Part 12

_C. reticulata._ The reticulated Cancellaria. Pl. 25, fig. 5.

Oval, strong, ventricose; columella with three plaits; distant, coarse, reticulated striæ; sometimes with yellow or orange bands; aperture white.

5. Fasciolaria. Eight species.

This genus was separated by Lamarck from the Murex of Linnæus on account of having no varices.

Shell fusiform or sub-fusiform; aperture middling, elongated, almost symmetrical, terminated by a rather long straight tube; external edge sharp; the columellar edge with two or three oblique plaits.

Fasciolaria tulipa. F. distans. F. trapezium. F. aurantiaca. F. coronata. F. filamentosa. F. ferruginea. F. tarentina.

_F. tulipa._ The tulip Fasciolaria. Pl. 25, fig. 4.

Species fusiform, not tuberculated.

_F. trapezium._ The striped tower Fasciolaria.

Species fusiform, volutions tuberculated, ventricose; reddish fawn coloured, with transverse double, slightly undulated lines; inside of aperture with reddish striæ.

_F. filamentosa._ The threaded Fasciolaria.

Species turreted and tuberculated.

6. Fusus. Thirty-six species.

Likewise taken from the Murex; they are marine shells, of an elongated fusiform shape, with whorls ventricose in the middle or at the lower extremity.

Shell covered with epidermis, rough, fusiform, or ventricose in the middle; prolonged behind by the spire, but particularly forward by the canal; aperture oval; the columellar edge straight or nearly so; the exterior edge sharp; operculum oval, horny, with sub-concentric elements, and summit lateral.

Fusus colosseus. F. longissimus. F. colus. F. tuberculatus. F. Nicobaricus. F. distans. F. torulosus. F. incrassatus. F. multicarinatus. F. sulcatus. F. antiquus. F. despectus. F. carinatus. F. proboscidiferus. F. Islandicus. F. morio. F. coronatus. F. cochlidium. F. corona. F. raphanus. F. filosus. F. polygonoides. F. verruculatus. F. lignarius. F. Syracusanus. F. strigosus. F. varius. F. crebricostatus. F. Afer. F. rubens. F. sinistralis. F. Nifat. F. articulatus. F. buccinatus. F. aculeiformis. F. scalarinus.

_F. colus._ The spindle Fusus. Pl. 25, fig. 3.

Species turreted or sub-turreted, not umbilicated; outer lip entire, columella smooth.

_F. filosus._ The threaded Fusus.

Species sub-turreted and umbilicated.

7. Pyrula. Twenty-eight species.

Distinguished from the Fusus by having a short depressed spire, and the last whorl very large and ventricose, giving this shell the shape of a pear.

Shell pyriform by the depression of the spire, the canal conical, very long or middling, sometimes a little sloped; aperture oval, very large; columella smooth.

Pyrula canaliculata. P. carica. P. perversa. P. candelabrum. P. ternatana. P. bezoar. P. rapa. P. papyracea. P. tuba. P. bucephala. P. vespertilio. P. melongena. P. reticulata. P. ficus. P. ficoides. P. spirata. P. spirillus. P. elongata. P. galcodes. P. angulata. P. squamosa. P. nodosa. P. citrina. P. abbreviata. P. neritoidea. P. deformis. P. lineata. P. plicata.

_P. melongena._ The open-mouth Pyrula. Pl. 25, fig. 6.

Species ventricose, tube or canal short; aperture very large and effuse; tuberculated, striated longitudinally.

_P. ficus._ The fig Pyrula.

Spire very short; volutions rounded above; very thin and ventricose; colour yellowish brown, with dark brown spots; covered with decussated striæ.

8. Struthiolaria. Two species.

The shells of this genus are marine, inhabited by mollusca, that, by frequently moving in and out of the shell while wandering on the shore in search of food, produce singular callosities on the two edges of the aperture. They generally resemble the Murex and Buccinum, but are distinguished by a thickened marginal lip on the right side.

Shell ovate, spire produced; aperture sinuous, terminated at the base by a very short canal; straight, and without a notch; columellar edge callous and effuse; right edge with a thickened varix.

Struthiolaria nodulosa. Struthiolaria crenulata.

_S. nodulosa._ The nodulous Struthiolaria. Pl. 25, fig 1.

Ovate, grooved and striated transversely; top of volutions flattened and nodulous; cream-coloured, with undulated, brownish-yellow longitudinal lines; interior of lip yellowish.

9. Ranella. Fourteen species.

This genus of shells has two rows of varices or thickened bands, arranged on either side in rows, so that it forms a distinct division between the Struthiolaria and the Murex.

Shell oval, as if depressed by the preservation of each side of a longitudinal thickened band; aperture oval, almost symmetrical by the excavation of the columellar edge, terminating anteriorly by a short canal, often a little sloping; a sinus at the posterior junction of the two edges.

Ranella gigantea. R. leucostoma. R. candisata. R. Argus. R. ranina. R. spinosa. R. bufonia. R. granulata. R. granifera. R. semigranosa. R. bitubercularis. R. crumena. R. anceps. R. pygmæa.

_R. ranina._ The froglike Ranella. Pl. 25, fig. 2.

Species not umbilicated.

_R. granulata._ The granulated Ranella.

Species not umbilicated.

_R. spinosa._ The prickly Ranella.

Species of which the varices have elongated spines; beak sulcated; outer lip internally crenated; acute, short, distinct muricated tubercles; fawn coloured.

10. Murex. The Trumpet Shell. Sixty-six species.

Though so greatly divided by Lamarck, this is a beautiful and numerous genus, comprehending only such shells as have three or more varices on each whorl.

These varices show the number of times the animal has increased the size of its shell, and what proportion is added at each increase.

The shells are generally irregular in form, arising from their surfaces being usually armed with spines, knobs, striæ, or foliations.

Shell generally oval; the spire always but little elevated, armed with longitudinal transverse varices or thickened bands; aperture small; very oval and symmetrical by the excavation of the left edge, formed by a plate applied on the columella, terminated anteriorly by a middling sized canal, sometimes very long and close; the right edge more or less adorned with varices; operculum horny, oval, complete, almost circular, with sub-concentric partitions; summit terminal.

Murex crassispina. M. Haustellum. M. acanthopterus. M. tenuispina. M. rarispina. M. inflatus. M. elongatus. M. palmarosæ. M. brevifrons. M. calcitrapa. M. adustus. M. rufus. M. axicornis. M. cervicornis. M. aculeatus. M. microphyllus. M. brassica. M. saxatilis. M. endivia. M. radix. M. melanomathos. M. hexagonus. M. scorpio. M. secundus. M. Tarentinus. M. scaber. M. costularis. M. cornutus. M. brandaris. M. ternispina. M. brevispina. M. tenuirostrum. M. motacilla. M. asperrimus. M. phyllopterus. M. capucinus. M. tripterus. M. trigonularis. M. uncinarius. M. hemitripterus. M. gibbosus. M. triqueter. M. trigonulus. M. quadrifrons. M. turbinatus. M. trunculus. M. anguliferus. M. melonulus. M. Magellanicus. M. lamellosus. M. erinaceus. M. cinguliferus. M. subcarinatus. M. torosus. M. polygonulus. M. vitulinus. M. angularis. M. crispatus. M. fenestratus. M. cingulatus. M. lyratus. M. concatenatus. M. granarius. M. fimbriatus. M. pulchellus. M. aciculatus.

_M. crassispina._ The thick-spined Murex. Pl. 26, fig. 3.

Species with tube very long and spiny.

_M. adustus._ The burnt Murex. Pl. 26, fig. 1.

Species with three ramified varices.

_M. Haustellum._ The Snipe Murex. Pl. 26, fig. 4.

Species with tube very long, and without spines.

_M. acanthopterus._ The prickly Murex.

Species with three varices on each whorl.

_M. melanomathos._ The black-spined Murex.

Species which have whorls with more than three varices; the tube almost close.

_M. lyratus._ The lyre-shaped Murex.

Species sub-turreted.

_M. vitulinus._ The young Murex.

Species sub-globular; the spire and the canal rather short, very open; the aperture sub-effuse.

11. Triton. Thirty-one species.

In this genus the varices are in longitudinal rows or series, but alternating, few in number, sometimes only one on each whorl. They are never spinous or foliated, though frequently plaited or tuberculated.

The Triton variegatus type of this genus is one of the largest spiral shells.

Shell oval, with spire and canal straight, middling, generally rough, garnished with varices, rare, scattered, and preserved in longitudinal rows; aperture sub-oval, elongated, terminated by a short, open canal; the columellar edge less hollowed than the right, and covered with a callosity; operculum horny, oval, rounded, and rather large.

Triton variegatus. T. nodiferus. T. Australis. T. lampas. T. scrobiculator. T. Spengleri. T. corrugatus. T. succinctus. T. pilearis. T. lotorium. T. femoralis. T. subdistortus. T. cancellatus. T. maculosus. T. clandestinus. T. pyrum. T. cynocephalum. T. tripus. T. canaliferus. T. retusus. T. clavator. T. tuberosus. T. vespaceus. T. chlorostomus. T. anus. T. clathratus. T. rubecula. T. cutaceus. T. dolarius. T. Tranquebaricus. T. undosus.

_T. variegatus._ The trumpet Triton. Pl. 26, fig. 5.

The smoothest species, oblong, ventricose, tubiform; aperture dilated; suture of the spire crenulated; pillar lip grooved obliquely; colour pale purple, clouded and spotted with brown.

_T. cutaceus._ The rough-skin Triton.

Species with spire rather short, always very tuberculated, often umbilicated; a sinus at the posterior junction of the two edges.

_T. anus._ The grinning Triton.

Species similar to the T. cutaceus, but having the aperture surrounded by a thin dilated membrane and irregular teeth.

FAMILY XVII. ALATA. Three genera.

1. Rostellaria. Three species.

Lamarck formed this genus from the Strombus of Linnæus on account of having a sinus in the lower part of the right margin contiguous to the canal. The beak is generally curved, and short in comparison to the length of the spire, but sometimes it is straight, and equal in length to the other part of the shell.

The R. rectirostris is one of the most rare shells known.

Shell sub-depressed, turreted, with spire produced and pointed; aperture oval by the excavation of the columellar edge; the right margin dilating by age, and having a sinus contiguous to the pointed canal which terminates the shell.

Rostellaria curvirostris. R. rectirostris. R. pes-Pelicani.

_R. curvirostris._ The curved beak Rostellaria. Pl. 27, fig. 2.

Species with the right edge digitated.

_R. pes-Pelicani._ The Pelican’s foot Rostellaria.

Species turreted, with four digitations on the right edge; body and volutions ribbed longitudinally and crowned with papillæ; flesh-coloured or white.

2. Pteroceras. Seven species.

Formed from the Strombus, being distinct from it by not having the canal at the base shortened or truncated. It greatly resembles the Rostellaria, but the sinus of the right margin is distant from the body. From its digitation or long recurved claws it has often been called the Spider Shell.

Shell oblong-ovate, ventricose, canal elongated, attenuated, and often closed; right margin dilating by age into an expanded, digitated wing, attached to and covering a short spire, with a sinus in the lower part not contiguous to the body.

Pteroceras truncata. P. lambis. P. millepeda. P. pseudoscorpio. P. scorpio. P. aurantia. P. chiragra.

_P. chiragra._ The Devil’s Claw. Pl. 28, fig. 3.

Tuberculated, with six digitated, canaliculated rays, closed in the adult shell; outer lip internally striated.

_P. scorpio._ The Scorpion Pteroceras.

Species with digitations on the external edge, varying in number from six to ten.

3. Strombus. The Wing Shell. Thirty-two species.

As now defined and characterized by Lamarck, is easily distinguished by not having the winged aperture on the right side dentated or digitated, and the sinus therein always separated from the canal.

In some species the exterior is variously striated, smooth, wrinkled longitudinally, or tuberculated; the interior presents vivid and beautiful colours.

These shells frequently attain a large size and great solidity.

Shell thick, sub-involute, diconic, or ventricose, terminated like a cone before and behind; aperture very long, narrow, terminated anteriorly by a canal more or less elongated, recurved; the edges parallel; the external dilating with age, offering behind a gutter at its attachment to the spire, and before a sinus more posterior than the canal, through which passes the head of the animal; operculum horny, long, and narrow, with elements as if imbricated; the summit terminal.

Strombus gigas. S. accipitrinus. S. latissimus. S. tricornis. S. Canarium. S. Isabella. S. vittatus. S. epidromis. S. gallus. S. bituberculatus. S. cristatus. S. dilatatus. S. bubonius. S. lentiginosus. S. auris-Dianæ. S. pugilis. S. pyrulatus. S. gibberulus. S. Luhuanus. S. Mauritianus. S. colomba. S. succinctus. S. troglodytes. S. tridentatus. S. urceus. S. plicatus. S. Floridus. S. papilio. S. lineatus. S. marginatus. S. turritus. S. cancellatus.

_S. polyfasciatus._ The many-banded Strombus. Pl. 28, fig. 2.

Species distinguished by its bands, and by having the margin of the outer lip thickened.

_S. auris-Dianæ._ Diana’s Ear Strombus.

Oblong-ovate; spire acute, tuberculated, and transversely striated; base recurved, outer lip thick, anterior lobe with a finger-like termination.

_S. pugilis._ The fighting, or thick-spined Strombus.

Anterior lip prominent, rounded, smooth; spire crowned with spines, the outermost whorl cancellate; columella much reflected; beak three-lobed, obtuse, flesh-coloured, and polished within.

FAMILY XVIII. PURPURIFERA. Eleven genera.

1. Cassidaria. Five species.

Marine shell, sometimes confounded with the Cassis, but distinguished by the canal which terminates the aperture being ascendant, very little arched, and not suddenly recurved.

Shell sub-globular, ventricose, tuberculated, or fluted; spire short and pointed; aperture long, oval, sub-canaliculated anteriorly; the right edge effuse and folded back; the columella covered over with a broad, smooth callosity, uniting behind to the right edge; operculum horny.

Cassidaria echinophora. C. Tyrrhena. C. cingulata. C. striata. C. oniscus.

_C. echinophora._ The tuberculated Cassidaria. Pl. 27, fig. 5.

Species oval, sub-globular, canal sub-ascendant, with tuberculated belts or ribs.

_C. Tyrrhena._ The Tyrrhenian Cassidaria.

Species ovate, grooved transversely, volutions convex; apex with one tubercle; tawny colour.

2. Cassis. The Helmet Shell. Twenty-five species.

This genus was formed from the Buccinum, from which it is easily distinguished; the latter having only a notch at the base, and the Cassis with a canal abruptly turned towards the back of the shell.

Shell inflated oval, sub-involute, spire very little projecting; aperture long, oval, sometimes very narrow, terminated anteriorly by a very short canal, sloped and recurved obliquely towards the back; the right edge more or less concave, reflected backward, and often dentated within; the columella covered with a large callosity, denticulated or wrinkled in all its length; operculum horny.

Cassis cornuta. C. tuberosa. C. Madagascariensis. C. flammea. C. fascinata. C. glauca. C. rufa. C. pennata. C. testiculus. C. achatina. C. crumena. C. plicaria. C. areola. C. zebra. C. decussata. C. abbreviata. C. sulcosa. C. granulosa. C. saburon. C. canaliculata. C. pyrum. C. Ceylanica. C. semigranosa. C. vibex. C. erinaceus.

_C. tuberosa._ The tuberous Cassis. Pl. 28, fig. 5.

Species in which the aperture is long, the external edge almost straight, and the spire with thickened bands.

_C. flammea._ The flaming Cassis.

Species in which the aperture is sub-oval, and the external edge excavated; spire short, base triangular; columella rugose; outer lip thickened.

_C. areola._ The draught-board Cassis.

Smooth, shiny, white, with square orange tesselated spots; spire short and conical, with decussated striæ; lower part of columella rugose.

3. Ricinula. Nine species.

Shell oval or sub-globular, thick, armed with points or tubercles, with a depressed spire; aperture narrow, elongated, notched, sometimes canaliculated anteriorly, and digitated externally; the left edge more or less callous, sometimes denticulated; operculum horny, oval, transverse, with elements slightly imbricated.

Ricinula horrida. R. clathrata. R. arachnoidea. R. miticula. R. digitata. R. pisolina. R. aspera. R. morus. R. mutica.

_R. horrida._ The horrid Ricinula. Pl. 26, fig. 2.

Species without a canal; exterior covered with strong, obtuse black tubercles, with the interstices white, striated transversely; interior rich purple colour; outer lip with five triangular grooved radii, between which at their base the margin is crenulated.

_R. digitata._ The digitated Ricinula.

Species canaliculated; two long palmated digits at the side of the aperture.

4. Purpura. Fifty species.

This genus has its name from the purple liquid produced by the animal, from which the ancients extracted the Tyrian purple dye. This is the last genus that presents the appearance of a canal at the base of the aperture, and therefore rightly precedes the remaining genera of this family, all of which are without a canal.