.
627. DICÆUM APO Hartert.
MOUNT APO FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum apo Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1904), 14, 79; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.
Mindanao (Waterstradt).
Diagnosis.--"Differs from D. luzoniense Grant in having the sides of the head glossy greenish black, instead of slaty, the vent and under tail-coverts brighter yellow, and the sides of abdomen darker olive-green." (Hartert.)
This species is known only from Mount Apo, Mindanao.
628. DICÆUM BONGA Hartert.
SAMAR FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum luzoniense Grant, Ibis (1897), 238 (Samar). Dicæum bonga Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1904), 14, 80; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.
Samar (Whitehead).
Diagnosis.--"Differs from D. luzoniense and D. apo in being smaller (wing only 47 mm. instead of 53 to 55 mm.). The sides of the head as dark or even darker than those of D. apo, while the upper surface seems to have a more steel-blue gloss." (Hartert.)
629. DICÆUM DORSALE Sharpe.
SHARPE'S FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum dorsale Sharpe, Nature (1876), 14, 298; Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 340; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 40; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 232; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.
Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Celestino); Panay (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).
Male.--Above dark plumbeous or slate-blue; wing-feathers and rectrices black, edged with slate-blue; a patch of feathers in the middle of upper back orpiment-orange; sides of head and neck slate-blue; lores black; under parts bright lemon-yellow, becoming cadmium-yellow on abdomen and orpiment-orange on breast; inner webs of quills white; axillars and wing-lining white, washed with yellow. Iris light brown; bill and nails black; legs dark slate-blue. A male from Masbate measures: Wing, 50; tail, 23; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 13.
"Female.--Different from the male; above olive-green, the rump more yellowish; sides of the face uniform with the head; under surface of body bright yellowish; breast and under wing-coverts richer in color. Length, 94; culmen, 12.7; wing, 48; tail, 22.8; tarsus, 14." (Sharpe.)
"True D. dorsale is confined to Panay, Negros, and Masbate, where it is abundant both about flowering and fruiting trees in the forest, and in coconut groves. Five males average: Length, 89; wing, 49; tail, 24; culmen, 13; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 13. Six females, wing, 48; tail, 24; culmen, 14; tarsus, 12.4; middle toe with claw, 13. Iris very dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
630. DICÆUM PALLIDIUS Bourns and Worcester.
PALER FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum pallidior Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 18; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.
Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).
Male.--Similar to D. dorsale, but the upper parts and sides of head and of neck lighter, nearly indigo-blue; feathers of occiput and neck fringed with olivaceous; under parts more uniform in color and the orange of breast less rich. Males with the appearance of maturity have the base of the bill dull yellow. Length, about 90; wing, 50; tail, 25; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7.5; tarsus, 14.
Female.--Above olive-green; below tea-green; chin, middle of breast and of abdomen, and crissum bright lemon-yellow. Wing, 48; tail, 22; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 13.
"Measurements of eleven males: Length, 89; culmen, 14; wing, 49; tail, 26; tarsus, 13. Of four females: Length, 84; wing, 48; tail, 25; tarsus, 12." (Bourns and Worcester.)
"Iris brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown; bill black. Breeding in July." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
631. DICÆUM XANTHOPYGIUM Tweeddale.
YELLOW-RUMPED FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum xanthopygium Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, 95; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 698, pl. 73, fig. 1; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 40; Grant, Ibis (1895), 454 (critical notes); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 234; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.
Luzon (Everett, Whitehead); Marinduque (Steere Exp.?) [85] Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Polillo (McGregor).
Male.--Rump bright lemon-yellow, otherwise scarcely different from the male of D. dorsale. A male from Mindoro measures: Wing, 47; tail, 19; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 11.
Female.--Rump pale lemon-yellow, otherwise similar to the female of D. dorsale. A female from Mindoro, wing, 46; tail, 20; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6; tarsus, 11.
"Two males average: Length, 82; wing, 47; tail, 21; culmen, 13; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 13. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
632. DICÆUM INTERMEDIUM Bourns and Worcester.
INTERMEDIATE FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum intermedium Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 19; McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1906), 1, 775; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.
Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).
Male.--Upper parts, including sides of head and of neck, and exposed edges of wing-feathers and rectrices slate-blue, or dark indigo-blue; patch on center of back orpiment-orange; rump faintly washed with olive-green; lores black; chin and throat light ashy gray faintly and uniformly washed with pale yellow; remainder of under parts bright yellow inclining to orange on middle of breast. Iris brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Wing, 51; tail, 25; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 14.
Female.--Above mouse-gray faintly washed with dull olive-green; below tea-green, becoming pale yellow on middle of breast and abdomen and on crissum. Base of bill whitish. Wing, 51; tail, 24; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 14.
"Four males average: Length, 94; wing, 52; tail, 26.5; culmen, 14; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 15. Three females, length, 92; wing, 49; tail, 26; culmen, 14; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 14. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown; bill brown to black, yellowish at base." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
633. DICÆUM SIBUYANICUM Bourns and Worcester.
SIBUYAN FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum sibuyanicum Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 18; McGregor, Bur. Govt. Laboratories (1905), 25, 18; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.
Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).
Male.--Similar to the male of D. intermedium, but the rump more heavily washed with olive-green; chin and throat clear ashy gray without the yellow wash. Iris brown; bill black; legs and nails dark steel-blue. Wing, 56; tail, 26; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 14.
Female.--Similar to the female of D. intermedium. Wing, 52; tail, 24; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 14.
"Average measurements from nine males: Length, 99; culmen, 15; wing, 53; tail, 26; tarsus, 13. From two females: Length, 97; culmen, 15; wing, 50; tail, 24.6; tarsus, 14." (Bourns and Worcester.)
634. DICÆUM ASSIMILE Bourns and Worcester.
SULU FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum assimilis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 19; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.
Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).
"Adult male.--Above exactly like D. sibutense, but chin, throat, and fore breast very much lighter than sides of face, being clear ashy gray, as in D. trigonostigma. As Dr. Sharpe expressly states that this is not the case in S. sibutense, but that the latter species has the throat like the sides of the face and head, it is evident that the Sulu and Tawi Tawi (?) birds belong to a distinct species having the back of D. sibutense and the under surface of D. trigonostigma.
"Adult female like that of D. sibutense, but with the throat, upper breast, and sides of face light ashy gray, uniformly washed with yellow. The plate in Ibis seems to show a faint orange mark on the back of the female of D. sibutense, though no such marking is described in the text. If this is the case, the female of D. sibutense differs from that of every other Philippine representative of the genus.
"A male from Sulu measures 89 in length; culmen, 13; wing, 52; tail, 24.6; tarsus, 13.4. Two females from the same locality measure 84 in length; culmen, 12.7; wing, 50; tail, 24.6; tarsus, 12. We have only females from Tawi Tawi and can not be quite sure of the identification." (Bourns and Worcester.)
635. DICÆUM SIBUTUENSE Sharpe.
SIBUTU FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum sibutuense Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1893), 3, no. 12, 10; Ibis (1894), 251, pl. 7, figs. 1 and 2; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.
Sibutu (Everett).
"This is an interesting species, new to science. Like D. trigonostigma, it has a slate-colored throat, but the latter is blackish slate-color, like the sides of the face and head, and not lighter gray as in D. trigonostigma. The Sibutu bird, moreover, resembles D. dorsale in having an orange patch in the center of the back, the lower back and rump being slaty gray, slightly washed with olive, and not orange-yellow as in D. trigonostigma. The female, as might be expected, closely resembles that of D. trigonostigma, but is tinted with olive-green on the rump, and has not the orange shade of the hen of the last-named species." (Sharpe.) [86]
The figure of the female of D. sibutuense in The Ibis has a pale yellow patch on the back, a character which is found in no other Philippine species of the genus.
636. DICÆUM CINEREIGULARE Tweeddale.
ASHY-CHINNED FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum cinereigulare Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 829; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 40; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 243 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 234 (nest); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.
Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).
Male.--Somewhat similar to D. intermedium, the rump slate-blue like the back; chin lemon-yellow; throat lightly washed with yellow; entire breast orpiment-orange. Bill, legs, and nails black. A male from Bohol measures: Length, 89; wing, 48; tail, 23; culmen from base, 11.5; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 12.5.
Female.--Above mouse-gray; rump washed with olive-green; lores blackish; cheeks, line around eye, and a narrow frontal band washed with yellow; chin light yellow; under parts ashy gray, washed with yellow on sides and flanks, and with a band of yellow down middle of breast and abdomen; under tail-coverts yellow. A female from Bohol, wing, 47; tail, 21; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 12.
"Five males average: Length, 86; wing, 49; tail, 23.6; culmen, 12; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 12. Two females, length, 82.5; wing, 45; tail, 20.5; culmen, 12.7; tarsus, 11; middle toe with claw, 12. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in Samar in August." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Three sets of eggs of this flowerpecker were collected by Whitehead near Paranas, Samar, in July, 1896. These eggs are described as rather long, ovate in shape, pure white, and measuring 15 mm. by 12 mm.
"Nest round, pocket-shaped, with the entrance at the side, suspended from slender boughs or to the stem of a large leaf. The outside of the nest is made of green moss bound together with spider's webs, the inside lined with the dark brown down stripped from the young fern-fronds. A favorite site is a neglected native clearing some distance from the forest." (Grant and Whitehead.)
637. DICÆUM BESTI Steere.
BEST'S FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum besti Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 22; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.
Pis-pis, Siquijor.
Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).
Male.--Similar to the male of D. cinereigulare, but the throat clear ashy gray, not washed with yellow; rump with a slightly yellow wash. Wing, 52; tail, 27; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 14.
Female.--Plumbeous above; rump, tail-coverts, and center of back greenish yellow; chin pale yellow; throat and chest ashy gray; middle of breast and of abdomen and tail-coverts rich lemon-yellow; sides and flanks ashy gray, washed with tea-green; primaries edged with cinereous. Wing, 50; tail, 25; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 13.
"Eighteen males average: Length, 142; wing, 52; tail, 26; culmen, 14; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 14. Fifteen females, length, 140; wing, 50; tail, 25; culmen, 14; tarsus, 12.7; middle toe with claw, 13. Legs, feet, nails, and bill black. Breeding in February." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
638. DICÆUM FLAVIVENTER Meyer.
YELLOW-BELLIED FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum flaviventer Meyer, Jour. für Ornith. (1894), 91; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.
Cebu (Burger).
Description.--Head, upper back, and wing-coverts greenish black, with somewhat of a luster; wing-quills blackish brown; secondaries with glossy greenish borders to the outer webs; lower back and tail-coverts dark slate-color; tail black; front and sides of throat white, lower throat and chest as well as sides of lower body light ash-gray; at the middle of the latter a beautiful cadmium-yellow stripe, up to 6 mm. wide (Ridgway-cadmium-yellow, pl. VI, 6), becoming white toward vent; under tail-coverts, axillars, and under wing-coverts white, outer ones with a blackish spot in the middle; thighs externally white, blackish behind; feet brown; bill black, strong. [87]
639. DICÆUM PYGMÆUM (Kittlitz).
PYGMY FLOWERPECKER.
Nectarinia pygmæum Kittlitz, Mem. pres. Acad. St. Petersb. (1833), 2, pts. 1, 2, pl. 2. Dicæum pygmæum Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 43; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 234 (distribution, nest); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.
Pi-pít dá-po, Manila.
Balabac (Everett); Bohol (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer); Leyte (Everett, Whitehead); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Bartsch); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Everett, McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp.); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, [88] White); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (McGregor); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor).
Male.--Above glossy steel-green heavily washed with yellow on lower back, rump, and tail-coverts; lores blackish; sides of head, of throat, and of breast dark cinereous; middle of chin, throat, and chest white faintly washed with yellow and interrupted in the middle of breast by a cinereous patch; middle of abdomen and tail-coverts light buff; sides and flanks olive-green; rectrices black, edged with metallic green; wings black; secondaries and greater coverts edged with olive-yellow; alula, lesser coverts, and median coverts edged with glossy green. A male from Cebu measures: Wing, 46; tail, 23; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6.5; tarsus, 11.
Female.--Above somewhat similar to the male, but lighter and greener and with less metallic gloss; wing-feathers edged with olive-yellow; all the under parts lighter and paler than in the male. A female from Cebu, wing, 43; tail, 21; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 11.
"The pygmy flowerpecker is the smallest and most widely distributed of Philippine Dicæidæ. Invariably found by us in the deep woods. A very fearless bird. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown to coal-black; bill black, except base of lower mandible, which is yellowish to gray. Breeding in Palawan in December and in Samar in July. Four males average: Length, 92; wing, 46; tail, 25; culmen, 13; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 12. Three females, length, 83.5; wing, 45; tail, 24.6; culmen, 13; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 12." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
640. DICÆUM DAVAO Mearns.
DAVAO FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum davao Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 87; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.
Mindanao (Mearns, Celestino).
Male.--Above, including the edges of wing-feathers and of rectrices, glossy steel-green; lores, sides of head and of neck black; chin and middle of throat white faintly washed with yellow and interrupted by a black patch on breast; sides of breast black; sides of abdomen and flanks olive-yellow; under tail-coverts and middle of lower abdomen light buff-yellow; axillars and wing-lining white; edge of wing black. A male from northern Mindanao measures: Wing, 44; tail, 21; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 10. The female is unknown.
641. DICÆUM HYPOLEUCUM Sharpe.
WHITE-BELLIED FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum hypoleucum Sharpe, Nature (1876), 24, 298; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 37; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.
Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Siasi (Everett); Sulu (Guillemard).
Male.--Upper parts, including sides of head and of neck deep black; under parts white; wing-lining and axillars white. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 53; tail, 24; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 13.
Female.--Above mouse-gray faintly washed with olive-green except on tail-coverts where the green is heavier; secondaries and greater coverts edged with olive-green; under parts white. Wing, 50; tail, 24; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 13.
"Found by us in the deep woods. Stated by Guillemard to frequent coconut groves. Three males average: Length, 89; wing, 53; tail, 27; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 12.7. Iris reddish brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
642. DICÆUM MINDANENSE Tweeddale.
MINDANAO FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum mindanense Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 547; Challenger Report, Zool. (1881), 2, pt. 8, pl. 5, fig. 1; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 37; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.
Basilan (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Murray); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).
"Adult male (type of species).--General color above sooty brown, washed with olive, grayer on the rump, the head washed with a little yellower olive; lesser wing-coverts like the back; remainder of wing-coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, externally edged with olive; upper tail-coverts washed with light olive; tail-feathers blackish, edged with olive, with a narrow white fringe at the end of the inner web of the three outermost feathers; lores, feathers round the eye, sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks sooty black; throat and under surface of body white, washed with ashy on the fore neck, breast, and flanks; under tail-coverts white, with an olive-yellow tinge; under wing-coverts and axillars white, with a slight tinge of yellow; edge of wing sooty brown; quills dusky below, white along the edge of the inner web. Length, 81; culmen, 14; wing, 48.2; tail, 25.4; tarsus, 12.7." (Sharpe.)
"So far as we can judge from the figure in The Ibis, Dr. Sharpe has confused D. mindanense with D. hypoleucum. The two species occur together in Basilan and Sulu, and probably also in Tawi Tawi. Seven males average: Length, 90; wing, 52; tail, 26.6; culmen, 14, tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 13. Eight females, length, 87.6; wing, 50; tail, 24; culmen, 14.4; tarsus, 12.7; middle toe with claw, 13. Iris brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in Basilan in the month of September." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
643. DICÆUM EVERETTI Tweeddale.
EVERETT'S FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum everetti Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, 537; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 111, pl. 8, fig. 2; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 47; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 234 (nest); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97. Dicæum modestum Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 380.
Bohol (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Whitehead); Panaon (Everett); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).
"Adult male (type of D. modestum).--General color above dark olive-brown, the head uniform with the back; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing and primary-coverts uniform dark brown; greater wing-coverts and quills dark brown, edged with yellowish olive, more distinct on the secondaries; upper tail-coverts brown, washed with olive; tail black; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts dusky olive-brown, the cheeks lighter olive-ashy; throat and fore neck ashy gray, olive-yellow on the chin, a tinge of the latter color also pervading the throat; breast and abdomen pale whitish tinged with yellow; sides of body, flanks, and under tail-coverts pale olive-greenish; under wing-coverts and axillars white, with a faint tinge of yellow; quills dusky brown below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web. Length, 80; culmen, 11.4; wing, 48; tail, 24; tarsus, 12.7 (Mus. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.)
"Observation.--I have compared the types of D. modestum and D. everetti in Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay's collection, and can not find any specific difference between them." (Sharpe.)
"Quite common in Samar, and so far as our observation goes, a strictly deep woods bird. A male measures: Length, 89; wing, 50; tail, 24; culmen, 11; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 13. Two females, length, 84; wing, 46; tail, 22.6; culmen, 12.7; tarsus, 11.6; middle toe with claw, 12. Iris brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
644. DICÆUM OBSCURUM Grant.
DUSKY FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum obscurum Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 50; Ibis (1894), 515; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 234 (feeding habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.
Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).
Male and female.--Above olive-brown, with a wash of green on rump and tail-coverts; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown, edged with olive-green; inner webs of quills edged with white; under parts gray, washed with sage-green and with a light streak on middle of breast and of abdomen. Iris light brown; upper mandible dark brown; lower mandible light brown; legs and nails about the same color as lower mandible. Length, 88 to 96. A male measures: Wing, 54; tail, 27; culmen from base, 12.5; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 15. A female, wing, 51; tail, 24; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 15.
This neutral-colored flowerpecker, which appears to be confined to the mountains of Luzon, is difficult to describe, but it may be easily recognized by its dull coloration.
645. DICÆUM NIGRILORE Hartert.
BLACK-LORED FLOWERPECKER.
Dicæum nigrilore Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1904), 15, 8; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.
Mindanao (Waterstradt, Mearns).
Male and female.--Head, nape, and ear-coverts greenish yellow; lores and a line under eye and ear-coverts blackish; mantle and sides of neck sepia-brown; lower back, rump, and tail-coverts greenish yellow; chin, fore part of throat, abdomen, and middle of breast white; throat and breast ash-gray; flanks and crissum bright yellow; wings and tail blackish brown; primaries edged with white; the other feathers edged with greenish yellow. A female measures: Wing, 52; tail, 27; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 14.
This is a very distinct species which is found only in the mountains of Mindanao.
Genus PRIONOCHILUS Strickland, 1841.
Bill short and stout, very wide at base; gonys decidedly convex; first primary less than one-half the second or wanting. The Philippine species that are usually placed in this genus are not uniform in generic characters. P. johannæ has a short first primary and a moderately stout bill; it resembles P. ignicapillus and is probably a typical Prionochilus. P. olivaceous has a short first primary and the bill somewhat stouter than P. johannæ. Prionochilus quadricolor, P. bicolor, and P. inexpectatus resemble one another in having the bill short and very stout and the true first primary absent.
Species.
a1. Under parts red and yellow ... johannæ (p. 638) a2. Under parts white, or white and gray.
b1. Mantle bright red ... quadricolor (p. 638) b2. Mantle not red.
c1. Entire upper parts glossy blue-black.
d1. Under parts entirely white ... bicolor (p. 640) d2. Under parts mostly light gray; chin, throat, and middle of breast and of abdomen white ... inexpectatus (p. 640)
c2. Entire upper parts olive-yellow ... olivaceus (p. 639)
646. PRIONOCHILUS JOHANNÆ Sharpe.
PALAWAN FLOWERPECKER.
Prionochilus johannæ Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 201, pl. 4, fig. 1; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.
Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Celestino, White).
Male.--Upper parts slate-blue; center of crown scarlet; rump lemon-yellow; wing-feathers and rectrices black, edged with slate-blue; lores black; sides of head, of neck, and of breast slate-blue; a white included line on jaw; under parts rich lemon-yellow, fading to white on thighs and crissum; a scarlet patch on center of chest; axillars, wing-lining, edge of wing, and inner webs of quills white. A male measures: Wing, 52; tail, 25; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7.5; greatest width of upper mandible, 6; tarsus, 14.
Female.--Upper parts including exposed edges of wing-feathers and rectrices olivaceous; band on tail-coverts lemon-yellow; center of crown with a dull yellow patch; sides of head and neck gray, washed with olivaceous; jaw with an obscure cinereous streak; chin and throat white, washed with yellow; breast and abdomen lemon-yellow, lighter posteriorly; sides and flanks gray, washed with greenish yellow; crissum white. Wing, 48; tail, 24; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 14.
"Abundant both in Palawan and the Calamianes Islands. Found about fruit trees in or near the woods. Eleven males average: Length, 93; wing, 53; tail, 28; culmen, 12.7; tarsus, 13.7; middle toe with claw, 13.7. Ten females, length, 92; wing, 50; tail, 26; tarsus, 13.4; middle toe with claw, 14; culmen, 13. Specimens from the Calamianes average very slightly smaller. Legs, feet, and nails black; bill black except base of lower mandible, which is yellow or gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
647. PRIONOCHILUS QUADRICOLOR Tweeddale.
FOUR-COLORED FLOWERPECKER.
Prionochilus quadricolor Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 762, pl. 77, fig. 2; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 70; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 57 (description of female and young); McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 308. Prionochilus quidricolor McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97 (error).
Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).
Male.--A large triangular mantle-patch scarlet-vermilion, the black bases of the feathers showing somewhat; lower back ochraceous tinged with green; remainder of upper parts, including sides of head and neck, wings, and tail, glossy blue-black; under parts cinereous; chin, a narrow line on middle of breast, center of abdomen, crissum, thighs, axillars, wing-lining, and inner webs of quills white; flanks washed with light olive. Length, 90; wing, 53; tail, 25; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6; greatest width of bill, 7; tarsus, 14.
"Adult female.--Above brown, head faintly washed with olive; back, wing-coverts, and outer webs of secondaries heavily washed with olive-yellow, rump almost entirely of the latter color; entire under surface grayish white faintly tinged with olive-yellow, lighter along center of breast and abdomen; under wing-coverts, axillars, and inner webs of quills pure white.
"Young male.--Like female but lacks yellow wash on outer webs of secondaries, the wing and tail being black as in adult male." (Bourns and Worcester.)
"The locality Panaon, assigned to this species in the Catalogue of Birds, is a manifest error. The type specimen, an unsexed bird which was rightly supposed to be a male, was obtained in Cebu by Everett. No additional specimen seems to have been secured until 1892, when we again found it in Cebu. Ten males average as follows: Length, 90; wing, 52; tail, 26; culmen, 11.4; tarsus, 13.4; middle toe with claw, 13.7. Six females, length, 89; wing, 52; tail, 25; culmen, 11.6; tarsus, 13.4; middle toe with claw, 14. Iris chocolate-brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in June. Food fruit." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
648. PRIONOCHILUS OLIVACEUS Tweeddale.
OLIVACEOUS FLOWERPECKER.
Prionochilus olivaceus Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, 536; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 111, pl. 8, fig. 3; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 75; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 235; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.
Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Platen); Samar (Whitehead).
Male.--Above bright olive-green; wing-feathers and rectrices olive-brown, edged with olive-green; lores white; under parts smoke-gray; chin, a broad median line on throat, breast, and abdomen white, sides of abdomen and flanks streaked with white; thighs smoke-gray mixed with white; crissum white faintly washed with yellow; axillars and wing-lining white. Length, about 100. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 56; tail, 26; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6.5; greatest width of bill, 6.5; tarsus, 15.
Female.--Similar to the male, but with the gray of under parts more ashy. A female from Basilan, wing, 54; tail, 25; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6.5; tarsus, 13.
"Found in the forest and second growth. Never seen about open fields. Feeds on seeds and fruits. Breeding in Basilan in August. Four males from Basilan average: Length, 97; wing, 56; tail, 29; culmen, 12.7; tarsus, 12.9; middle toe with claw, 14.7. Iris brownish red; legs, feet, and nails brown to black; bill black except base of lower mandible, which is ashy gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
649. PRIONOCHILUS BICOLOR Bourns and Worcester.
BICOLORED FLOWERPECKER.
Prionochilus bicolor Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 20; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.
Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester).
"Adult male.--Entire upper surface deep black, with faint metallic blue gloss; entire under surface, including under wing-coverts, axillars, and inner webs of quills, white; bases of feathers of breast, flanks, and abdomen slaty black. Bill, legs, and feet black; iris red. Length, 82.5; wing, 50; tail, 24; culmen, 10.6; tarsus, 14. Found in the hills of Ayala, near Zamboanga." (Bourns and Worcester.)
650. PRIONOCHILUS INEXPECTATUS Hartert.
HARTERT'S FLOWERPECKER.
Prionochilus inexpectatus Hartert, Novit. Zool. (1895), 2, 64 and 486; Grant, Ibis (1896), 533; (1897), 240; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97. Prionochilus bicolor Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 235.
Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Whitehead); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, Everett, McGregor); Negros (Whitehead); Samar (Whitehead).
Male.--Above glossy blue-black; breast, sides, and flanks cinereous; chin, throat, median line of breast and abdomen, crissum, wing-lining, axillars, and inner webs of quills white. Bill, legs, and nails black. A male from Mindoro measures: Length, 90; wing, 49; tail, 23; culmen from base, 9; bill from nostril, 6; greatest width of bill, 6; tarsus, 10.
Female.--Above brown, washed with olive-green, brightest on rump, tail-coverts, and outer webs of secondaries; below similar to the male, but with a faint olivaceous wash. Wing, 51; tail, 25; culmen from base, 9; bill from nostril, 5.5; tarsus, 13.
"This recently-described species has now been met with in Samar and Leyte. It seems more than probable that it is not really distinct from P. bicolor Bourns and Worcester; but having no typical specimens of the latter form from Mindanao, I can not be certain." (Grant.)
Genus PIPRISOMA Blyth, 1844.
Bill very short and stout, its greatest width considerably more than bill from nostril; gonys strongly convex; wing long and pointed; first (outermost) primary wanting; second, third, and fourth primaries subequal and longest; tail extending beyond the end of middle toe. Upper parts light brown; breast and abdomen white, streaked with brown.
651. PIPRISOMA ÆRUGINOSUM (Bourns and Worcester).
RUSTY FLOWERPECKER.
Prionochilus æruginosus Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 20. Piprisoma æruginosum Grant, Ibis (1895), 454; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 235; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.
Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Everett); Romblon (McGregor); Sibuyan (McGregor).
Adult (sexes alike).--Above dark hair-brown, faintly washed with olive; rump and tail-coverts olivaceous; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown, edged with olivaceous; two outer pairs of rectrices tipped with white on inner webs; lores whitish; white malar line separated from throat by a hair-brown line; under parts white; breast, sides of throat and of abdomen, and flanks boldly streaked with hair-brown; under tail-coverts white with median, basal, brown markings. A male from Luzon measures: Wing, 66; tail, 37; culmen from base, 9; bill from nostril, 6; greatest width of bill, 6; tarsus, 14. A female from Luzon, wing, 60; tail, 33; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6; tarsus, 13.
Young.--Similar to the adult but the upper parts darker and clearer brown; stripes on under parts indefinite and almost obsolete; the whole plumage is gray rather than brown.
"Found in the forest only. Iris brick-red; legs, feet, and nails nearly black; upper mandible brown, lower gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Family NECTARINIIDÆ.
Bill slender, usually strongly decurved and tapering to the sharply pointed tip; bill as long as head or much longer, without notch or hook, but the cutting edges minutely serrated for their distal thirds; rictal bristles inconspicuous or lacking; each nostril opening covered by a large opercle; first primary less than one-half the second, the latter decidedly shorter than third which nearly equals the fourth and fifth; tail square, rounded, or strongly graduated.
Subfamilies.
a1. Bill and head about equal in length; sexes different in colors; plumage of male more or less metallic ... Nectariniinæ (p. 642) a2. Bill at least twice as long as the head; sexes alike in colors and without metallic plumage ... Arachnotherinæ (p. 662)
Subfamily NECTARINIINÆ.
Genera.
a1. Nasal opercles covered with short feathers; rectrices long and graduated. ... Chalcostetha (p. 642) a2. Nasal opercles naked; or, if feathered, the tail moderate in length and nearly square.
b1. Rump bright yellow, or else the throat greenish or pale yellow.
c1. Tail of males usually long and strongly graduate; central rectrices often slender and somewhat pointed and always extending beyond the feet. ... Æthopyga (p. 643) c2. Tail short and nearly square, never extending beyond the toes. ... Eudrepanis (p. 649)
b2. Rump dull green, or some metallic color nearly uniform with the back; tail square, none of the rectrices narrow.
c1. Much smaller; wing about 60 mm.; bill more slender and more strongly curved. ... Cinnyris (p. 651) c2. Much larger; wing about 70 mm.; bill stouter and but slightly curved. ... Anthreptes (p. 658)
Genus CHALCOSTETHA Cabanis, 1850.
Back, rump, and tail-coverts metallic green and purple; top of head bright metallic green; rectrices graduated; nasal opercles covered with short feathers. The last character mentioned distinguishes Chalcostetha from all nearly related genera.
652. CHALCOSTETHA CALCOSTETHA (Jardine).
COPPER-BREASTED SUNBIRD.
Nectarinia calcostetha Jardine, Monogr. Sun-Birds (1842), 263. Nectarinia insignis Jardine, Monogr. Sun-Birds (1842), 274. Chalcostetha insignis Shelley, Monogr. Nect. pt. 4, (1877), 87; pl. 30; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 12; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.
Balabac (Everett); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White). Tenasserim, Cochin China, Sunda Islands, Malay Peninsula, Siam, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes.
Male.--Forehead, crown, and nape metallic green; mantle dull black; median and lesser wing-coverts, back, and tail-coverts metallic purple when held away from the light, changing to dark green when held toward the light; tail black, some of its feathers edged with violet; wings blackish brown, the greater secondary-coverts edged with violet; middle of throat and breast with a large metallic copper-colored patch; chin, a line down each side of the copper-colored patch, and lower breast metallic violet; abdomen and under tail-coverts black; pectoral tufts bright lemon-yellow. Length, about 140; wing, 61; tail, 52; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 14. Description and measurements from a specimen taken by C. B. Kloss in Singapore.
"Female.--Crown and nape ashy brown; rest of upper parts yellowish olive; tail black, largely tipped with white; under parts whitish, strongly washed with pale yellow. Wing, 51." (Gadow.)
"Iris, bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Food insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus ÆTHOPYGA Cabanis, 1850.
Bill as long as head, strongly curved, the tip very sharp; nasal opercles unfeathered; males with the rectrices narrow and graduated, the middle pair usually much produced and often acuminate. Males brightly colored, largely red or yellow or both; females greenish.
Species.
a1. Much larger; wing more than 50 mm.; bill from nostril more than 15.
b1. Central rectrices lengthened, their tips rounded (males).
c1. Chin, throat, breast, head, and mantle bright red ... magnifica (p. 644) c2. Chin and throat with a narrow median stripe of citron-yellow changing to orange on breast; mantle dark green ... boltoni (p. 645)
b2. Central rectrices not lengthened (females).
c1. Tail-feathers edged with dull crimson; under parts dull green. ... magnifica (p. 644) c2. Tail-feathers edged with green; chest gray; abdomen yellow. ... boltoni (p. 645)
a2. Much smaller; wing less than 50 mm.; bill from nostril less than 15.
b1. Mantle and sides of neck dark red; chin, throat, and breast yellow (males).
c1. Breast streaked with vermilion.
d1. Chin, throat, and breast paler, sulphur-yellow.
e1. Metallic frontal band extending backward to the occiput; occiput dark red like the back ... shelleyi (p. 646) e2. Metallic frontal band extending backward to the hinder border of eye; occiput green ... arolasi (p. 648)
d2. Chin, throat, and breast darker, more gamboge-yellow.
e1. Smaller; wing, about 40 mm.; bill from nostril, 11 ... bella (p. 647) e2. Larger; wing, about 44 mm.; bill from nostril, 14 ... bonita (p. 648)
c2. Breast pure yellow, or very faintly streaked with vermilion.
d1. Breast gamboge-yellow and slightly darker than chin. ... flavipectus (p. 649) d2. Breast, throat, and chin more nearly uniform and lighter yellow. ... rubrinota (p. 649)
b2. Upper parts bright olive-green; under parts whitish, more or less washed with pale yellowish green (females).
c1. Rump olive-green like the back ... shelleyi (p. 646); arolasi (p. 648) c2. Rump lemon-yellow ... bella (p. 647); bonita (p. 648); flavipectus (p. 649); rubrinota (p. 649)
653. ÆTHOPYGA MAGNIFICA Sharpe.
MAGNIFICENT SUNBIRD.
Æthopyga magnifica Sharpe, Nature (1876), 14, 297; Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 342; Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 3 (1877), 51, pl. 17; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 24; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 241, pl. 5, figs. 5 & 6 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 229 (nest); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.
Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Celestino); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).
Male.--Forehead and malar stripe metallic, dark royal purple; remainder of head, entire neck, and mantle bright poppy-red; chin, throat, and breast scarlet-vermilion, the basal and central parts of the feathers pale yellow; back and rump black with a median more or less concealed patch of gamboge-yellow; tail and coverts metallic royal purple; wings, lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts dead black; axillars and wing-lining black; lesser and median wing-coverts red, and some of the greater coverts narrowly edged with red. A male from Cebu measures: Wing, 59; tail, 49; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 16. Upper mandible brown, lower mandible reddish flesh; legs and nails dark brown.
Female.--Dull green with a slight reddish wash across the back; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown, the latter edged with dark crimson; wing-feathers and rump more faintly washed with crimson. A female from Cebu, wing, 56; tail, 43; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 18; tarsus, 15.
Young birds resemble the adult female, but the young males early show indications of the red throat and breast and of the black abdomen.
"Eight males from Negros average: Length, 133; wing, 57.6; tail, 47.4; culmen, 25; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 15. Three females from Cebu measure: Length, 125; wing, 55; tail, 41; culmen, 25; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 16. Nine males from Sibuyan average: Length, 137; wing, 61; tail, 51; culmen, 25; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 16.
"It will be seen that the Sibuyan birds belong to a larger race, but we do not think they can be specifically separated. Breeding in the month of June in Cebu. Native name in Negros 'a-na-nag-bac.' Shot in Sibuyan 1,100 meters above sea-level." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Two eggs of the magnificent sunbird collected by Steere in Negros, February, 1888, and three eggs collected at the base of Canlaon Volcano by Whitehead, March 23, 1896, are described as follows:
"Shape ovate. Ground-color pale terra-cotta red, very thickly mottled all over with a darker tint of the same color, the mottlings heaviest at the larger end, a few fine hair-like scribblings crossing the shell transversely. Measurements 17 mm. by 12 mm."
Another set of two eggs, collected by Whitehead in Negros, April 15, 1896, are described as having the "Ground-color as in the above, but the shell heavily clouded with rich dark terra-cotta and darker scribblings and specks of the same color. Measurements 16 mm. by 12 mm."
"This sunbird nests in old forest. The nest is generally found suspended among forest débris in the vicinity of some huge tree-trunks only a few feet from the ground. It is well hidden by the undergrowth.
"The nest is a well-woven bag-shaped structure, with a roofed entrance at the side. It is principally constructed of fine grass, rootlets, palm fiber, and fragments of dead leaves woven together with spiders' webs and lined with fine dead grass tops and seeds. The nest found by Professor Steere was suspended from a root under the overhanging bank of a river, and looked like a tuft of rubbish left by high water." (Grant and Whitehead.)
654. ÆTHOPYGA BOLTONI Mearns.
BOLTON'S SUNBIRD.
Æthopyga boltoni Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 4; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98; Grant, Ibis (1906), 472.
Kah-poi-yah-poi-yuh, or kah-pue-yoo-ahn, Bagobo of Mount Apo.
Mindanao (Mearns, Goodfellow).
"Adult male.--Entire head and neck all round, except middle of chin and throat, slate-gray, faintly washed with french-green, the feathers of the forehead narrowly edged with metallic french-green; upper back gray, strongly washed with oil-green; lower back olive-green; rump citron-yellow; wings brownish black with wing-coverts and outer webs of secondaries olive-green; under wing-coverts and edges of inner webs of primaries and secondaries white; tail with longest feather 12 mm. longer than the next, 25 mm. longer than the outer rectrix; middle pair of tail-feathers entirely metallic french-green, the remaining rectrices being green-black, broadly tipped with gray on the outer and white on the inner webs; under parts with a median stripe of citron-yellow extending from bill to chest, broadening posteriorly and minutely mixed with orpiment-orange at upper margin of chest; flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts yellow; chest orange; pectoral tufts chinese-orange. Iris red; bill black faintly tipped with horn-color; feet and claws black, except the under side of toes which are yellowish. Length, 130; alar expanse, 180; wing, 57; tail, 55; culmen (chord), 21; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 14.
"Adult female.--Head, neck all round, and chest slate-gray; upper parts, including upper wing-coverts and exposed outer webs of wing-quills, olive-yellow; tail similar to that of male, but shorter and duller, with feathers rounded at tip; under parts, including under tail-coverts, yellow, whitish on middle of abdomen. Size considerably smaller than male. Culmen, 18; wing, 48.
"Young male in first plumage.--Head, sides of throat, and upper parts smoke-gray, washed on lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts with green; upper wing-coverts and exposed portion of outer webs of quills olive-green; under parts, including stripe on middle of chin and throat, smoke-gray washed with greenish yellow; lining of wings white; tail-feathers pointed, similar to the adult but shorter and duller. Iris brown; bill black, orange at base, yellow and orange inside; metatarsus black; toes orange, dusky above. Older males soon grow to resemble adults, the orange first showing in the middle of the breast, the flanks and belly becoming yellow at the same time, the pectoral tufts and richest coloring probably not appearing before the second year." (Mearns.)
655. ÆTHOPYGA SHELLEYI Sharpe.
SHELLEY'S SUNBIRD.
Æthopyga shelleyi Sharpe, Nature (1876), 14, 297; Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 342; Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. (1877), pt. 3, 75; (1880), pts. 11 & 12, pls. 24 & 25, fig. 1; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 29; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.
Balabac (Steere, Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Whitehead, Everett, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Celestino, White).
Male.--Forehead, crown, long moustachial stripe, upper tail-coverts, middle rectrices, and outer webs of remaining rectrices dark metallic green when held away from the light, changing to dark blue when held toward the light; occiput, mantle, and sides of head and neck maroon-red; chin and a narrow line bordering the throat maroon-red; throat and breast sulphur-yellow, the latter streaked with vermilion; abdomen pale gray or white, washed in the middle with pale yellow; under tail-coverts pale yellow; back olive-green; rump sulphur-yellow; wing-feathers blackish brown edged with olive-green. Length, about 110; wing, 47; tail, 44; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 14.
Female.--Above olive-green; wing-feathers and rectrices dark brown edged with olive-green; bases of the rectrices with a wash of reddish brown; below white, washed with light olive on the breast and with pale yellow on the abdomen and under tail-coverts. Length, 89; wing, 42; tail, 25; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 13.
"Ten males average: Length, 111; wing, 46; tail, 46; culmen, 17; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 12. Ten females, length, 87; wing, 43; tail, 29; culmen, 16; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 12. Calamianes birds are very slightly smaller, but are otherwise identical. Shot at a height of 760 meters on Mount Pulgar in Palawan, where it was abundant." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
656. ÆTHOPYGA BELLA Tweeddale.
TWEEDDALE'S SUNBIRD.
Æthopyga bella Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, 537: Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. (1879), pts. 9 & 10, 77, pl. 25; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 29; Grant, Ibis (1897), 236; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 242 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 229 (nest); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.
Mindanao (Everett, Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Whitehead).
"Male.--Chin, throat, breast, and uropygium bright sulphur-yellow; forehead, vertex, minor carpal coverts, upper tail-coverts, and upper surface of rectrices dark metallic green; occiput, nape, and wing-coverts dark olive; cheeks, lores, behind the eye, sides of head and neck, interscapulars, and back deep blood-red; quills almost black, margined with dark olive; abdomen, flanks, vent, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts silky white, more or less tinged with pale yellow, especially on the mesial line, under tail-coverts, and carpal edge; a few blood-red feathers on the upper breast; a metallic violet spot on side of head; a narrow line of deep blood-red runs along the rami of the mandible; a bold metallic moustache springs from the base of the mandible, and descends the sides of the neck; the upper half violet, the lower half green. Wing, 42.6; tail, 36.5; culmen, 13; tarsus, 13.
"Female.--Above, wing-coverts, and edgings to quills olive-green; uropygium bright sulphur-yellow as in the male; space before the eye, cheeks, ear-coverts, chin, throat, and upper breast gray, tinged with yellowish olive-green; lower breast, abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts white tinged with yellow; under wing-coverts white faintly tinged with yellow; quills and rectrices dark brown margined with olive; lateral rectrices tipped with albescent olive. Wing, 41; tail, 28; culmen, 13; tarsus, 13." (Tweeddale.)
Three fresh eggs of this sunbird collected by Whitehead near Paranas, Samar, July 19, 1895, are thus described: "Shape ovate. Ground-color pale pinkish white, a heavily, marked irregular zone of dull red toward the larger end, and some scattered spots and blotches of the same color over the rest of the shell, with here and there underlying brown markings. Measurements 14 mm. by 10 mm.
"The nest built by this sunbird differs considerably from that made by Æ. magnifica, being a long bag-shaped pocket, with a loose dangling tail of dead leaves. The entrance is at the side and roofed over, in fact very much like that constructed by the different species of Cinnyris. This nest was found dangling to a bramble in an old native clearing some distance from the forest. The female was obtained after much difficulty." (Grant and Whitehead.)
657. ÆTHOPYGA AROLASI Bourns and Worcester.
AROLAS'S SUNBIRD.
Æthopyga arolasi Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 17; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.
Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).
"Adult male.--Slightly larger than Æthopyga bella. Upper surface as in that species; fore breast much more broadly streaked with orange; abdomen and under tail-coverts light lemon-yellow, not white.
"Adult female.--Above uniform olive-green. Does not show the bright yellow rump of Æthopyga bella. Under surface inclining to white, but breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts washed with light lemon-yellow.
"Average measurements from ten males: Length, 87; culmen, 18; wing, 40; tail, 33; tarsus, 12. From four females: Length, 83; culmen, 16; wing, 40; tail, 25; tarsus, 12." (Bourns and Worcester.)
658. ÆTHOPYGA BONITA Bourns and Worcester.
VISAYAN SUNBIRD.
Æthopyga bonita Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 17; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.
Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Celestino); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).
Male.--Very similar to the male of Æ. arolasi, but the yellow of throat, breast, and rump gamboge or dark lemon-yellow instead of lemon-yellow and the red streaks on breast more conspicuous. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and nails black. A male from Cebu measures: Wing, 44; tail, 32.5; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 14.
Female.--Similar to the female of Æ. arolasi, but the rump pale yellow and the under parts washed with light yellowish green very much as in the female of Æ. shelleyi. A female from Cebu, wing, 42; tail, 23; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 13.
"Four males average: Length, 94; wing, 43; tail, 32; culmen, 18; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. Three females, length, 89; wing, 40; tail, 24; culmen, 17; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 12. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in Cebu in the month of June." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
659. ÆTHOPYGA FLAVIPECTUS Grant.
GRANT'S SUNBIRD.
Æthopyga flavipectus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 49; Ibis (1895); 111, pl. 5, fig. 1; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 229 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98. Æthopyga minuta Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 18.
Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Polillo (McGregor).
Male.--Very similar to the male of Æ. bella and of Æ. bonita, but with very little or no red on the breast. Length, about 100; wing, 42; tail, 34; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 12.5; tarsus, 12.
Female.--Similar to the female of Æ. bonita, but the head somewhat darker and the bill shorter. Wing, 41; tail, 21.5; culmen from base, 14.5; bill from nostril, 11.5; tarsus, 11.5.
660. ÆTHOPYGA RUBRINOTA McGregor.
RED-SPOTTED SUNBIRD.
Æthopyga rubrinota McGregor, Bur. Govt. laboratories (1905), 25, 30; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.
Pi-rit, Lubang.
Lubang (McGregor).
Male.--Very similar to the male of Æ. flavipectus, but the breast paler yellow. Length, about 96; wing, 42; tail, 39; culmen from base, 14.5; bill from nostril, 11.5; tarsus, 13.5.
Female.--Similar to the female of Æ. flavipectus. Wing, 41.5; tail, 20; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 12.5.
Genus EUDREPANIS Sharpe, 1877.
This genus is very similar to Æthopyga, but the tail is short in both sexes; from Cinnyris it differs in having no metallic colors on the chin and throat.
Species.
a1. Chin, throat, and breast bright yellow (males).
b1. Chin, throat, and breast bright lemon-yellow; more red on the breast.
c1. Secondaries edged with metallic green ... jefferyi (p. 651) c2. Secondaries edged with dull olive-green ... pulcherrima (p. 650)
b2. Chin, throat, and breast pale sulphur-yellow; less red on the breast. ... decorosa (p. 651)
a2. Chin and throat gray; breast washed with greenish yellow; no red on the breast (females).
b1. Rump bright lemon-yellow ... jefferyi (p. 651); pulcherrima (p. 650) b2. Rump pale sulphur-yellow ... decorosa (p. 651)
661. EUDREPANIS PULCHERRIMA (Sharpe).
MINDANAO SUNBIRD.
Æthopyga pulcherrima Sharpe, Nature (1876), 14, 297; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 31. Eudrepanis pulcherrima Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 341; Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 3 (1877), 83, pl. 28; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 242 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 229; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99. Æthopyga dubia Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 112.
Basilan (Steere, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao (Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).
Male.--Forehead and crown to opposite center of eye metallic french-blue; hind crown, sides of neck, and back olive-green; lower back and rump lemon-yellow; a patch above ear-coverts metallic greenish blue; lores, cheeks, and jaw dull black; under parts rich lemon-yellow becoming much paler on lower abdomen, flanks, and crissum; a large scarlet patch on chest partly broken up by the yellow tips of the feathers; wing-quills blackish brown, externally edged with olive-green and on inner webs with white; secondary-coverts black, broadly tipped with rich metallic green; alula and primary-coverts black, narrowly edged or tipped with metallic green; upper tail-coverts and middle pair of rectrices rich metallic green, the other rectrices black, edged with metallic green; lining of wing white. A male from Basilan measures: Length, 89; wing, 45; tail, 23.5; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 14.
"Female.--Without any metallic colors; upper parts olive, inclining to ashy brown on the crown and sides of the head; tail dark brown, washed with olive, tipped with white; under wing-coverts and inner edge of quills white; rest of under parts dingy yellowish. Wing, 46; tail, 25; tarsus, 14." (Gadow.)
"Three male birds average: Length, 95; wing, 48; tail, 23; culmen, 21; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. Two females, length, 85; wing, 43; tail, 23; culmen, 21; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 12. Iris brownish red; legs, feet, and nails black; bill black. Birds from Basilan, however, have legs and feet brown. Food insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Whitehead collected three slightly incubated eggs of this short-tailed sunbird near Paranas, Samar, on July 26, 1896. They are described as follows: "Shape ovate. Ground-color dull pink, rather thickly mottled all over with pinkish gray, especially towards the larger end, the markings forming a rather distinct zone round the pole. The over-markings are small rounded spots and dots of deep vandyke-brown. Measurements 15 mm. by 12 mm. Nest attached to the under side of a climbing fern about 8 feet [2.4 meters] from the ground." (Grant and Whitehead.)
662. EUDREPANIS JEFFERYI Grant.
LUZON SUNBIRD.
Eudrepanis jefferyi Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn, Club (1894), 3, 1; Ibis (1895), 111, pl. 5, fig. 2; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 229 (nest, feeding habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99.
Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).
Male.--Differs from the male of E. pulcherrima in having the outer webs of secondaries metallic green instead of olive-green and entire outer webs of primaries blackish brown with traces of metallic green. Bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 95; wing, 50; tail, 27; culmen from base, 20.5; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 14.
Female.--Above olive-green, darker and browner on the crown; rump lemon-yellow; under parts pale yellowish; grayer on chin and throat; wing-feathers blackish brown, edged with olive-green; rectrices blackish brown, tipped with dirty white, and narrowly edged with metallic green. Wing, 46; tail, 27; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 15.
663. EUDREPANIS DECOROSA McGregor.
BOHOL SUNBIRD.
Eudrepanis decorosa McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 330.
Bohol (McGregor).
Male.--Similar to the male of E. jefferyi, but metallic color on secondaries and wing-coverts steel-blue instead of green; rump-patch and under parts pale sulphur-yellow; red on chest reduced to a few small spots. Bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 89; wing, 45; tail, 24; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 14.
Female.--Similar to the female of E. jefferyi, but the rump-patch sulphur-yellow. Wing, 44; tail, 22; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 14.5; tarsus, 13.
Genus CINNYRIS Cuvier, 1817.
Bill and head about equal in length; tail moderately long, nearly square, and extending beyond the folded wings; nasal opercles covered with short feathers. Males with chin, throat, and fore breast usually metallic colored, or at least of a different color from the lower breast and abdomen; females with no metallic colors and the under parts light yellow or green.
Species.
a1. Chin, throat, and fore breast black or metallic colored, very distinct from the color of lower breast and abdomen (males).
b1. Breast bright red.
c1. Mantle maroon-red ... sperata (p. 652) c2. Mantle velvety black ... henkei (p. 653)
b2. Breast and abdomen yellow, or orange and yellow.
c1. Metallic color on under surface confined to chin and middle of fore throat.
d1. Forehead metallic steel-green; crown and nape yellowish olive-green. ... flagrans (p. 654) d2. Forehead dark metallic purple; crown and nape dull red. ... guimarasensis (p. 655)
c2. Metallic color of under surface covering entire chin, throat, and fore breast.
d1. Tail not tipped with white; forehead and crown metallic green; mantle maroon-red; entire chin and throat metallic purple ... juliæ (p. 654) d2. Tail with a broad white tip; forehead and all the upper parts dull green; chin, throat, and fore breast metallic bluish black.
e1. Posterior under parts yellow with no orange next the black fore breast ... jugularis (p. 656) e2. Posterior under parts yellow with a large bright orange patch next the black fore breast ... aurora (p. 658)
a2. Chin, throat, and breast yellow or greenish, never metallic, and not very different in color from the abdomen (females). [89]
b1. Light tip of tail gray, about 6 mm. in length on outermost pair of rectrices; general color of under parts apple-green.
c1. Primaries and secondaries edged with dull orange-rufous. ... sperata (p. 652) henkei (p. 653) c2. Primaries, secondaries, and greater coverts edged with light claret-brown, this color extending faintly across the back ... juliæ (p. 654)
b2. Light tip of tail white, about 10 mm. in length on outermost pair of rectrices; general color of under parts gamboge-yellow. ... jugularis (p. 656) aurora (p. 658)
664. CINNYRIS SPERATA (Linnæus).
RED-BREASTED SUNBIRD.
Certhia sperata Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 186. Cinnyris speratus Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 4 (1877), 131, pl. 43. Cinnyris sperata Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 63; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 230; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99.
Siete colores, Spanish name in general use.
Basiao, off Samar (Bartsch); Bohol (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Dinagat (Everett); Guimaras (Steere, Steere Exp.); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Everett, McGregor); Negros (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Nipa (Everett); Palawan (Everett, Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Bartsch); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor).
Male.--Held away from the light top of head and hind neck reddish bronze, lower back, rump, and tail-coverts metallic green and amethystine; held toward the light, head and neck change to bronze-green; back, rump, and tail-coverts change to steel-green; lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts dull black; mantle, sides of neck, and wing-coverts dark maroon-red; chin, throat, and chest metallic violet away from the light, changing to purple when held toward the light; breast poppy-red; abdomen, thighs, flanks, and crissum olive-green; the last washed with red in some specimens; wing-feathers blackish, edged with maroon, a small metallic colored patch at carpal joint; rectrices blackish, edged with metallic violet and green. Iris brown; bill, legs, and nails black. A male from Masbate measures: Length, 102; wing, 50; tail, 29; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 12.
Female.--Above light olive-green; feathers of head edged with gray; below greenish yellow, brighter on abdomen, flanks, and crissum; wings and tail blackish brown; primaries and secondaries edged with dull orange-rufous on outer webs and with white on inner webs; rectrices tipped with light gray. A female from Luzon, wing, 50; tail, 30; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 12.
"Ten males from Palawan average: Length, 104; wing, 50; tail, 31; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 13; culmen, 20. Ten females, culmen, 19; wing, 47; tail, 28; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and feet black. Called by natives of Palawan 'sopra daraga.' Breeding in Palawan in December; in Siquijor in February; in Negros in January; and in Samar in April." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
665. CINNYRIS HENKEI Meyer.
HENKE'S SUNBIRD.
Cinnyris henkei Meyer, Zeitschr. für Ges. Orn. (1884), 207, pl. 7. Cinnyris whiteheadi Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 2, 1; Ibis (1894), 514, pl. 14, fig. 1; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 230 (distribution); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99. Leptocoma henkei Dubois, Syn. Av. (1902), 699.
Sa-uit sa-uit, Calayan.
Babuyan Claro (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).
Male.--Similar to C. sperata, but mantle, hind neck, and sides of neck dull black; quills and wing-coverts entirely black, except the metallic green lesser coverts; abdomen, thighs, and crissum black, washed with olive-green. A male from Calayan measures: Wing, 535; tail, 32; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 15.
Female.--Similar to the female of C. sperata. A female from Calayan measures: Wing, 52; tail, 31; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 14.5.
666. CINNYRIS JULIÆ (Tweeddale).
JULIA'S SUNBIRD.
Nectarophila juliæ Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 535; Challenger Report, Zool. (1881), 2, pt. 8, figs. 2 & 3. Cinnyris juliæ Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pts. 7 & 8 (1878), 135, pl. 44; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 64; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99.
Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Malanipa (Murray); Mindanao (Everett); Sulu (Guillemard); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester, Everett).
Male.--Above similar to the male of C. sperata; chin, throat, and chest metallic amethystine; breast bright lemon-yellow to cadmium-yellow, lighter posteriorly and old birds with a patch of scarlet-vermilion in the center of the breast; abdomen and remainder of under parts dark olive-green mixed with yellow. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 50; tail, 31; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 13.5.
Female.--Similar to the female of C. sperata, but wing-feathers edged with light claret-brown, this color extending faintly across the back; general color of under parts bright apple-green shading into yellow on middle of breast and abdomen. A female from Basilan measures: Wing, 45; tail, 27; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 13.5.
"Nine males average: Length, 98; wing, 49; tail, 30; culmen, 19; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 13. A female measures, length, 98; wing, 47; tail, 28; culmen, 19; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Green caterpillars were found in the stomach of one specimen." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
667. CINNYRIS FLAGRANS (Oustalet).
FLAMING SUNBIRD.
Æthopyga flagrans Oustalet, Jour. de l'Institut (1876), 108. Cinnyris flagrans Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 5 (1877), 147; pts. 11 & 12 (1880), pl. 47, fig. 2; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 88; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 230 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99. Cinnyris excellens Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895). 4, 18; Ibis (1895), 255, 275.
Catanduanes (Whitehead); Luzon (Laglaise, Whitehead).
"Adult male.--Forehead and chin metallic violet; upper tail-coverts metallic green; tail black, edged with metallic green and violet; the mantle, back, and outer edges of the dark brown wings olive-yellow; chin, sides of head, sides of neck, and fore neck black, this color extending likewise over the sides of the upper breast; no pectoral tufts; center of fore neck and chest bright orange-red, which color passes gradually into the pale yellow of the rest of the under parts. Culmen, 18; wing, 51; tail, 33; tarsus, 13." (Gadow.)
"Adult male.--The metallic patch of feathers on the forehead-is steel-green, and does not extend so far back; the rest of the crown and nape yellowish olive-green, shading into orange on the back; and the sides of the belly and flanks are olive-gray, pale yellowish in the middle, with a brilliant orange-red patch above. As in C. guimarasensis, the present species has the chin and upper part of the throat metallic purplish blue, and the chest and breast velvety black, divided up the middle by a brilliant orange-red band. Length, 102; wing, 48; tail, 30; tarsus, 14.
"A bird which appears to be a nearly adult female, though the sex was not ascertained, differs from the female of C. guimarasensis as described by Bourns and Worcester, Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), I, no. 1, 55, in the following points: The head and nape are dull olive-green, shading into brighter olive-green (instead of brownish) on the rest of the upper parts; the sides of the face are dull olive (not dark ashy gray); the throat and chest gray slightly washed with yellow, rather more marked on the chin, and the rest of the under parts are pale yellowish olive, with no trace of the orange-yellow on the breast as described in the female of C. guimarasensis." (Grant.)
Specimens of the flaming sunbird collected by Whitehead were inadvertently described by Grant as new under the name Cinnyris excellens. Grant's descriptions are included here to supplement that by Gadow. I have not seen the species.
668. CINNYRIS GUIMARASENSIS Steere.
GUIMARAS SUNBIRD.
Cinnyris guimarasensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 22; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 55 (female); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99.
Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Negros (Keay, Celestino); Panay (Bourns & Worcester).
"Adult male.--Forehead and crown metallic green with violet reflections; hind head, neck, and upper part of mantle dark blood-red; back olive-yellow; chin violet; cheeks, sides of neck, and throat velvety black; breast rich orange separated from the black of the throat by a sulphur-yellow band; a central stripe on the throat, partly concealed, of rich vermilion; flanks and abdomen pale yellow. Length, 89; wing, 48." (Steere.)
"Adult female.--Head and nape light olive-green, becoming browner on back, wing-coverts, and outer webs of secondaries; upper tail-coverts like back; tail black, webs of central pair of feathers washed with same color as back; sides of face dark ashy gray, edges of feathers darker than centers; chin light yellow; entire throat gray, faintly washed with yellow; entire breast bright orange-yellow paler on flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts; axillars, under wing-coverts, and inner webs of quills pure white." (Bourns and Worcester.)
"The length of our specimens was not taken in the flesh. Average from six males: Wing, 48; tail, 31; culmen, 20; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. Six females, wing, 44; tail, 28; culmen, 18; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 13. Bill, iris, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
669. CINNYRIS JUGULARIS (Linnæus).
YELLOW-BREASTED SUNBIRD.
Certhia jugularis Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 185. Cinnyris jugularis Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 3 (1877), 151, pt. 6 (1878), pl. 48; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 84; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 243 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 230 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99. Cinnyris obscurior Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 1; (1895), 451. Cyrtostomus dinagatensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 5. Cyrtostomus jugularis mindanensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 443. [90] Cyrtostomus jugularis woodi Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 444. [91]
Tam-si, Bohol; pú-si-u, Ticao and Masbate; pi-pít pú-go, Manila.
Bantayan (McGregor); Basiao, off Samar (Bartsch); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Caluya (Porter); Camiguin S. (Murray); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Bartsch); Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Meyer, Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Panay (Steere, Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).
Male.--Above olive-green, brightest on the rump; chin, throat, and chest glossy blue-black washed with dark aster-purple; remainder of under parts gamboge-yellow, darkest next to the black chest-patch; wing-feathers dark brown, outer webs edged with olive-green, inner webs edged with white; rectrices black, two or three outer pairs tipped with white. Bill, legs, and nails black. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 55; tail, 38; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 15.
Female.--Above similar to the male; below gamboge- or lemon-yellow, whitish on the chin, and with obscure dusky mottlings on the throat, brightest yellow on middle of breast and abdomen. A female from Siquijor measures: Wing, 50; tail, 33; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 15.
The young male resembles the female and from this plumage gradually acquires the black throat and chest. In many specimens (very old males?) there is more or less orange next to the black chest, while the forehead and a small area above the eye often develop a few metallic blue feathers.
"This sunbird shows great variability in the color of the breast, some specimens having an amount of orange approximating, but never quite equaling, that displayed by C. aurora. Ten males average: Length, 119; wing, 56; tail, 40; culmen, 21; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 14. Ten females, length, 114; wing, 52; tail, 36; culmen, 20; middle toe with claw, 14; tarsus, 14. Bill, legs, feet, and nails black; iris very dark brown. Breeds in February and March." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Three eggs of the yellow-breasted sunbird from Marinduque, May 17, 1888, collected by Steere, are described as follows: "Shape ovate. Ground-color whitish partially obscured by the mottled gray under markings, which cover the greater part of the shell; over markings pale brown, with a few spots and irregular marks of a deep brown. Measurements 16 mm. by 12 mm.
"The nest is a neatly woven pocket-shaped structure, with a roofed entrance at the side. It is composed of fiber, dead grasses, and other forest débris bound together with spiders' webs and lined with cotton and fine grass." (Grant and Whitehead.)
670. CINNYRIS AURORA (Tweeddale).
ORANGE-BREASTED SUNBIRD.
Cyrtostomus aurora Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 620. Cinnyris aurora Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pts. 9 & 10 (1879), 149, pts. 11 & 12 (1880), pl.; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 88; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99.
A-ru-ma-sít, Cuyo; da-gu-man', Cagayancillo.
Agutaya (McGregor); Balabac (Steere Exp.); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Palawan (Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).
Male.--Very similar to the male of C. jugularis, but distinguished by a patch or broad band of orpiment-orange next to the black chest. A male from Cuyo measures: Wing, 55; tail, 37; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 17; tarsus, 16.
Female.--Similar to the female of C. jugularis. A female from Siquijor measures: Wing, 50; tail, 34; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 15.
The young male gradually acquires the black chin and throat in the manner of C. jugularis and develops the orange patch at the same time.
"Ten males average: Length, 120; wing, 55; tail, 39; culmen, 22; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 15. Three females, length, 109; wing, 51; tail, 36; culmen, 22; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 14. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in December in Palawan and in February in Culion. Called by natives of Palawan 'chee-wit'." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus ANTHREPTES Swainson, 1831.
Bill as long as head, slightly curved, and stouter than in the other Philippine genera of this family; nasal opercles without feathers; tail nearly square. Male with upper parts, sides of neck, and a line along each side of throat metallic colored; under parts without metallic feathers; female with shorter bill than the male and without metallic colors.
Species.
a1. Chin and throat liver-brown.
b1. Larger; wing, 71 mm.; culmen from base, 20 ... chlorigaster (p. 659) b2. Smaller; wing, about 68 mm.; culmen from base, 18.
c1. Breast brighter yellow and general coloration brighter.
d1. Larger.
e1. Bill larger; under parts greener; sides of head less reddish. ... wiglesworthi (p. 660) e2. Bill smaller; under parts yellower; sides of head more reddish. ... cagayanensis (p. 660)
d2. Smaller ... malaccensis (p. 659)
c2. Breast more greenish yellow; general coloration duller; pectoral tufts bright yellow ... rhodolæma (p. 661)
a2. Chin and throat light gray ... griseigularis (p. 661)
671. ANTHREPTES CHLORIGASTER Sharpe.
GREEN-BELLIED SUNBIRD.
Anthreptes chlorigaster Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 342; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100. Anthothreptes malaccensis Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 122 (part).
Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Lubang (McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Negros (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester, Everett); Ticao (McGregor).
Male.--Crown, mantle, and sides of neck metallic green changing to amethystine; back, rump, tail-coverts, and lesser wing-coverts metallic violet-blue; chin and throat liver-brown, bordered on each side by a narrow line of metallic green and violet-blue; remainder of under parts greenish yellow brightest in the middle of breast and abdomen; pectoral tufts lemon-yellow; wings blackish; primaries and secondaries edged with olive-green; alula and greater and median coverts burnt sienna; rectrices black, edged with metallic green which changes to amethystine. A male from Lubang measures: Wing, 71; tail, 46; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 16.5; tarsus, 18. A male from Sibuyan, wing, 71; tail, 50; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 17; tarsus, 19.
Female.--Above tea-green; below apple-green; center of breast and abdomen yellower; wings and tail dark brown, the feathers edged with dull golden olive. Bill shorter than in the male. A female from Basilan, wing, 66; tail, 42; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 18.
"Ten males from Basilan average: Length, 129; wing, 69; tail, 45; culmen, 20; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 26. Nine females, length, 127; wing, 66; tail, 42; culmen, 20; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 21. Iris brownish red; legs and feet brownish to yellowish olive; nails black; bill dark brown to black. Food, in three cases, seeds." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
672. ANTHREPTES MALACCENSIS (Scopoli).
BROWN-THROATED SUNBIRD.
Certhia malaccensis Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 2, 91. Anthreptes malaccensis Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 6 (1878), 315, pl. 101, fig. 2; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100. Anthothreptes malaccensis Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 122 (part); Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 344, fig. 98 (bill enlarged).
Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (McGregor & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White); Sibutu (Everett); Sitanki (Bartsch). Cochin China, Malay Peninsula, Siam, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Flores.
Male.--Very similar to the male of A. chlorigaster, but smaller and with the breast and abdomen bright yellow. A male from Palawan measures: Wing, 68; tail, 48; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 17.
Female.--Similar to the female of A. chlorigaster but smaller. A female from Palawan, wing, 62; tail, 42; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 15.
"Ten males from Palawan average: Length, 131; wing, 66; tail, 47; culmen, 21; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 16. Ten females, length, 123; wing, 61; tail, 42; culmen, 20; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 15." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
673. ANTHREPTES WIGLESWORTHI (Hartert).
WIGLESWORTH'S SUNBIRD.
Anthreptes malaccensis wiglesworthi Hartert, Novit. Zool. (1902), 9, 209. [92] Anthreptes wiglesworthi McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100.
Bongao (Everett); Pangamian (Bartsch); Sulu (Guillemard, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Bartsch); Tawi Tawi (Everett).
Hartert does not give a full description of this bird, but states that the sides of the head are almost as red as with A. rhodolæma and that the under side is like A. chlorigaster. I have not seen specimens of Anthreptes from any of the Sulu group of islands.
674. ANTHREPTES CAGAYANENSIS Mearns.
CAGAYAN SULU SUNBIRD.
Anthreptes cagayanensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 6; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 445; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100.
Tal-lu-gus-lú-gus, Moros of Cagayan Sulu.
Cagayan Sulu (Mearns).
"This is a slight insular form, most closely related to Anthreptes wiglesworthi (Hartert), from Sulu, P. I., from which it differs in being decidedly yellower below; the sides of the head are more reddish; the greater wing-coverts are narrowly edged with olive instead of broadly with ferruginous; and the bill is smaller. Iris hazel; bill all black; feet greenish olive, with under side of toes yellow." (Mearns.)
"Characters of adult female * * *. Differs from females of Anthreptes griseigularis in the absence of the grayish white chin and throat; from A. chlorogaster in the yellower coloration of the middle under parts and greener upper parts; and from A. malaccensis only in the greater contrast of the canary-yellow of the middle under parts with the green color of the flanks, which in A. cagayanensis are pale oil-green, and in A. malaccensis olive-yellow. I have no female of A. wiglesworthi for comparison. Wing, 65; tail, 47; culmen (chord), 15.5; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 15.8." (Mearns.)
675. ANTHREPTES RHODOLÆMA Shelley.
RUFOUS-THROATED SUNBIRD.
Anthreptes rhodolæma Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 6 (1878), 313, pts. 7 & 8, pl. 101, fig. 1; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100. Anthothreptes malaccensis Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 122 (part).
Palawan (Everett). Borneo.
"Two males from Borneo have the whole breast olive-yellow like the abdomen and flanks; the pectoral tufts are bright yellow, and therefore very conspicuous; under wing-coverts pale buff, edged with yellow; median wing-coverts, scapulars, sides of head, and ear-coverts very deep maroon-red." (Gadow.)
676. ANTHREPTES GRISEIGULARIS Tweeddale.
GRAY-THROATED SUNBIRD.
Anthothreptus griseigularis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 830. Anthreptes griseigularis Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pts. 9 & 10 (1879), 323, pl. 104; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100. Anthothreptes griseigularis Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 126; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 231.
Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Celestino); Mindoro (McGregor); Sakuijok (Everett); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).
Male.--Similar to the male of A. chlorigaster, but chin and throat light gray (gray 6 to gray 10 of Ridgway's Nomenclature of Colors); breast and abdomen much paler than in A. chlorigaster; pectoral tufts pale lemon-yellow. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Length, 127; wing, 68; tail, 41; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 17. A male from Mindanao, wing, 63; tail, 38; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 16.5.
Female.--Green like the female of A. chlorigaster but paler. A female from Luzon, wing, 59; tail, 35; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 15.
Subfamily ARACHNOTHERINÆ.
Genus ARACHNOTHERA Temminck, 1826.
Bill twice as long as head and much curved; nasal opercles unfeathered; wing moderate in length; first primary equal to about one-half the second; tail nearly square. Colors olive-green, gray, and yellow, no metallic feathers. Members of this genus are easily recognized by their very long bills.
Species.
a1. Forehead, cheeks, ear-coverts, and gape-region feathered.
b1. Smaller; exposed culmen, about 30 mm.; crissum lemon-yellow. ... flammifera (p. 662) b2. Larger; exposed culmen, about 35 mm.; crissum pale gray. ... dilutior (p. 663)
a2. Forehead, cheeks, ear-coverts, and gape-region naked. ... philippinensis (p. 663)
677. ARACHNOTHERA FLAMMIFERA Tweeddale.
FLAME-TUFTED SPIDER HUNTER.
Arachnothera flammifera Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 343; Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pts. 9 & 10 (1879), 361, pl. 115; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 104; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 230; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100.
Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao (Platen, Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).
Male.--Above olive-green, the bases of the crown-feathers dark brown; chin, throat, and breast light gray, washed with pale olive-green; abdomen, flanks, and crissum bright lemon-yellow; thighs gray, washed with yellow; a small tuft of feathers on each side of breast cadmium-yellow; wing-feathers blackish brown edged with olive-green; rectrices blackish, edged with olive-green and, except the middle pair, tipped with white and gray; axillars and wing-lining slightly washed with pale yellow. A male from Basilan measures: Length, 152; wing, 64; tail, 43; culmen from base, 35; bill from nostril, 28; tarsus, 15.
Female.--Slightly smaller than the male and without the yellow pectoral tufts. A female from Basilan measures: Wing, 59; tail, 38; culmen from base, 32; bill from nostril, 26; tarsus, 15.
"Four males average: Length, 141; wing, 62; tail, 45; culmen, 34; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 16. A female, length, 148; wing, 62; tail, 41; culmen, 41; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris reddish brown; legs and feet slate-blue; upper mandible black, lower black at tip, gray at base." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
678. ARACHNOTHERA DILUTIOR Sharpe.
PALE SPIDER HUNTER.
Arachnothera dilutior Sharpe, Nature (1876), 14, 298; Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 3 (1877), 363, pl. 116; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 105; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100.
Palawan (Steere, Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).
Male.--Crown olive-brown; ear-coverts leaden gray; remainder of upper parts olive-green; chin, throat, and chest light gray; lower breast, sides, and abdomen pale green; crissum very pale gray; pectoral tufts chrome-yellow; wings and tail blackish brown, the feathers edged with olive-green. A male measures: Wing, 70; tail, 48; culmen from base, 37; bill from nostril, 31; tarsus, 17.
Female.--Similar to the male. Wing, 63; tail, 44; culmen from base, 33; bill from nostril, 28; tarsus, 17.
In this species the yellow pectoral tufts are present in both sexes and are of a lighter yellow than in the male of A. flammifera.
"Ten males average: Length, 165; wing, 69; tail, 48; culmen 40; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 23. Ten females, length, 144; wing, 61; tail, 42; culmen, 35; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris brown, legs, feet, and nails slaty blue; bill black except base of lower mandible, which is gray. Food spiders and insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
679. ARACHNOTHERA PHILIPPINENSIS (Steere).
NAKED-FACED SPIDER HUNTER.
Philemon philippinensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 21. Arachnothera claræ Platen, Jour. für Orn. (1890), 148. Arachnothera philippinensis Grant, Ibis (1897), 237; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 231; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100.
Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Platen); Samar (Steere Exp., Whitehead).
"Adult female.--Above olive-green; wings brown, edged with olive-yellow; under surface ashy olive, washed with olive-green; forehead, space about gape, in front of eye, and ear-coverts bare. Length, 168; wing, 81; tail, 46; culmen, 39." (Steere.) "Iris and bill black; feet pinkish brown; gape brilliant white; bare skin on face pinkish yellow." (Whitehead.)
Grant states that the plumage is identical in the two sexes of this species.
Family MOTACILLIDÆ.
Bill slender and nearly straight, a small notch near the subacute tip; nostrils oval and exposed; rictal bristles inconspicuous with but two or three of moderate length; true first (outermost) primary wanting; first, second, and third primaries nearly equal and longest; inner secondaries (tertials) very long, not much shorter than primaries. Tail variable in length, but nearly square at the tip.
Genera.
a1. Plumage not streaked; under parts white with, or without, black on throat and chest; tail longer and extending far beyond the toes.
b1. Claw of hind toe not longer than the toe itself.
c1. Tail longer than wing; upper parts ashy gray ... Motacilla (p. 664) c2. Tail a little shorter than wing; upper parts with an olivaceous wash. ... Dendronanthus (p. 668)
b2. Claw of hind toe much longer than the toe itself; tail nearly as long as wing; under parts mostly yellow ... Budytes (p. 666)
a2. Plumage streaked with blackish brown both above and below; tail much shorter than the longest secondaries ... Anthus (p. 669)
Genus MOTACILLA Linnæus, 1758.
Tail decidedly longer than wing; rectrices slender, two outermost pairs nearly all white; claw of hind toe not longer than the toe itself. Plumage of upper parts largely gray; under parts black and white, or black and yellow, never streaked.
Species.
a1. Under parts nearly all white; chest and throat more or less black. ... ocularis (p. 664) a2. Under parts nearly all yellow; chin and throat black in summer. ... melanope (p. 665)
680. MOTACILLA OCULARIS Swinhoe.
STREAK-EYED WAGTAIL.
Motacilla ocularis Swinhoe, Ibis (1860), 55; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 471, pl. 4, figs. 5 & 6; Oates, Fauna Brit. India Birds (1890), 2, 289; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 237 (migration in northern Luzon); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100.
Balabac (Everett); Calayan (McGregor); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, Bartsch); Palawan (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, White). Aleutian Islands?, northeastern Siberia, Kamchatka, China; Burma in winter; accidental in Lower California.
Adult summer plumage.--"In normal full summer plumage the forehead, anterior part of crown, a broad supercilium, cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of the neck white; remainder of crown and nape, a streak from the lores through the eye and over the ear-coverts, chin, throat, and upper breast black; remainder of lower plumage white, shaded with gray on the flanks; upper plumage gray, turning to black on the upper tail-coverts; lesser wing-coverts gray; median coverts dark brown, broadly tipped with white; greater coverts with the outer webs and a considerable portion of the inner white; quills dark brown, edged with white, the later secondaries very broadly so; the two outer pairs of tail-feathers nearly entirely white, the others black." (Oates.)
Winter plumage.--A female, taken in Calayan Island in October, 1903, resembles the adult in summer as described above, but the chin and middle of throat are white, the black patch of the chest being crescentic in shape with its horns extending up the sides of the throat. Iris brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 200; wing, 90; tail, 92; culmen from base, 15; tarsus, 22.
Young.-- A female from Lubang Island, taken in November, 1902, differs from the preceding specimen in having the entire top of head and back drab-gray instead of black and ashy gray; the dark line through eye drab-gray like the crown; the white forehead and supercilium but faintly indicated by the white bases of the feathers.
The streak-eyed wagtail is of somewhat rare occurrence in the Philippine Islands; it is easily distinguished by its black and white under parts.
"A small flock of M. ocularis was observed in Palawan in December, 1891, and two specimens were obtained. They are both young birds in first winter plumage. A male measures: Length, 178; wing, 90; tail, 97; culmen, 16.5; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 20. A female, length, 159; wing, 77; tail, 72; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 20." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
681. MOTACILLA MELANOPE Pallas.
GRAY WAGTAIL.
Motacilla melanope Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs (1776), 3, 696; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 497; Hume, Oates ed. Nests & Eggs Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 207; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 237; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 101.
Tam-ba-yuc-yuc, Ticao, used for Anthus rufulus also; a-na-noc-yod, Siquijor; ba-ti-cu-lo, Manila.
Balabac (Everett); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Bohol (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (Mearns); Calamianes (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Meyer, Everett, McGregor), Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Murray, Steere Exp., Mearns); Mindoro (Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Palawan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp.); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Celestino); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor). Europe and Siberia; in winter to India, Burmese countries, Malay Peninsula and Indo-Malay islands.
Male (Mindoro, May, 1905).--Above ashy gray, with a slight olivaceous wash on back; rump and tail-coverts bright greenish yellow; lores black; line from nostril over lores, eye, and ear-coverts to nape white; side of head ashy gray; a line from base of lower mandible along side of throat white; chin and throat black, the feathers fringed with white; remainder of under parts canary-yellow, paler on sides and flanks; wing-feathers blackish brown; secondaries with a white spot on outer web, partly concealed by the greater coverts; tertials blacker than primaries and with inner webs largely white and outer webs margined with white or pale yellow; outermost pair of rectrices entirely pure white, next two pairs white with part of the outer web black, remaining rectrices black with a fringe of greenish yellow on outer webs. Length, 190; wing, 80; tail, 87; culmen from base, 13; tarsus, 20.
In winter plumage the chin and throat are white, more or less spotted with black; or else, the entire under parts are white mixed with yellow, except the tail-coverts which seem to remain entirely white. The latter plumage appears to be that of the young. The sexes are similar in colors, but the breeding plumage of the female is said to be paler than that of the male with less black on the throat.
"The gray wagtail is common and a source of constant irritation when one is hunting the little forest kingfishers along small fresh-water streams. M. melanope feeds among the pebbles and is always flying up when least wanted, alarming the more valuable birds. Three males average: Length, 185; wing, 80; tail, 92; culmen, 17; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 15. Two females, length, 189; wing, 81; tail, 96; culmen, 17.5; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 17.5. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown to black; bill black, except base of lower mandible which is gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus BUDYTES Cuvier, 1817.
This genus differs from Motacilla in having the tail shorter than the wing and the claw of hind toe much longer than the toe itself. The under parts are yellow in summer plumage, white in winter, and rarely without traces of yellow.
682. BUDYTES LEUCOSTRIATUS Homeyer. [93]
SIBERIAN YELLOW WAGTAIL.
Budytes leucostriatus Homeyer, Jour. für Orn. (1878), 128; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 101. Motacilia flava Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 516, pl. 6, figs. 3 to 6 (part); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 237 (migration).
Du-uad, Batan.
Balabac (Everett); Basilan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett); Cagayan Sulu (Mearns); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (McGregor); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Masbate (McGregor); Mindanao (Mearns); Negros (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Platen, Whitehead, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White); Polillo (McGregor); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor). Eastern Siberia and Kamchatka; eastern China and the Moluccas in winter.
Male in spring plumage (Manila, April, 1904).--Above olive-yellow; tail-coverts brown edged with olive-yellow; top of head and nape cinereous, the ear-coverts a little darker; lores and space under eye blackish; a wide line from nostril over eye to nape white; sides of neck and of chest olive-yellow; chin white; remainder of under parts canary-yellow, or light lemon-yellow, with some obscure dusky spots on chest, crissum palest; thighs ashy gray; wings dark seal-brown, many of the feathers edged with yellowish or buffy white; tips of greater and median coverts forming bars; two outermost pairs of rectrices nearly all white, the others seal-brown with narrow olivaceous edges. Length, 165; wing, 81; tail, 72; culmen from base, 15; tarsus, 25.
The female is duller in color; the upper parts browner and the under parts paler yellow. A female from Calayan Island measures: Wing, 74; tail, 70; culmen from base, 13; tarsus, 25.
Winter plumage.--Most of the specimens taken in the Philippines have the crown, sides of head, and upper parts dull brown, sepia to hair-brown, at times with traces of olive-yellow on the back; the long white supercilium is always present; the under parts are mostly white, chest more or less dusky and with spots or irregular patches of yellow.
"Much less common than M. melanope. Three males average: Length, 169; wing, 80; tail, 76; culmen, 17; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 20.5. A female measures, length, 165; wing, 77; tail, 73; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 21.5. Legs, feet, and nails dark brown to black; bill black, except base of lower mandible which is gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
At times I have found large flocks of this yellow wagtail in the vicinity of Manila, but it is usually less abundant than the gray wagtail.
Genus DENDRONANTHUS Blyth, 1844. [94]
The only member of this genus is not greatly different from the Motacillæ, but the tail is slightly shorter than the wing, being intermediate in length between the tertials and primaries; the claw of hind-toe is short as in Motacilla; under parts white with a black band across the chest; upper parts with an olivaceous wash; wing-feathers blackish brown; median and greater coverts tipped with white, forming two conspicuous wing-bars; primaries and secondaries with white spots on outer webs, forming two more bars. Of this genus Oates says: "The structure of the tail in this genus is peculiar, inasmuch as the middle pair of feathers is very markedly shorter than the others and of a different color."
683. DENDRONANTHUS INDICUS (Gmelin).
FOREST WAGTAIL.
Motacilla indica Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, 962. Limonidromus indicus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 532; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 300, fig. 82 (head). Limondromus indicus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 101 (error).
Balabac (Everett); Calayan (McGregor). Eastern Siberia, northern China, Indian Peninsula; in winter to Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Burmese countries, Cochin China, Malay Peninsula, and Java.
Adult (sexes similar).--Above olive-brown; tail-coverts blackish brown; line from base of bill over eyes to nape whitish; line through eye brown; cheeks and ear-coverts whitish; under parts white, breast tinged with yellow; a broad crescentic band across chest black; behind this indications of another band which is broken in the middle; sides, flanks, and thighs washed with drab-gray; wing-feathers mostly blackish brown, their tips olive-gray; lesser and median coverts with wide yellowish white tips, forming two bars; outer webs of primaries and secondaries with yellowish white spots, forming two shorter bars; two outer pairs of rectrices extensively white; next pair tipped with white; central pair olive-gray; the others blackish brown.
The measurements of the male, as given by Sharpe and changed to millimeters, follow: Length, 168; wing, 79; tail, 72; culmen, 14; tarsus, 22. A female from Calayan Island measures: Wing, 78; tail, 71; culmen from base, 15; tarsus, 22.
The forest wagtail is the rarest representative of its family in the Philippines, only two specimens having been taken here. It may be recognized at once by the two white wing-bars.
Genus ANTHUS Bechstein, 1807.
Tail shorter than the tertials; hind-toe usually shorter than its claw. Plumage various shades of brown, streaked and spotted with black and dark brown, never extensively yellow, black, nor pure white.
Species.
a1. Hind toe and its claw about equal in length; upper plumage washed with olivaceous, the dark shaft-streaks poorly defined; breast and sides heavily spotted and streaked with blackish brown. ... hodgsoni (p. 669) a2. Hind toe decidedly shorter than its claw; upper parts with heavy streaks of blackish brown, the margins of the feathers various shades of buff, ocherous, and rusty brown, but not washed with olivaceous.
b1. Dark streaks of under parts few and narrow; sides of body uniform in color or with obsolete dusky streaks.
c1. Tail much longer, about 85 mm.; wing, 90 or more; tarsus, 30 to 33. ... richardi [95] (p. 670) c2. Tail much shorter, about 65 mm.; wing, about 75; tarsus, 28. ... rufulus (p. 671)
b2. Dark streaks of under parts numerous and heavy on breast, and extending over sides of abdomen and breast.
c1. Dark streaks on breast broader and more numerous; some of the interscapulars with whitish margins forming a conspicuous light streak on each side of back. ... gustavi (p. 672) c2. Dark streaks on breast, in the adult at least, narrower and less numerous; upper parts less boldly streaked, and the light edges of interscapulars less conspicuous; chin and throat buff in the young, vinaceous-cinnamon or dark ochraceous in the adult ... cervinus (p. 673)
684. ANTHUS HODGSONI Richmond.
SPOTTED TREE PIPIT.
Anthus maculatus (not Motacilla maculata Gmelin) Hodgson, in Gray's Zool. Miscl. (1844), 83; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 547; Hume, Nests & Eggs Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 209; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 237 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 101. Anthus hodgsoni Richmond, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. (1907), no. 54, 493.
Apo (Celestino); Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Mindanao (Goodfellow); Palawan (Everett). Eastern Siberia, China, Japan, Indo-Burmese countries, Liu Kiu Islands, and the Indian Peninsula.
Adult in fresh plumage.--Above dark olive-green; top of head streaked with blackish brown; feathers of back with blackish shaft-lines, much less conspicuous than in A. gustavi or A. rufulus; lower back, rump, and tail-coverts uniform olive-green; side of forehead and supercilium buff, forming a line which becomes white over ear-coverts; lores blackish; subocular region and ear-coverts buff, mottled with dark brown; chin, throat, and chest pale buff, separated from the buff jaw by a blackish malar line; lower breast, abdomen, and crissum white; flanks and thighs dark buff; breast, sides, and flanks marked with large black spots, which are triangular on chest, and elongate on sides and flanks; wing-feathers blackish, edged with olive; tips of median and greater coverts buffy, forming two bars; rectrices blackish, two or three outer pairs tipped with white. In summer the plumage has become much worn and the dark markings are more conspicuous. A male taken in Luzon in November measures: Length, 152; wing, 84; tail, 60; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 21; hind toe with claw, 15. A female in worn plumage from Benguet Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 80; tail, 57; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 21; hind toe with claw, 17. The diagnostic characters of this species are the olivaceous upper parts, the large triangular spots on the breast, and the short claw of the hind toe.
685. ANTHUS RICHARDI Vieillot.
RICHARD'S PIPIT.
Anthus richardi Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. (1818), 26, 491; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 564 (figure of foot); Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 307, fig. 85 (foot); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 102.
Balabac (Everett). Central and eastern Asia and India; in winter to southern China, Burmese countries, Ceylon, western and southern Europe; occasional in the British Islands.
Adult.--"Upper plumage fulvous-brown, the feathers centered with blackish, the rump more uniform; wings dark brown margined with fulvous; tail dark brown with pale margins, the outermost feather almost entirely white, the penultimate with an oblique portion of the inner web, about an inch and a half [38 mm.] in length, also white; supercilium and lower plumage pale fulvous, the sides of the throat and fore neck and the whole breast streaked with dark brown; sides of the body darker fulvous, with a few indistinct streaks. Bill brown, yellowish at base of lower mandible; mouth yellow; iris brown, legs flesh-color, the claws darker. Length, about 190; tail, 86; wing, 94; tarsus, 30; bill from gape, 22; hind claw, about 20." (Oates.)
686. ANTHUS RUFULUS Vieillot.
INDIAN PIPIT.
Anthus rufulus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. (1818), 26, 494; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 574; Hume, Oates ed. Nests & Eggs Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 213; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 238; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 102. Corydalla lugubris Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 547.
Tam-ba-yuc-yuc, Ticao, used for Motacilla melanope also; a-la-lac-sing, Siquijor.
Bantayan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett, Steere Exp., McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Palawan (Everett, Celestino, White); Panaon (Everett); Panay (Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp.); Semirara (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor). Africa, Malay Peninsula, Burmese countries, India, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
Adult in fresh plumage.--Above sandy buff, nearly uniform on rump and tail-coverts; upper back and top of head with dark brown shaft-lines producing, on the head at least, a decidedly streaked appearance; lores blackish; supercilium, from bill to nape, light buff; subocular space buff, bounded below by a line of dark brown; malar line dark brown; ear-coverts sandy buff; under parts cream-buff; sides and flanks sandy buff; an ill-defined band across chest sandy buff, the feathers with narrow, mesial, blackish streaks; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown, more or less widely edged and tipped with various shades of buff; two outer pairs of rectrices largely white. A female from Calayan Island measures: Wing, 80; tail, 66; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 28; hind toe with claw, 24. A female from Lubang measures: Wing, 79; tail, 62; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 27; hind toe with claw, 22.
As the plumage becomes worn the supercilium, subocular region, and under parts fade to white, and the pectoral band fades to light buff.
This species is said to resemble A. richardi except in being smaller; it is easily distinguished from any of the other pipits found in the Philippines by the scantily streaked chest and by the uniformly colored sides and flanks. Furthermore it is the most common species, outnumbering, in individuals, all the other species combined.
"Enormously abundant in the open fields; it is resident throughout the year and breeds. Four males average: Length, 167; wing, 80; tail, 65; culmen, 18; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris dark brown; legs and feet dirty yellow, nails darker; upper mandible dark brown to black, under mandible light brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
687. ANTHUS GUSTAVI Swinhoe.
PETCHORA PIPIT.
Anthus gustavi Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1863), 90; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 613; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 237; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 102.
Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Cebu (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Othberg, Heriot, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro (McGregor); Negros (Whitehead); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Celestino); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Siberia, Kamtchatka, Commander Islands, Celebes; in winter to Borneo and the Molucca Islands; China during migration.
Adult.--Top of head, neck, and back tawny buff, each feather with a wide mesial streak of blackish brown; on each side of mantle a series of feathers each having either the inner or outer web buffy white, forming on each side a conspicuous, but not well-defined, whitish stripe; rump and tail-coverts darker than back, near raw-umber, with narrower blackish shaft-streaks; supercilium light buff, but not forming a well-defined line; ear-coverts tawny; malar stripe buff, bounded below by a narrow blackish line; under parts white with a wash of buff across the chest and with bold blackish streaks on breast, sides, and flanks; wing-feathers blackish brown, edged with dark buff; median and greater coverts tipped with white, forming two wing-bars; rectrices blackish brown, the two outer pairs with considerable white on the inner webs. A male from Calayan Island measures: Wing, 85; tail, 56; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 22; hind toe with claw, 20. A female from northern Mindanao, wing, 80; tail, 56; culmen from base, 15; tarsus, 22; hind toe with claw, 20.
Young birds differ from the adults in having the chin and throat spotted with blackish brown.
The diagnostic characters of Anthus gustavi are the heavy streaks on breast and sides, and the whitish streaks on the sides of the back.
The Petchora pipit is usually found skulking on the ground in forest; it is never seen in flocks.
688. ANTHUS CERVINUS (Pallas).
RED-THROATED PIPIT.
Motacilla cervina Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. (1811), 1, 511. Anthus cervinus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 585; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 238 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 102.
Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead); Mindanao (Steere Exp.); Palawan (Everett, Celestino); Alaska, Kurile Islands, Asia, Europe, England; in winter to China and Indo-Burmese countries, Persia and northwestern India, Formosa, Hainan, and northern Africa, accidental in Lower California.
Adult.--Above sandy gray, somewhat similar to A. gustavi, but lighter and grayer without the whitish streaks on the sides of the back; head streaked with dark brown; feathers of back and rump with broad mesial streaks of blackish brown; long and broad superciliary stripe, lores, ear-coverts, suborbital region, chin, throat, and chest vinaceous-cinnamon or vinaceous-buff; remainder of under parts light buff; sides, flanks, and, in many specimens, the breast, streaked with blackish brown; wings and tail dark brown, most of the feathers with white or sandy buff edges; greater and median coverts with whitish tips forming two bars; two outer pairs of rectrices with wide white tips.
A male from Calayan Island measures: Length, 145; wing, 85; tail, 61; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 22; hind toe with claw, 20. A female from the same locality, wing, 79; tail, 56; culmen from base, 13; tarsus, 21; hind toe with claw, 20.
Immature birds have less vinaceous color about the head and more black stripes on the chest; still younger birds have lores, supercilium, malar region, chin, and throat buff with no trace of vinaceous, and the sides of throat are thickly spotted with blackish brown. This last plumage resembles some plumages of A. gustavi, but the latter species seems always to have a larger bill and distinct white or pale buff lines on the sides of the back.
The red-throated pipit in adult summer plumage is a very handsome species. It is found in the Philippine Islands in winter only and then but rarely.
Family ALAUDIDÆ.
Bill stout, first primary very short; tertials shorter, or but little longer, than secondaries; tail moderate in length; two outer rectrices partly white as in Anthus; tarsus scutellate both in front and behind; claw of hind toe longer than the toe itself; upper plumage brown and the breast streaked.
Genera.
a1. Bill more slender; first primary minute, shorter than primary-coverts; claw of hind toe more than one-half the length of tarsus. ... Alauda (p. 674) a2. Bill much stouter; first primary longer than the primary-coverts; claw of hind toe not more than one-half the length of tarsus. ... Mirafra (p. 675)
Genus ALAUDA Linnæus, 1758.
Bill similar to that of Anthus, but stouter and blunter; nostrils protected by short feathers and several hairs; rictal bristles few and short; first primary shorter than primary-coverts; second primary nearly as long as third, which is equal to fourth; tertials slightly longer than secondaries; claw of hallux slender, nearly straight, and equal to more than two-thirds the length of tarsus.
689. ALAUDA WATTERSI Swinhoe.
FORMOSAN SKYLARK.
Alauda wattersi Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1871), 389; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 103. Alauda gulgula Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 575 (part); Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 244 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 243 (nest).
Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Luzon (Möllendorff, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Sibuyan (McGregor); Ticao (McGregor). Formosa and the Pescadores.
Adult.--Upper parts blackish brown, streaked with ochraceous-buff; lores and superciliary stripe from bill to nape pale buff or whitish; ear-coverts dusky; malar region and sides of throat marked with small blackish spots; under parts white; chest buff with short blackish shaft-lines; sides and flanks buff, the latter obscurely streaked with dark brown; wing-feathers and rectrices dark brown, edged with cream-buff or ruddy buff; outermost pair of rectrices entirely white; the next pair with their outer webs white.
In freshly molted individuals the feathers of upper parts are rounded at the ends and fringed with white, producing a squamate appearance, which disappears as the plumage becomes worn; feathers of occiput somewhat lengthened forming a crest, and the feathers of sides of nape forming short ear-tufts.
A male in fresh plumage measures: Length, 150; wing, 85; tail, 54; culmen from base, 15; depth of bill at nostril, 5; tarsus, 23; hind toe with claw, 24. A female in worn plumage measures: Wing, 81; tail, 48; culmen from base, 13; depth of bill at nostril, 5; tarsus, 23; hind toe with claw, 22.
This species is very similar to the European skylark from which it is distinguished by its much smaller size.
Three eggs of the Formosan skylark from Isabela Province, Luzon, collected by Whitehead on May 25, 1894, are thus described:
"Shape ovate. Ground-color very pale greenish white, variously mottled and spotted with pale french-gray under-markings and brown upper-markings. In one egg the markings are chiefly concentrated into a zone round the middle of the shell; in the other two they are pretty equally scattered over the whole shell. Measurements 21 mm. by 16 mm."
A set of two eggs is "Much like the above and equally spotted all over, but the over-markings are of a more yellowish brown. Measurements 22 mm. by 15 mm.
"This lark was nesting in an open bit of country thinly covered with tufts of grass, beneath which the nests were concealed. Fully fledged young birds of this species were also observed on the same date." (Grant and Whitehead.)
Genus MIRAFRA Horsfield, 1821.
Bill very stout, almost finch-like, its depth at nostril almost as great as its length from nostril and equal to about two-thirds of the hind claw; nostrils exposed; rictal bristles short; tertials shorter than secondaries; first primary equal to one-third of the second, the latter about equal to the third, fourth, and fifth; hallux slightly shorter than its claw.
690. MIRAFRA PHILIPPINENSIS Ramsay.
PHILIPPINE BUSH LARK.
Mirafra philippinensis Ramsay, Ibis (1886), 160; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 605; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 243; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 103.
Luzon (Heriot, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., McGregor, Whitehead); Mindanao (Mearns); Mindoro (McGregor).
Adult.--Upper parts blackish brown, streaked with ochraceous-buff; superciliary line from bill to nape dark buff; cheeks and ear-coverts buff, speckled with black; chin and throat cream-buff; remainder of under parts dull ochraceous-buff, darker across the chest which is marked with small dusky spots; wing-feathers dark brown; quills ochraceous-buff on inner webs; primaries and their coverts edged with rusty buff on outer webs; secondaries and coverts edged with ochraceous-buff on outer webs; tertials edged with buff on both webs; outermost pair of rectrices with outer webs and most of the inner webs white; next pair with outer webs white half way to the shaft. Iris light brown; bill horn-color, lighter on lower mandible; feet and nails light flesh-color. A male from Luzon measures: Length, 140; wing, 70; tail, 46; culmen from base, 12; depth of bill at nostril, 65; tarsus, 21; hind toe with claw, 16. A female, wing, 68; tail, 42; culmen from base, 12; depth of bill at nostril, 6; tarsus, 21; hind toe with claw, 15.
In young birds in fresh plumage the feathers of the back are rounded at the tips and fringed with ochraceous-buff, and the spots on the chest are larger.
The Philippine bush lark is very abundant in the vicinity of Manila and great numbers have been noted in the markets in baskets with the equally common Formosan skylark.
Family FRINGILLIDÆ.
Bill conical (except in Loxia where the mandibles are crossed); commissure, or cutting edges of bill, angulated; [96] nostrils basal and near the culmen, often hidden by antrorse feathers; rictal bristles moderate in length; wings well developed with only nine primaries; rectrices twelve, tail square or slightly forked; tarsus scutellate in front, covered on each side by a single plate, and with a sharp ridge behind.
Genera.
a1. Mandibles falcate; the tips crossed ... Loxia (p. 676) a2. Mandibles not falcate; the tips not crossed; culmen and gonys straight or but little curved.
b1. Bill blunt and very stout, its width at nostril equal to bill from nostril. ... Pyrrhula (p. 677) b2. Bill sharp and slender, or only moderately stout, its width at nostril much less than bill from nostril.
c1. Culmen and gonys gently curved; tail nearly square; top of head liver-brown; a large black patch on chin and throat; no yellow in the plumage ... Passer (p. 680) c2. Culmen and gonys nearly straight; tail slightly forked; plumage more or less yellow.
d1. Gonys relatively long, being about twice as long as its ramus.
e1. Larger; culmen flat; bill but slightly compressed even at the tip; chest orange-rufous ... Fringilla (p. 679) e2. Smaller; culmen with a slight ridge; terminal half of bill abruptly and greatly compressed; tip acute; chest lemon-yellow. ... Spinus (p. 681)
d2. Gonys relatively short, being less than twice as long as its ramus. ... Emberiza (p. 682)
Genus LOXIA Linnæus, 1758.
Bill compressed, the tips crossed; both culmen and gonys strongly curved; wings covering about half the tail. Adult male almost entirely red, adult female partly yellow, and young of both sexes heavily streaked.
691. LOXIA LUZONIENSIS Grant.
PHILIPPINE CROSSBILL.
Loxia luzoniensis Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 51; Ibis (1894), 516; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 244 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 239 (nesting habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 103.
Cu-di-li-guit, Benguet Igorot.
Luzon (Whitehead, Worcester, McGregor).
Adult male.--Head and body geranium-red, clearest and brightest on rump, tail-coverts, and under parts, more pinkish on throat, paler on abdomen; lores, malar stripe, and ear-coverts dusky; feathers of back and wing-coverts with dusky bases; thighs drab-gray; under tail-coverts white, washed with geranium-pink, and with pointed shaft-markings of dark brown; wings and tail blackish, the larger feathers narrowly edged with geranium-pink. Length, about 140; wing, 82; tail, 51; culmen from base, 15; tarsus, 15.
Adult female.--Feathers of upper parts dark brown with lighter edges; feathers of back edged with pale yellow; feathers on anterior part of crown edged with light chrome-yellow; rump and tail-feathers nearly uniform light chrome-yellow; nasal plumes, lores, and line under eye whitish; cheeks and ear-coverts blackish brown; under parts drab-gray, chin and throat nearly white; breast and abdomen with a faint olive or yellow wash; tail-coverts white with pointed shaft-markings; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish with narrow edges of gray or pale yellow. A female, wing, 80; tail, 49; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 15.
Young birds are dingy white heavily streaked, both above and below, with blackish brown and more or less washed with olive-gray, olive-yellow, or light chrome-yellow. Older individuals, probably of the second summer, lose the dark streaks and become extensively yellow, while still older males become indiscriminately mottled with red and yellow.
"In the end of December, 1893, Mr. Whitehead noticed a pair of these crossbills with nesting materials in their bills. In the following January, while in the highlands of Benguet, he found a nest containing three eggs and situated at the end of a pine branch. The slender branch overhung a steep slope, and it was found impossible to secure the eggs. Again on Mount Data, towards the end of January, 1895, after much trouble, a second nest was discovered near the top of a high pine-tree. This nest contained four young birds, two of which flew away before they could be secured." (Grant and Whitehead.)
Genus PYRRHULA Brisson, 1760.
Bill very short, stout, and blunt; bill from nostril equal to its width, and to its depth at middle of nostril; culmen and gonys decidedly curved; tail nearly square. General color of body buffy brown; chin black; rump white.
Species.
a1. Larger; wing, 80 mm. or more ... leucogenys (p. 678) a2. Smaller; wing less than 80 mm.; general color more brownish. ... steerei (p. 678)
692. PYRRHULA LEUCOGENYS Grant.
PHILIPPINE BULLFINCH.
Pyrrhula leucogenys Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 4, 41; Ibis (1895), 455, pl. 14 (leucogenis); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 239 (feeding chabits and young); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 103.
Luzon (Whitehead, Mearns, McGregor).
Adult male.--Forehead, entire top of head, upper tail-coverts, rectrices, and secondaries glossy steel-blue; lores, jaw, and chin black; cheeks and auriculars white, forming a large patch; back olive-brown; under parts lighter brown; middle of abdomen and under tail-coverts light ochraceous-brown; rump-band white; primaries black, edged with steel-blue; innermost secondary edged with orange-vermilion on the outer web; greater coverts widely tipped with light buff; axillars and wing-lining white. Iris dark brown; bill white or pale yellow, black at tip and along the cutting edges; legs pale flesh-color. Length, about 160; wing, 78; tail, 61; depth of fork, 12; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 16.5.
Adult female.--Like the male, except that the red on the innermost secondary is brownish orange. The difference is very slight and my specimens have no red whatever on the secondary. A female from Pauai, Mountain Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 79; tail, 65; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 16.
An immature, but fully grown, male differs from the adult in having the crown brown, but somewhat darker than the back and with a few black feathers; lores and jaw dusky; white cheek-patch small and poorly defined; chin dusky; throat and breast slightly olivaceous.
This bullfinch is not uncommon in the mossy oak forests of the highlands of Luzon.
693. PYRRHULA STEEREI Mearns.
STEERE'S BULLFINCH.
Pyrrhula steerei Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 445.
Mindanao (Mearns).
"Characters.--Similar to Pyrrhula leucogenys Grant, from the mountains of Lepanto in northern Luzon. The Mindanao bird differs in being smaller, with a differently colored, much smaller bill, more brownish coloration, and a tendency to whitening on the middle of the abdomen, which the Luzon bird lacks.
"Adult male (type, killed July 9).--Crown and front of head all round, to just behind eye, black; crown glossed with purplish blue; lores, malar region, chin, and upper throat dead black; auriculars white; scapulars and interscapular region deep broccoli-brown; rump white; rectrices, upper tail-coverts, primaries, secondaries, tertials, primary-coverts, and base of greater wing-coverts, glossy bluish black; lesser wing-coverts dark broccoli-brown; terminal two-fifths of greater wing-coverts broccoli-brown, paler terminally; outer web of innermost secondary edged externally with orange-vermilion; under parts broccoli-brown, shading to whitish on middle of belly and to tawny ochraceous on crissum; axillars pure white; under wing-coverts brown at base, broadly white terminally; underside of shafts of primary-quills white nearly to the tips. Fresh specimens, including the type, were noted in the field as having the iris dark brown; bill plumbeous-black, perceptibly horn-color at extreme base; feet brownish flesh-color, with underside of toes yellowish; claws brown. In the dry skins the bills are uniformly plumbeous-black.
"Adult female * * *. Exactly like the male, except that the outer web of the innermost secondary is edged externally with yellowish orange instead of orange-vermilion." (Mearns.)
Genus FRINGILLA Linnæus, 1758.
Bill moderately stout; culmen flat, without a ridge, and straight except at its extreme tip; wings long, extending beyond the toes and nearly to the tip of the slightly forked tail; colors black, white, and orange-buff.
694. FRINGILLA MONTIFRINGILLA Linnæus.
BRAMBLING.
Fringilla montifringilla Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 179; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 12, 178; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 233, fig. 65 (head); McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 24; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 103.
Calayan (McGregor). Europe, northern Asia, Kamchatka, northern China; in winter to British Islands, Japan, Liu Kiu and Bonin Islands.
Male in winter.--Head, neck, mantle, and sides of head, of neck, and of throat black with wide fringes of light buff or ochraceous-buff; feathers of neck and mantle with gray bases; lower back and rump white, black along the sides; tail-coverts black, tipped with buff; chin, middle of throat, fore breast, sides, and flanks orange-buff; flanks with a few black spots; lower breast and abdomen white; crissum light buff; feathers of thighs black with buff tips; wing-quills black; primaries and secondaries narrowly edged with pale yellow; outer webs of fourth to seventh primaries with a spot of white at tips of primary-coverts; secondaries with larger white spots nearer their bases; tertials broadly edged with orange-buff on their outer webs; scapulars and lesser coverts orange-buff; median coverts white, some of them washed with buff; greater coverts black with broad buff tips; rectrices black, edged with ashy gray or pale yellow; outermost pair with basal half of outer webs white; axillars canary-yellow; wing-lining and edges of the inner webs of quills white. Iris brown; bill yellow; its tip dusky; legs light brown, soles pale yellow; nails dusky. A male from Calayan Island measures: Length, 165; wing, 94; tail, 65; culmen from base, 13; tarsus, 20.
Female in winter.--Not greatly different from the male. A female from Japan measures: Wing, 85; tail, 58; culmen from base, 13; tarsus, 19.
Male in summer.--"The summer plumage of the male is gradually assumed by the shedding of the sandy-colored edges, and the bluish ashy of the hind neck and mantle remains as a spot behind the head, the feathers of these parts generally showing ashy gray bases throughout the summer plumage.
"Nestling.--Recalls the plumage of the adult female, but more tinged with olive, the nape-patch well developed, and the rump-patch tinged with sulphur-yellow; under surface of body washed with pale sulphur-yellow, tinged with orange on fore neck, chest, and sides of body." (Sharpe.)
The brambling as a Philippine species is known only from three winter specimens collected in Calayan Island.
Genus PASSER Brisson, 1760.
Bill moderately stout, not greatly compressed; culmen straight and with a decided ridge for its basal half; rounded and gently curved for its distal half; wing moderate in length, covering less than half the tail, and its tip not reaching the base of toes. Colors black, dingy white, rusty brown, and liver-brown.
695. PASSER MONTANUS (Linnæus).
MOUNTAIN SPARROW. [97]
Fringilla montana Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 183. Passer montanus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 12, 178; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 238 (habits); Hume, Oates ed. Nests & Eggs Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 162; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 104.
Gor-re-ón, Manila.
Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Luzon (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor). Northern Africa and nearly the whole of Europe and Asia.
Adult (sexes similar).--Forehead, crown, and hind neck liver-brown or vinous-chestnut; back, rump, and tail-coverts dull cinnamon-rufous; back with wide black stripes confined to the inner web of each feather; lores, a line under eye, a large patch on ear-coverts, chin, and middle of throat black; remainder of sides of head and sides of throat grayish white; remainder of under parts dirty pale gray, washed with fulvous-brown on sides, flanks, thighs, and tail-coverts; wings and tail brown, most of the wing-feathers edged with dull cinnamon-rufous; lesser coverts dull chestnut; median coverts blackish, tipped with white; greater coverts edged with cinnamon-rufous and tipped with white; the tips of median and greater coverts forming bars; second to fifth primaries with an ocherous-buff band on outer webs near the tip of primary-coverts. A male from Manila measures: Length, 140; wing, 66; tail, 52; culmen from base, 13; tarsus, 17. A female, wing, 68; tail, 54; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 17.
Young.--Color pattern like that of the adult, but upper parts lighter; crown and neck dark clay-brown, cinnamon on sides of occiput and sides of neck; back with broad streaks of buff; ear-coverts, chin, and throat slate-gray and the areas not so well defined as in the adult.
The mountain, or tree, sparrow is an introduced species in the Philippine Islands. It is found in considerable numbers about Manila and in towns along the railroads. It is also abundant in the town of Cebu.
Genus SPINUS Koch, 1816.
Bill slender and acute, its distal half greatly compressed; culmen straight, without a decided ridge; wings very long, reaching nearly to the tip of tail which is forked. Colors canary-yellow, black, and white.
696. SPINUS SPINUS (Linnæus).
SISKIN.
Fringilla spinus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 181. Chrysomitris spinus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 12, 212; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 24. Spinus spinus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 104.
Calayan (McGregor). British Islands, Europe, northern Asia, and Siberia; in winter to Japan, southern China, and the Liu Kiu Islands.
Male.--General color lemon-yellow; crown and nape black; back and scapulars yellowish green with dark shaft-lines; rump yellow; tail-coverts olive-green; chin and middle of fore throat black; a band from above center of eye to neck lemon-yellow; ear-coverts washed with olive; cheeks, sides of neck and of throat, and remaining under parts bright lemon-yellow, becoming white on middle of abdomen; flanks streaked with black; feathers of thighs drab-gray tipped with white; under tail-coverts yellow with broad dusky shaft-marks and white tips; wing-feathers blackish brown; primaries, except the first, narrowly edged with yellow and, except the outer three, with a spot of yellow on outer web near the tips of the coverts, forming a bar, which is continued on the outer webs of the secondaries, each of the latter has also a large yellow spot near the tip; tertials edged with yellow, and median coverts tipped with yellowish olive; greater coverts black with olive-yellow tips; rectrices, except the middle pair, bright yellow with wide blackish brown tips, fringed with gray. A male from Calayan Island measures: Length, 114; wing, 70; tail, 43; culmen from base, 12; tarsus, 15.
Female.--Somewhat similar to the male, but the yellow much paler and more restricted; black cap and chin-spot wanting; under parts nearly all white and more heavily streaked with blackish; above olive-green with a hoary cast; head and neck spotted, and back streaked, with blackish; yellow line above and behind eye mottled with olive-green; under parts white or pale gray heavily streaked with blackish brown on sides, flanks, breast, and sides of abdomen; middle of breast and abdomen white; sides of head and of neck with obscure dusky streaks and a yellow wash. A female measures: Wing, 70; tail, 42; culmen from base, 11; tarsus, 13.
"Young birds resemble the old female, but are browner, with less yellow, so that the rump, eyebrow, and sides of face are whitish; the upper surface of the body is thickly mottled with blackish mesial streaks on all the feathers, and the under surface is white thickly spotted with blackish brown, the spots being triangular on the throat and breast, and longitudinal on the sides of the body and flanks." (Sharpe.)
The siskin as a Philippine species is known only from four specimens taken in Calayan in the month of November, 1903.
Genus EMBERIZA Linnæus, 1758.
Bill small and conical, its outlines nearly straight; cutting edge of upper mandible with a decided angle near its base; wing covering not more than one-half the tail; tips of rectrices more rounded and the tail less forked than in either Fringilla or Spinus. Plumage more or less streaked with black; outermost rectrices nearly all white, but with an oblique blackish mark near base of inner web and a small dusky mark near tip; next pair black with a long white mark near shaft.
Species.
a1. Chin and throat chestnut; no yellow on under parts; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and throat vinous-chestnut; remaining under parts white; breast and sides streaked with black ... pusilla (p. 683) a2. Chin and throat not chestnut; under parts more or less yellow.
b1. Throat dull ashy gray; lores and chin blackish (male). ... spodocephala (p. 684) b2. Throat and breast yellow.
c1. Sides of body and flanks reddish brown, streaked with black (female). ... spodocephala (p. 684) c2. Sides of body and flanks yellow, streaked with black ... sulphurata (p. 685)
697. EMBERIZA PUSILLA Pallas.
LITTLE BUNTING.
Emberiza pusilla Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs (1776), 697; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 12, 487; Grant, Ibis (1894), 517; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 240; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 104.
Luzon (Whitehead). Northern Europe, Siberia, and northern China; in winter to Tenasserim, Assam, Burma, and the Himalayas.
"Adult male in breeding plumage.--General color above rufous-brown, with broad black centers to the feathers, the rump rather duller brown; the scapulars chestnut with black centers; lesser wing-coverts brown; median and greater coverts black, externally edged with pale rufous-brown, with narrow white tips; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, externally fringed with brown, the primaries margined with ashy brown, the secondaries with rufous; tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with lighter brown, the penultimate feather with a long wedge-shaped mark of white on the inner web; the outer feather for the most part white, with an oblique blackish mark on the inner web, and a small dusky mark near the end of the outer web; center of crown vinous-chestnut, with a broad black streak along each side, forming a band; a superciliary line, lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and throat vinous-chestnut, with a moustachial line of black along the under margin of the cheeks, running behind the ear-coverts; hind neck paler than the crown, and streaked with whitish like the sides of the neck; remainder of under surface of body from the lower throat downwards dull white; the center of the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts uniform; the lower throat, fore neck, and breast, as well as the sides of the body, streaked with black; under wing-coverts and axillars white; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web. 'Bill brown, the lower mandible whitish; feet reddish gray; iris brown.' (David.) Length, 122; culmen, 10; wing, 71; tail, 52; tarsus, 20.
"Adult female in breeding plumage.--Scarcely differs from the male, but is not quite so richly colored on the throat, and less distinctly streaked with black below.
"In winter plumage the adults are more rufous than in summer, with rufescent edges to the feathers of the upper surface, especially on the quills and tail-feathers; the black mark behind the ear-coverts is more distinct and not so broken up as in the breeding plumage; the under surface is suffused with ochraceous-buff, and the black streaks are less pronounced.
"Young.--Resembles more the adult female in winter plumage, but has scarcely any vinous tinge about the face; head rufous-brown, streaked with black, with a slight band of fulvous down the center of the crown; back fulvescent, washed with rufous and broadly streaked with black; wing-coverts broadly edged and tipped with yellowish buff; throat whitish, spotted with black like the breast; the latter as well as the flanks yellowish buff, streaked with black. After the first molt the coloration of the adult is assumed, but the plumage is always duller and much paler, and in some birds, probably females, the throat is white without any chestnut.
"Nestling.--Yellowish buff, broadly streaked with black, the head more rufous, and the ear-coverts rufous; underneath white, washed with rufous on the chin and with ochraceous-buff on the throat and breast, thickly streaked with black on the latter as well as on the flanks and sides of the body; wings and tail as in adults, with the exception that the wing-coverts are more fulvous at tips." (Sharpe.)
Whitehead collected the only specimen of the little bunting which has been recorded from the Philippine Islands.
698. EMBERIZA SPODOCEPHALA Pallas.
BLACK-FACED BUNTING.
Emberiza spodocephala Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs (1776), 3, 698; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 12, 522; Grant, Ibis (1895), 258; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 240; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 104.
Catanduanes (Whitehead). Eastern Siberia; in winter to Assam, Manipur, China, and eastern Himalayas; accidental in Japan.
"Adult male in summer plumage.--General color above dark brown, the feathers of the upper back slightly washed with rufous, edged with fulvous and broadly streaked down the middle with black; scapulars like the back; lesser wing-coverts uniform reddish brown; median and greater series blackish brown, externally sandy brown, margined paler and tipped with buffy white, more distinct on the median coverts; the inner greater coverts more distinctly rufous externally; primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, externally fringed with ashy; quills dusky brown, externally washed with rufous, the primaries with ashy white; inner secondaries resembling the inner greater coverts; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform earthy brown; center tail-feathers light brown, the remainder dark brown, edged with lighter brown, the penultimate one with a large wedge-shaped mark of white near the end of the outer web, the outer feather almost entirely white save for an oblique black mark on the inner web and a small brown mark at the end of the outer web; head and neck all round, including the sides of the face and neck, throat, and chest ashy gray with a distinct wash of olive; lores, base of cheeks, and chin black; breast pale sulphur-yellow, whiter towards the vent; under tail-coverts pale sulphur-yellow; thighs ashy olive; sides of breast and flanks reddish brown, rather distinctly striped with black; axillars very pale sulphur-yellow; under wing-coverts white with dusky bases; quills dusky below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web. 'Bill brown, with the point blackish and the lower mandible whitish; feet flesh-color; iris chestnut-brown.' (David.) Length, 120; culmen, 11.4; wing, 68.5; tail, 54.6; tarsus, 19.
"Adult male in winter plumage.--Only differs from the summer plumage in being more olive-yellow on the head and neck, some of the feathers of the crown and hind neck being tipped with rufous-brown.
"Adult female.--Rather browner on the head than the male and not so ashy; no black on the face or chin; ear-coverts brown, streaked with yellowish shaft-lines; lores, eyelid, and an indistinct eyebrow yellowish buff; a broad cheek-stripe of pale sulphur-yellow widening out on the side of the neck; throat and under surface of body pale sulphur-yellow, olive greenish on the throat and fore neck; a distinct malar streak of dusky blackish spots; sides of body and flanks reddish brown, streaked with black; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts yellowish white.
"Old females in the breeding season become a little more ashy on the head and neck. Young birds are always browner than the adults above, and have a number of dusky spots on the throat; otherwise they greatly resemble the old females. Young females (Mus. H. Seebohm) are pale brown above, with less developed black centers on the mantle; the head brown, washed with rufous and streaked with black; under surface dull white, with only a slight tinge of sulphur-yellow on the abdomen and axillars; the throat pale olive-yellow, browner on the fore neck and chest, with brown shaft-lines. Young males in winter plumage resemble the adult female, but seem to have more dusky spots on the throat, which commences to become dusky olive in April, with blackish on the chin. Some (probably of an earlier brood) have dusky olive throats in November, but always show dusky spots." (Sharpe.)
The only known Philippine specimen of the black-faced bunting was collected by Whitehead.
699. EMBERIZA SULPHURATA Temminck and Schlegel.
JAPANESE YELLOW BUNTING.
Emberiza sulphurata Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves (1850), 100, pl. 60; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 12, 519; Grant, Ibis (1894), 517; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 240. Emberiza sulfurata McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 104.
Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor, Porter). Japan, northern and central China; Formosa in winter.
Male (Calayan Island, November, 1903).--Top and sides of head and neck dusky olive-green; eyelids white; lores, subocular region, and malar stripe dusky; mantle dusky olive-green, heavily striped with black and somewhat washed with cinnamon; lower back and rump nearly uniform olive-gray; tail-coverts dark umber with olivaceous edges; under parts sulphur-yellow, brightest on chin, dusky across throat which is washed with buff, sides of breast washed with olive; abdomen and crissum pale canary-yellow; sides of body and flanks streaked with blackish brown; wing-feathers dark brown; lesser coverts olive; median and greater coverts, tertials, and some of the inner secondaries broadly edged and tipped with cinnamon-rufous or dull chestnut; remaining quills more narrowly edged with lighter cinnamon, inner webs of quills edged with drab-gray; rectrices blackish, the middle pair at least edged with olive-brown; outermost pair nearly all white, but with an oblique blackish mark near base of inner web and a small dusky mark near tip; next pair black with a long white mark near shaft. Upper mandible dusky; lower mandible bluish; legs and nails flesh-color. Length, 152; wing, 71; tail, 60; culmen from base, 10; tarsus, 19.
Female.--The winter plumage of the female is very similar to that of the male. A female from Calayan measures, wing, 65; tail, 54; culmen from base, 9.5; tarsus, 19.
"Adult male in breeding plumage.--General color greenish gray, washed with pale yellow; the head and mantle paler and more sulphur-yellow, the latter with broad mesial streaks of black; the scapulars like the mantle; the rump and lower back uniform and more distinctly ashy gray; upper tail-coverts ashy with yellowish edges; lesser wing-coverts ashy with a yellowish tinge; median and greater series blackish, edged with ashy and tipped with yellowish white, the greater coverts slightly rufescent on the outer margins; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged with ashy olive, the secondaries externally rufescent, the innermost with whitish margins, so as to resemble the inner greater coverts; center tail-feathers light brown, the others blackish, the outer one for the most part white, excepting a longitudinal mark along the end of the outer web and an oblique basal mark on the inner web; penultimate feather with the white much reduced and forming a large wedge-shaped mark on the inner web; the third feather with only a small white mark near the end of the inner web; ear-coverts greenish gray like the hind-neck; lores, feathers in front of the eye, and a spot at base of chin dusky blackish; feathers below the eye, cheeks, and under surface of body sulphur-yellow, paler on the lower breast and abdomen, and still lighter on the under tail-coverts, which are whitish tinged with yellow; sides of breast and flanks ashy olive, the latter streaked with black; axillars and under wing-coverts white, washed with pale yellow; quills ashy below, whitish along the edge of the inner web. Length, 133; culmen, 10; wing, 72; tail, 57; tarsus, 18.
"Considerable difference exists in the full-plumaged males with regard to the amount and intensity of the black stripes on the back. In winter the adult male appears to be always more broadly streaked with black on the back, the black centers becoming attenuated during the breeding season; the mantle is also washed with rufous like the inner secondaries.
"The adult female in breeding plumage differs but little from the male, being duller in color and rather browner on the mantle, which is very broadly streaked with black; it is further distinguished by the absence of the black lores and chin spot. Length, 120; culmen, 11.4; wing, 70; tail, 53; tarsus, 18.
"Young birds in winter plumage.--Only differ from the plumage of the adult female in being rather more olive-brown, with the rufescent edges to the feathers of the mantle and inner secondaries broad and strongly pronounced; lower back and rump uniform ashy olive; the under surface of the body is clear yellow, with a tinge of saffron-color on the throat and chest." (Sharpe.)
The Japanese yellow bunting is a somewhat abundant but inconspicuous migrant in the Philippine Islands. It was found in Calayan Island in November and in Tarlac Province, Luzon, in the month of March. It has also been taken in the vicinity of Manila.
Family PLOCEIDÆ.
Bill short and very stout, both deep and broad; culmen flat and slightly curved; outline of bill, viewed from above, kite-shaped; nostrils small and round, pierced near the frontal feathers and situated nearer to the culmen than to the cutting edges; primaries ten.
Subfamily VIDUINÆ.
First primary narrow and pointed, shorter than primary-coverts. All the Philippine members of this subfamily are of small size and social habits.
Genera.
a1. Forehead not blue; sides of breast not green.
b1. Larger; width of bill at nostril little more than one-half the culmen from base; tail slightly rounded ... Padda (p. 687) b2. Smaller; width of bill at nostril about two-thirds of culmen from base; tail wedge-shaped, the central pair of rectrices pointed.
c1. Tips of central rectrices more acute ... Munia (p. 688) c2. Tips of central rectrices pointed but less acute ... Uroloncha (p. 691)
a2. Forehead blue; sides of breast green ... Reichenowia (p. 692)
Genus PADDA Reichenbach, 1850.
Bill large, length of culmen about twice the width of upper mandible; tail nearly square; rectrices but slightly, if at all, pointed; legs and feet stout. Head and chin black; a large white patch covering face and ear-coverts; young with under parts buff and the head without the black and white markings.
700. PADDA ORYZIVORA (Linnæus).
JAVA SPARROW.
Loxia oryzivora Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 173. Munia oryzivora Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 328; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 105.
Maí-ang cos'-ta, Manila.
Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Luzon (Heriot, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester). Java, Sumatra, Malacca.
Adult (sexes similar).--Lores, entire top of head, chin, fore throat, rump, upper tail-coverts, and rectrices black; sides of head and ear-coverts white forming a large conspicuous patch; entire back, lower throat, fore breast, sides of throat and of breast, secondaries, and secondary-coverts lilac-gray; lower breast, abdomen, and flanks dark vinaceous; thighs and crissum white; alula, primaries, and primary-coverts slate-gray, edged with cinereous. Bill, legs, and nails pink. A male from Luzon measures: Length, 135; wing, 69; tail, 49; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 18.
Young.--Above smoke-gray and drab-gray; breast and throat light drab-gray; sides of face, chin, abdomen, thighs, and crissum cream-buff.
The Java sparrow occurs in some abundance in the vicinity of Manila, but is rarely found in other localities in the Philippines.
Genus MUNIA Hodgson, 1836.
In Munia the bill is shorter in proportion to its width than in Padda; rectrices slightly graduated and, except the two of three outer pairs, sharply pointed at their tips.
Species.
a1. Back and wing-coverts chestnut; head, throat, and chin black or blackish brown (adult).
b1. Head black ... jagori (p. 689) b2. Head dark smoky brown ... formosana (p. 690)
a2. Back and wing-coverts hair-brown or wood-brown; head nearly uniform with the back.
b1. Upper parts with white shaft-lines; chin and middle of throat rich vandyke-brown; remainder of under parts mottled (adult) ... cabanisi (p. 690) b2. Upper parts without shaft-lines; chin and throat nearly uniform with remaining under parts which are not mottled (young).
c1. Larger; breast and abdomen rich buff ... jagori (p. 689); formosana (p. 690) c2. Smaller; breast and abdomen cream-buff ... cabanisi (p. 690)
701. MUNIA JAGORI Martens.
PHILIPPINE WEAVER.
Munia (Dermophrys) jagori "Cabanis," Martens, Jour. für Orn. (1866), 14. Munia jagori Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 337; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 245 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 241 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 105. Munia brunneiceps Grant, Ibis (1895), 261; (1896), 554 (=jagori in worn plumage). ? Fringilla minuta Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. C. L. C. Nat. Cur. (1834), 16, suppl. prin. 86, pl. 12.
Bi-ching, Benguet; maí-ya, Ticao; má-ja, Bohol.
Balabac (Everett); Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Batan (McGregor); Basilan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, Steere Exp., McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cagayan Sulu (Mearns); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Calayan (McGregor); Cantanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp., Bartsch); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere, Murray, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay, Whitehead, Celestino); Palawan (Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester, Bartsch); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).
Adult.--Entire head, chin, throat, and chest blackish brown; hind neck and sides of neck usually lighter or chocolate-brown, sharply defined against the chestnut of back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and edges of quills; sides of breast, flanks, and a narrow band across breast chestnut, brighter than the back; middle of lower breast, abdomen, thighs, and crissum, black or blackish brown; rump and tail-coverts deep maroon; tips of longest coverts and edges of two central rectrices golden brown or orange-rufous. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and nails light horn-blue. A pair from Luzon measure: Male, length, 120; wing, 54; tail, 39; culmen from base, 11; tarsus, 16; female, wing, 54; tail, 38; culmen from base, 10; tarsus, 13.
Young.--Head and neck hair-brown; back and wing-coverts wood-brown, tail-coverts lighter; throat creamy buff; breast, abdomen, and crissum yellowish buff; rectrices and wing-feathers dark brown edged with buff.
The Philippine chestnut weaver, or rice bird, is abundant throughout the Islands. It is extremely social in its habits and in many cases a dozen of its globular nests may be found within a radius of a few meters.
The nests are frequently built among the branches of a common species of pandanus which grows on sandy beaches. Chestnut weavers in great numbers, and Munia cabanisi, Padda oryzivora, and Uroloncha everetti in lesser numbers, are captured in nets and sold, either in the Manila markets for food or on the streets as cage-birds.
"This chestnut weaver finch feeds in large flocks and is much prized by some of the inhabitants as an article of food, its small size being compensated for by the fact that a score can be killed at one discharge of a gun. It seems to breed throughout the year; its bulky nest is placed in the grass, and is composed entirely of grass stems and leaves; the entrance is a round opening at the side. The eggs are pure white and more or less globular; from six to ten eggs are deposited in a set." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
702. MUNIA FORMOSANA Swinhoe.
FORMOSAN WEAVER.
Munia formosana Swinhoe, Ibis (1865), 366; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 338; Grant, Ibis (1895), 112; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 242; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 105.
Luzon (Whitehead). Formosa.
Adult.--This species is very similar to M. jagori from which it may be distinguished by its smoky brown head and neck; fore part of crown and sides of face blacker. The measurements of the type as given by Sharpe and changed to millimeters are: Length, 96.5; culmen, 11.4; wing, 48; tail, 35.5; tarsus, 15.
"Munia formosana Swinhoe, of which a specimen was recorded from Isabela, north Luzon, appears to be a distinct pale-colored form, the head, even in freshly-molted male examples, being of a dark smoky brown. In addition to the specimens recorded in the Catalogue of Birds, I have examined a number of Formosan examples of this species in the Seebohm collection." Grant, Ibis (1896), 554.
703. MUNIA CABANISI Sharpe.
CABANIS'S WEAVER.
Oxycerca jagori (not Munia jagori Martens) Cabanis, Jour. für Orn. (1872), 317. Munia cabanisi Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 353 (new name); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 242; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 105.
Luzon (Meyer, Heriot, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Mindoro (Porter); Panay (Bourns & Worcester).
Adult (sexes alike).--Upper parts, including secondary-coverts and tertials, dark hair-brown with whitish shaft-lines; tail-coverts and rectrices light yellowish green; lores dusky; face and ear-coverts brown with light shaft-lines; chin and middle of throat vandyke-brown with lighter shaft-lines; feathers on the remaining under parts white with white shafts and white edges, each feather with a broad, median, brown mark and a wide brown band around the feather, next to the white edge, producing a peculiar and characteristic pattern. Iris light brown; bill horn-blue, the upper mandible darker especially toward the tip; legs and nails horn-blue. A male from Benguet Province, Luzon, measures: Length, 108; wing, 48; tail, 39; culmen from base, 10.5; tarsus, 13. A female, wing, 48; tail, 36; culmen from base, 11; tarsus, 13.
Young.--Upper parts broccoli-brown, darker on crown; under parts cream-buff, nearly white on middle of abdomen and on crissum.
Cabanis's weaver is sometimes found in small flocks, but it is much rarer than either Munia jagori or Uroloncha everetti.
"A large flock of Cabanis's weavers was seen in an open field in Panay, but this species was not again found by us. A female measures: Wing, 50; tail, 37.5; culmen, 11; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 17." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus UROLONCHA Cabanis, 1851.
The genus Uroloncha as represented in the Philippines differs very little from Munia; in the two species of Uroloncha found here the plumage is all, or nearly all, chocolate-brown, the tail is wedge-shaped, and the central pair of rectrices, although pointed, are less acute than in Munia.
Species.
a1. Feathers of back and wing-coverts with white shaft-lines; middle of abdomen white. ... everetti (p. 691) a2. Feathers of upper parts without white shaft-lines; abdomen chocolate-brown uniform with the rest of the plumage. ... fuscans (p. 692)
704. UROLONCHA EVERETTI (Tweeddale).
EVERETT'S WEAVER.
Orycerca everetti Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, 96; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 764, pl. 73, fig. 2. Uroloncha everetti Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 363; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 242; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 105.
Bi-lit', Calayan.
Balabac (Everett); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Whitehead); Luzon (Everett, McGregor); Mindanao (Koch & Schadenberg, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Mindoro (Porter); Negros (Whitehead, Celestino); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Steere Exp.); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Whitehead); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester, Everett).
Adult (sexes alike).--Above chocolate-brown, darkest on forehead and tail-coverts; tertials, secondary-coverts, hind head, neck, back, and rump with distinct white shaft-lines; rectrices dark brown, edged with pale greenish yellow; lores blackish; sides of head and neck like back; under parts dark chocolate-brown, nearly black on chin and crissum; lower breast and abdomen white, forming a large patch. Iris dark red-brown; upper mandible black, lower mandible light horn-blue; legs and nails dark blue. Length, 110 to 120. A male from Camiguin Island measures: Wing, 51; tail, 40; culmen from base, 12; tarsus, 12. A female from Palawan, wing, 50; tail, 37; culmen from base, 11; tarsus, 12.
Young.--An immature male has the color pattern like the adult, but the brown is lighter, the shaft-lines are less pronounced, and the abdomen is washed with buff.
"Everett's weaver was common about the rice fields, and was several times observed in deep forest, greatly to our astonishment. Four males average: Length, 108; wing, 48; tail, 39; culmen, 12; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 16.5. Four females, length, 107; wing, 48.5; tail, 37.5; culmen, 12; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 17. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails leaden; upper mandible black, lower gray. Found breeding in Palawan in the month of December." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
705. UROLONCHA FUSCANS (Cassin).
CHOCOLATE WEAVER.
Spermestes fuscans Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1852), 6, 185. Uroloncha fuscans Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 364; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1903), 1, 6; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 105.
Cagayan Sulu (McGregor). Borneo.
Adult (sexes alike).--Entire plumage chocolate-brown; chin, throat, wings, and tail darker; lower breast and abdomen with indications of light shaft-lines. A male measures: Wing, 49; tail, 37; culmen from base, 10.5; tarsus, 13. Female, wing, 50; tail, 39; culmen from base, 10.5; tarsus, 14.
Genus REICHENOWIA Poche, 1904. [98]
Tail short and square; outstretched feet reaching to end of tail. Forehead blue, remaining upper parts mostly green; breast and abdomen tawny-rufous.
706. REICHENOWIA BRUNNEIVENTRIS (Grant).
BAMBOO WEAVER.
Chlorura brunneiventris Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 50; [99] Ibis (1894), 518; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 242 (habits and notes); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 105.
Luzon (Whitehead); Mindoro (Whitehead, McGregor).
Adult.--Above including tail-coverts dark grass-green; head green; forehead blue with a narrow black band along base of bill; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and under parts tawny-rufous, paler posteriorly; sides of breast green, washed with blue; sides of body and flanks grass-green; primaries edged with olive-yellow; tail-feathers green at ends; center ones green, washed with orange. "Iris dark brown; bill black; feet flesh-color." (Whitehead.) Length, 106; wing, 58.
This curiously colored weaver appears to be very rare or, at any rate, to be difficult to collect. Whitehead's interesting notes on this species follow:
"These small bamboo sparrows are always difficult to obtain; being wary and of swift flight, they disappear in a second when alarmed. Amongst the bamboo-flowers, on which they feed, their movements are very slow and quiet, and it is only after one has found a number of bamboo-clumps in full flower, by carefully hiding and watching the flowers, that any success is obtained. My first specimens were collected in Benguet at an elevation of only 2,000 feet [610 meters], and we next met with the species again at 7,600 feet [2,300 meters] on Monte Data, where a single specimen was secured. In Mindoro I shot a Chlorura [=Reichenowia] in a pine tree close to my camp, and noticed another some days previously feeding at the end of a pine branch; this was at an elevation of 4,500 feet [1,370 meters]. The note, which seems only to be uttered when the bird is on the wing, is 'tsit, tsit,' and is a somewhat hissing sound."
Family ORIOLIDÆ.
Bill as long as head, the terminal half decidedly compressed; culmen slightly curved throughout; gonys straight or slightly curved; a small but distinct notch near tip of bill; nostril oval, exposed, and nearer to cutting edge of mandible than to culmen; rictal bristles short; wing long, covering one-half or more of the tail; primaries ten, the first more than one-half and less than two-thirds of second, the latter shorter than third and equal to sixth; the fourth longest; rectrices well developed, tail slightly rounded.
Genus ORIOLUS Linnæus, 1766.
Characters the same as those given for the family. In the Philippine species the prevailing colors are yellow, black, and gray; the rectrices are black, tipped with yellow in all the species.
Species.
a1. Under parts entirely yellow, or yellow streaked with black or olive; throat and chest never black nor gray.
b1. Much larger; wing more than 140 mm.; tail, about 110; under parts uniform yellow (adult), or with black shaft-lines on the breast (young). ... acrorhynchus (p. 695) b2. Much smaller; wing less than 130 mm.; tail, 90 or less.
c1. Lores and chin yellow; bill leaden blue; bill from nostril, about 18 mm. ... isabellæ (p. 697) c2. Lores and chin white; bill dull red; bill from nostril, about 15 mm. ... albiloris (p. 697)
a2. Under parts yellow on crissum only; throat and chest gray, black, or streaked; abdomen white heavily streaked with black.
b1. Crown and hind neck bright yellow, or greenish yellow, uniform with mantle and back (sexes alike).
c1. Crissum bright yellow; shafts of rectrices light yellow below, inner webs broadly tipped with yellow, the spots 8 mm. or more in length.
d1. Inner webs of wing-quills edged with bright yellow; under wing-coverts bright yellow. ... samarensis (p. 698) d2. Inner webs of wing-quills edged with white, pale gray, or pale yellow, never with bright yellow.
e1. Inner webs of quills edged with white or pale gray; yellow spots at tips of rectrices larger. ... steeri (p. 698) e2. Inner webs of quills edged with pale yellow; spots at tips of rectrices smaller.
f1. Ear-coverts dull olive-yellow; smaller; wing, about 110 mm.; tail, 70. ... basilanicus (p. 699) f2. Ear-coverts pure gray; larger; wing, about 115 mm.; tail, 80. ... cinereogenys (p. 700)
c2. Crissum dark greenish yellow; rectrices nearly uniform black, very narrowly tipped with yellow, the spots about 2 mm. in length; the shafts white or gray. ... assimilis (p. 700)
b2. Crown and hind neck black (male), or black streaked with olive-green (female), in contrast with the yellow mantle and back. ... xanthonotus (p. 701)
707. ORIOLUS ACRORHYNCHUS Vigors.
PHILIPPINE ORIOLE.
Oriolus acrorhynchus Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1831), 97. Oriolus chinensis Linnæus, apud Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 203; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 235 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 100 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 106. Oriolus suluensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 205. Broderipus acrorhynchus Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 760. Oriolus palawanensis Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 200.
Cul-au-uan, Palawan; cu-li-au-an, Lubang; kee-ao, Calayan and Ticao; tu-li-haó, Bantayan, Bohol, and Masbate; ca-li-lau-an, Cagayancillo; tu-tu-li-ao, Cuyo; da-mud-lao, Bohol.
Banton (Celestino); Bantayan (McGregor); Balabac (Steere, Everett); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Meyer, Murray, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Fuga (Whitehead); Guimaras (Meyer, Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Lapac (Guillemard); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp.); Libagao (Porter); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming, Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere, Murray, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Bartsch); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Layard, Meyer, Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Palawan (Everett, Lempriere, Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panaon (Everett); Panay (Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Pangamian (Bartsch); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp.); Semirara (McGregor & Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester, Porter); Sibutu (Low, Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Burbidge, Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).
Adult male.--Bright golden yellow and black; forehead and part of crown yellow; lores, a wide space about eye continued with a broad band across crown and occiput black, forming a broad crescent-shaped mark; wings black, some of the primaries narrowly edged with gray; tertials tipped with yellow; secondary-coverts, axillars, wing-lining, and edge of wing bright yellow; rectrices black, tipped with yellow, the yellow tip narrowest on the central pair and gradually wider on each succeeding pair to the outermost; entire under parts bright yellow, not so deep as the back. Iris pale pink; bill pinkish flesh-color; legs plumbeous; nails horn-color. An adult male from Luzon measures: Length, 305; wing, 150; tail, 104; culmen from base, 34; bill from nostril, 24; tarsus, 25.
Adult female.--Similar to the male, but the mantle with a dusky, slightly olive, wash contrasting strongly with the clear golden yellow of hind neck. A female from Mindoro measures: Wing, 149; tail, 112; culmen from base, 34; bill from nostril, 25; tarsus, 26.
Young.--Above olive-yellow or golden olive; the crescent crown mark obscure and more or less dusky olive in color; tertials and rectrices dusky, washed with olive; under parts much paler than in the adult, near lemon- or gamboge-yellow; feathers of breast with distinct black shaft-lines. As the bird becomes older the crescent-mark on the head becomes better developed and the shaft-marks on the breast become less distinct. The bill is dusky brown in immature individuals.
Three eggs of the Philippine oriole, taken by Whitehead at Cape Engaño, Luzon, on April 15, 1895, are thus described:
"Shape ovate. Pure white, with scattered spots and minute dots of deep blackish brown, and a few faint under-markings of slate gray. Measurements 32 mm. by 23 mm." Two eggs from Fuga, April 5, 1895, are "similar to the above." Measurements 33 mm. by 22 mm.
"The first nest was placed in a casuarina tree on the seacoast at some distance from the forest; the second was found in a high tree close to the freshly made nest of the white-breasted sea eagle (Haliætus leucogaster) from which the bird was disturbed. Both nests were of the usually oriole type." (Grant and Whitehead.)
"After a careful comparison of specimens from Palawan and the Calamianes Islands, we can see no good reason for making distinct species of them. The amount of yellow on the head is extremely variable. We have birds from Luzon and Mindoro which show quite as much as any of our Palawan or Calamianes birds. Nor do we find any constant difference in size between the Palawan-Calamianes birds and those from other parts of the group.
"Nine males average: Length, 290; wing, 155; tail, 107; culmen, 37; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 28.7. Five females, length, 280; wing, 149; tail, 105; culmen, 36; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 28.4. Iris brown; legs and feet dull black; bill pinkish, white along gape and at tip. One of the commonest Philippine birds, found abundantly among the coconut groves and in the scattered trees about open fields, and not infrequently met with in the forest as well. Variously called 'antu-li-hao', 'tu-li-hao', 'tu-li-hi-ao', and 'ku-li-ao-an' by the natives, in attempted imitation of its rather musical note." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
708. ORIOLUS ISABELLÆ Grant.
GRANT'S ORIOLE.
Oriolus isabellæ Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 4, 2; Ibis (1895), 108; (1899), 101; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 101 (habits); McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1903), 1, 7 (description of male); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 106.
Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor, Celestino).
Adult (sexes alike).--Upper parts, lores, face, ear-coverts, and sides of neck dark, rich olive-yellow, slightly more olive on crown and exposed edge of wing-feathers; a circle of light yellow around eye; entire under parts, wing-lining, and axillars rich lemon-yellow, slightly darker on chest; thighs slightly olive; wing-quills, primary-coverts, and greater secondary-coverts narrowly edged with lemon-yellow; inner webs of quills dusky brown, broadly edged with lemon-yellow; rectrices edged with lemon-yellow on the tips and inner webs; shafts brown above, lemon-yellow below. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Length, 215; wing, 114; tail, 82; culmen from base, 25; bill from nostril, 18; tarsus, 22.5. In a female the iris was brown with an inner darker and outer lighter ring; bill, legs, and nails bluish horn-color. Length, 215; wing, 107; tail, 79; culmen from base, 26; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 22.
709. ORIOLUS ALBILORIS Grant.
WHITE-LORED ORIOLE.
Oriolus albiloris Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 49; Ibis (1894), 504; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 101; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus.(1903), 1, 7 (description of male); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 106.
Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor, Celestino).
Adult (sexes alike).--Wing and upper surface rich olive-yellow like O. isabellæ; lores, a small space under eye, base of jaw, and chin white; under parts lemon-yellow, streaked on sides of breast, sides of abdomen, and sides of body and flanks with dark olive-green; feathers of thighs olive-green with yellow tips; rectrices olive-yellow, each with a triangular, lemon-yellow patch at the tip preceded by a dark brown patch; central pair unmarked; shafts brown above, lemon-yellow below; wing-feathers as in O. isabellæ. Bill reddish brown. Length, 190 to 200. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 120; tail, 80; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 20. A female, wing, 109; tail, 75; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 19.
710. ORIOLUS SAMARENSIS Steere.
SAMAR ORIOLE.
Oriolus samarensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 17; Grant, Ibis (1897), 223; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 100 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 106.
Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).
Adult (sexes alike).--Upper parts, ear-coverts, sides of neck, secondary-coverts, tertials, and middle pair of rectrices rich olive-yellow; lores, jaw, chin, throat, and chest cinereous; lower breast, abdomen, flanks, and thighs white, boldly streaked with black; crissum bright gamboge-yellow; primaries blackish edged with gray or olive on the outer webs; secondaries blackish, edged with olive-yellow on outer webs; inner webs of quills broadly edged with bright lemon-yellow; axillars, wing-lining, and bend of wing lemon-yellow; rectrices largely olive-yellow, blackish subterminally, each of the inner webs with a large yellow spot at the tip; shafts black above, yellow below. Bill dull red. A male from northern Mindanao measures: Wing, 113; tail, 79; culmen from base, 25; bill from nostril, 17; tarsus, 21. An unsexed specimen from Samar, wing, 101; tail, 68; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 20.
"A well-marked species sharply distinct from O. steeri, as well as from O. assimilis, though Dr. Steere has not made the points of difference very plain. Five males average: Length, 195; wing, 105; tail, 72; culmen, 24; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe with claw, 22.3. A female measures: Length, 203; wing, 104; tail, 71; culmen, 23; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe with claw, 22. Iris dull brown to light brownish red; legs and feet dark slate-color, nails blackish; bill light to dark reddish brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
711. ORIOLUS STEERI Sharpe.
STEERE'S ORIOLE.
Oriolus steerii Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. October or earlier (1877), 3, 213, pl. 10 (description of adult from Negros); Grant, Ibis (1896), 532 (Negros; key to Philippine species of Oriolus); Clarke, Ibis (1898), 119; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 101 (habits). Oriolus nigrostriatus Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 16 (Negros and Masbate); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1898), 20, 558, no. 305; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107.
Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Steere, Keay, Whitehead, Celestino).
Male.--Above olive-yellow; slightly darker on head, and brighter, more golden, on rump and tail-coverts; chin, throat, and chest dark ashy gray; lower breast and abdomen whitish, each feather with a broad median black streak; thighs black, mottled with white; under tail-coverts bright lemon-yellow with dusky shaft-lines; primaries, outer secondaries, primary-coverts, and alula-feathers blackish, edged with ashy gray; inner webs of primaries edged with white; secondary-coverts and inner secondaries edged with dark olive-yellow; rectrices blackish, the outermost pair each with a large yellow spot (about 18 mm. in length) at tip of inner web, the spot gradually decreasing in size on each succeeding feather. A male from northern Negros measures: Wing, 122; tail, 86; culmen from base, 24; tarsus, 21.
Female.--The female resembles the male in colors, but is slightly smaller and has a smaller yellow spot on the outermost rectrix. A female from northern Negros measures: Wing, 111; tail, 78; culmen from base, 23.5; tarsus, 21.
Steere's oriole differs from the Basilan oriole in having the inner webs of the primaries white and the yellow spots on the rectrices much larger.
712. ORIOLUS BASILANICUS Grant.
BASILAN ORIOLE.
Oriolus steerii (not of Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.) Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. November (1877), 1, 329 (description of adult male from Basilan); Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1879), 71 (Basilan); Worcester and Bourns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1898), 20, 558, no. 302 (Basilan and Mindanao); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 106 (Basilan and Mindanao). Oriolus basilanicus Grant, Ibis (1896), 532; Ibis (1906), 471. Oriolus steerei McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 290 (Basilan).
Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Platen, Bourns & Worcester).
Adult.--Similar to Oriolus steeri of Negros from which it differs in having the lores, chin, throat, and chest lighter gray and the black stripes of lower breast and abdomen narrower; inner webs of quills edged with pale yellow instead of with white; the yellow spots on inner webs of rectrices much smaller. Iris red; bill reddish brown; feet dark plumbeous. A male measures: Length, 200; wing, 111; tail, 69; culmen from base, 22.5; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 21. A female measures: Length, 195; wing, 106; tail, 68; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 20.
Young.--Like the adult but chin, throat, and chest white, streaked with gray or black. Iris gray with very little mixture of red; bill dark brown.
"Had we known the habits of the orioles of this type as well at the beginning of our trip as we did at its close, we should doubtless have done more than we did to extend their known distribution within the Philippines. The peculiar note which they utter at frequent intervals when feeding is absolutely unmistakable, and can be heard for a considerable distance. They feed for the most part in the tops of high trees, seldom coming down into the second growth. They can, however, be readily called by imitating their note.
"Eleven males average: Length, 192; wing, 111; tail, 71; culmen, 23.8; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 23. Five females, length, 182; wing, 105; tail, 71; culmen, 23.6; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 22. Iris varies from gray to brown and red; legs and feet dark drab, nails black; bill light reddish brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
713. ORIOLUS CINEREOGENYS Bourns and Worcester.
GRAY-CHEEKED ORIOLE.
Oriolus cinereogenys Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 16; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1898), 20, 558, no. 304 (Tawi Tawi and Bongao).
Bongao (Everett); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester, Everett).
"In uniting the Tawi Tawi birds with O. steerii [basilanicus] from Basilan and Mindanao, Dr. Sharpe has evidently overlooked the fact that the Tawi Tawi birds invariably have the cheeks and ear-coverts clear ashy gray, while in birds from Basilan and Mindanao they are just as invariably olive-green. As we find no exception to this rule among our fourteen specimens from Basilan and twenty from Tawi Tawi we have no hesitation in separating the birds from the latter locality. It may be added that the rump of the Tawi Tawi birds is rather brighter, and the throat decidedly lighter than in Basilan birds. Not one of our Tawi Tawi birds shows the uniform gray throat of O. steerii [basilanicus]. Both species show great variability in the color of under tail-coverts. In some specimens they are pure yellow and in others heavily streaked with black. Fifteen males from Tawi Tawi measure as follows: Length, 203; culmen, 24.3; wing, 116.5; tail, 81; tarsus, 21." (Bourns and Worcester.)
"Four females average: Length, 200; wing, 111; tail, 76; culmen, 23.3; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 21.8. Eyes usually reddish brown, but in two cases gray; legs and feet dark drab; bill reddish brown usually, in two cases black. Very common near Tataan, in Tawi Tawi." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
714. ORIOLUS ASSIMILIS Tweeddale.
CEBU ORIOLE.
Oriolus assimilis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 760, pl. 76; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107; McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 308.
Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).
Adult (sexes similar).--Above olive-yellow; lores, jaw, cheeks, chin, throat, and chest cinereous; lower breast, abdomen, flanks, and thighs white heavily streaked with black; feathers of crissum dark olive-green, edged with olive-yellow; rectrices black slightly washed with olive basally, narrowly tipped with dark gray on both webs and with light yellow on inner webs; inner webs of wing-quills edged with pale gray; axillars and wing-lining cinereous; bend of wing gray, washed with yellow. Iris bright red; bill dull red-brown; feet lead-blue; nails black. In the immature bird the iris is white and the bill dull brown. An adult male measures: Length, 234; wing, 122; tail, 94; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 16.5; tarsus, 22. Adult female, wing, 116; tail, 86; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 16.5; tarsus, 22.
"While this species is plainly of the Oriolus steeri type it differs in being larger, in the much darker and greener upper parts and under tail-coverts, in the darker throat and breast, in the wider black markings of abdomen, and in the reduced yellow tips of rectrices.
"O. assimilis is exceedingly common in the small amount of forest left in Cebu. It is a well-marked species and could not possibly be mistaken for O. steeri, being a much darker bird. The lack of the bright rump and under tail-coverts is an especially striking point of difference. Sixteen males average: Length, 225; wing, 120; tail, 89; culmen, 26; tarsus, 22.3; middle toe with claw, 23.8. Ten females, length, 217; wing, 118; tail, 87; culmen, 25.6; tarsus, 22.3; middle toe with claw, 23.3. Iris usually bright red, but in one case gray; legs and feet dark drab, nails black; bill light to dark reddish brown. Food worms, grubs, snails, and fruit." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
715. ORIOLUS XANTHONOTUS Horsfield.
BLACK-HEADED ORIOLE.
Oriolus xanthonotus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1821), 13, 152; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 213; Ibis (1888), 200; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107.
Calamianes (Worcester); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White). Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Borneo.
Adult male.--Entire head, neck, chin, throat, and chest black; back, rump, tail-coverts, and crissum rich lemon-yellow; feathers of back with obscure dusky shaft-lines; basal feathers of crissum with mesial streaks of olive-green; lower breast, abdomen, sides, and flanks white with wide, black, mesial streaks; sides and flanks washed with yellow; breast also washed with yellow in some specimens; feathers of thighs black, tipped with light yellow; wings black; primaries edged with light gray; secondaries, tertials, and greater coverts narrowly edged with bright yellow; median coverts more widely edged with yellow; lesser coverts entirely yellow; inner webs of quills edged with pale yellow; under wing-coverts black, edged with yellow; axillars yellow; rectrices black, slightly fringed with yellow basally, widely tipped with yellow on inner webs, about 25 mm. on outermost pair and reduced to a mere trace on the middle pair; shafts of rectrices black above, brown below. A male measures: Wing, 111; tail, 75; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 20.
Female.--Head, neck, sides of neck and ear-coverts black, streaked with olive-green; back yellow, but not so bright as in the male; jaw, chin, throat, and chest cinereous with whitish streaks; breast and abdomen like the male, but less heavily streaked with black; primaries more widely edged with pale gray than in the male; secondaries and tertials broadly edged with olive-green; primary-coverts and alula edged with gray; exposed edges of all the secondary-coverts olive-green; rectrices heavily washed with olive-green on outer webs; both webs of central pair nearly all olive-green; shafts yellow below. A female measures: Wing, 109; tail, 76; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, 16.5; tarsus, 21.
"Eight males average: Length, 197; wing, 114; tail, 77; culmen, 25; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe with claw, 22.3. Five females, length, 192; wing, 106; tail, 73; culmen, 23; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe with claw, 21.5. Iris deep red; legs and feet slaty blue, nails blackish; bill light reddish brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Family DICRURIDÆ.
Bill strong, culmen ridged and strongly curved; cutting edge curved with a notch near the tip; nostrils hidden by many soft, antrorse, frontal plumes, the anterior of which have long bristle-like shafts; rictal bristles long and stiff; wing long; first primary more than one-half the second, the latter much less than third; fourth and fifth practically equal and longest; tail long to very long, slightly to deeply forked; rectrices ten, the two outer pairs curved outward near the tips. Legs and feet stout; tarsus slightly longer than bill from nostril; bill, legs, and nails black in all the species.
Genera.
a1. Plumage mostly, or entirely, black; upper parts glossed with green or blue.
b1. Tips of outermost rectrices not curved upward; tail nearly square. ... Dicrurus (p. 702) b2. Tips of outermost rectrices curved upward, the webs more or less rotated about the shaft; tail decidedly forked ... Chibia (p. 705)
a2. Plumage almost entirely gray and cinereous, with neither blue nor green gloss; tail deeply forked ... Bhuchanga (p. 708)
Genus DICRURUS Vieillot, 1816.
Wing much longer than tail; tail slightly forked; rectrices broad, the outermost with very little if any upward curve at tip. Plumage mostly, or entirely, black, glossed with blue or green.
Species.
a1. Lower breast, abdomen, and crissum black, glossed with green or blue.
b1. Back strongly glossed with green ... balicassius (p. 703) b2. Back velvety black with little or no gloss.
c1. Smaller; wing, 130 to 135 mm.; tail, 112 to 115 ... striatus (p.704) c2. Larger; wing, 145 to 155 mm.; tail, 133 to 136 ... suluensis (p. 704)
a2. Lower breast, abdomen, and crissum white ... mirabilis (p. 705)
716. DICRURUS BALICASSIUS (Linnæus).
NORTHERN DRONGO.
Corvus balicassius Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 157. Dicrurus balicassius Tweeddale, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 180, pl. 31, fig. 1; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 230; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 101 (song); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107. Dicrurus balicassius mindorensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 447. [100]
Ba-li-ca-si-ao, Filipino name.
Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindoro [101] (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Mearns); Polillo (McGregor); Verde (McGregor.)
Adult (sexes alike).--Black, the exposed edges of the feathers glossed with steel-green which changes to dark purple in some lights; lores velvety black; feathers of throat and chest somewhat lanceolate; feathers of sides and flanks white or light gray basally; wing-lining and axillars glossy steel-blue. A male from Lubang Island measures: Length, 267; wing, 145; tail, 126; bill from nostril, 20; depth of bill at nostril, 10; tarsus, 23. A female from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 141; tail, 118; bill from nostril, 21; depth of bill at nostril, 11; tarsus, 24.
"The Philippine representatives of this genus are all bold, impudent birds, and invariably appear when there is any disturbance in the woods. If picked up when wounded they bite and scratch viciously. They all feed exclusively on insects so far as our observation goes. Three male birds from Mindoro measure as follows: Wing, 138; tail, 113; culmen, 32; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 24. Three females from Luzon, wing, 131; tail, 116.5; culmen, 31; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 24. Bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Found breeding on the 25th of April." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
717. DICRURUS STRIATUS Tweeddale.
SOUTHERN DRONGO.
Dicrurus striatus Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 545; Challenger Report, Zool. (1881), 2, pt. 8, pl. 4; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 102 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107.
Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino); Nipa (Everett); Panaon (Everett); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).
Adult.--Similar to Dicrurus balicassius, but mantle, back, and rump velvety blue-black with a very slight gloss; feathers of crown scale-like and glossy; long lanceolate feathers on sides of neck dark glossy green; under parts blue-black; throat and chest spangled with glossy steel-blue. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 134; tail, 103; depth of fork, 6; bill from nostril, 22; depth of bill at nostril, 10; tarsus, 22. A female from Basilan, wing, 135; tail, 112; bill from nostril, 21; depth of bill at nostril, 10; tarsus, 21.
In general appearance the southern drongo resembles a Chibia, but the tail is even less forked than in D. balicassius.
This species was very abundant near Isabela, Basilan. A female, taken January 15, differs from the usual specimens in having the feathers of lower breast and abdomen tipped with gray. A pensile nest of this species, found on March 12, is composed of plant fibers. Its inside diameter is 76 mm. and its inside depth is 50 mm. The three eggs are light cream, almost white, in color, decorated with faint spots of pale lilac and brighter spots of reddish brown, mostly near the larger end of the egg. The eggs measure: 28.9 by 19.3; 29.2 by 19; 29.4 by 19.5.
"Habits like those of D. balicassius. Abundant in Mindanao and Basilan. Two males from the latter island average: Length, 250; wing, 130; tail, 116; culmen, 32; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 23. Three females, length, 250; tail, 113; wing, 132; culmen, 34; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 23.6. Iris, legs, feet, and nails black; bill black, except tip of lower mandible, which is often white." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
718. DICRURUS SULUENSIS Hartert.
SULU DRONGO.
Dicrurus suluensis Hartert, Novit. Zool. (1902), 9, 441; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107.
Lapoc, off Siasi (Bartsch); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester).
"The Sulu form differs from the Sula bird in smaller size (wings and tail) and somewhat smaller glossy spangles on the breast and from D. borneensis in having a larger bill and longer tail." (Hartert.) Measurements of this species are given as follows: "Wing, 145 to 155; tail, 133 to 136; bill, 34 to 36."
719. DICRURUS MIRABILIS Walden and Layard.
WHITE-BELLIED DRONGO.
Dicrurus mirabilis Walden and Layard, Ibis (1872), 103, pl. 5; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 231; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 101 (voice); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107.
Ca-uac-uac, Ticao.
Bantayan (McGregor); Cebu (Everett, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Layard, Meyer, Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Celestino); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).
Adult (sexes alike).--Black, glossed with steel-green like D. balicassius, but lower breast, abdomen, and crissum pure white. A male from Ticao Island measures: Length, 280; wing, 142; tail, 121; bill from nostril, 23; depth of bill at nostril, 11.5; tarsus, 13. A female from the same island, wing, 137; tail, 120; bill from nostril, 21; depth of bill at nostril, 11; tarsus, 24.
"Bourns thought that he saw an individual of this species in Siquijor on one occasion, but he failed to secure it, and it was not again met with in the island. If it occurs there, it must be very rare. It is rather more shy than the other Philippine representatives of the genus.
"Four males from Cebu average: Length, 260; wing, 137; tail, 117; culmen, 33; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 25. Five females, length, 260; wing, 137; tail, 119; culmen, 33; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 25. Specimens from other localities agree closely in dimensions with the above. Bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Food insects. Breeding in June and July." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus CHIBIA Hodgson, 1836.
Tail deeply forked, outermost pair of rectrices with the tips curved upward and more or less rotated. Plumage entirely black, glossed with green and blue; back velvety black with little or no blue gloss; breast black, spangled with glossy steel-green.
Species.
a1. Tail shorter than wing.
b1. Tips of outer rectrices less recurved.
c1. Smaller; wing, about 135 mm. ... palawanensis (p. 706) c2. Larger; wing, about 150 mm.
d1. Bill larger. ... cuyensis (p. 706) d2. Bill smaller. ... borneensis (p. 707)
b2. Tips of outer rectrices more recurved; wing, 150 mm. ... worcesteri (p. 707)
a2. Tail much longer than wing; outermost rectrices longer than the next pair by about twice the tarsus. ... menagei (p. 708)
720. CHIBIA PALAWANENSIS (Tweeddale).
PALAWAN DRONGO.
Dicrurus palawanensis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 614. Chibia palawanensis Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 199; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107.
Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).
Adult (sexes similar).--Above blue-black; feathers of crown with glossy scale-like tips, upper tail-coverts, wings, and tail glossy steel-green; sides of neck with glossy green, lanceolate feathers; under parts black; feathers of lower throat and chest somewhat acute and with glossy scale-like tips; the outermost rectrices slightly upturned and twisted near the tip. A male from Palawan measures: Wing, 135; tail, 125; bill from nostril, 21; depth of bill at nostril, 10; tarsus, 23; difference in length between middle and outermost rectrices, 20. A female, wing, 132; tail, 120; bill from nostril, 21.5; depth of bill at nostril, 10; tarsus, 24.
"Habits like those of Dicrurus balicassius and D. striatus. Five males average: Length, 273; wing, 136; tail, 121; culmen, 33; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 25. Five females, length, 267; wing, 133; tail, 118; culmen, 33; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 24. Iris dark brown to black; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
721. CHIBIA CUYENSIS McGregor.
CUYO DRONGO.
Chibia cuyensis McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1903), 1, 5; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107.
Tam-bi-bi-li-gao, Cuyo.
Cuyo (McGregor).
Adult (sexes alike).--Wing, tail, and upper tail-coverts dark glossy green; all other parts dark blue-black; feathers of crown, nape, and breast tipped with glossy blue-black; some long hackles on sides of neck; back slightly metallic; outermost rectrices slightly upturned and twisted near the tip. A male (type) measures: Length, 305; wing, 152; tail, 130; bill from nostril, 23; depth of bill at nostril, 12; tarsus, 28; difference in length between the middle and outermost rectrices, 9. A female, wing, 145; tail, 124; bill from nostril, 11.5; tarsus, 27.
This species differs from C. palawanensis in being larger and in having the bill longer and deeper; spangles on chest larger.
722. CHIBIA WORCESTERI McGregor.
WORCESTER'S DRONGO.
Chibia worcesteri McGregor, Bur. Govt. Laboratories (1905), 34, 26; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107.
Semirara (Worcester).
Male.--Similar to Chibia cuyensis and to C. palawanensis, but with the outermost rectrices more recurved than in either of these; wing longer than in C. cuyensis; bill longer and deeper than in C. palawanensis. The type and only specimen measures: Length, 292; wing, 150; tail, 136; bill from nostril, 22; depth of bill at nostril, 11; tarsus, 24; difference in length between the middle and outermost rectrices, 20.
723. CHIBIA BORNEENSIS Sharpe.
BORNEAN DRONGO.
Chibia borneensis Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1879), 246; Worcester and Bourns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash. (1898), 20, 558, no. 298; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107. Chibia pectoralis Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 259, 418. Chibia cagayanensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 447. [102]
Bongao (Everett); Cagayan Sulu (Guillemard, Mearns); Sibutu (Everett); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Borneo.
Similar to C. pectoralis (Sula Island), "but it may be recognized on comparison by the much smaller and more metallic spots on the throat and fore neck, which are steel-green, as also are the neck-hackles. In C. pectoralis the spangles are large, dull, and inclined to purplish in tint. This species appears to me to be a thorough Chibia. * * *." (Sharpe.)
"The young bird from Kina Balu differs from the adult in being duller black, with fewer and less metallic chest-spots and hackles." (Sharpe.) [103]
"Guillemard thought his Cagayan Sulu specimens to be of the same species with those from Sulu, though he mentions the lack of frontal plumes in the former. Dr. Sharpe has shown that the Sulu-Tawi Tawi birds must be referred to C. borneensis, and if Guillemard was right in believing the Cagayan Sulu birds to be identical with those from Sulu, C. pectoralis must be excluded from the list of Philippine birds.
"Five males from Sulu average: Length, 284; wing, 150; tail, 132; culmen, 35; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 26. Eight females, length, 273; wing, 149; tail, 123; culmen, 32.5; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 24. Iris chocolate-brown to dark red; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Food insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
724. CHIBIA MENAGEI Bourns and Worcester.
MENAGE'S DRONGO.
Chibia menagei Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 15; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107; McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1906), 1, 775, pl. 4.
Tablas (Bourns and Worcester, Celestino).
Adult.--Very similar in colors to C. palawanensis, but distinguished from that and all other Philippine species of the genus by the extremely long and very deeply forked tail. A male in worn plumage measures: Length, 355; wing, 141; tail (chord of longest feather), 187; bill from nostril, 22.5; depth of bill at nostril, 11; tarsus, 25; difference in length between the middle and outermost rectrices, 73; distance between tips of outermost rectrices, 120.
"Average measurements of nine males: Length, 336; culmen, 34.7; wing, 137; tail, 175; tarsus, 25. Of seven females: Length, 327; culmen, 34.7; wing, 136; tail, 168; tarsus, 26. This curious species is by far the largest representative of its genus yet discovered in the Philippine Islands, and differs strikingly from both the other known species, one of which is confined to Palawan and the Calamianes Islands, while the other occurs in the Sulu Group and in Cagayan Sulu. C. menagei seems to be strictly confined to the Island of Tablas where it is not rare in the deep woods." (Bourns and Worcester.)
"Iris very dark brown; bill, legs, feet and nails black. Food insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus BHUCHANGA Hodgson, 1836.
Tail deeply forked and slightly shorter than wing; rectrices much narrower than in either Dicrurus or Chibia, the outermost pair slightly upturned at tips. Prevailing colors of plumage blue-gray and cinereous.
725. BHUCHANGA PALAWANENSIS Whitehead.
PALAWAN GRAY DRONGO.
Buchanga leucophæa Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 199. Buchanga palawanensis Whitehead, Ibis (1893), 47; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 108. Dicrurus leucophæus var. whiteheadi Durbois, Syn. Av. (1901), fasc. 8, 530, no. 1772.
Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Lempriere, Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).
Adult.-Upper parts blue-gray with a slight gloss on head and back; forehead and lores black; cheeks and ear-coverts blackish; chin and throat cinereous becoming somewhat bluer on the breast and abdomen; under tail-coverts tipped with white; wings and tail blackish brown, but the exposed edges of most of the feathers cinereous; axillars and wing-lining blue-gray. A male from Palawan measures: Length, 354; wing, 124; tail, 120; depth of fork, 26; bill from nostril, 17; tarsus, 17. A female, wing, 125; tail, 123; bill from nostril, 17; tarsus, 15.
"We adopt Whitehead's title for this bird with some hesitation. He states that it differs from B. leucophæa in its smaller size, darker color, and in having a jet-black patch of feathers over the nostrils. He adds that the eye in B. leucophæa is brick-red, and in B. palawanensis dark gray. As regards the latter point Whitehead is certainly in error. On examining the labels of the twenty specimens collected by us in Palawan and the Calamianes Islands we find that the iris was red or brick-red in nineteen cases and reddish brown in the twentieth. The difference in color could be verified only by actual comparison for which we have not the necessary material. We add full measurements, hoping that they may be of use to some one in settling the question of the relative size of the two alleged species. Four males average: Length, 267; wing, 129; tail, 127; culmen, 26; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 18.5. Eight females, length, 251; wing, 125; tail, 126; culmen, 25; tarsus, 17.5; middle toe with claw, 19. Iris brick-red; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Family STURNIDÆ.
Bill stout and pointed; culmen curved or nearly straight; rictal bristles minute when present; nostrils exposed, or else concealed by antrorse frontal plumes; wing either moderate or long, primaries much longer than secondaries; first primary shorter than primary-coverts; second primary nearly, or quite, as long as the third; tail square, or else the rectrices graduated; tarsus stout, distinctly scutellate in front and bilaminate behind.
Subfamily STURNINÆ.
The arrangement of the genera here placed in the subfamily Sturninæ is far from satisfactory. Oates, Fauna of British India, Birds (1889), 1, 509, has established the family Eulabetidæ for the reception of two of these genera, Eulabes and Calornis (=Lamprocorax), and at the same time says: "Probably Eulabes should not be associated with Calornis, but rather with the subfamily Sibiinæ of the Crateropodidæ." It is true that Eulabes and Calornis, as well as Sarcops and Goodfellowia, present some well-marked differences from typical starlings, such as the members of Sturnia, and some rearrangement of these genera may become necessary.
Genera.
a1. Circumocular region fully feathered; no bare space nor fleshy wattle anywhere on the head.
b1. Frontal feathers short; nostrils exposed.
c1. Plumage largely white and gray; frontal feathers not soft and pile-like.
d1. Bill shorter and stouter; wing, 105 mm. or less. ... Sturnia (p. 710) d2. Bill longer and more slender; wing, 115 mm. or more. ... Spodiopsar (p. 713)
c2. Plumage entirely glossy greenish black; frontal plumes soft and pile-like. ... Lamprocorax (p. 715)
b2. Frontal feathers long, erect or antrorse, forming a compressed fan-shaped covering to base of bill; nostrils entirely concealed. ... Ætheopsar (p. 717)
a2. Circumocular region naked; or else with large fleshy wattles on nape and bare spaces on sides of face.
b1. Tail longer, rectrices strongly graduated; a large unfeathered space around each eye.
c1. Without a crest; tail shorter than wing. ... Sarcops (p. 718) c2. With a crest of long decomposed feathers springing from the crown; tail much longer than wing. ... Goodfellowia (p. 720)
b2. Tail shorter and nearly square; narrow naked spaces below and behind each eye; a large fleshy wattle on each side of nape. ... Eulabes (p. 720)
Genus STURNIA Lesson, 1837.
Bill rather stout, much shorter than head; culmen curved near its tip; nasal membrane covered with short feathers; frontal plumes not conspicuously developed; head without bare spaces; rectrices very slightly graduated and extending little, if at all, beyond the rather short toes.
Species.
a1. Primaries and secondaries without white edges; tail broadly tipped with white, gray, or salmon-buff.
b1. Secondary-coverts entirely white, light gray, or salmon-buff (adult). ... sinensis (p. 711) b2. Secondary-coverts black, edged with gray; or else some of the coverts white (young) ... sinensis (p. 711)
a2. Outer primaries and secondaries edged with white on outer webs; tail without a light tip.
b1. Throat and breast unstreaked (adult); lower throat, ear-coverts, and sides of neck vinous-chestnut (male); ear-coverts and sides of neck faintly washed with reddish brown (female) ... philippensis (p. 712) b2. Throat and breast streaked with dull olive-brown (young). ... philippensis (p. 712)
726. STURNIA SINENSIS (Gmelin).
GRAY-BACKED STARLING.
Oriolus sinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, 394. Sturnia sinensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 68; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1903), 1, 6; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 108.
Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (McGregor, Celestino). China, Hainan, Formosa, Siam; in winter to Cochin China, southern China, Pegu, and Malacca.
Adult male (Calayan Island, September).--Above smoke-gray; forehead whitish; primaries, secondaries, primary-coverts, and alula black slightly glossed with green, secondaries narrowly edged with white; secondary-coverts, scapulars, edge of wing, axillars, and wing-lining white; rectrices black, glossed with green, all but the middle pair with broad white tips; under parts white, light smoke-gray across the chest. Bill pale stone-gray; iris white; legs and nails light brown. Length, 197; wing, 105; tail, 62; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 25.
Adult female (Manila, January).--Very similar to the male from Calayan, but the white and gray areas dark smoky gray, probably due to smoke stain. Iris pale blue. Length, 190; wing, 100; tail, 57; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, 25.
Immature female (Manila, January).--Similar to the adult, but secondary-coverts glossy black with light edgings.
Male (Malabon, near Manila, March).--Similar to the male from Calayan, but fore part of head, face, chin, secondary-coverts, scapulars, upper tail-coverts, sides, flanks, under tail-coverts, and tips of rectrices ochraceous-buff. Wing, 102; tail, 60; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 23.
The gray-backed, or Chinese, starling has been taken in the Philippines but rarely; in addition to the specimens recorded by me from Calayan and Luzon, we have two specimens that were killed near Manila.
727. STURNIA PHILIPPENSIS (Forster).
VIOLET-BACKED STARLING.
Motacilla philippensis Forster, Ind. Zool. (1781), 41. Motacilla violacea Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 11. Sturnia violacea Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 70. Sturnia philippensis McGregor, Bur. Govt. Laboratories, Manila (1905), 25, 30; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 108.
Bi-lit' chí-na, Calayan.
Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Heriot, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Steere); Palawan (Platen, Bourns & Worcester, White); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Japan; in winter to Borneo, Celebes, and the Moluccas.
Adult male (Calayan Island, October).--Forehead, crown, lores, chin, middle of throat, and area about eye white, dingy on top of head; neck, scapulars, and back black, glossed with purple; rump and upper tail-coverts white; chest, sides of neck, and ear-coverts vinous-chestnut or bay, extending as a narrow band onto each side of hind neck and forming a nearly complete collar; sides of breast, sides of body, and flanks ash-gray; middle of breast, abdomen, thighs, and crissum white; wings black, glossed with green; outer primaries edged with white; some of the secondaries edged with white toward the base; middle and lesser secondary-coverts, edge of wing, axillars, and wing-lining white; tail black, glossed with green; outermost pair of rectrices with outer webs white except near tips. Bill black, base of lower mandible white; iris brown; legs and feet dark green; nails brown. Length, 180; wing, 105; tail, 50; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 24.
Adult female (Calayan, October).--Resembles somewhat the female of Sturnia sinensis. Upper parts dingy brown with no gloss except on wings and tail; head, rump, and tail-coverts dirty whitish; under parts white, sides of breast and of abdomen faintly gray; ear-coverts and sides of neck washed with chestnut-brown; primaries and primary-coverts black, glossed with green on the outer edges; second, third, and fourth primaries edged with white or whitish on outer webs; secondaries glossy brown, the three outer ones widely edged with white except at tips; secondary-coverts brown, the median coverts with broad white tips; alula quills black, edged with white; tail glossy blackish, outermost rectrices with whitish edges. Wing, 105; tail, 48; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 24.
Immature (Calayan, October).--Resembles the adult female, but the upper parts more earthy brown; secondary-coverts all brown, the median series with whitish tips; under parts whitish, ashy on the sides; throat and chest streaked with dull earthy brown.
The violet-backed starling, like the next preceding species, is of irregular occurrence in these Islands. A very large flock was observed on Calayan Island in October, 1903.
"A winter migrant occasionally met with in small flocks. Three males from Tawi Tawi average: Length, 180; wing, 100; tail, 52; culmen, 17.5; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 25. Two females, length, 178; wing, 103; tail, 51; culmen, 17; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 27. Iris black; legs and feet dark olive; upper mandible black, lower black at tip, gray at base." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus SPODIOPSAR Sharpe, 1889.
Similar to Sturnia, but bill longer and more slender; feathers of occiput and nape lanceolate, forming a short broad crest.
Species.
a1. Wing shorter; outer webs of primary-coverts white; bases of primaries white. ... sericeus (p. 713) a2. Wing longer; outer webs of primary-coverts seal-brown; bases of primaries brown ... cineraceus (p. 714)
728. SPODIOPSAR SERICEUS (Gmelin).
SILKY STARLING.
Sturnus sericeus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, 805. Heterornis sericea Cassin, Ornith. Perry Japan Exped., Washington (1856), 2, 238, pl. 5. Poliopsar sericeus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 44 (generic name emended to Spodiopsar, addenda, p. 665). Spodiopsar sericeus McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 24; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 108.
Calayan (McGregor). Central and southern China.
"Adult.--General color above light ashy gray, a little darker on the hind neck, where the feathers are long and lanceolate; scapulars like the back, externally white, with a subterminal shade of black; rump and upper tail-coverts a little lighter gray, with ashy whitish margins; lesser wing-coverts blackish, edged with slaty gray; median coverts glossy purplish black; greater coverts black, externally glossy green, with purple reflections, velvety black interiorly; alula-feathers black, externally white; primary-coverts white, black near the center of the tips of the feathers; quills black, the primaries externally glossy purple, and white at the extreme base; the secondaries externally glossy green, like the greater coverts, bluish or purple toward the ends; center tail-feathers glossy green, the remainder black, externally bluish green or purple; crown of head and nape, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, sides of neck, and fore neck white, followed by an ashy gray breast; abdomen white; sides of body and flanks pale ashy gray tinged with brown; thighs white, ashy gray posteriorly; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillars white; quills below dusky, ashy brown along the inner edge, the base of the quills white. 'Bill bright red, with the tips white; feet orange; iris black, with a light circle.' (David.) Length, 198; culmen, 25; wing, 120; tail, 61; tarsus, 29.
"All the males [in the British Museum], so marked, are of a delicate gray, and vary very slightly in the direction of a whiter or a browner head. A female collected by Mr. Reeves at Ningpo is altogether browner, rather more ashy on the rump; the gloss on the wings and tail less distinct; primary-coverts blackish brown near the base, white at the ends, with a central black streak; head whitish, ashy gray on sides of crown and hind neck; sides of face whitish, ashy on the cheeks; under surface of body as in the male, but light brown instead of gray. This specimen is apparently immature." (Sharpe.)
A solitary female of the silky starling was obtained on Calayan Island in November, 1903. Iris dirty white; legs bright yellow; nails yellowish brown; basal one-half of bill reddish yellow; terminal half dusky. Length, 216; wing, 118; tail, 71; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 29; middle toe with claw, 30.
729. SPODIOPSAR CINERACEUS (Temminck).
ASHY STARLING.
Sturnus cineraceus Temminck, Pl. Col. (1827), 2, pl. 556. Poliopsar cineraceus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 41 and addenda, 665. Spodiopsar cineraceus Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Birds (1889), 1, 524; Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 353.
Luzon (Mearns). Eastern Siberia, Japan, China, Formosa, Upper Burma.
"Coloration.--Forehead, crown, nape, and sides of neck black, the forehead streaked with white; lores, ear-coverts, and round the eye white, streaked with black; chin and throat dark ashy brown with paler and indistinct shaft-streaks; breast ashy, slightly paler than throat; sides of the body and thighs rufous ashy; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts drab-brown with a broad white bar across the rump; tail drab-brown with broad white tips to all the inner webs of the feathers except the middle pair; wing-coverts and tertials bronzy brown; remainder of wing blackish, the primaries narrowly, the secondaries more broadly, margined with white on the outer webs; under wing-coverts and axillars white, a few feathers of the former partially margined with brown.
"The youngest bird I have seen has the whole plumage russet-brown, the inner webs of the tail-feathers tipped with white, the quills of the wing edged with paler brown; the ear-coverts whitish; the chin nearly pure white.
"Between this young bird and the adult above described there is every possible gradation of plumage. The nestling is probably streaked below.
"'Iris brown surrounded by white; bill orange; the tip horny; the base of the lower mandible and the angle of the mantle brownish green; legs yellow.' (David and Oustalet.) Length, about 229; tail, 71; wing, 132; tarsus, 32; bill from gape, 33." (Oates.)
The gray starling is known as a member of the Philippine ornis from a single specimen collected in northern Luzon by Doctor Mearns. This specimen has the chin, throat, and crest mottled with white and there is much white on the forehead and sides of head.
Genus LAMPROCORAX Bonaparte, 1853.
Bill stout, strongly compressed except toward base; culmen strongly curved throughout; gonys straight; feathers on nasal membrane short and pile-like; feathers of head, face, and throat lanceolate; tail moderate in length; rectrices narrow and graduated, their tips rounded; plumage entirely glossy black.
Species.
a1. Larger; wing, 105 mm.; tail, 75. ... panayensis (p. 715) a2. Smaller; wing, 95 mm.; tail, 59. ... todayensis (p. 716)
730. LAMPROCORAX PANAYENSIS (Scopoli).
PHILIPPINE GLOSSY STARLING.
Muscicapa panayensis Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1783), 2, 96. Calornis panayensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 147; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 244, pl. 6, fig. 1 (egg); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 241 (habits). Lamprocorax panayensis Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1899), 51, 216. Lamprococorax panayensis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 109 (error).
Ga-lang-si-ang', Bohol; lu-ci-ang, Cagayancillo; ma-ma-di-ang', Cuyo; co-ra-cling, Manila.
Agutaya (McGregor); Balabac (Everett); Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (Guillemard, McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Camiguin S. (Murray); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett); Libagao (Porter); Luzon (Meyer, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Bartsch); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Goodfellow); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Nipa (Everett); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Platen, Whitehead, Lempriere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Steere, Bourns & Worcester); Papahag (Bartsch); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (Worcester); Siasi (Guillemard); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Burbidge, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).
Adult (sexes alike).--Entirely black, strongly glossed with green, except the remiges and rectrices which have but little gloss; when held away from the light the feathers show slight purple reflections. Iris bright red; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 215. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 106; tail, 74; culmen from base, 25; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 22. A female from Bohol, wing, 104; tail, 72; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 22.
Young.--Above blackish, slightly glossed with green; sides of head and of neck and under parts white or yellowish, streaked with blackish brown, the streaks narrowest on throat, widest on sides of breast and on flanks.
"Five males average: Length, 224; wing, 106; tail, 75; culmen, 22; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 24. Four females, length, 212; wing, 102; tail, 69; culmen, 20; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 24." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Three eggs of the Panay glossy starling collected by Whitehead in Isabela Province, Luzon, are described as follows: "Shape sharp ovate. Ground-color beautiful sea-green, blotched and spotted toward the large end with pale reddish lilac under-markings and sienna over-markings. Measurements, 27 mm. by 19 mm." (Grant and Whitehead.)
731. LAMPROCORAX TODAYENSIS Mearns.
TODAYA GLOSSY STARLING.
Lamprocorax todayensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 88; Grant, Ibis (1906), 469. Lamprococorax todayensis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 109 (error).
Kohl-leé-po, Bagobos of Todaya.
Mindanao (Mearns, Goodfellow).
Female (type).--"Similar to L. panayensis, but much smaller, and otherwise differing as follows: The feathers of the nape and lower throat are more rigid and, perhaps, relatively longer; viewed in certain lights the plumage is less golden green, the gloss being purplish blue; the wings and tail are dull, purplish black, without metallic gloss; and the throat is more decidedly glossed with violet-purple. Length of skin, 157; wing, 95; tail, 59; culmen, 13.5; bill from nostril, 10; depth of bill at nostrils, 6; tarsus, 19." (Mearns.) "Iris ruby-red; bill and feet black." (Goodfellow.)
"This small species of glossy starling was abundant in the high forest above the Bagobo village of Todaya, where small flocks flew with great speed above the treetops, only alighting on the highest dry branches, where they were with difficulty reached by shot." (Mearns.)
Genus ÆTHEOPSAR Sharpe, 1890.
Frontal and nasal feathers long, antrorse or erect, and concealing the nostrils; feathers of crown, occiput, and ear-coverts lanceolate; tail short and rounded; plumage nearly all black or slate-gray; tips of primary-coverts and a large section of primaries pure white, forming a conspicuous wing-bar.
732. ÆTHEOPSAR CRISTATELLUS (Linnæus).
CRESTED MYNA. [104]
Gracula cristatella Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 109. Acridotheres cristatellus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 92; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 241. Ætheopsar cristatellus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 666; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 108.
Mar-tí-nez, Manila.
Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Celestino, Bartsch). Central and southern China.
Adult (sexes similar).--General color black, slightly ashy on the breast; crown and back faintly glossed with green and purple; under tail-coverts and rectrices tipped with white; a wide basal band of white across the primaries. Male from Manila: Iris yellow-ocher; bill pale green, brown at base; legs and feet dark yellow; nails horn-color. Length, 270; wing, 134; tail, 83; culmen from base, 25; bill from nostril, 17; tarsus, 39. Female from Manila: Iris light orange with a narrow outer yellow ring; bill greenish white; legs dull yellow; nails horn-gray. Length, 250; wing, 130; tail, 81; culmen from base, 25; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 38.
"Young.--Brown instead of black, with no crest on the head, only the frontal plumes being close-set. 'Bill yellowish horn-color; roof of mouth, inside of bill, and tip of tongue yellow, the rest flesh-color with a bluish-black tinge; legs light brownish yellow on the under parts, sole, and joints of scales, the rest purplish brown, darker on the claws; iris slight greenish yellow.' (R. Swinhoe.)" (Sharpe.)
"Very abundant about the city of Manila. Quite common about the Laguna de Bay." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus SARCOPS Walden, 1875.
Bill stout and as long as head; culmen gently curved; base of upper mandible covered with short feathers as far as the nostrils, but the latter exposed; rictal bristles short; sides and top of head naked, except a narrow median line; tail a little shorter than wing; rectrices graduated; upper parts largely silvery gray; wings, tail, and under parts black.
733. SARCOPS CALVUS (Linnæus).
GRAY-BACKED COLETO.
Gracula calva Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 164. Sarcops calvus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 97 (part); Grant, Ibis (1895), 258, 456; (1896), 469 (notes on the geographical races); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 241 (habits, nest, voice); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 109 (part). Sarcops lowii Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 344. (Sibutu). [105]
Co-ling, Mindoro; i-ling, Ticao; sa-ling, Masbate; co-le-to, Manila.
Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.); Libagao (Porter); Lubang (McGregor); northern Luzon (Cuming, Kittlitz, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Everett, McGregor); Papahag (Bartsch); Semirara (McGregor & Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibutu (Low, Everett); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Verde (McGregor).
Adult (sexes alike).--Forehead, lores, face, vertical line, and a narrow band on occiput black; wings and tail black; sides of neck, mantle, back, rump, and tail-coverts silvery gray; under parts black; a patch on each side of chest pure white; flanks silvery white; in some specimens the throat is marked with fine white lines. Iris pinkish; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Length, 265 to 290. A male from Batan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 130; tail, 117; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 20; tarsus, 30. A female from Mindoro measures: Wing, 132; tail, 119; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 20; tarsus, 31.
"Called by the natives 'sa-ling'. Common where it occurs at all. Feeds entirely on fruits, and is often found in fruit trees in company with Dicæidæ, Loriculi, and other fruit-eating birds. It nests in dead trees." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
734. SARCOPS MELANONOTUS Grant.
BLACK-BACKED COLETO.
Sarcops calvus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 97 (part); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 109 (part). Sarcops melanonotus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1906), 16, 100; Ibis (1906), 469; McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 332 (notes on specimens from Bohol and measurements).
Basilan (Everett, McGregor); Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Bohol (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp., Bartsch); southern Luzon (Whitehead, Bartsch); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Goodfellow, Celestino); Negros (Meyer, Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Celestino); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor).
Adult.--Differs from Sarcops calvus only in having the back black forming a distinct dark area between the silvery gray of the hind neck in front and of the rump and tail-coverts behind.
Until recently Sarcops has been considered to be a monotypic genus. It is true that in 1877 Sharpe described Sarcops lowii from Sibutu, but as the type of this species remains unique we may consider its status to be at least doubtful. In 1895 Grant called attention to some differences between specimens of bald starlings collected in localities east of the meridian 122 and those from localities west of that line. Quoting in part from Grant: "we find that east of longitude 122 degrees, or thereabout, all the Philippine examples of S. calvus have the mantle and upper back brownish black; while west of this line all have the upper parts uniform silvery gray; intermediate forms being met with only in localities situated along the line where the two forms intergrade."
In 1906 Grant designated the eastern race as Sarcops melanonotus which is here recognized. The difference between the two races, while evident enough in extreme examples, is not always well marked. As Grant states, specimens taken near the meridian 122 are usually intermediate in the color of the mantle and are not satisfactorily referable to either race. These intermediate birds occur in Basilan, Bohol, Marinduque, Luzon, Tablas, Bohol, and Cebu. In Luzon and Bohol, at least, both varieties and intermediate specimens have been found.
Under these conditions it will be understood that the distribution of the two races of Sarcops, as indicated by islands, is only tentative, while the assignment of the various collectors to their proper places is more or less a matter of guesswork.
Genus GOODFELLOWIA Hartert, 1903.
Bill shorter than head; nostrils overhung by antrorse frontal plumes; bare space around each eye much smaller than in Sarcops; a long crest of decomposed feathers springing from the crown; tail much longer than wing; rectrices graduated; plumage black, glossed with steel-green; a large white patch on rump.
735. GOODFELLOWIA MIRANDA Hartert.
SPECTACLED STARLING.
Goodfellowia miranda Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1903), 11; Novit. Zool. (1906), 13, 758, pl. 2, fig. 2; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 108.
Tu-ca-ling', Bagobo of Mount Apo.
Mindanao (Goodfellow, Mearns).
Adult (sexes alike).--Black, glossed with dark green; wings and tail blackish brown with little or no gloss; wing-lining and a large patch on lower back and rump white. "Iris dark brown, bare skin round eye yellow; bill yellow, shading into greenish yellow at the base; toes dirty olive or blackish olive; legs olive-yellow." (Goodfellow.) Length, about 300 mm. A male measures: Wing, 116; tail, 156; culmen from base, 22; tarsus, 25; crest, 31; difference between longest and shortest rectrices, 90. A female, wing, 114; tail, 162; culmen from base, 25; tarsus, 30; crest, 25; difference between longest and shortest rectrices, 92.
This peculiar starling is confined to the highlands of Mindanao.
Genus EULABES Cuvier, 1817.
Bill shorter than head and very stout; culmen strongly curved; nasal feathers antrorse, but short and not concealing the nostrils; feathers on head very short, those of lores and a broad band of feathers on each side of crown and occiput pile-like; a bare space below each eye; a bare space behind each eye ending in a fleshy flap, or wattle, on nape; tail square, less than one-half the wing and not extending beyond the very stout legs and feet; plumage black, glossed with blue and purple; a white bar on the wing.
736. EULABES PALAWANENSIS Sharpe.
PALAWAN WATTLED MYNA. [106]
Eulabes palawanensis Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 202; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 109. Mainatus palawanensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 104.
Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).
Adult (sexes alike).--Black, most of the plumage with a slight green gloss, but the gloss slightly bluish on throat, breast, and hind-neck, purplish on mantle; second to seventh primaries with a wide white band, but on the second confined to the inner web and sometimes indicated by a small white spot on the outer web of the eighth. A male from Palawan measures: Wing, 162; tail, 75; culmen from base, 30; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 36. A female from the same locality, wing, 168; tail, 74; culmen from base, 32; bill from nostril, 21; tarsus, 36.
"This wattled myna is common in Palawan and extremely abundant in the Calamianes Islands. It is a very noisy bird, and some of its cries are astonishingly human. Iris very dark brown; legs and feet bright yellow; nails yellow at base, white at tip; bill orange-red, yellow at tip; bare flesh of head bright yellow. Five males from the Calamianes average: Length, 281; wing, 106; tail, 77; tarsus, 34; middle toe with claw, 36. Four females from the same locality, length, 273; tail, 73; culmen, 30; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 33." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Family CORVIDÆ.
Bill large and compressed, longer than head; culmen strongly curved; gonys straight; nostrils completely hidden by stiff antrorse frontal feathers, the longest of which equal nearly one-half the length of bill from base; first primary much shorter than second, but more than one-half the length of wing; second primary much shorter than third, fourth longest, third and fifth nearly equal; rectrices broad; tail slightly or much rounded; feet and tarsi strong, the latter less than culmen from base. Plumage entirely black, glossed with purple and green; sexes alike.
Genera.
a1. Tail much rounded; first primary about equal to the outer secondaries. ... Corone (p. 722) a2. Tail very slightly rounded, the rectrices subequal; first primary shorter than the outer secondaries. ... Corvus (p. 723)
Genus CORONE Kaup, 1829.
First primary about equal in length to the outer secondaries, the latter shorter than some of the more interior ones; tail much rounded and about as long as the longest secondaries.
737. CORONE PHILIPPINA (Bonaparte).
PHILIPPINE CROW.
Corvus philippinus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. (1853), 37, 830; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 234 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 100 (habits). Corone philippina Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 42; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 110.
Wak, in general use.
Babuyan Claro (McGregor); Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Bongao (Bartsch); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Camiguin S. (Murray); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Everett); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Libagao (Porter); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming, Meyer, Everett, Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (McGregor); Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Palawan (Everett); [107] Panaon (Everett); Panay (Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).
Adult.--Entirely black, the feathers white basally; feathers, of neck at least, more white than black; upper parts including greater part of wing glossed with purple; alula and primary-coverts glossed with dark green; two outer primaries without gloss; under parts with a slight bluish gloss. Length, about 500 mm. A male from Siquijor measures: Wing, 325; tail, 230; culmen from base, 65; bill from nostril, 47; tarsus, 52. A female from Bohol, wing, 300; tail, 220; culmen from base, 60; bill from nostril, 41; tarsus, 48.
Three eggs of the Philippine crow collected by Steere in Marinduque, May, 1888, are thus described: "Shape ovate. Ground-color pale sea-green, thickly mottled all over, especially towards the larger end, with olive-brown; under-markings faint gray. Measurements 43 mm. by 28 mm. The nest is a loosely constructed platform of fiber, mixed with a few rootlets, etc." (Grant and Whitehead.)
"The Philippine crow is very common throughout the Islands, except in the Palawan group, where it is lacking. It picks into young coconuts, steals young pigeons, and even comes into the kitchens of the native houses to steal. As a natural consequence, the bird is thoroughly detested. Two males measure: Length, 546; wing, 314; tail, 210; culmen, 59; tarsus, 54; middle toe with claw, 52." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Genus CORVUS Linnæus, 1758.
First primary decidedly shorter than the outer secondaries, the latter longer than any of the interior ones; tail very slightly rounded and shorter than the longest secondary.
Species.
a1. Larger; wing, about 250 mm.; tail, 140; bill longer and more slender. ... pusillus (p. 723) a2. Smaller; wing, about 220 mm.; tail, 120; bill shorter and stouter. ... samarensis (p. 724)
738. CORVUS PUSILLUS Tweeddale.
LITTLE CROW.
Corvus pusillus Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 622; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 234, pl. 6, fig. 5 (egg); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 100 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 110.
Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Palawan (Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).
Adult.--Entirely black, faintly glossed with purple; bases of many of the feathers drab-gray or white; gloss on alula, primaries, and primary-coverts dark green. A male from Mindoro measures: Wing, 250; tail, 135; culmen from base, 50; bill from nostril, 37; depth of bill at nostril, 18; tarsus, 44. A female from Mindoro, wing, 240; tail, 145; culmen from base, 50; tarsus, 46.
Steere collected a single egg of this species in Mindoro in June, 1888. The egg, taken from the oviduct of female, is thus described: "Shape ovate, rather rounded towards the smaller end. Ground-color pale greenish white, finely spotted and dotted over the entire shell with greenish brown and pale lavender. Measurements 38 mm. by 26 mm." (Grant and Whitehead.)
"The little crow is very common in Mindoro; much rarer in Palawan and the Calamianes Islands. Unlike Corone philippina, it is a very shy bird. Its note sounds like that of an overgrown 'katy-did.' Iris dark brown; legs, feet, nails, and bill black. A male from Culion measures, 381 in length; wing, 243; tail, 136; culmen, 50; tarsus, 46; middle toe with claw, 45. A female from Palawan, length, 368; wing, 237; tail, 137; culmen, 47; tarsus, 39; middle toe with claw, 43." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
739. CORVUS SAMARENSIS Steere.
SAMAR CROW.
Corvus samarensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 23; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 110.
Mindanao (Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).
Adult.--In color the same as Corvus pusillus, but smaller in size; bill somewhat shorter and deeper. A female from northern Mindanao measures: Length, 340; wing, 220; tail, 120; culmen from base, 47.5; bill from nostril, 34; depth of bill at nostril, 18; tarsus, 38.
"The Samar crow has the shy habits of C. pusillus, but its note is entirely different. We heard its note for a long time without suspecting that it was made by a crow. We occasionally found C. pusillus about the open fields, but never met with C. samarensis except on the sides of well-wooded hills. A male measures: Length, 355; wing, 252; tail, 116; culmen, 52; tarsus, 35; middle toe with claw, 45. Three females average: Length, 338; wing, 215; tail, 118; culmen, 48; tarsus, 46; middle toe with claw, 44. Iris dark brown: legs, feet, nails, and bill black. Food fruit and insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
Page 10: To localities for Megapodius cumingi add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon add: Bartsch.
Page 12: To names of collectors of Excalfactoria lineata, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.
Page 14: To localities for Gallus gallus add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 27: To localities for Osmotreron axillaris add: Polillo (McGregor); under Negros add: Celestino.
Page 28: To names of collectors of Osmotreron vernans, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.
Page 30: To localities for Phapitreron amethystina add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 33: To names of collectors of Phapitreron maculipectus add: Celestino.
Page 35: To names of collectors of Phapitreron nigrorum, under Negros, add: Celestino. To names of collectors of Phapitreron brevirostris, under Mindanao, add: Bartsch.
Page 35: Mearns has recently described a small brown pigeon from Samar.
PHAPITRERON SAMARENSIS Mearns.
SAMAR WHITE-EARED PIGEON.
Phapitreron samarensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 436.
"Characters.--Resembling Phapitreron brevirostris, but with forehead, chin, and throat whiter than in P. albifrons McGregor. From P. brevirostris it is readily distinguishable by the white forehead, chin, and upper throat, also by the much greater amount of coppery amethystine reflections on the crown, breast, and upper back, and by the usual absence of green reflections on the side of the hind head below the suborbital white stripe; and the under parts are much paler. From P. albifrons it may be at once distinguished by the different color of the under parts, which lack the olivaceous-gray on the breast, and by its more ochraceous abdomen; also the coppery reflections on the breast and upper back of P. samarensis are entirely absent in P. albifrons.
"Measurements of type (from well-made skin of female).--Total length, 230 mm.; wing, 124; tail, 95; culmen and cere (chord), 14; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 26. 'Eyes pink. Feet, base of mandible, and around eyes, dark purple. Tip of bill black. Egg taken from ovary.' (Bourns.)
"Measurements of adult male (Samar * * * ).--Wing, 129; tail, 95; culmen and cere (chord), 14.5; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 27." (Mearns.)
This species, if valid, will probably include all the small-billed brown pigeons from Samar and Leyte.
Page 37: To names of collectors of Leucotreron occipitalis, under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 38: To localities for Leucotreron marchei add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 43: To localities for Muscadivores nuchalis add: Lapac (Bartsch); under Luzon add: Bartsch. To localities for Muscadivores chalybura add: Polillo (McGregor); under Negros add: Celestino.
Page 44: To localities for Muscadivores ænea add: Masbate (Bartsch).
Page 45: An imperial pigeon from Palmas Island has been described as--
MUSCADIVORES PALMASENSIS Mearns.
PALMAS ISLAND IMPERIAL PIGEON.
Muscadivores palmasensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 436.
"Characters.--Closely related to Muscadivores pickeringi from Mangsee Island, north of Borneo, on the west side of the Sulu Sea; also to Muscadivores langhornei Mearns, from West Bolod Island, southeast of the Sulu Sea and near the Island of Basilan. From the type of pickeringi (Cat. No. 15,732 U. S. N. M.) it differs in being paler, with much less vinaceous color on the chin, throat, breast, and under tail-coverts. The wing is 10 mm. shorter. From langhornei, which it resembles more closely in the coloration of the under parts, it can be distinguished at a glance by the dark color of the mantle, rump, and upper tail-coverts.
"Adult male (type, killed January 21).--Head, neck, upper back, and upper parts, lilac-gray, purest on the upper side of the neck and upper back, washed with vinaceous on crown, ear-coverts, and breast, fading to whitish around base of bill, and shading to drab-gray on legs and crissum; scapulars, back, rump, and wing-coverts mouse-gray, lustrous in a certain light; wing-quills and upper tail-coverts dark mouse-gray, with subdued reflections of violet, coppery, and green; rectrices lustrous golden green above, smoke-gray below; flanks, axillars, and lining of wings clear gray. An adult male topotype in fresh plumage, shot by Dr. Paul C. Freer, October 7, 1906, only differs from the type in being appreciably darker. The sexes are practically alike in size and color.
"Colors of soft parts.--Two mated pairs, about to breed, had the soft parts colored exactly alike, January 21, 1906: Iris red; eyelids and feet vinaceous; claws dusky purplish gray; bare space surrounding eye, pale plumbeous; bill pale bluish gray at tip, darker plumbeous at base. Testicles functionally enlarged.
"Measurements of two adult males (type and topotype measured fresh by the author).--Total length, 420, 430 mm.; alar expanse, 735, 750; wing, 240, 240; tail, 156, 160; culmen (chord), 20, 20; tarsus, 32, 34; middle toe with claw, 46, 49." (Mearns.)
Page 48: To names of collectors of Zonophaps poliocephala, under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 50: To localities for Myristicivora bicolor add: Lapac (Bartsch).
Page 51: To names of collectors of Columba griseogularis, under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 52: To localities for Macropygia tenuirostris add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon add: Bartsch.
Page 54: To localities for Streptopelia dussumieri add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon add: Bartsch.
Page 59: To localities for Chalcophaps indica add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 60: To localities for Phlegænas luzonica add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 68: To localities for Hypotænidia torquata add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 87: To names of collectors of Hydrochelidon hybrida, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.
Page 90: To names of collectors of Sterna boreotis, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.
Page 92: To localities for Sterna sinensis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon add: (Curl).
Page 99: To localities for Arenaria interpres add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 103: To localities for Squatarola squatarola add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 104: To localities for Charadrius fulvus add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 106: To localities for Ochthodromus geoffroyi add: Polillo (McGregor); Sulu (Bartsch); Tataan (Bartsch).
Page 108: To localities for Ochthodromus veredus add: Luzon (Curl).
Page 109: To names of collectors of Ægialitis dubia, under Luzon and Mindanao, add: Bartsch.
Page 112: To localities for Ægialitis alexandrina add: Sulu (Bartsch).
Page 117: To localities for Numenius variegatus add: Polillo (McGregor); under Mindanao add: Bartsch.
Page 119: To localities for Mesoscolopax minutus add: Luzon (Curl).
Page 122: To localities for Totanus eurhinus add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 123: To localities for Helodromas ochropus add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 125: To localities for Heteractitis brevipes add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 126: To localities for Actitis hypoleucos add: Polillo (McGregor); Sulu (Bartsch); under Luzon add: Bartsch.
Page 129: To localities for Glottis nebularius add: Polillo (McGregor); under Mindanao add: Bartsch.
Page 130: To localities for Rhyacophilus glareola add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon add: Bartsch, Curl.
Page 132: To localities for Calidris leucophæa add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 134: To localities for Pisobia ruficollis add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 141: To localities for Tringa crassirostris add: Luzon (Curl).
Page 145: To localities for Gallinago megala add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 149: To localities for Lobipes lobatus add: Luzon (Curl).
Page 154: To localities of Orthorhamphus magnirostris add: Tataan (Bartsch); Palaui, off Luzon (Albatross); Polillo (McGregor).
Page 157: To localities for Plegadis autumnalis add: Luzon (Curl).
Page 162: To names of collectors of Pyrrherodia manilensis, under Luzon, add: Mearns.
Page 160: To localities for Dissöura episcopus add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 167: To localities for Egretta garzetta add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 168: To localities for Demigretta sacra add: Polillo (McGregor); under Masbate and Mindanao add: Bartsch.
Page 170: To localities for Nycticorax nycticorax add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 171: To names of collectors of Nycticorax manillensis, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.
Page 175: To localities for Butorides javanica add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon, Mindanao, and Samar add: Bartsch.
Page 177: To localities for Bubulcus coromandus add: Polillo (McGregor); under Mindanao add: Bartsch; under Negros add: Celestino.
Page 179: To names of collectors of Ixobrychus cinnamomeus, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.
Page 187: In fifth line from the bottom for Bantanyan read Bantayan.
Page 188: To names of collectors of Dendrocygna arcuata, under Mindanao, add: Bartsch.
Page 189: To localities for Anas luzonica add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 196: To localities for Spatula clypeata add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 202: To names of collectors of Anhinga melanogaster, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.
Page 223: Cancel ninth line from the bottom of the page.
Page 228: To names of collectors of Spilornis holospilus, under Mindanao, add: Bartsch.
Page 229: To names of collectors of Spilornis panayensis, under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 230: To localities for Butastur indicus add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 232: To names of collectors of Haliæetus leucogaster, under Bongao, add: Bartsch.
Page 233: To localities for Haliastur intermedius add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 234: To localities for Elanus hypoleucus add: Leyte (Bartsch); under Mindanao add: Bartsch.
Page 258: Interpolate, after Otus cuyensis:
OTUS STEEREI Mearns.
TUMINDAO SCREECH OWL.
Otus steerei Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 437. Tumindao, off Sitanki (Mearns).
"Characters.--Very similar to the Celebesian Otus menadensis, from which it may be distinguished by being larger, with upper parts darker, with more of the black vermiculations; black centers to the feathers of the under parts much less conspicuous; feathers of tarsus more heavily cross-barred with blackish. Of the Philippine species it is most closely related to Otus cuyensis McGregor, but is darker and much smaller, having the same white, black-tipped scapulars, but with the entire plumage darker and more heavily marked, and the wing 15 mm. shorter. It bears no close resemblance to any other Philippine species.
"Measurements.--Wing, 157 mm.; tail, 84; culmen from cere (chord), 15; tarsus, 33. Iris yellow; bill and feet greenish (from fresh specimen). The stomach of the type contained insects." (Mearns.)
Page 274: To localities for Cacatua hæmaturopygia add: Polillo (McGregor); Siasi (Bartsch); under Masbate and Samar add: Bartsch.
Page 278: To names of collectors of Prioniturus discurus, under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 279: Mearns describes a parrakeet from Misamis Province, Mindanao as--
PRIONITURUS MALINDANGENSIS Mearns.
MALINDANG RACKET-TAILED PARRAKEET.
Prioniturus malindangensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 437.
"Characters.--Closely related to Prioniturus waterstradti Rothschild, from Mount Apo, southeastern Mindanao, from which it may be distinguished by its larger size, much yellower coloring of under side, greener, less brownish back and scapulars, longer tail, but much shorter naked shafts to the central pair of feathers.
"Adult female (type and only specimen).--Upper parts green, with slight touches of bluish on forehead, and a light greenish brown rump, as in P. waterstradti; wings bright green above, with concealed inner webs blackish, and outer webs narrowly edged with yellow; edge of wing yellow; rectrices green above tipped with dull black, beryl-green on under side, the shafts and spatules of the central pair dull black, with webs all green to the naked shafts; entire under parts golden green; axillars and lining of wings oil-green; under side of primaries dull black, broadly bordered on the inner webs with beryl-green. Iris dark brown; bill pale horn-color, faintly plumbeous at base and tip of mandibles; feet and claws plumbeous (from fresh specimen).
"Measurements of type (female).--Wing, 153 mm.; tail, 79 (to end of lengthened central pair, 126); culmen from cere (chord), 20; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 25.
"Measurements of adult female topotype of P. waterstradti ( * * * ).--Wing 145 mm.; tail, 75 (to end of lengthened central pair, 151); culmen from cere (chord), 18; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 25 (skin)." (Mearns.)
Page 281: To localities for Tanygnathus lucionensis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Lapac, Masbate, and Romblon add: Bartsch; under Negros add: Celestino.
Page 283: To localities for Tanygnathus everetti add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 289: To names of collectors of Loriculus regulus, under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 290: To localities for Loriculus philippensis add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 294: To names of collectors of Loriculus bonapartei, under Sulu, add: Bartsch.
Page 302: To localities for Eurystomus orientalis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Masbate, Mindanao, and Samar add: Bartsch.
Page 304: To localities for Pelargopsis gouldi add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 306: To localities for Alcedo bengalensis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon add: Bartsch.
Page 308: To localities for Alcyone cyanopectus add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 312: To localities for Ceyx melanura add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 316: To names of collectors of Ceyx bournsi, under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 320: To localities for Halcyon gularis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon and Samar add: Bartsch.
Page 322: To localities for Halcyon winchelli add: Papahag (Bartsch).
Page 323: To localities for Halcyon chloris add: Lapac (Bartsch); Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon, Masbate, and Mindanao add: Bartsch.
Page 326: To names of collectors of Halcyon moseleyi add: Celestino.
Page 332: To names of collectors of Penelopides panini, under Negros, add: Celestino; under Masbate add: Bartsch.
Page 333: To localities for Penelopides manillæ add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 333: In fourth line from the bottom for manillæ read manilæ.
Page 336: To names of collectors of Penelopides affinis, under Mindanao, add: Bartsch.
Page 338: To names of collectors of Craniorrhinus waldeni, under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 338: To names of collectors of Craniorrhinus leucocephalus, under Mindanao, add: Bartsch.
Page 340: To names of collectors of Merops americanus, under Masbate, add: Bartsch.
Page 341: To localities for Merops philippinus add: Bongao (Bartsch); under Luzon and Masbate add: Bartsch.
Page 346: In the last line for manillensis read manilensis.
Page 350: Interpolate, before Hemiprocne major:
HEMIPROCNE COMATA (Temminck).
SUMATRAN WHISKERED SWIFT.
Cypselus comatus Temminck, Pl. Col. (1824), 268 (Sumatra). Macropteryx comata Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 517 (part); Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 89. Hemiprocne major McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 58 (part).
Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Bartsch); Sibutu (Everett); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester). Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Natunas.
Diagnosis.--Smaller than Hemiprocne major, the wing about 127 mm.
Under H. major cancel: Mindanao, Samar, Sibutu, and Sulu.
Page 355: To names of collectors of Collocalia troglodytes, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.
Page 356: To localities for Collocalia marginata add: Mindanao (Bartsch); Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon add: Bartsch.
Page 360: To localities for Tachornis pallidior add: Negros (Celestino); Polillo (McGregor).
Page 362: To localities for Pyrotrogon ardens add: Polillo (McGregor); under Leyte add: Bartsch.
Page 364: In key to genera under g1 for length read width.
Page 367: To names of collectors of Surniculus velutinus, under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 374: To names of collectors of Cacomantis merulinus, under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 379: To names of collectors of Eudynamys mindanensis, under Masbate, add: Bartsch.
Page 383: To localities for Centropus viridis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon, Masbate, and Mindanao add: Bartsch.
Page 384: To names of collectors of Centropus javanicus, under Leyte, add: Bartsch.
Page 386: To localities for Centropus unirufus add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 388: To localities for Dasylophus superciliosus add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon add: Bartsch.
Page 390: To names of collectors of Xantholæma hæmacephalum, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.
Page 391: To names of collectors of Xantholæma roseum, under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 393: To names of collectors of Yungipicus validirostris, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.
Page 394: To names of collectors of Yungipicus maculatus, under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 397: To localities for Yungipicus ramsayi add: Papahag, off Tawi Tawi (Bartsch).
Page 397: Interpolate, after Yungipicus ramsayi:
YUNGIPICUS SIASIENSIS Mearns.
SIASI PYGMY WOODPECKER.
Yungipicus siasiensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 438.
Siasi (Bartsch).
"Adult male (type).--Similar to the male of Y. ramsayi, but with a smaller bill and without white markings on the upper surface of the primaries or secondaries except a small concealed white spot on inner webs of several secondaries, and with much less white on the inner margins of the inner webs on under side of wing; and the orange-yellow of the under parts is much more restricted, being confined to a narrow band across the chest.
"Adult female ( * * * ).--Similar to the male, but lacking the elongated scarlet feathers on the edge of the posterior half of the crown and occiput, the entire upper surface of head and neck being dark brown. The white markings of the upper and under sides of the wings are restricted to the same extent as those of the type, and tend to form a very narrow brownish white margin to the inner webs of the innermost secondaries, below, instead of forming squarish detached white spots as in Y. ramsayi; the orange-yellow pectoral band as in the male.
"Measurements of Yungipicus siasiensis.--Adult male (type): Wing, 83 mm.; tail, 47; culmen, 19.5. Adult female ( * * * ): Wing 85 mm.; tail, 49; culmen, 20.2." (Mearns.)
Page 400: To localities for Chrysocolaptes hæmatribon add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 401: To names of collectors of Chrysocolaptes montanus, under Mindanao, add: Bartsch.
"This is a species of eastern Mindanao, intergrading with lucidus at Pantar, western Mindanao, instead of being a mountain form." (Mearns.)
Page 402: To names of collectors of Chrysocolaptes xanthocephalus, under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 403: To localities for Lichtensteinipicus funebris add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 409: To names of collectors of Thriponax hargitti, under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 410: In second line for BROAD BILLS read BROADBILLS.
Page 414: To localities for Pitta erythrogastra add: Negros (Celestino).
Page 426: To localities for Hirundo rustica add: Negros (Celestino).
Page 427: To localities for Hirundo gutturalis add: Negros (Celestino); under Luzon add: Bartsch.
Page 428: To localities for Hirundo javanica add: Polillo (McGregor); under Romblon add: Bartsch.
Page 429: To names of collectors of Hirundo striolata, under Luzon, add: McGregor.
Page 431: In the key to genera of Muscicapidæ the genus Callaeops should be inserted near Terpsiphone.
Page 433: To localities for Hemichelidon griseosticta add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 438: To localities for Cyornis philippinensis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon add: Bartsch.
Page 442: To names of collectors of Muscicapula westermanni, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.
Page 447: To names of collectors of Gerygone simplex, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.
Page 448: To localities for Gerygone rhizophoræ add: Tataan (Bartsch).
"This specimen is doubtfully referred to this species on account of its darker coloration and larger size than Gerygone simplex. The sides of the head are nearly as dark as G. rhizophoræ from Mindanao, and, like it, the crissum is pale and the under tail-coverts white; but the upper parts are much paler, and the bill smaller than in typical rhizophoræ." (Mearns.)
Page 451: To localities for Hypothymis occipitalis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon and Mindanao add: Bartsch.
Page 455: To localities for Cyanomyias coelestis add: Negros (Celestino).
Page 457: To names of collectors of Rhipidura albiventris, under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 458: To names of collectors of Rhipidura cyaniceps, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.
Page 460: To localities for Rhipidura nigritorquis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon and Tataan add: Bartsch.
Page 461: To names of collectors of Xeocephus rufus, under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 470: Mearns has described as a subspecies, the Rhinomyias from the lowlands of Mindanao; if this form is valid it may stand as--
RHINOMYIAS MINDANENSIS (Mearns).
MINDANAO RHINOMYIAS.
Rhinomyias ruficauda mindanensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 439.
"The series of this genus in the U. S. Nat. Mus. shows that there are three geographical forms of the rufous-tailed flycatcher, from the islands of Basilan, Mindanao, and Samar respectively.
"Compared with the Samar and Mindanao forms the Basilan form, Rhinomyias ruficauda ruficauda, has the under parts whiter, middle of chest grayer, sides of chest and flanks a grayer brown, with entire side of head slate-gray.
"R. mindanensis and samarensis both have brown cheeks and differ from each other in size the Mindanao form being larger. The upper surfaces are of a lighter, more olivaceous, and less rufescent color." (Mearns.)
Page 470: To localities for Rhinomyias ocularis add: Pangamian (Bartsch).
Page 474: To names of collectors of Cryptolopha olivacea, under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 476: Interpolate, after Cryptolopha mindanensis:
CRYPTOLOPHA MALINDANGENSIS Mearns.
MALINDANG FLYCATCHER WARBLER.
Cryptolopha malindangensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 440. Mount Malindang, Mindanao (Mearns).
"Characters.--Similar to Cryptolopha mindanensis Hartert, from Mount Apo, Mindanao, but smaller, less yellow above and below, and with a distinct yellowish white postocular streak extending to the occiput; bill flesh-color instead of yellow on base of mandible; feet grayish flesh-color instead of plumbeous.
"Adult male.--Upper parts olive-green, darkest on the crown; wings and tail dark brown, broadly bordered with olive-green on the outer webs, but with outer rectrix white to the base, edged with pale yellow basally and with olive-brown terminally on outer web; second rectrix dark brown at base of inner web, white on terminal two-thirds, yellow on basal half of outer web and olive-brown on terminal half; third rectrix edged with white at tip of inner web and yellow on outer web at base; loral and postocular streak yellowish white; entire under parts sulphur-yellow, obscured by pale olive-green centers to the feathers; under tail-coverts plain sulphur-yellow; sides of chest and flanks olive-green, streaked with yellow; axillars and lining of wings pale sulphur-yellow; cheeks pale sulphur-yellow, mottled with very pale olive-green. Iris hazel; bill brownish black, flesh-color at base of mandible; feet grayish flesh-color, claws brown (from fresh specimen).
"Comparative measurements of Cryptolopha mindanensis and C. malindangensis.--Adult males (from skins): Wing, 58, 56 mm.; tail, 48, 46; bill from nostril, 7, 7; tarsus, 21, 21." (Mearns.)
Page 482: To names of collectors of Artamides kochi, under Samar, add: Bartsch.
Page 482: To localities for Artamides striatus add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 483: To names of collectors of Artamides panayensis, under Masbate, add: Bartsch; under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 487: To names of collectors of Edolisoma panayense, under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 488: To names of collectors of Edolisoma everetti, under Lapac, add: Bartsch.
Page 490: To names of collectors of Pericrocotus marchesæ, under Sulu, add: Bartsch.
Page 493: To localities for Pericrocotus cinereus add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 495: To localities for Lalage niger add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon and Masbate add: Bartsch.
Page 500: To localities for Irena cyanogastra add: Polillo (McGregor).
Page 506: To names of collectors of Iole everetti, under Mindanao, add: Bartsch.
Page 508: To localities for Iole gularis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Leyte and Luzon add: Bartsch.
Page 509: To names of collectors of Iole guimarasensis, under Masbate, add: Bartsch; under Negros, add: Celestino.
Page 511: To names of collectors of Iole cinereiceps, under Romblon, add: Bartsch.
Page 512: To localities for Poliolophus urostictus add: Polillo (McGregor); under Mindanao, add: Bartsch.
Page 718: Interpolate after the sixth line:
Species.
a1. Back uniform silvery gray ... calvus (p. 718) a2. Back more or less black in the center ... melanonotus (p. 719)
A recently described subspecies of stork-billed kingfisher is based upon a male collected by Bartsch in the Island of Masbate. The citation is:
Rhamphalcyon capensis smithi Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909) 36, 466.
This subspecies is said to be intermediate in color between Pelargopsis gouldi and P. gigantea and larger than either of them. The type measures: "Wing, 157 mm.; tail, 96; exposed culmen, 80; tarsus, 17."
I regret that a copy of the fifth and final volume of Sharpe's Hand-List of Birds was received in Manila too late for citation in the Manual.
NOTES
[1] The most important of these lists are the following:
Martens, E. V.: [Title not seen] Jour. für Ornith. (1866), 8-31. Walden, Viscount: A List of Birds Known to Inhabit the Philippine Archipelago. Trans. Zool. Soc. London (1875), 9, pt. 2, 125-252, pls. 23-34. Ramsay, R. G. W.: Revised List of the Birds Known to Occur in the Philippine Islands, Showing their Geographical Distribution. Appendix, pp. 653-660, to the Ornithological Works of Arthur, Ninth Marquis of Tweeddale. London (1881). Elera, R. P. Fr. Casto de: Aves. Catalogo Sistematico de toda la Fauna de Filipinas. Manila (1895), 1, 52-398. Worcester, D. C. and Bourns, F. S.: A List of the Birds Known to Inhabit the Philippine and Palawan Islands, Showing their Distribution within the Limits of the Two Groups. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Washington (1898), 20, 549-566. McGregor, R. C. and Worcester, D. C.: A Hand-List of the Birds of the Philippine Islands. Bur. Govt. Labs. Manila (1906), No. 36, 1-121.
[2] Very full references to literature may be found in Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum and in Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum (Natural History).
[3] Sharpe, R. B.: A Hand-List of the Genera and Species of Birds. London (1899-1903), 1-4, Vol. 5 in press.
For other systems of classification the following may be consulted:
Huxley, T. H.: On the Classification of Birds; and on the Taxonomic Value of the Modifications of Certain of the Cranial Bones observable in that Class. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1867), 415-472. Stejneger, L.: Standard Natural History. Boston (1885), 4, Birds (part). An outline of Stejneger's scheme of classification may be found in the Zoological Record (1885), 22, pt. Aves. 14-18. Fürbringer, M.: Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der Vogel, Zugleich ein Beitrage zur Anatomie der Stütz- und Bewegungsorgane. Royal Zoological Society, Amsterdam (1888). For reviews of Fürbringer's classification see Gadow, Nature (1888), 39, 150-152; 177-181, and Evans, Zool. Record, Aves (1888), 25, 14-16. Evans, A. H.: Cambridge Natural History, Birds. New York and London (1900), 9, XI-XVI (Scheme of Classification). Gadow, H.: On the Classification of Birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1892), 229-256. Dubois, A.: Synopsis Avium. Brussels (1899-1904), 1-1339, pls. 1-16. Ridgway, R.: The Birds of North and Middle America. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. Washington (1901), No. 50, pt. 1, 1-12. Clark, H. L.: The Classification of Birds. Auk (1901), new ser., 18, 370-381. Shufeldt, R. W.: An Arrangement of the Families and Higher Groups of Birds. Am. Naturalist (1904), 38, 833-857.
[4] It is a matter of difficulty to distinguish between the soft short tail-feathers and the long, overhanging coverts; in this species, therefore, it is more convenient to measure from base of tail to tip of longest covert.
[5] The status of Gallus stramineicollis, described from a specimen collected in Sulu by Burbidge, is somewhat doubtful; Grant considers it a domestic bird. The original description follows:
"General color above black, shot with green and purple; wing-coverts like the back, the innermost and the scapulars with a slight subterminal shine of coppery brown; primary-coverts and primaries black, the secondaries externally green; feathers of the lower back and rump straw-yellow, with darker longitudinal centers of black or green; upper tail-coverts and tail glossy oil-green; crown of head and nape black; hind-neck and neck-hackles, as well as sides of neck, straw-yellow, deeper on the hind-neck, with green longitudinal centers to the feathers; remainder of under surface of body black with a green gloss; comb short and rounded; sides of face and entire throat bare. Total length 34.5 inches [876 mm.], culmen 1.1 [28], wing 9.0 [229], tail 17.5 [445], tarsus 3.4 [86]."
[6] Birds from some of these localities may be M. langhornei.
[7] It is possible that all the records of Ptilocolpa for Mindanao should be referred to P. mindanensis.
[8] Whitehead's diagnosis is as follows: "Similis P. griseipectori (Bp.), sed plaga præpectorali nigra, nec cinerea, facile distinguenda. Long. tot. 13.0 poll., alæ 8.3, caudæ 4.8, tarsi 0.85."
[9] The order Colymbiformes as used here is equivalent to order VIII Podicipedidiformes of Sharpe's Hand-List and not order IX Colymbiformes of that work. Tachybaptus Reichenbach is to be used for the genus or subgenus Podiceps Latham. Cf. Stone, Auk (1907), 24, 190; Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. (1907), 24, 24.
[10] Mr. W. Eagle Clarke informs me that he has received a specimen of the Philippine grebe from Panay.
[11] As the Bureau of Science collection contains very few specimens belonging to the order Lariformes and as these are winter specimens only, the greater part of the specific descriptions of Philippine gulls and terns are copied from Saunders's excellent work, in volume 25 of the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum.
[12] Cf. Bureau, Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Ouest France (1904), 14, 227-256.
[13] While I have examined specimens of nearly all the species in this order which are known to occur in the Philippine Islands the material available to me is unsatisfactory as a basis for specific descriptions. This is due to the fact that most of the species under consideration are migrants and can be taken in the Philippines in non-breeding plumage only. Rather than present descriptions based upon inadequate material I have included here numerous quotations from Sharpe's monograph of the Limicolæ (Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, volume 24) and from other standard works.
[14] The Ticao specimen was listed as Numenius arquata, McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List, p. 24; it is really a specimen of N. variegatus.
[15] "Ocrophus" is said to be a misprint.
[16] Cf. Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. (1907), 24, 20.
[17] See also footnote under Ixobrychus cinnamomeus, p. 179.
[18] Cf. Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. (1907), 24, 36.
[19] Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash. (1887), 10, 289, places this species in his subgenus Nannocnus and gives the following key:
a1. Tibiæ feathered nearly to the heel-joint; longest tail-feathers longer than middle toe without claw (Ardetta). ... A. sinensis a2. Tibiæ naked at the lower end, longest tail-feathers shorter than middle toe without claw (Nannocnus).
b1. Quills and tail-feathers blackish. ... A. eurhythma b2. Quills and tail-feathers cinnamon-rufous. ... A. cinnamomea
The characters of Nannocnus seem to be, as stated by Stejneger, of no more than subgeneric value.
[20] All of the species of ducks here enumerated, except Marila marila, are represented in the Bureau of Science collection by specimens taken in the Philippine Islands, but with the exception of the abundant Dendrocygna arcuata these are adults only, in winter plumage. I have constructed keys and diagnoses from this material but for detailed descriptions I have depended almost entirely upon Salvadori's monograph in volume 27 of the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum.
[21] The white-faced tree duck, Dendrocygna viduata (Linnæus), has been recorded as a Philippine species; I believe it should be omitted from our list.
[22] Mr. W. Eagle Clarke informs us that he has received a specimen of this duck from Negros.
[23] The Phæthontidæ have the nostrils open and the interramal space feathered. No member of this family has been reported from the Philippine Islands.
[24] Through the interest of Mr. William Edmonds, teacher in the Batanes, a specimen of the tic-wee buzzard from Batan has been sent to the Bureau of Science. We are under obligations to Mr. Otto Sheerer for two live specimens of this species which were caught in Batan. Still another tic-wee buzzard was captured on board the U. S. S. Albatross in the vicinity of Camiguin Island, north of Luzon.
[25] The Sibuyan specimen was recorded as Falco peregrinus in Publ. Govt. Labs. (1905), 25, 11.
[26] Sharpe's diagnosis is as follows: "F. similis F. melanogeni, sed nigricantior, subtus ubique cinereo adumbratus, et subalaribus axillaribusque nigris, lineis parvulis albis transfasciatis. Long. tot. 15.5 poll., alæ 11.6, caudæ 5.5, tarsi 1.9."
[27] "The length of the bill varies considerably, some specimens, measured from the anterior margin of the cere, being only 30, others 34."
[28] Sharpe's diagnosis and remarks on this species are as follows: "S. similis S. umbratili, sed multo minor et omnino saturate brunnea, modo Scopino vermiculata et notata, sed regione auriculari rufo-brunnea concolore, et fasciis frontalibus et cervicalibus pallidis obsoletis.
"The above diagnosis well expresses the relations of this dark-colored Scops owl, which is more dingy in color than any species I know."
[29] Sharpe's diagnosis is as follows: "S. similis S. mantananensis sed alis extus vix albo notatis, et remigibus intus vix fasciatis distinguenda. Long. tot. 8.0 poll., alæ 6.0."
[30] "This bird is described as being most probably the same as the typical Sumatran N. scutulata (Raffl.)."
[31] Sharpe's diagnosis of this species follows: "Similis N. reyi, sed maculis pallidis primariorum paucis fulvescentibus, minime albo quadratim notatis, et abdomine, hypochondriis, et tibiis ochrascentifulvis, nec albis brunneo maculatis distinguenda. Long. tot. 9.5 poll., alæ 7.7."
[32] "Quant a la Chouette qui provient du meme [Sulu] archipel, on peut la distinguer immédiatement de l'espèce commune des Philippines (Ninox philippensis) par sa taille plus forte (o m. 29), par ses ailes beaucoup plus longues et depassant même l'extrémité de la quene, et enfin par son plumage roux, rayé transversalement de brun sur la tete et sur les épaules. Par ce dernier caractère, la chouette des îles Sooloo, que pourra être appelée Ninox Reyi, ressemble en peu au Glaucidium ou Athene cuculoides de l'Indo-Chine, espèce dont les ailes sont, du reste, beaucoup moins developpées." (Oustalet.)
[33] The descriptions given above are from a copy of the original, the essential part of which follows:
"Ich beschreibe ein altes vollausgafärbtes Weibchen dieser Eule wie folgt: Oberher rötlichbraun, schwach ins Olive spielend. Oberkopf, Kopfseiten, Hinterhals, Halsseiten und Mantel heller fahlrötlich schmal gebändert; auf Unterrücken und Bürzel wird diese Bindenzeichnung undeutlich, so dass diese Teile nahezu einfärbig erscheinen. Kinn hell. Kehlfedern hellfahl mit dunklen Schaflstrichen. Brust und Bauch auf lebhaft rotbraunem Grunde schmal schwärzlich gebändert. Flügelbug weiss. Skapularen und grosse Flügeldeckfedern mit einigen grösseren mattweissen Flecken auf der Aussenfahne. Schwingen erster Ordnung: Innenfahne einfärbig schwärzlich, Aussenfahne mit breiteren dunkelbraunen und schmaleren rötlichfahlen Bindenflecken. Auf den Tertiärschwingen erscheinen sehr undeutlich breite, dunklere Binden und längs des Randes der Aussenfahne hellfahle Fleckenspuren. Schwanzfedern mit gleichbreiten bräunlichen und dunkleren Binden. Untere Schwanzdecken hellfahl. Innere Flügeldecken hellbraunrötlich mit dunklerer Fleckung. Beine hellgelblich. Iris gelb. Ganze Länge circa 250 mm, Flügel 169 mm, Schwanz 80 mm.
"Ein zweites Exemplar gez. [male] unterscheidet sich nur dadurch, dass die Binden des Unterbauchs und der Hosen auf hellerem Grunde stehen. Auch auf Brust und Epigastrium ist die rotbraune Grundfarbe etwas heller. Flügel 168 mm, Schwanz 80 mm.
"Ein drittes Exemplar gez. [female]. Das Braunrot des Abdomen sehr feurig mit unregelmässiger und weniger deutlicher Bindenzeichnung. Flügel 168 mm, Schwanz 78 mm.
"Ein viertes Exemplar. Nestjunges Weibchen. Oberher olivenbräunlich. Nur auf dem Scheitel Bindenzeichnung. Unterher rotbräunlich mit Spuren von Binden auf der Brust. Die Federn des Bauches zeigen dunkle Schaftstriche. Untere Schwanzdecken hellfuchsrötlich. Die dunklen Flecken auf den Aussenfahnen der grösseren Schwingen stehen auf hellfahlem Grunde.
"Vergleicht man die vorstehende Beschreibung von Ninox Plateni Blas. mit den Beschreibungen von Ninox spilonotus und Ninox mindorensis so ist das Ergebniss ein unsicheres, wenig befriedigendes. Der Umstand, dass in der Beschreibung von Ninox spilonotus nur von Flecken und an keiner Stelle von Bindenzeichnung die Rede ist, sowie, dass die Innenfahnen der grösseren Schwingen als 'spotted and barred with light rufous brown' beschrieben werden, genügt vollkommen, um jeden Gedanken an Gleichartigkeit von N. Plateni und N. spilonotus auszuschliessen."
[34] Cf. Auk (1908), 25, 371.
[35] The validity of the following species is doubtful:
Prioniturus suluensis W. Blasius; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 29. Prioniturus discurus var. suluënsis Blasius, Jour. für Ornith. (1890), 140. Prioniturus suluensis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 419.
Adult.--"Very much like P. discurus, from which it differs in being larger and in the greater extension of the blue color on the crown, where it begins from the anterior edge of the forehead and extends to the occiput; also lores bluish green; on the nape and upper part of the back there is a very distinct olive patch, of the same color as the under parts. Length, 343; wing, 163; central tail-feathers, 165; lateral tail-feathers, 76; bill, 23; tarsus, 17." (Salvadori.)
"The Sulu bird (P. suluensis Blasius) has been separated on account of its larger size and the blue on the crown being more extended, beginning at the anterior edge of the forehead and extending to the occiput. Its larger size (wing 165 mm.) one can appreciate, but the supposed difference in the blue on the crown and other minor characters mentioned are equally found in birds from Basilan, Mindanao, etc., so that P. suluensis can only be considered a rather larger insular race of P. discurus, which it absolutely resembles in plumage." Grant, Ibis (1895), 263.
The blue on the crown and forehead seems to be a variable quantity in Prioniturus discurus and its allies and the status of suluensis and waterstradti can only be determined when good series from various localities are studied.
[36] In many specimens otherwise in adult plumage, the cheeks are green, but this seems to be invaded by extension of blue from the crown as the birds become older.
[37] The key is that of the Catalogue of Birds with slight changes.
[38] The status of the following is doubtful:
Loriculus sp. Salvadori.
Loriculus sp. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 530 (foot note); Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 36; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50.
Mindanao (Cuming).
"It is about the size of L. siquijorensis; in coloring it comes near the female of L. apicalis, but has the red of the crown not reaching the occiput; the tail above shows much blue towards the tip of the lateral feathers. I add the description of the specimen, which is not in very good condition: Green; forehead and vertex red; nape with a slight tinge of orange; cheeks and throat blue; rump and upper tail-coverts red; tail green above, the lateral feathers blue towards the tip; tail underneath deep blue; bill orange. Length, 165; wing, 98; tail, 44." (Salvadori.)
[39] The description of the male, as given by Dr. Finsch, is as follows:
"Altes Männchen. Oberseite des Kopfes, Hals und alle unteren Theile (einschliesslich der unteren Schwanzdecken) rostgelblichweiss; Wangen und Ohrgegend, von letzterer in einem breiteren Bande um die nackte Kehle sich herumziehend, braunschwarz; alle oberen Theile (einschliesslich der oberen Schwanz- und unteren Flugeldecken) dunkelbraun, mit schwach grünlichem Metallschimmer, der auf den dunkleren Schwingen deutlicher hervortritt (keine hellen Schwingensäume); Schwanzfedern schwarzbraun mit grünlichem Metallschimmer, die zwei mittelsten Federn (etwas unterhalb der Mitte) mit einer (25 mm.) breiten rostfarbenen Querbinde, die auf der folgenden nur halb so breit ist, auf der nächstfolgenden nur an der Innenfahne kleine hellrostfarbene Querflecke, die keine eigentliche Binde bilden; die zwei äussersten Schwanzfedern jederseits einfarbig braunschwarz; Schnabel schwarz, etwas rothbraun durchscheinend, der Aufsatz in ein röthliches Hornbraun übergehend, das gegen die Basis zu viel heller und etwas durchscheinend ist; auf der Basishälfte des Oberschnabels machen sich vier schwach vertiefte Furchen bemerkbar, die von der Mitte bis zum Schneidenrande herablaufen und sich als senkrechte gelbliche Streifen abheben; Unterschnabel mit drei schief nach vorn laufenden Längsrillen, von denen die basale röthlichbraun gefärbt ist; der nackte Augenkreis schmutzig fleischröthlich; die nackte Basis des Unterschnabels, wie die Nacktheit an Kinn und Kehle, schmutzig gelblich; Fusse hornschwarz.
"(Im Leben: 'Iris braunroth, Schnabel braunroth mit gelben Streifen an der Wurzel, Füsse dunkelgrau beinahe schwarz'; Eingeborenen-Name 'Talisi': van der Valk)."
[40] Cf. Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington (1906), 19, 68.
[41] The name Salangana Saint-Hilaire, 1837, proposed by Richmond to replace Collocalia, proves to have been used in a vernacular sense and therefore is not available. Cf. Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1906), 58, 178.
[42] The late Mr. H. M. Ickis, geologist, Bureau of Science, found this species breeding in the Island of Polillo and collected nests and eggs as well as specimens of the bird.
[43] Some authors prefer Apus Scopoli, 1777, for this genus; Dr. Sharpe uses Cypselus Illiger, 1811. Cf. Hartert, Das Tierreich (1897), 1, 83; Sharpe, Hand-List, (1900), 2, (introduction); Allen, Auk (1901), 18, 121.
[44] The young in several genera are more or less barred and can not be determined by this key; the females in the genus Eudynamys have the entire plumage barred and spotted.
[45] The key is modified from that given by Grant, Ibis (1896), 471.
[46] In Sharpe's Hand-List, Calayan is given as one of the localities for this species, a slip for Catanduanes; no woodpecker is known from Calayan.
[47] Cf. references to Clarke under Thriponax hargitti.
[48] Cf. Grant, Ibis (1896), 473, under Thriponax mindorensis.
[49] Apart from the characters presented by the tarsal envelope, this division into suborders is fully justified by internal structures, but as these can not be examined in skins they are omitted above.
Key to the suborders of Passeriformes based upon internal characters.
a1. Intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the middle of the bronchial semirings, the muscles simple, small, and few. ... Mesomyodi a2. Intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the ends of the bronchial semirings, the muscles complex and numerous. ... Acromyodi
[50] The pittas are known to some authors as "ant thrushes" but the latter name belongs properly to certain members of the South American family Formicariidæ. The name "ground thrush" appears to have greater validity as the English name for the Pittidæ, but the use of the name "thrush" in connection with this family is misleading and unnecessary.
[51] See also the remarks on Pitta propinqua under the next preceding species.
[52] Cf. Pitta rothschildi, page 420.
[53] Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 331.
[54] The validity of this species appears to me very doubtful; the original description follows:
"Völlig abweichend aber präsentiert sich ein anscheinend männliches stück aus Marinduque (Philippinen), dessen Unterseite derartig stark mit Blau übertönt erscheint, dass von der grünen Farbe kaum noch eine Spur sichtbar bleibt. Das Weiss der Flügels in den Schwingen erscheint bei diesem interessanten Vogel, der zudem stärker ist wie die beiden anderen Philippiner, in ganz exzessivem Masse entwiekelt; der Brustfleck dagegen ist relativ klein. Das Kolorit des Steissgefieders ist in prächtiges Karsisinrot (nicht Zinnoberrot)." (Parrot.)
[55] Some species of the swallow family are known to European authors as sand martins, while other species are called house martins, but as, in the United States, the name martin is closely associated with the genus Progne, I prefer to retain the name swallow for all the species of Hirundinidæ known from the Philippine Islands.
[56] Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 204, recognizes H. fuliginosa as distinct from H. sibirica and gives Palawan as one of its localities. A flycatcher collected by Platen in Palawan is recorded by Blasius as H. sibirica and I have met with no reference to H. fuliginosa from that Island except as given by Sharpe.
[57] The islands of Bongao and Sulu are given here on the authority of Sharpe's Hand-List.
[58] Sharpe, Hand-List, gives the locality "Palawan (winter)" for this flycatcher; I have not found that it is recorded from Palawan.
[59] See also Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 107.
[60] This key is slightly modified from the one given by Grant, Ibis (1896), 542.
[61] Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 276, assigns the species C. nigrorum and C. olivacea to Abrornis. Oates says: "Abrornis resembles Cryptolopha in everything except the tail, which has ten feathers instead of twelve." As the species mentioned above have twelve rectrices I have put them in Cryptolopha.
[62] Cf. footnote under Cryptolopha olivacea, p. 474.
[63] Whitehead's diagnosis is as follows: "Similis C. montis sed rostro crassiore et uropygio sulphureo destinguenda."
[64] There is some doubt as to the species of Artamides found in Libagao, but it is in all probability A. mindorensis.
[65] Sharpe's diagnosis reads:
"Mas a mari E. morionis ex insula Celebensi vix diversus. Foem. tamen gastraeo toto cinereo concolore facile distinguenda." Sharpe should have compared the male with E. mindanense as well as with E. morio.
[66] This key can be used with adult birds only.
[67] No specimen of L. melanoleuca was collected on Semirara but "a bird, probably of this species, was seen."
[68] Cf. Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 309. I find no record of this Irena having been taken in Balabac.
[69] Mearns gives the following characters for this subspecies: "Similar to the Luzon guava bulbul (Pycnonotus goiavier goiavier), but smaller, with relatively shorter tail, broader supraorbital white stripes, and a paler auricular patch." The comparative measurements given by Mearns are not convincing and I am not prepared to admit the validity of this subspecies.
[70] Leonardina (p. 537) probably belongs near Mixornis and Macronous; I have not seen it.
[71] The original description of Mixornis (=Zosterornis) plateni follows:
"Mixornis plateni, bedeutend kleiner als M. capitalis, mit welcher Form die Art, besonders von der Oberseite gesehen, eine gewisse Aehnlichkeit in der Färbung besitzt.
"Oberseite olivenbraun, Bürzel und Schwanzdeckfedern mehr rostfarben, am Vorderrücken weisse Schaftstriche. Ganzer Kopf, oben und an den Seiten, Nacken und Brust rothbraun mit feinen weissen Schaftstrichen. Kinn und Kehle mehr schwärzlich mit breiteren weissen Schaftflecken. Schwanzfedern einfarbig braun, an der Aussenfahne olivenfarben verwaschen. Ebenso die schwanz federn oberseits und die oberen Flügeldeckfedern. Untere Flügeldeckfedern und Achselfedern weisslich. Masse: [female] Long. tot. 12 cm. Ala 5.5 cm. Caud. 4.7 cm. Culmen 1.0 cm. Tarsus 1.5 cm. Type: Museum Brunsvicense."
[72] The original description of Macronous kettlewelli follows: "Brunneus; dorsi plumis filiformibus, elongatis, versus basin nigricantibus; rachide, et partibus plumæ rachidi adjacentibus, albidis; alis fulvescenti-brunneis, exterius pallidioribus; supracaudalibus caudaque pallide castaneis; pileo dorso concolori, rachidibus plumarum albidis; fronte nigricante, magis distincte striata; superciliis, loris et regione parotica nigricantibus, albo lineatis; genis et corpore toto subtus pallide cervinis; hypochondriis brunnescentibus; gula summa et abdomine medio albicantibus; gutture et corporis lateribus vix albido lineatis; subalaribus pectori concoloribus; iride smaragdinea; rostro et pedibus brunneis. Long. tot. circa 0.140 m; al. 0.063 m; caud. 0.070 m; rostr. 0.015 m; tars. 0.024 m." (Guillemard.)
[73] For detailed characters of the Turdidæ the reader is referred to Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 2; and to Birds of North and Middle America, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. Washington (1907), 50, pt. 4, 1 to 4.
[74] This key to the Philippine species of Planesticus is taken from a paper by Mearns, Phil. Journ. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 359.
[75] Birds of the genus Planesticus are called "blackbirds" in Europe and "robins" in the United States; as both of these names are in common use for birds of entirely different genera I have employed the name "black thrush" for the Philippine species of Planesticus.
[76] I use Forster's name for this rock thrush on the recommendation of Dr. C. W. Richmond.
[77] Cf. Grant, Ibis (1896), 117.
[78] I follow Sharpe in alloting Lanius validirostris and L. nasutus to Cephalophoneus. The type of this genus is said to be Lanius bucephalus, a species resembling Lanius validirostris in length of tail and turgidity of bill. These two species appear to be congeneric. In L. nasutus, however, the tail is much longer; the rectrices are more strongly graduated and relatively narrower. Possibly another genus should be recognized for nasutus and suluensis.
[79] Philippine specimens of this genus have usually been referred to Lanius (Otomela) lucionensis, but both O. cristata and O. superciliosa are credited to the Philippines in Sharpe's Hand-List and for this reason they are included here. Having no specimens of undoubted identity I am unable to determine many of the specimens of shrikes in the Bureau of Science collection. Of the last two species mentioned I give the distribution and short descriptions on the authority of Dresser.
The following paragraphs may be of use in distinguishing the three species.
"L. superciliosus Latham * * * has the entire upper surface very bright uniform rufous, a very broad frontal band, a very broad superciliary stripe, and the throat pure white; the inner webs of the basal parts of the primaries white underneath, which shows through on the upper surface of the quills at their insertion, almost forming a white, yet concealed alar bar; shoulder-edge and under shoulder-coverts pure white.
"L. cristatus Linnæus has the head, nape, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail rufous, but less bright and browner than in L. superciliosus. The back is colored with the same tint, but paler or less rufous. The chin and upper part of the throat are white; but the tawny hue of the breast extends higher up than in either L. superciliosus or in L. lucionensis; and all the throat is usually washed with tawny.
"The white frontal band is narrow and ill-defined; and the white supercilium is much less prominent than in L. superciliosus. The quills at their insertions show indications, although slight, of a rudimentary alar bar. The shoulder-edge and under shoulder-coverts are tawny. The female is colored as the male, but has the subocular stripe brown and not black and the sides of the breast and flanks more or less striated and freckled with faint brown marks.
"L. lucionensis Linnæus has the forehead and crown delicate pale pearl-gray, no pure white whatever on the forehead. A narrow white supercilium commences above the eye, becoming somewhat broader behind, and shading off into the gray of the head. The occiput, nape, and back are ashy liver-brown. The rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail are washed with rufous, most marked on the upper tail-coverts; the chin and throat pure white, as in L. superciliosus; shoulder-edge and under shoulder-coverts pure white; indications of a concealed white alar bar, as in L. cristatus; and the female has the sexual distinguishing characters of that species. The almost entire absence of rufous in the plumage of the adult Philippine species suffices to distinguish it at a glance from L. cristatus and L. superciliosus." Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 171, 172.
[80] "Adult male.--Similar to typical Hyloterpe apoensis, but paler throughout, with crown brownish instead of grayish; under parts canary-yellow instead of lemon-yellow; slightly smaller. Wing, 78; tail, 67; culmen, 14; bill from nostril, 9.2; tarsus, 17.5. 'Iris brown. Bill black.'
"Adult female * * *.--Paler and dingier than the male; under parts pale canary-yellow from throat backward. Wing, 71; tail, 61; tarsus, 17.5.
"Remarks.--Specimens in the U. S. National Museum, collected on the Island of Siquijor, Philippine Islands, by F. S. Bourns and D. C. Worcester, are exactly like Basilan specimens taken in February, 1888, and must be included as belonging to this species. Lowland birds from Mindanao Island connect the forms apoensis and basilanica." (Mearns.)
Specimens from Siquijor, although larger than true H. apoensis, seem to be nearly like this species in color.
[81] The titmouse of Sulu and Tawi Tawi is probably not true Parus elegans.
[82] The construction of a key to the species of silvereyes is rendered very difficult by the nature of the characters upon which a number of the species are based. Some of the species can be determined only by the actual comparison of specimens in fresh plumage. Immediately following the molt, the colors are bright and yellowish, but after a few months the feathers become much abraded and the colors become duller, dingier and greener.
[83] The identity of Porter's Caluya specimen with Zosterops aureiloris is somewhat doubtful.
[84] Gould's type came from "Manila," its collector is unknown and Dicæum retrocinctum has not been found in Luzon by any recent collector. It seems probable that the type was not collected in Luzon.
[85] Steere did not record this species from Marinduque, but in Bourns and Worcester's MS. notes I find the remark: "Doubtless also Marinduque." Cf. also Worcester and Bourns, Distribution List, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Washington (1898), 20, 560, no. 361.
[86] Sharpe's original diagnosis of Dicæum sibutuense is as follows: "D. simile, D. trigonostigmati, sed gutture saturate schistaceo, macula dorsale aurantiaca distinguendum. Long. tot. 3.2 poll., culm. 0.45, alæ 2.0, caudæ 0.85, tarsi 0.5."
[87] The original diagnosis and description of Dicæum flaviventer, from which the above description is taken, are as follows:
"Dicæum D. rubriventri Less. similis, sed parte media pectoris abdominisque cadmiumino-flava, capite supra dorsoque virescentibus et uropygio obscure ardesiaco distinguendum.
"Long. al. 55, caud. 30, tars. 12, culm. 10.5 mm. ([male]).
"Hab. Insula Philippinarum Cebú.
"Kopf, Oberrücken und Flügeldecken grünlich schwarz mit etwas Glanz. Schwingen schwärzlichbraunn, die Secundaren mit grünlich glänzenden Rändern auf der Aussenfahne. Unterrücken und schwanzdecken, dunkel schieferfarbig. Schwanz schwarz. Kehle vorn und an den Seiten weiss, untere Kehle und Brust, sowie die Seiten des Unterkörpers hell aschgrau, in der Mitte desselben ein schöner cadmiumgelber, bis 6 mm breiter Streif (Ridgway: cadmium-yellow Pl. VI, 6), nach dem After zu in Weiss übergehend; untere Schwanzdecken, Axillaren und untere Flügeldecken weiss, die äusseren mit einem schwärzlichen Fleck in der Mitte. Hosen aussen weiss, hinten terminal schwärzlich. Füsse braun. Schnabel schwarz, kräftig."
[88] Celestino's specimens were recorded by mistake as Dicæum papuense, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1906), 1, 907.
[89] I have not seen the females of C. guimarasensis and C. flagrans.
[90] "Characters.--Most closely resembling Cyrtostomus jugularis jugularis of Luzon, but slightly larger, with the upper parts olive-green instead of brownish olive-gray; under parts nearly uniform lemon-yellow instead of canary-yellow." (Mearns.)
[91] "Characters.--Smaller than Cyrtostomus jugularis aurora, C. jugularis jugularis, or C. jugularis dinagatensis, old males differing from all three in the metallic reflections on the middle of the dark metallic plastron, which are bluish and violet instead of green-blue; under parts shading very gradually from rich orange, adjoining the dark metallic plastron, to clear yellow on the crissum and under tail-coverts; back a more golden olive-green than in the other Philippine forms; forehead, lores, and superciliary stripe solid metallic violet purple." (Mearns.)
[92] Hartert's remarks on Anthreptes malaccensis wiglesworthi are as follows: "Kopfseiten fast so roth wie bei rhodolaema, Unterseite wie bei chlorigaster (siehe oben). (Meinem zu früh verstorbenen ornithologischen Freunde Wiglesworth gewidmet, der mit A. B. Meyer zusammen in den 'Birds of Celebes' interessante Notizen über diese Gruppe gab.) Sulu Inseln. Typus Tring Museum, Sulu I. v. '83, Powell coll. Alle Stücke von den Sulu Inseln, die ich sah, sind ohne Zweifel zur gleichen Form zu rechnen."
[93] Philippine specimens of this genus may be the recently described Budytes flavus alascensis but no specimens of that race are available for comparison. Cf. Ridgway, Bds. North and Middle America (1904), 3, 8 and 10.
[94] Cf. Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Washington (1903), 26, 504.
[95] In the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum this species falls under "a. With the hind claw decidedly shorter than the hallux." but in the figures of the foot in the Catalogue and in the Fauna of British India the claw is decidedly longer than the hallux, and Sharpe (p. 565) says: "Hind claw long and straight, a trifle shorter than hind toe, but sometimes longer."
[96] Coues describes this, the most important character of the family, in the following words: "But the most tangible characteristic of the family [Fringillidæ] is angulation of the commissure. The commissure runs in a straight line, or with a slight curve, to or near to the base of the bill, and is then more or less abruptly bent down at a varying angle--the cutting edge of the upper mandible forming a reëntrance, that of the lower mandible a corresponding salience. In familiar terms, we might say that the corners of the mouth are drawn down--that the finches, though very merry little birds, are literally 'down in the mouth.' In the great majority of cases this feature is unmistakable, and in the grosbeaks, for example, it is very strongly marked indeed; but in some of the smaller-billed forms, and especially those with slender bills, it is hardly perceptible."
[97] This species is called "tree sparrow" by some authors.
[98] Chlorura Reichenbach, 1863, is preoccupied by Chlorura Sclater, 1862.
[99] Grant's diagnosis of Chlorura brunneiventris follows: "C. similis C. borneensi, Sharpe, sed abdomine quoque rufescente, pectore concolore; pectoris lateribus caeruleo lavatis; fronte caerulea laetiore et minus extensa. Long. tot. 4.2 poll., alae 2.3."
[100] "Characters.--Slightly larger than Dicrurus balicassius from Luzon Island; also differing in having the metallic reflections of the upper parts and breast greenish blue instead of bluish green.
"Measurements of type (adult male).--Wing, 148; tail, 130; culmen, 27; tarsus, 25." (Mearns.)
[101] Wrongly given as "Mindanao" in McGregor and Worcester's Hand-List, p. 107.
[102] This recently published description is based upon one specimen and the species is compared with neither Chibia borneensis nor C. pectoralis. Mearns's description follows:
"Characters.--Very similar to Chibia palawanensis, differing only in its somewhat larger size, shallower forking of the tail, the narrower and very much smaller spangles on the breast, and in the absence of metallic green on the upper tail-coverts.
"Measurements of skin (type and only specimen).--Length, 260; wing, 136; tail, 126; emargination of tail, 16; culmen (chord), 28.5; tarsus, 24.5." (Mearns.)
[103] The description of Chibia borneensis follows: "C. similis C. pectorali ex insulis Sulaensibus, sed plumis lanceolatis colli lateralis metallice chalybeo-viridibus nec purpurascentibus, et maculis jugularibus et praepectoralibus valde minoribus et conspicue metallicis chalybeo-viridibus distinguenda. Long. tot. 10, culm. 1.3, alae 5.9, caudae, 4.5, tarsi 0.85." (Sharpe.)
[104] The name myna is restricted by Jerdon, and other writers on Indian ornithology, to the species of Acridotheres and Temenuchus, while the species of Eulabes are called hill mynas. Mina, maina, and minor are merely variants of myna.
[105] The status of "Sarcops lowii" is doubtful; the description follows: "This species appears to be distinguished from the ordinary Sarcops calvus by its gray mantle, which resembles the rest of the back, and by the color of the under surface, which is silvery gray with a narrow blackish line down the center of the body, whereas in S. calvus the mantle is black, and the under surface also, only the flanks being gray." (Sharpe.)
[106] See note under crested myna.
[107] The Philippine crow is given in Table II of Everett's paper on the birds of Palawan, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1889), 225, and this record is repeated in McGregor and Worcester's Hand-List (1906), 110, but there appears to be no other evidence of the occurrence of the Philippine crow in Palawan.
End of Project Gutenberg's A Manual of Philippine Birds, by Richard McGregor