Part 13

Shell oval, thick, generally tuberculated; spire short; the last whorl much greater than all the others united; aperture oval, greatly dilated, terminated anteriorly by a canal short, oblique, and notched at the extremity; the columellar edge almost straight, covered with a callosity pointed anteriorly; operculum horny, flat, almost semicircular, with transverse striæ slightly marked; the summit behind.

Purpura Persica. P. Rudolphi. P. patula. P. collumellaris. P. succincta. P. consul. P. armigera. P. bitubercularis. P. hippocastanum. P. undata. P. hæmastoma. P. manicella. P. bufo. P. callosa. P. neritoides. P. planospira. P. callifera. P. coronata. P. sacellum. P. squamosa. P. rugosa. P. textilosa. P. sertum. P. Francolinus. P. limbosa. P. ligata. P. cruentata. P. lapillus. P. imbricata. P. lagenaria. P. cateracta. P. bicostalis. P. plicata. P. fiscella. P. thiarella. P. rustica. P. carinifera. P. scalariformis. P. hystrix. P. deltoidea. P. unifascialis. P. retusa. P. trochlea. P. semi-imbricata. P. echinulata. P. clavus. P. fasciolaris. P. vexillum. P. bizonalis. P. nucleus.

_P. Persica._ The Persian Purpura. Pl. 28, fig. 4.

Transversely sulcated and striated between the ridges; colour burnt-umber, ridges yellowish, with dark brown spots; upper ridge and the superior edges of the volutions mucronate; interior sulcated and striated.

_P. lapillus._ The common Purpura.

Species small, white, sometimes banded with yellow or brown, with a scaly surface.

5. Monoceros. The Unicorn. Five species.

Derived its name from the long, conical-pointed, somewhat recurved tooth in the outer lip, by which alone it can well be distinguished from the Purpura; and with this characteristic difference the description of the shell of the Purpura will answer for this genus.

Monoceros cingulatum. M. imbricatum. M. striatum. M. glabratum. M. crassilabrum.

_M. cingulatum._ The belted Monoceras.

Cylindrical, columella not smooth, but irregularly plaited or wrinkled, and the tooth does not extend within the interior of the whorls as in the other species, but appears affixed only to the edge of the lip; volutions flattened in their upper edges; transverse spiral brown bands.

6. Concholepas. One species.

Formerly considered a Patella, but distinct from it on account of having an operculum. It is particularly distinguished by having two teeth at the base of the right side.

Shell wide, rough, oval, spire very short, not projecting; aperture very large, oval, effuse, sloped anteriorly; the edges united; the right or external very thick, dentated; the two teeth which limit the slope are a little larger than the others; muscular impression visible, and almost in form of a horseshoe; operculum horny and rudimentary.

_C. Peruvianus._ The Peruvian Concholepas. Pl. 28, fig. 1.

The type of this genus; exterior dark brown, interior white.

7. Harpa. The Harp Shell. Eight species.

This genus of shells is truly beautiful; it was classed by Linnæus with the Buccinum, but Lamarck considered that they were, for their beauty, worthy of forming a genus by themselves.

Shell oval, inflated, rather thin, with longitudinal parallel ribs, formed by the preservation of the thickening of the right margin; the spire very short, pointed, the last whorl much longer than all the others together; aperture large, ovate, widely notched anteriorly; the right edge much excavated and thickened outwardly; the columella smooth, and terminated in a point anteriorly.

Harpa imperialis. H. ventricosa. H. conoidalis. H. nobilis. H. articularis. H. rosea. H. minor. H. striata.

_H. imperialis._ The imperial Harp.

Species in which the number of ribs far exceeds that of any other, and occasions it often to be called the many-ridged harp; a small spiral keel round the summit. A rare and valuable species.

_H. nobilis._ The noble Harp. Pl. 29, fig. 2.

A regular species.

_H. rosea._ The roseate Harp.

Oblong-ovate; flesh coloured, with roseate interrupted bands; ribs remote; columella of a fine rosy hue.

8. Dolium. The Tun Shell. Seven species.

The shells of this genus are generally large, thin, and globose, with a wide aperture, and toothed or crenated outer lip; they have a brittle and light structure, and although some of them grow to a very large size, they retain their characteristic fragility and thinness.

Shell sub-globular, very ventricose, thin, encircled by decurrent flutings; the spire very short; the last turn much larger than all the others together; aperture oblong, very large, by the great excavation of the right edge, which is crenated through all its length; columella twisted; operculum unknown.

Dolium galea. D. olearium. D. maculatum. D. fasciatum. D. pomum. D. variegatum. D. perdix.

_D. perdix._ The Partridge Dolium. Pl. 29, fig. 4.

Species sub-umbilicated, ovate-oblong, thin, thickly ribbed, and convex; colour reddish brown, clouded and spotted with white.

_D. galea._ The brown Tun.

Species not umbilicated; sometimes exceeds ten inches in diameter.

9. Buccinum. The Whelk. Fifty-eight species.

Notwithstanding the divisions of the Linnæan Buccinum into so many different genera, it still presents a great variety and diversity of species.

Shell slightly covered with epidermis, oval, elongated; the spire middling elevated; aperture oblong, oval, notched, and sometimes sub-canaliculated anteriorly; the right edge thick, not reflected; columella simple and swelled at the upper part; operculum horny, complete, oval, with sub-concentric elements; the summit slightly marked and marginal.

Buccinum undatum. B. glaciale. B. Anglicanum. B. papyraceum. B. annulatum. B. lævissimum. B. crenulatum. B. reticulatum. B. Tranquebaricum. B. lineatum. B. fuscatum. B. lineolatum. B. maculosum. B. politum. B. suturale. B. mutabile. B. inflatum. B. retusum. B. ventricosum. B. gemmulatum. B. Coromandelianum. B. fasciatum. B. miga. B. lyratum. B. arcularia. B. coronatum. B. Thersites. B. pauperatum. B. neriteum. B. testudineum. B. achatinum. B. glans. B. papillosum. B. olivaceum. B. canaliculatum. B. tricarinatum. B. Brasilianum. B. semiconvexum. B. fasciolatum. B. vinosum. B. tenuiplicatum. B. sub-spinosum. B. Ascanias. B. lævigatum. B. flexuosum. B. aciculatum. B. corniculatum. B. cribrarium. B. grana. B. coccinella. B. zebra. B. dermestoideum. B. aurantium. B. pedicular. B. gibbolusum. B. pullus. B. marginulatum. B. polygonatum.

_B. undatum._ The common Whelk, or waved Buccinum.

Species oval, slightly ventricose, and sub-carinated on the whorls of the spire; sulcated obliquely; striated transversely and longitudinally; volutions convex; aperture white or yellow; covered with a yellowish epidermis.

_B. papillosum._ The prickly-lip Buccinum. Pl. 29, fig. 1.

Species with the spire elevated, more or less tuberculated, the edges of the aperture separated posteriorly by a narrow, rather deep sinus; the right dentated anteriorly.

_B. reticulatum._ The reticulated Buccinum.

Species short, ventricose, sub-globular.

_B. achatinum._ The Agathine Buccinum.

Species smooth, the spire rather elevated; the aperture wider anteriorly.

10. Eburna. Five species.

Shell oval or elongated, smooth; the spire pointed, its whorls as if rounded; aperture ovate, elongated, effuse, and widely notched anteriorly; the right margin entire; the columella callous posteriorly, umbilicated, sub-canaliculated at its external or right side.

Eburna glabrata. E. Ceylanica. E. spirata. E. areolata. E. lutosa.

_E. Ceylanica._ The Ceylon Eburna. Pl. 29, fig. 3.

Species smooth, white, with irregular large purplish spots; apex acute, tipped with blue; sutures with an elevated line; umbilicus filled with spines.

11. Terebra. The Needle Shell. Twenty-four species.

This genus of shells is remarkable for their sharp, lengthened, and spiral form, which obtained for them the common name of Needles.

Shell elongated oval, spire pointed, slightly elevated, or sub-turreted; aperture wide, oval, strongly notched anteriorly; lower end of the columella twisted or oblique.

Terebra maculata. T. flammea. T. crenulata. T. dimidiata. T. striatula. T. chlorata. T. cerithina. T. raphanula. T. muscaria. T. subulata. T. oculata. T. duplicata. T. Babylonia. T. corrugata. T. Senegalensis. T. cærulescens. T. cingulifera. T. myuros. T. scabrella. T. strigilata. T. lanceata. T. aciculina. T. granulosa. T. vittata.

_T. Buccinoides._ The Buccinum-shaped Terebra. Pl. 27, fig. 3.

Answers to the above description.

_T. vittata._ The filleted Terebra.

Species smooth, pale fawn coloured; transversely striated, with transverse purplish fillets.

_T. maculata._ The spotted Terebra. Pl. 27, fig. 1.

Species very long, spire pointed; aperture oval, small, widely notched anteriorly; the external edge thin and sharp, the left with an oblique thickening at its extremity.

FAMILY XIX. COLUMELLARIA. Five genera.

1. Columbella. Eighteen species.

The shells of this genus are short, small, and rather thick; found in the seas of hot countries.

The C. mercatoria is very common on the shores of the Atlantic in warm latitudes, and was formerly used as money.

Shell thick, turbinated; spire short, obtuse; aperture narrow, elongated, terminated by a very short canal or notch, rendered narrow by an inflation at the inner side of the right edge, and by some plaits on the columella; a very small horny operculum.

Columbella strombiformis. C. rustica. C. mercatoria. C. Hebræa. C. flavida. C. semipunctata. C. bizonalis. C. reticulata. C. pardalina. C. scripta. C. ovulata. C. nitida. C. zonalis. C. fulgurans. C. mendicaria. C. turturina. C. punctata. C. unifascialis.

_C. strombiformis._ The Strombus-shaped Columbella. Pl. 29, fig. 6.

The type of this genus, partly characterized by its name.

_C. mercatoria._ The merchant Columbella.

Ovate, white, sulcated, transversely clouded with brown or yellow; outer lip dentated internally.

2. Mitra. The Mitre Shell. Eighty species.

A numerous and elegant genus of shells, separated by Lamarck from the Voluta on account of possessing several strong distinctive characters. The spire is always pointed, and the columellar plaits, diminishing in size, are always transverse and parallel to each other.

The exterior is sometimes most beautifully marked with transverse grooves, striæ, punctures, or granulations; the colour of almost every hue.

Shell turreted, sub-fusiform, and oval; the spire always pointed at the summit; the aperture small, triangular, wider and strongly notched anteriorly; the external edge sharp, almost straight, always longer than the columella, which is formed by a very thin callosity, and marked with oblique parallel plaits, of which those anterior are the shortest.

Mitra episcopalis. M. papalis. M. pontificalis. M. puncticulata. M. millepora. M. cardinalis. M. archiepiscopalis. M. versicolor. M. sanguinolenta. M. pediculus. M. lactea. M. cornicularis. M. lutescens. M. striatula. M. subulata. M. cornea. M. tringa. M. melaniana. M. ferruginea. M. terebralis. M. adusta. M. granulosa. M. crocata. M. casta. M. nexilis. M. olivaria. M. scabriuscula. M. granatina. M. crenifera. M. serpentina. M. tæniata. M. plicaria. M. corrugata. M. costellaris. M. lyrata. M. melongena. M. cinctella. M. vulpecula. M. Caffra. M. sanguisuga. M. stigmataria. M. filosa. M. fissurata. M. arenosa. M. clavulus. M. literata. M. Peronii. M. obliquata. M. oniscina. M. scutulata. M. dactylus. M. fenestrata. M. crenulata. M. texturata. M. conulus. M. limbifera. M. aurantiaca. M. amphorella. M. coronata. M. paupercula. M. cucumerina. M. patriarchalis. M. muriculata. M. torulosa. M. ebenus. M. harpæformis. M. semifasciata. M. retusa. M. microzonias. M. ficulina. M. nucleola. M. unifascialis. M. bacillum. M. conularis. M. plumbea. M. larva. M. pisolina. M. dermestina. M. granulifera. M. tabanula.

_M. episcopalis._ The episcopal Mitre. Pl. 31, fig. 7.

Species turreted, with spiral whorls very wide and entire; the aperture effuse anteriorly.

_M. papalis._ The papal Mitre.

Species with coronated whorls.

_M. pontificalis._ The pontifical Mitre.

Species covered with a yellowish epidermis, beneath which are interrupted fillets of orange coloured spots; spire crowned with tubercles.

_M. micozonias._ The small white-banded Mitre.

Species sub-ovate, spire very short, generally tubercled.

_M. dactylus._ The six-plaited Mitre.

Species oval, spire very short, and generally latticed.

_M. tæniata._ The riband Mitre.

Species flaring, turreted, ribbed; spire more than half the length of the shell; aperture very narrow, long, sub-canaliculated, with one plait.

3. Voluta. The Volute or Wreath. 44 species.

This genus, as established by Linnæus, included shells of different families, promiscuously blended together, rendering it difficult to determine satisfactorily respecting shells under examination. As arranged and classified by Lamarck, it is still a numerous and beautiful genus, containing some of the most rare and costly shells, particularly V. Junonia or Peacock Volute, of which very few are known. They vary considerably in size; some are very minute, and others large; they are found chiefly in the seas of the torrid zone or southern hemisphere.

Shell oval, more or less ventricose; the first whorls of the spire mamillose; aperture in general much more long than wide, strongly and obliquely notched anteriorly; the right edge a little reflected, entire; the columellar edge excavated, and adorned with great plaits, more or less oblique, and a little variable in number with age.

Voluta nautica. V. diadema. V. armata. V. ducalis. V. tesselata. V. Neptuni. V. cymbium. V. olla. V. proboscidalis. V. porcina. V. Æthiopica. V. melo. V. imperialis. V. pellis-serpentis. V. vespertilio. V. Hebræa. V. musica. V. chlorosina. V. lævigata. V. polyzonalis. V. nodulosa. V. magnifica. V. ancilla. V. Magellanica. V. Pacifica. V. fulminata. V. Junonia. V. scapha. V. Brasiliana. V. mitis. V. nivosa. V. serpentina. V. thiarella. V. carneolata. V. Guinaica. V. fulva. V. sulcata. V. nucleus. V. undulata. V. lapponica. V. vexillum. V. volvacea. V. festiva. V. mitræformis.

_V. Æthiopica._ The Æthiopian Volute. Pl. 30, fig. 2.

Species large, oval, convex, ventricose; spire papillary, with whorls coronated with elevated hollow spines.

_V. musica._ The music Volute.

Species oval, marked like musical notes set in scores on its surface; spire sub-tuberculated.

_V. Magellanica._ The Magellan Volute.

Species sub-fusiform, elongated, and sub-turreted; no spines or tubercles on the whorls.

4. Marginella. Twenty-four species.

Distinguished from the Voluta, from which it was taken, by having the outer lip thickened.

Shell smooth, polished, ovate, oblong, sub-conic, spire short and papillary; aperture narrow, sub-ovate, by a light curve of the right edge, which is inflated or reflected, slightly notched anteriorly; the columellar edge marked with three distinct oblique plaits.

Marginella glabrella. M. radiata. M. quinqueplicata. M. limbata. M. rosea. M. lifasciata. M. faba. M. dentifera. M. dactylus. M. bullata. M. cornea. M. avellana. M. nubeculata. M. cærulescens. M. aurantia. M. bivaricosa. M. longivaricosa. M. muscaria. M. eburnea. M. formicula. M. persicula. M. lineata. M. tessellata. M. interrupta.

_M. lineata._ The lineated Marginella. Pl. 30, fig. 3.

Species with aperture as long as the shell; spire not projecting, sometimes sunk or umbilicated.

_M. faba._ The Bean Marginella.

Species with aperture shorter than the shell, and the spire projecting.

_M. cærulescens._ The cerulean Marginella.

Species with surface bluish white; spire short and acute; four plaits on the columella; interior lip brownish purple.

5. Volvaria. Five species.