Part 9

_Backing._ The part of the wall behind the face brick.

_Bat._ Any part of a brick intentionally or accidentally broken off.

_Bed._ The horizontal surface on which the bricks of the wall lie in courses. Also, the mortar on which the brick rest.

_Bed Joint._ A joint between two horizontal courses of brick.

_Belt Course._ A horizontal course of brick or other material usually projecting, and generally in line with window sills or heads.

_Bench-Mark._ A well defined mark, accurately established, in a protected location on some immovable object, as a point of reference.

_Bond._ The overlapping of brick in various ways so as to give both longitudinal and transverse strength to the wall, and at the same time produce a pleasing appearance.

_Breaking Joint._ The placing of brick so that no two vertical or head joints come immediately over one another.

_Buttered Joint._ A very thin mortar joint made by scraping a small quantity of mortar with the trowel on all edges of the brick and laying it without the usual mortar bed.

_Cell._ One of the hollow spaces in building tile.

_Centering._ The temporary frame or template on which an arch is turned.

_Chase._ A vertical recess on the inside face of a wall formed by omitting one or more bricks in each course to accommodate plumbing, heating, or other pipes.

_Chimney Breast._ The projection on the interior or exterior face of a wall caused by fireplace or flues.

_Closure._ A quarter or three-quarter brick to close, when required, the end of a course, as distinguished from a half-brick. This term equally applies to tile.

_Coping._ A row of brick, usually projecting, used to cap or finish the top of a wall and protect it from the weather. It is usually laid up in very rich Portland cement mortar with tooled joints.

_Corbel._ One or more courses of brick projecting from the wall to form a support.

_Course._ A horizontal row of brick in a wall.

_Culling._ Sorting brick for size, color, and quality.

_Culls._ The brick rejected in culling.

_Diaper._ Any continuous pattern in brickwork of which the various bonds are examples. It is usually applied however, to diamond or other diagonal patterns.

_Edge-set._ A brick set on its narrow instead of on its flat side.

_Efflorescence._ The deposition of a white powder or crust on the surface of brickwork, due to soluble salts usually in the mortar but sometimes in the brick, and, drawn out with the moisture by the sun, left as a deposit on the surface. Brick clays containing these salts are now cured by using a carbonate of barium. Against mortar efflorescence care should be taken to protect all brickwork at eaves and sill courses from excessive moisture. Also Whitewash or Whitewashing.

_Face Brick._ A well-burned brick, especially prepared, selected, and handled to secure attractive appearance in the face of a wall, as distinguished from common brick as used for backing or other structural work.

_Face._ The long, narrow side of a brick, specially treated in the manufacture of face brick to produce certain color tones and textures.

_Fire Stop._ A projection of brickwork on the walls between the joists to prevent the spread of fire or vermin.

_Flat Stretcher Course._ A course of stretchers set on edge and exposing their flat sides on the surface of the wall. Frequently done with brick finished for the purpose on the flat side, such as enameled or glazed brick.

_Flue._ A passage in a chimney especially for the exit of smoke and gases, one or more of which may be enclosed in the same chimney.

_Flue Lining._ A smooth one-celled hollow tile for protecting flues.

_Footing._ The broadened base of a foundation wall, or other super-structure.

_Green Brickwork._ Brickwork in which the mortar has not yet set.

_Grout._ Rich mortar made very thin so that it will readily run into the joints of brickwork and fill them.

_Header._ A brick laid on its flat side across the thickness of the wall, so as to show the end of the brick on the surface of the wall.

_Header Course._ A course composed entirely of headers.

_Head Joint._ A joint between the ends of two bricks in the same course. Also Vertical Joint.

_Hearth._ That portion of a fireplace level with the floor, upon which the fire is built. The rear portion extending into the fire opening is known as the back hearth.

_Lead._ A part of the wall at the corners, or elsewhere when needed, built in advance of the rest of the wall as a guide to which the line is attached.

_Lime Putty._ Slaked lime in a soft puttylike condition before sand or cement is added.

_Line._ The string stretched taut from lead to lead as a guide for laying the top edge of a brick course.

_Lintel._ A horizontal support for brickwork over an opening.

_Mantel._ A shelf projecting beyond the chimney breast above the fireplace opening.

_Nogging._ A filling of brick between the roof rafters from wall plate to roof boards for the purpose of making the building wind-tight.

_Pointing._ Inserting mortar into the joints after the brickwork is completed, in order to correct defects left in the progress of the work.

_Quoins._ Projecting courses of brick at the corners of buildings as ornamental features.

_Racking._ Laying the end of the wall with a series of steps so that when work is resumed, the bond can be easily continued. More convenient and structurally better than toothing.

_Reveal._ The vertical side of a window or door opening from face of wall to frame.

_Rowlock Course._ A course of headers laid on the edge instead of on the flat side of the brick as usual.

_Salmon Brick._ The softer brick of the kiln suitable for places protected from outside exposure or where great crushing strength is not required.

_Selects._ The bricks accepted as the best after culling.

_Shove Joint._ A vertical joint filled by shoving the brick, when it is being laid in the bed of mortar, against the next brick. Also Shoved Joint.

_Skewback._ In brickwork, a brick or stone cut to make an inclined surface for receiving thrust or pressure, as of an arch.

_Slush Joint._ A vertical joint filled by throwing mortar in with the trowel after the bricks are laid. Also Slushed Joint.

_Smoke Chamber._ The space in a fireplace immediately above the throat, where the smoke gathers before passing into the flue, and narrowed by corbeling to the size of the flue lining above. Also Smoke Cavern.

_Soldier Course._ A course of stretchers set on end with the face showing on the wall surface.

_Splay._ A slope or bevel, particularly at the sides of a window or door.

_Story Pole._ A pole on which the height from joist to joist, as well as all intermediate openings, brick courses, etc., is indicated.

_Stretcher._ A brick laid on its flat side so as to show its face on the surface of the wall.

_Template._ Any form or pattern, such as centering, over which brickwork may be formed.

_Thickness of Wall._ The thickness of a wall stated in terms of brick, inches, or tiers, thus:

_In Number of Brick._ _In Inches._ _In Tiers._ ------------ ------------ ---------- One brick 4" 1 tier Two " 8" or 9" 2 tiers Three " 12" or 13" 3 tiers Four " 16" or 17" 4 tiers

_Throat._ An opening at the top of a fireplace through which the smoke passes to the smoke chamber and chimney.

_Tier._ One of the four-inch, or one-brick, layers in the thickness of a wall. (Gilbreth).

_Toothing._ The method of building the end of a wall so that the end stretcher of every alternate course projects one-half its length, against which another wall may be built.

_Toothing-in._ Joining a new wall to an old toothed wall.

_Trimmer Arch._ A brick arch built in front of and below a fireplace opening to support the hearth, abutting on the fireplace foundation and thrusting against the header joist.

_Tuck-pointing._ The filling in of joints in old brickwork with fresh mortar, usually cement.

_Vertical Joint._ Same as Head Joint.

_Washing Down._ Cleaning the surface of the brick wall, after it is completed and pointed, with a mild solution of muriatic acid.

_Water Table._ A slight projection of the lower courses of brickwork at the base of a building.

_Webb._ The thin wall bounding and separating the cells in hollow tile.

Whitewashing, Whitewash. See Efflorescence.

_Wind Shelf._ The ledge back of the damper at the bottom of the smoke cavern.

_Withe._ A partition between two flues in the same chimney.

INDEX

Additional copies of plans, etc. 41 Adobe, first brick made 5 in America 7 Aim of this Manual 5 America, brick manufacture and use in 7 American Bond 33 American Face Brick Association 104 Anchors, for joist 19 for roof plate 20 Angle Irons, use of 23 Angles in wall construction 21-22 best method for 22 Arches, face brick 23 Architectural Symbols table of 40 Asbestos Shingles 37-38 Ash Chute for hearth 30 Ash Pit for fireplace 18 Asphalt for waterproofing 18, 108 Asphalt Shingles 37-38

Babylonian origin of brick 5 Backing, common brick 15, 19, 105 hollow tile 15, 25, 106 Basket Weave Pattern 35 Bats, care in using 33 Bays, laying corners of 21 Beauty of House, economic value 11 Bill of Materials, see Quantity Survey Bonding, face brick to common 18-19 face brick to frame 27 face brick to hollow tile 26 in foundation walls 17 Bonds, see Face Brick Bonds Brick, burning of 7 common, see Common Brick face, see Face Brick manufacture and use in America 7 method of laying 17 on edge or flat 31 per square foot, table 104 story of 5 treatment for color 7 Brickmaking, ancient and modern 6-7 Brick Veneer, see Face Brick Veneer Brickwork, extent of ancient use 5-6 in England and America 6-7 in Middle Ages 6 mortar joints used in 35 strength and rigidity of 33 Builder, opportunity for the 8 Building a Home, importance of 10 Buttered Joints 19, 25, 35

Casement Windows 23 Cement, for waterproofing 18, 108 handling 108 in mortar 36, 104 Cement-lime Mortar 36, 104 Cement Plaster, when used for flues 21 when used for waterproofing 18 Chimneys, interior and exterior 20, 21 with hollow tile construction 26 with veneer construction 27 China 6 Clays in brickmaking 7 Cleaning down wall 24, 26 labor for 108 Closing in building 109 Closures, brick 34 hollow tile 25, 106, 107 Coefficients for tile, table 106 Coke for salamanders 109 Cold Weather, work in 109 Color Effects, in brick wall 8 Comfort and Health, in brick house 11 Common Bond 33 Common Brick, compared with face 16 for backing 15, 19, 105 handling 108 hard-burned 6, 17 in place of tile 106 quantities required 105, 107 selected 16 wetting before use 108 Comparative Costs, in percentages 12 Concave Mortar Joint 35 Concealed Bond 19 Concrete, for footings 17 for step forms, path borders, etc. 31 Convex Mortar Joint 35 Copies, plans and specifications 41 Corbeling, between joists 19-20 for chimney support 18 in fireplaces 30 Corners of Wall, not right-angled 21-22 Costs, initial and final 9, 12 getting a unit of 108 percentage differences 12 Cradle of human civilization 5 Creosote in damp proofing 18

Dampness, how to prevent 15 Dean & Dean, architects 40 Depreciation, in value of house 10 Diamond Patterns 34 Door Frame Sizes, table of 23 Door Sills, in brick construction 22 in hollow tile construction 26 in veneer construction 28 Double Header Bond 19, 25 Drains, at base of foundation walls 17 Drying Brick, before setting in kiln 7 Drying out building 109 Dry-press Brick 7

Economic merits of face brick 9 Economic value of beauty 11 Effect of bond and mortar joint 9 Efflorescence 15 Egypt, brickmaking in 6 England, brickwork in 6 English and English Cross Bond 33-34 English Country Houses 6 Estimating, amount of common brick 105 amount of face brick 104 amount of hollow tile 106 Euphrates Valley 5

Face Brick, arches 23 artistic possibilities of 9, 36 bond or pattern in 9 bonding to common 18-19 bonding to frame 27 bonding to tile 26 bonds 33-35 care in making and handling 16 color and texture 7-8 handling on the job 108 inspection of 108 pre-eminent merits of 9 quantities required 104, 107 standard size of 104 veneer on old frame 16, 27 wastage 105 Face Brick Construction, comfort of 11 economy of 9, 12, 38 fire-safety of 38 solid 16,18 types of wall 15 Face Brick Veneer Construction 15, 26, 28 on old frame houses, etc. 16, 27, 28 Fire Brick, in fireplaces 30 Fireplaces, construction of 29 damper, flue, hearth 30 designs 30-31 foundation for 18 labor for 108 openings, table of 29 Fire Causes, interior and exterior, table 38 Fire Protection 11 fire-resistive shingles 37-38 interior protective measures 38 Fire Protection for the roof 37 to be increased 37 Fire Stops 19 check vermin 20 right and wrong practice 20 when not needed 24-25 Flat Brick Arches, construction of 23 Flemish Bond 34 Flemish influence in England 6 Floors and Walks of brick 31 Flues and Flue Linings 21 Flush-cut Mortar joint 35 Footings, for foundations 17 for veneer on old frame 28 Foundation Walls 17 waterproofing 18 Frame Construction, up-keep and depreciation 10 veneering old 16-27-28 weakness of 15 Frames, window and door 22-23 Freezing Weather, work in 109 Fundamentals of building 5 Furnace Flue Cleanout 21 Furring, kinds of 24 when, and when not, needed 15, 24, 25

Garden Walls, bond in 34, 105 of face brick 32 Gate Posts, face brick 32 General rule for brick quantities 104 Georges, The, days of 6 Gothic Epoch of building 6 Gravel, for wide mortar joints 36 Greek Crosses, seen in bonds 34 Green Brick 7 Green Brickwork, in wall 18 Grounds 24 Grouting of brick walks 31 Growing demand for brick building 8 Gypsum Board, as fire retardant 38

Handling Materials 108 Hearth, The 30 Henry VIII, times of 6 Herringbone Pattern 35, 105 Hollow or Vaulted Brick Wall 24 Hollow Tile, backing for face brick 5, 15 bonding to face brick 26 brick-size 106 closures 25, 106, 107 construction 25, 26 handling 108 methods of laying 25 quantities required 106, 107 reinforced lintel 26 sizes of 25, 106 "split furring" 24 table of sizes 106 wastage 106 Home-building, importance of 10 Homes, shortage of 14 Hydrated Lime 37, 104

Increasing Profits 8, 28 India 6 Insurance, saving on 11 Israel in Egypt 5

Joints, slushing of 17, 19 Joist Anchors, beveling ends of 19 Joslin, Arthur W., on the hollow wall 24 Juergens, Alfred, artist 40

Labor Required 108 Lath, where and how placed 20 Laying out work for brick 23 for hollow tile 26 Leads, laying up at corners 17 Lime, handling 108 Lime, lump or hydrated 36, 37, 104 Lintels and Arches 23 Lumber 13-14

Magna Charta, days of 6 Maintenance or Upkeep 10 Mesopotamian Plain 5 Metal Wall Ties 19, 27 Mexico 7 Modern Brick Making 7 Mortar Colors 36 Mortar Joints 35 Mortars, mixing and tempering 36-37 table of mixes 104 Muriatic Acid, for cleaning walls 24

Nail Holds, for furring 20 Nails, as anchors or ties 24, 27, 28 National Board of Fire Underwriters 38 Nebuchadnezzar 5 Nogging, where, and where not, needed 20

Octagon or Splay brick 21 Offsets in chimneys 21 Openings 22 supports for 23 Origin of brickmaking 5 Ornamental Brickwork, outside 30-32

Patterns in brickwork 34-35 Paying Investments 27