Part 9

Limax rufus. L. albus. L. cinerus. L. agrestis.

4. Testacella. One species.

Shell external, very small, ear-shaped; very depressed, summit inclined posteriorly, not spiral; aperture oval, very large; the left edge sharp, a little rolled inward, especially behind.

_T. Haliotidea._ The Haliotis-shaped Testacella. Pl. 17, fig. 6.

Answering to the above description; very thin, transparent, and yellowish.

5. Vitrina. One species.

Shell proportionally very small, extremely thin, pellucid, almost membranous, oval or sub-globular; spire very short, of which the last whorl is very large; aperture large, semilunar; the edges sharp; the left edge arched, and extending itself interiorly to the summit.

_V. pellucida._ The pellucid Vitrina. Pl. 17, fig. 3.

Extremely thin, pellucid, and glossy; depressed, spire very short; aperture large and oval; colour pale yellowish green.

FAMILY VII. COLIMACEA. Eleven genera.

1. Helix. The Snail. One hundred and seven species.

According to the systematic arrangement of Lamarck, this genus now consists of shells with peculiar characteristic distinctions.

By Linnæus, marine, land, and fresh-water shells were united in this genus, and so confounded that the naturalist would often look in vain for the distinguishing characters which would enable him to class and determine the genus of the object under examination.

Notwithstanding the divisions of Lamarck, its species are numerous; the shells are terrestrial, and found in all parts of the globe; some are rare and beautiful.

The term Helix was given to this genus from the spiral form of the shell.

Shell extremely variable in form, generally globular, sometimes ventricose, conoid, never turriculated; summit constantly obtuse and rounded; aperture generally of a medium size, but sometimes very large or very small, always modified by the turn of the spire; oval, semilunar, more wide than long, edges disunited, entering but very little into the formation of the interior; the right lip or margin thickened or reflected.

Helix vesicalis. H. algira. H. pomatia. H. aspersa. H. vermiculata. H. alonensis. H. lineolata. H. picta. H. mutata. H. gigantea. H. polyzonalis. H. monozonalis. H. pulla. H. versicolor. H. Naticoides. H. Madagascariensis. H. galactites. H. hæmastoma. H. melanotragus. H. extensa. H. lucana. H. globulus. H. melanostoma. H. cælatura. H. microstoma. H. maculosa. H. Richardi. H. Bonplandii. H. planulata. H. labrella. H. ungulina. H. pellis-serpentis. H. Senegalensis. H. unidentata. H. cepa. H. heteroclites. H. discolor. H. lactea. H. zonaria. H. serpentina. H. Niciensis. H. variabilis. H. fruticum. H. neglecta. H. cespitum. H. ericetorum. H. intersecta. H. Carthusianella. H. Carthusiana. H. diaphana. H. concolor. H. velutina. H. Javanica. H. Peruviana. H. simplex. H. cidaris. H. citrina. H. guttata. H. verticillus. H. olivetorum. H. planospira. H. Barbadensis. H. sinuata. H. hippocastanum. H. bidentalis. H. argilacea. H. vittata. H. alanda. H. arbustorum. H. candidissima. H. nemoralis. H. hortensis. H. sylvatica. H. pisana. H. splendida. H. crenulata. H. planorbula. H. macularia. H. maritima. H. strigata. H. muralis. H. rugosa. H. cornea. H. linguifera. H. incarnata. H. cinctella. H. cellaria. H. nitida. H. obvoluta. H. Cookiana. H. pileus. H. papilla. H. punctifera. H. plicatula. H. planorbella. H. scabra. H. cariosa. H. plebeium. H. personata. H. hispida. H. rotundata. H. apicina. H. striata. H. conspurcata. H. conica. H. conoidea. H. pulchella.

_H. algira._ The yellow Snail. Pl. 18, fig. 8.

Species shaped like a Planorbis, rough or hairy, more or less largely umbilicated, margin sharp.

_H. Naticoides._ The Natica-shaped Snail. Pl. 18, fig. 7.

Species ventricose.

_H. obvoluta._ The small white-lipped Snail. Pl. 18, fig. 9.

Species more or less depressed, umbilicated, Planorbis-shaped, the edges of the aperture thickened, callous, and even toothed.

_H. conoides._ The cone-shaped Snail. Pl. 18, fig. 4.

Species conoidal; the turns of the spire rounded.

_H. pomatia._ The edible Snail.

Species sub-globular, not umbilicated; the margin of the aperture thickened; aperture covered with a calcareous lid resembling an operculum.

_H. nitida._ The pellucid Snail.

Species depressed, more or less largely umbilicated; the edges sharp, but always thin and shining.

_H. nemoralis._ The grove Snail.

Species imperforated, semi-globular, thin, and sub-pellucid; not umbilicated, with a light inflexion at the place of the junction of the columella with the margin of the aperture; colour various, inner margin white or reddish brown; volutions five, with several dark brown bands.

_H. Carthusiana._ The Carthusian Snail.

Species sub-depressed, sub-umbilicated, with a sharp edge, thickened within by a roll.

_H. arbustorum._ The orchard Snail.

Sub-globular, sub-pellucid, sub-umbilicated, five volutions, finely striated longitudinally; mottled with greenish yellow, streaked with deep chestnut, a broad brown band commonly at the edge of the outer lip, and running round through the volutions to the apex.

2. Carocolla. Eighteen species.

All terrestrial shells in this genus, taken from the Linnæan Helix on account of the peculiarity of the shell, which is orbicular, more or less flat on the upper part; the circumference of the shells constantly carinated or sub-carinated; aperture ovate, transverse, contiguous to the axis of the shells; outer lip sub-angular, sometimes toothed within.

Carocolla acutissima. C. albilabris. C. angistoma. C. labyrinthus. C. lucerna. C. inflata. C. Gualteriana. C. bicolor. C. Mauritiana. C. Madagascariensis. C. marginata. C. lychnuchus. C. planata. C. planaria. C. hispidula. C. lapicida. C. albella. C. elegans.

_C. lapicida._ The stone Carocolla. Pl. 19, fig. 1.

Species discoid, very umbilicated; edges thick, but not toothed; beautiful bands.

_C. elegans._ The elegant Carocolla.

Species with a conical spire a little elevated, the base flat, the aperture square, with sharp edges.

_C. labyrinthus._ The winding Carocolla.

Species discoid, umbilicated, with the aperture toothed.

3. Anostoma. Two species.

An extraordinary shell, sometimes called the antique lamp from its form.

Shell orbicular, the spire convex and obtuse; aperture round, toothed within, grinning, turned upward to the spire; margin reflected.

Anostoma depressa. Anostoma globulosa.

_A. depressa._ The depressed Anostoma.

Sub-globular, depressed and sub-carinated in its circumference, not umbilicated; aperture round, the margin continued by a callosity, toothed, thickened, and turned towards the back of the shell.

_A. globulosa._ The globular Anostoma.

Globose, with two small punctures, one on each side of the lip; slightly carinated, smooth, and white; margin reflected.

4. Helicina. Four species.

A terrestrial shell, distinguished from the Helix by its transverse callous columella; depressed and diminished in thickness at the lower part.

Shell sub-globular or conoid, spire low, a little depressed; aperture semi-ovate, modified by the last turn of the spire; the edge of the aperture sharp or a little reflected in a roll, the left edge enlarged at its base in a large callosity, which entirely covers the umbilicus and joins obliquely with the columella, which is twisted and a little projecting; the operculum horny, complete, sometimes calcareous externally.

Helicina Neritella. H. striata. H. fasciata. H. viridis.

_H. Neritella._ The Nerite-shaped Helicina. Pl. 19, fig. 4.

Species yellowish white, finely striated, the edge reflected in a roll.

_H. striata._ The striated Helicina.

Globular, striated, the right edge sharp, but reflected; the umbilical callosity rather thick, the operculum calcareous and solidified by a marginal roll and a vertical crosspiece.

5. Pupa. Twenty-seven species.

These shells are generally very small, some not more than an eighth of an inch in length; chiefly terrestrial.

Shell cylindrical, elongated, or sub-globular, ordinarily ventricose: summit obtuse; the turns of the spire numerous, almost equal; aperture round or oval, with margins almost equal, expanded, reflected; one or two plaits on the columellar edge, and several teeth, varying in number on the right margin.

Pupa mumia. P. uva. P. sulcata. P. candida. P. labrosa. P. fusus. P. tridentata. P. fasciolata. P. quadridens. P. polyodon. P. variabilis. P. frumentum. P. secalis. P. zebra. P. unicarinata. P. maculosa. P. clavulata. P. ovularis. P. Germanica. P. cinerea. P. tridens. P. avena. P. granum. P. fragilis. P. dolium. P. umbilicata. P. muscorum.

_P. Lyonetiana._ Lyonet’s Pupa. Pl. 18, fig. 5.

Species cylindrical, obtuse, aperture compressed and distorted by the last whorl in its adult state making suddenly a gibbous inflection to the left.

_P. muscorum._ The moss Pupa.

Species very small, oval or more or less spherical, obtuse, light brownish colour; aperture large, with one tooth; volutions convex; outer lip white and reflected.

_P. mumia._ The double-toothed Pupa. Pl. 19, fig. 2.

Species cylindrical, obtuse at both ends, aperture semi-ovate, with two teeth.

6. Clausilia. Twelve species.

Remarkable for having the termination of the lower whorl quite detached from the base of the shell.

Shell cylindrical, elongated, a little ventricose in the middle, generally fusiform, summit obtuse, the last turn smaller than the preceding; aperture small, irregular, oval; at least one plait, posterior to the columella, increasing with age so as to be separated, and forming at the posterior angle of the aperture a rounded sinus.

Clausilia torticollis. C. truncatula. C. retusa. C. costulata. C. corrugata. C. inflata. C. teres. C. denticulata. C. collaris. C. papillaris. C. plicatula. C. rugosa.

_C. lævis._ The smooth Clausilia. Pl. 19, fig. 3.

A regular type of this genus.

_C. papillaris._ The pimpled Clausilia.

Pellucid, finely striped longitudinally, the margins of the volutions papillose; aperture with two plaits; brownish colour.

7. Bulimus. Thirty-four species.

The shells of this beautiful genus are all terrestrial, and differ from the Helix and Bulla of Linnæus in never being of an orbicular shape. The animals inhabiting them are said to be oviparous, and have eggs nearly as large as those of a pigeon.

Shell oval, oblong, sometimes sub-turriculated; the summit of the spire obtuse, and the last turn much greater than all the others taken together; aperture oblong oval, the edge disunited; the right reflected outward in adults; the columella smooth, with an inflection in the middle, at the point of junction of the columella with the mouth of the aperture which it forms.

Bulimus ovatus. B. hæmastomus. B. gallina sultana. B. zigzag. B. undatus. B. ovoideus. B. interruptus. B. Peruvianus. B. Favannii. B. Kambeul. B. calcareus. B. decollatus. B. Lyonetianus. B. inflatus. B. radiatus. B. fragilis. B. Guadaloupensis. B. Richii. B. inversus. B. citrinus. B. sultanus. B. Pythogaster. B. Mexicanus. B. multifasciatus. B. Bengalensis. B. Caribæorum. B. octonus. B. terebraster. B. articulatus. B. acutus. B. ventricosus. B. montanus. B. hordeaceus. B. lubricus.

_B. montanus._ The mountain Bulimus.

Ovate oblong, umbilicated, slightly striated longitudinally, with several convex volutions; aperture semi-oval; brownish colour; outer lip white and reflected.

_B. hæmastomus._ The rose-lipped Bulimus.

Species oval or of ordinary form.

_B. ventricosus._ The ventricose Bulimus.

Species ventricose, from which circumstance it derived its name.

_B. radiatus._ The radiated Bulimus. Pl. 19, fig. 7.

Species turriculated.

_B. citrinus._ The citron Bulimus.

Species sinistral.

_B. multifasciatus._ The many-banded Bulimus.

Species slightly umbilicated.

8. Achatina. Twenty species.

This likewise is an elegant genus of shells, classed by Linnæus with the Bulla. They are the largest land-shells known, and greatly resemble the Bulimus, but never have their lips reflected or thickened. Sometimes the last whorl is compressed and attenuated at the base, and sometimes ventricose and not compressed.

Shell in form very variable, but generally sub-turriculated, ventricose, striated longitudinally; the summit papillose; aperture a little variable, but never thickened or reflected; the right edge always acute, the columellar margin rather strongly hollowed, entirely formed by the columella, of which the anterior extremity is constantly open and truncated.

Achatina perdix. A. zebra. A. acuta. A. bicarinata. A. Mauritiana. A. castanea. A. glans. A. Peruviana. A. albo-lineata. A. fusco-lineata. A. immaculata. A. purpurea. A. ustulata. A. vexillum. A. Virginea. A. Priamus. A. fulminea. A. columnaria. A. folliculus. A. acicula.

_A. Virginea._ The Virginian Achatina.

Smooth, conoid, with aperture almost round; very short, grayish white, with red and black transverse bands; columella rose-coloured, with one plait; volutions ventricose; inside of the lips bluish; a transverse callosity in the interior.

_A. zebra._ The zebra Achatina. Pl. 18, fig. 1.

Species thin, oval, sub-ventricose, spire prominent, striped like a zebra.

_A. glans._ The acorn Achatina. Pl. 18, fig. 2.

Species sub-turriculated, of which the last whorl is attenuated anteriorly.

_A. columnaris._ The columnar Achatina. Pl. 18, fig. 3.

Species evidently turriculated.

9. Succinea. Three species.

A terrestrial shell, though the animal that inhabits it is almost amphibious; it greatly resembles the Bulimus, but is easily distinguished by never having the lip reflected or thickened.

Shell very thin, translucid, ovate-oblong, with a conical-pointed spire formed of a small number of whorls; aperture very large, oval, oblique; the edges disunited; the right always acute, the left acute and arched, formed by the columella.

Succinea cucullata. S. amphibia. S. oblonga.

_S. amphibia._ The amphibious Succinea. Pl. 24, fig. 4.

Species elongated, very thin and pellucid; spire short; aperture expanding; amber colour.

10. Auricula. Fourteen species.

This genus was so called from the resemblance which the aperture bears to the shape of an ear; many of the species are named from their resemblance to the ears of particular quadrupeds. It is a land-shell, found chiefly in the East and West India Islands.

Shell thick, solid, more or less smooth, oval, oblong, spire short and obtuse; aperture entire, oblong, enlarged, ear-shaped, much contracted behind; edges disunited; right lip sometimes thick and outwardly reflected; the left or columella with one or more teeth or thick callous plaits.

Auricula Midæ. A. Judæ. A. Sileni. A. leporis. A. felis. A. Dombeiana. A. coniformis. A. scarabæus. A. bovina. A. caprella. A. myosotis. A. minima. A. nitens. A. monile.

_A. Judæ._ Judas’s Ear. Pl. 19, fig. 6.

Species thick, oblong, conical, with minute decussated striæ and granulations; light brown; two plaits on the columella; right outwardly reflected.

_A. scarabæus._ The Beetle’s Ear.

Species of which the columella has three plaits, and the whole internal side of the right edge denticulated.

_A. myosotis._ The dwarf Auricula.

Species minute, with two plaits on the columella, and one tooth behind.

_A. Sileni._ Silenus’s Ear.

Species very small, without plaits or teeth.

11. Cyclostoma. Twenty-eight species.

A terrestrial shell, varying considerably in form, but distinguished by a round aperture, reflected lip, and horny operculum.

Shell more or less elevated, volutions rounded, summit papillose; aperture round, the edges united circularly and reflected; the left having its origin very detached from the spire.

Operculum calcareous, complete, not spiral; summit sub-central.

Cyclostoma planorbula. C. volvulus. C. carinata. C. sulcata. C. unicarinata. C. tricarinata. C. obsoleta. C. rugosa. C. labeo. C. interrupta. C. ambigua. C. semilabris. C. flavula. C. patulum. C. fasciata. C. mumia. C. quaternata. C. ferruginea. C. decussata. C. lineolata. C. mamillaris. C. ligata. C. lincinella. C. orbella. C. fimbriata. C. multilabris. C. elegans. C. truncatulum.

_C. elegans._ The elegant Cyclostoma. Pl. 19, fig. 5.

Species with spire slightly elevated, ovate, conical, umbilicated; volutions convex; finely striated transversely.

_C. fasciata._ The banded Cyclostoma.

Species with spire very elevated.

_C. Planorbula._ The Planorbis-shaped Cyclostoma.

Species with spire very depressed.

FAMILY VIII. LYMNÆCEA. Three genera.

1. Planorbis. Twelve species.

Taken from the Helix of Linnæus to distinguish the aquatic from the terrestrial shells. This genus is found in fresh water, and has no operculum.

Shell thin, often sinistral, discoid, or involuted almost in the same vertical plane; the spire not projecting and entirely lateral, so that the shell is hollowed or depressed on each side; aperture small, transverse, with edges sharp, not reflected, disunited by the last whorl of the spire which modifies it; sometimes carinated.