Part 2

_S. alveolata._ The Honeycomb Sabellaria.

Consists of numerous parallel tubes, nearly straight, communicating by an aperture, forming when in mass the appearance of a honeycomb; it adheres to rocks in clusters.

_S. crassissima._ The very thick or strong Sabellaria. Pl. 33, fig. 2.

Species incrusted with small stones; sometimes found thick and of a large size.

3. Terebella. Three species.

Tube elongated, cylindrical, membranous, attenuated and pointed at the base, with adhesions of sand.

Terebella conchilega. T. cristata. T. ventricosa.

_T. conchilega._ The shelly Terebella.

Tube covered with numerous fragments of broken shells.

4. Amphitrite. Six species.

Nearly the same as the Terebella, but of a tougher membranous texture, and generally without adhesions.

Amphitrite ventilabrum. A. penicillus. A. magnifica. A. vesiculosa. A. volutacornis. A. infundibulum.

_A. ventilabrum._ The Fan Amphitrite.

Tube subulate, smooth, of a yellowish colour.

FAMILY IV. SERPULACEA. Five genera.

1. Spirorbis. Five species.

Tube testaceous, spirally twisted on a horizontal plane, with terminal aperture rounded or angular, attached by the lower part to marine substances.

Spirorbis Nautiloides. S. spirillum. S. carinata. S. lamellosa. S. tricostalis.

_S. Nautiloides._ The Nautilus-shaped Spirorbis.

White, transversely wrinkled and minute.

2. Serpula. The Worm Shell. Twenty-six species.

The name of this genus is derived from the Latin word serpo, to creep, on account of the vermiform character of some of its species.

They are invariably tubular, sometimes solitary, but more frequently in clusters spirally entwined, adhering to marine substances. In colour they are brown, purple, yellow, tawny, pink or white, and sometimes tinged with green.

Tube solid, calcareous, irregularly twisted, fixed to other substances.

Serpula vermicularis. S. fascicularis. S. intestinum. S. contortuplicata. S. plicaria. S. glomerata. S. decussata. S. protensa. S. infundibulum. S. annulata. S. cereolus. S. filograna. S. vermicella. S. filaria. S. pellucida. S. intorta. S. cristata. S. spirulæa. S. quadrangularis. S. minima. S. echinata. S. sulcata. S. costalis. S. dentifera. S. sipho. S. arenaria.

_S. vermicularis._ The wormlike Serpula.

White, cylindrical, tapering, rugged, variously curved and twisted.

3. Vermilia. Eight species.

Tube testaceous, cylindrical, more or less twisted, gradually attenuated posteriorly; opening round, the margin with one, two, or three teeth; shell adhering by the side to other substances; provided with a convex operculum.

Vermilia rostrata. V. triquetra. V. bicarinata. V. eruca. V. subcrenata. V. plicifera. V. scabra. V. tæniata.

_V. triquetra._ The three-sided Vermilia.

White or reddish, rugged, twisted and triangular, carinated along the back.

4. Galeolaria. Two species.

Distinguished from the Vermilia by a very peculiar operculum. Found in groups, adhering together at the base.

Tube open at the summit; aperture orbicular, terminated on the side by a spatulous tongue; operculum orbicular, squamose, consisting of from five to nine testaceous parts or valves, all attached to one side of the operculum; the middle one dentated at the truncated part of its summit, the others a little toothed on their internal edge.

Galeolaria cæspitosa. Galeolaria elongata.

_G. elongata._ The elongated Galeolaria.

Whitish, existing in congregated masses; operculum as above.

5. Magilus. One species.

A very singular shell, greatly resembling a petrified body, composed of a testaceous white substance like alabaster. The base is bent into a short spire, with about four contiguous whorls; the last prolonged and nearly straight. The animal, as it increases in size, abandons the spiral part by increasing the tubular part, filling up the part it quits with calcareous matter, which proves that it advances gradually.

Tube partially involuted, convex in its upper exterior part, the lower side flattened, platted, carinated, and somewhat angular; the spire short, helix-formed, and prolonged through the rest of its extent in nearly a right line; aperture entire, oval, with a sort of sinus or gutter in the middle line, producing the keel of the shell.

_M. antiquus._ The antiquated Magilus.

Answers to the above description; colour pale yellowish brown, transversely wrinkled.

CLASS II. CIRRHIPEDES. HAS BUT ONE FAMILY.

CIRRHIPEDES. Ten genera.

Lamarck divided the Lepas of Linnæus into the various genera which compose this family. The term lepas is derived from the Greek word λεπας, a rock, alluding to its custom of adhering to rocks and marine bodies. The shell often varies in shape, covering, and colouring; it is generally conical, but sometimes hemispherical; some of the valves are placed perpendicularly on a base, broad at the lower margin and tapering towards the summit, which is closed by small horizontal valves forming the operculum. The number of valves is indefinite, from four to twenty-four; but all are diversified with striæ, ridges, and grooves. The striæ are mostly transverse, and the ridges longitudinal.

The valves which compose the operculum or lid vary in shape, and are in number two, three, four, or more; they are generally attached to a ligament.

They are seldom, if ever, found detached, but adhere in groups to rocks, shells, anchors, marine animals, &c. Those that fix themselves to ships are generally called barnacles; they rapidly increase in size and number, do great damage, and greatly impede the progress of the vessel. Some of this family are affixed at the base of the shell to other substances, and are therefore called sessile; others are attached to a fleshy peduncle or stem, and are said to be pedunculated. The peduncle or stem, proceeding from the base of the shell to the substance which sustains it, is sometimes smooth, fine in texture, and tinged with bright red or orange; sometimes it is of a dark or brownish colour, with a texture much coarser and granulated.

1. Tubicinella. One species.

Has the form of a cylindrical tube, slightly curved, and open at both ends; one extremity closed by four trapezoidal valves attached to the inner margin, the other end closed by a membrane. The annular ribs which separate the compartments show its progressive growth. Found buried so deeply in the fat of marine animals, particularly whales, that only the operculum and the upper part of the tube are visible. Shell rather elevated, sub-cylindrical, the partitions rather small and indented; the spaces or compartments almost quadrilateral; the inferior much more narrow than the others; the apertures equal and circular; the membrane which closes the superior forming a tube between the four almost equal valves of the operculum.

_T. balænarum._ The Whale Tubicinella.

Tubular, with transverse ribs, and a ring-shaped margin; operculum bottle-shaped.

2. Coronula. Three species.

Found imbedded in the skin of whales and other marine animals, though not generally at so great a depth as the Tubicinella. Shell in form a little variable and without trace of support; the coronary part formed of six pieces, as in those properly called _Balanus_, but more regularly disposed in a manner to imitate a kind of crown or tube; spaces alternately hollowed and saliant; operculum not articulated, composed of two pairs of small, level, delicate valves, joined at the aperture of the tube by a considerable membranous part, leaving a passage for the cirrhous appendages of the animal.

Coronula testudinaria. C. balænarum. C. diadema. C. quinquevalvis.

_C. testudinaria._ The Tortoise Coronula.

Very depressed, circular, as if radiated by the disposition of marked spaces, striated transversely, forming six rays diverging from the centre to the circumference; aperture oval and hexagonal.

_C. balænarum._ The Whale Coronula.

A little more elevated; the spaces prominent, equal between them, much larger than the excavated; the aperture subcircular; the operculum of four valves, almost equal, occupying but a small space of the membranous part which forms between them a sort of tube.

_C. diadema._ The Crown Coronula.

More elevated, sub-hexagonal; the spaces almost equal, the hollow parts larger than the saliant; the superior aperture very large and hexagonal; the inferior much smaller, of the same form, and communicating in a round excavation by radiated plates; the operculum bivalve.

_C. quinquevalvis._ The five-valved Coronula. Pl. 4, fig. 3.

Species irregular, having only five valves, of a purple hue.

3. Balanus. The Acorn Shell. Twenty-eight species.

So named from its resemblance to an acorn. Shell conical; the coronary part formed of six very distinct valves, one dorsal, one ventral, and two pairs of laterals, with or without a calcareous support; operculum of four articulated pieces, forming a sort of pyramid in the superior aperture of the tube.

Balanus angulosus. B. sulcatus. B. tintinnabulum. B. nigrescens. B. cylindraceus. B. calycularis. B. roseus. B. palmatus. B. stalactiferus. B. plicatus. B. duploconus. B. patellaris. B. semiplicatus. B. galeatus. B. ovularis. B. miser. B. amphimorphus. B. perforatus. B. lævis. B. spinosus. B. radiatus. B. subimbricatus. B. rugosus. B. placianus. B. crispatus. B. punctatus. B. fistulosus. B. latus.

_B. sulcatus._ The furrowed Balanus.

White; valves nearly smooth; operculum strongly ridged transversely, with longitudinal, nearly obsolete striæ.

_B. tintinnabulum._ The little Bell Balanus. Pl. 4, fig. 1.

Shell conical; valves strongly and irregularly ribbed; interstices delicately striated transversely; colour purple.

_B. spinosus._ The spiny Balanus.

Either has no support or a membranous one; armed with spines exteriorly.

4. Acasta. Three species.

Found in sponge, from which, when detached, it cannot stand erect on account of the convexity of the base.

Shell oval, sub-conic, shaped like a Patella, with six lateral unequal valves slightly connected; operculum with four valves.

Acasta Montagui. A. glans. A. sulcata.

_A. Montagui._ Montague’s Acasta.

Valves erect, triangular, acute, with muricated ascending spines.

5. Creusia. Three species.

The shells of this genus are generally small; found in the seas of hot countries attached to madrepore and other marine substances.

Shell sessile, thin, Patella-shaped; aperture oval, rather large, closed by a large sub-pyramidal bivalve operculum; a considerable calcareous support, funnel-shaped, penetrating the bodies to which the animal is attached.

Creusia stromia. C. spinulosa. C. verruca.

_C. spinulosa._ The spiny Creusia.

Very depressed, striated, sometimes with marks of division into four pieces; operculum bivalve.

_C. verruca._ The warted Creusia. Pl. 4, fig. 2.

Whitish, slightly depressed, with interwoven obliquely striated valves; the margin at the base irregularly serrated.

6. Pyrgoma. One species.

The principal difference between this genus and the Creusia is in form.

Shell sessile, rather globular appearance on account of the valves being more closely united, ventricose, convex above, apex perforated, aperture small and elliptical; operculum bivalve.

_P. cancellata._ The cancellated Pyrgoma.

Thick, conical, Patella-shaped, ribs radiating from the summit to the base; aperture very small, closed by an operculum of which the two pieces are long and narrow on each side; pale violet colour.

7. Anatifera. Five species.

The shells of this genus and the three following genera are affixed to marine bodies by a tough membranous peduncle, varying in length.

Shell flat, with five valves imbricating more or less on the edges, united by a thin membrane.

Anatifera lævis. A. villosa. A. dentata. A. striata. A. vitrea.

_A. lævis._ The smooth Anatifera. Pl. 4, fig. 5.

Five smooth valves; the dorsal one rounded at the sides, and slightly carinated; peduncle long, naked, of a scarlet colour.

8. Pollicipes. Three species.

Easily distinguished by the numerous small valves situated at the base.

Pollicipes cornucopia. P. mitella. P. scalpellum.

_P. cornucopia._ The Cornucopia Pollicipes. Pl. 4, fig. 6.

Peduncle covered with imbricated scales, the lower ones rounded and turned upward.

_P. mitella._ The Mitre Pollicipes. Pl. 4, fig. 4.

Valves indefinite in number, from six to twenty-four; almost equal, and open like tulips; colour bluish, purplish, brownish, or reddish cast.

9. Cineras. One species.

Shell composed of five testaceous oblong valves, separate, not covering the whole of the body; two at the sides of the aperture, the others on the back; peduncle of a greenish colour, with six longitudinal stripes.

_C. vittata._ The filleted Cineras.

Answers to the above description.

10. Otion. Two species.

Shell composed of two testaceous valves, enclosed in a mantle or membranous bag, which is prolonged and terminated in two fleshy tubes formed like ears, one of the two having a lateral opening.

Otion Cuvierii. Otion Blainvillii.

_O. Cuvierii._ Cuvier’s Otion.

Answers to the above.

_O. Blainvilli._ Blainville’s Otion.

Ash coloured; the body and ears spotted with black.

CLASS III. CONCHIFERA.

CONTAINS TWENTY FAMILIES.

FAMILY I. TUBICOLA. Six genera.

1. Aspergillum. The Watering-pot Shell. Four species.

A well-known but rare shell; the larger end closed by a convex disk, with numerous small perforations, and encircled by a dilated margin of elegant papyraceous tubes, resembling a beautifully plaited ruff; the smaller end open. Found in sandy places at low water.

Shell oval, slightly elongated, striated longitudinally, sub-equilateral; adhering, more or less confounded with the coats of a rather thick calcareous tube, conic, club-shaped, open at its attenuated extremity, and terminated at the other by a convex disk pierced by a great number of sub-tubular, rounded holes, and by a fissure in the centre.

Aspergillum Javanum. A. vaginiferum. A. Novæ Zeylandiæ. A. agglutinans.

_A. Javanum._ The Java Aspergillum. Pl. 33, fig. 3.

Species smooth, in which the circumference of the disk is bordered with a waved testaceous fringe.

_A. Novæ Zeylandiæ._ The New-Zealand Aspergillum.

Species in which the circumference of the disk is without a fringe.

2. Clavagella. One species.

An irregular tube, with branches or projecting tubes at the closed end; within it is one free or moveable valve, united by a ligament to another, which is blended with the tube; this distinguishes it from the Aspergillum. Found in sand and coral.

Shell oval, very slightly elongated, striated longitudinally, slightly irregular; equivalve, inequilateral; hinge a little variable; ligament exterior; two well-marked distant muscular impressions; a calcareous sub-cylindrical tube, more or less completely surrounding the shell, and terminated before by a single orifice.

_C. aperta._ The open Clavagella.

Tube erect, adhering; aperture waved, entire, expanding, funnel-shaped, leaving the two valves open or uncovered in all their anterior part; with an ovate face valve.

3. Fistulana. Four species.

Lamarck asserts that the tube and shell of this genus are quite distinct. It so greatly resembles the Teredo that it is with difficulty distinguished. It is found in sand, wood, stone, and sometimes shells.

Shell annular or very short, not sharp nor angular anteriorly, but in other respects much like that of the Teredo.

Tube generally shorter, thicker, more solid, more club-shaped than that of the Teredo, always closed at its anterior extremity in such a manner as to contain and entirely hide the shell; the posterior extremity open, and divided interiorly into two syphons by a partition.

Fistulana clava. F. corniformis. F. gregata. F. lagenula.

_F. corniformis._ The horn-shaped Fistulana.

Answers to the above description.

_F. gregata._ The gregarious Fistulana.

Sheath or tube doubly club-shaped, congregating; shell angularly arcuated, with double angulated serrated wings.

_F. Clava._ The Club Fistulana. Pl. 33, fig. 5.

Species with one end clavate, the other incurved, narrower, obtuse, and perforated in the middle; shell generally flexuous, of a brownish colour; exterior rough, interior smooth.

4. Septaria. One species.

The tube of this genus unquestionably contains a bivalve shell; but, as no perfect specimen has yet been found, nothing decisive is known respecting it.

Tube calcareous, thick, conically elongated, more or less flexuous, as if composed of pieces placed on the ends of each other, or as if articulated, with a ring or projection more or less marked at the place of the joints, but without traces of partitions; terminated on one side by an inflation, oftentimes with some interior partitions, and on the other by two tubes, distinct and sub-articulated.

_S. arenaria._ The Sand Septaria.

The type of this genus.

5. Teredina. Two fossil species.

A genus without a living species, given here to preserve the family entire, having a shell thick, oval, short, very gaping posteriorly, equivalve, inequilateral; summits well marked; a spoonlike cavity in each valve.

Tube or sheath testaceous, cylindrical; anterior end open; posterior end closed, but exhibiting the two valves of the shell.

6. Teredo. The Ship Worm. Three species.

This genus derived its name from the faculty it possesses of boring wood. The T. navalis can penetrate the stoutest oaken planks of a ship’s sides by means of two valves affixed to the head of the animal. The effects produced would be much more destructive but from the fact of their generally perforating the wood in the direction of the grain. Sir E. Home wrote a very scientific and interesting description of a species not mentioned by Lamarck, called the T. gigantea, found imbedded in indurated mud in the Island of Sumatra. It is the largest species known, some having been seen four or five feet long.

Shell thick, solid, very short or annular, open at both extremities; equivalve, equilateral, angular and sharp anteriorly, only slightly touching by the opposite edges; hinge obsolete; a considerable internal spoonlike cavity; one slightly sensible muscular impression.

Tube more or less distinct from the substance in which the animal lives, cylindrical, straight or flexuous, closed with age at the oral extremity so as to envelop the animal and its shell; always open at the other end, and divided interiorly into two syphons by a middle partition.

Teredo navalis. T. palmulata. T. gigantea.

_T. navalis._ The common Ship Worm.

Species very thin, cylindrical, and smooth; slightly twisted, white, finely striated longitudinally.

FAMILY II. PHOLADARIA. Two genera.

1. Pholas. The Stone Piercer. Nine species.

This genus is without any tubular sheath; it derives its name from the Greek word φωλεω, to hide, alluding to the custom of its inhabitant in forming cells in rocks, wood, &c.

In form the Pholas is generally oblong, having two large valves opposite to each other, with a number of smaller ones attached to the back as a substitute for a hinge. The two large valves never shut close; they are open at one end, and sometimes at both.

The exterior of the shell is usually of a pure or dusky white, but sometimes of a brownish cast. In some species the shell is adorned with beautiful delicate reticulations, like the finest lace; in others the texture is coarser, like small basket-work. They are found in the American, Indian, and European seas, each shell in a separate habitation formed in limestone, sandstone, wood, coral, &c.; often discovered completely imbedded in the oak planks of ships traversing those seas; as they advance in growth they enlarge the space within, and leave the aperture by which they entered of its primitive size.

Shell thin, sub-transparent, finely striated, elongated oval, bivalve, equivalve, inequilateral; the valves only touching in the middle of their edges; the summits but little marked, and concealed by a callosity produced by the expansion of the dorsal lobes of the mantle; near the hinge are often developed one or more accessory calcareous pieces; an incurved tooth interior beneath the hinge.

Pholas dactylus. P. orientalis. P. candida. P. dactyloides. P. silicula. P. costata. P. crispata. P. callosa. P. clavata.

_P. dactylus._ The prickly Pholas. Pl. 3, fig. 3.

Answers to the general description, but is beset with small calcareous spiny nodules on the ribs, which run widening and enlarging from the summit to the margin; colour white or very light brown.

_P. striata._ The striated Pholas. Pl. 3, fig. 5.

Oval, the dorsal callosity leaving the summit free, and extending towards the anterior and inferior extremity in such a manner that each valve seems to be formed of three parts, because of an oblique furrow from the summit to the margin; a tooth running down in the inside from the summit; one pair of accessory pieces at the posterior extremity of the shell.

_P. candida._ The white Pholas. Pl. 3, fig. 2.

Elongated, wedge-shaped; muscular impression almost medial; a kind of oblique tooth parting from the summit; no accessory pieces.

_P. costata._ The ribbed Pholas. Pl. 3, fig. 4.