Book V. History of the Roman state:

Introductory remarks on the Geography of Ancient Italy 314

Period I. From the foundation of Rome to the conquest of Italy, and the commencement of the wars with Carthage, B. C. 754-264, or A. U. C. 1-490 321

Period II. From the commencement of the war with Carthage to the rise of the civil broils under the Gracchi, B. C. 264-134, or A. U. C. 490-620 339

Period III. From the beginning of the civil broils under the Gracchi to the fall of the republic, B. C. 134-30, or A. U. C. 620-724 362

Period IV. History of the Roman state as a monarchy till the overthrow of the western empire, B. C. 30-A. C. 476 402

Geographical outline. View of the Roman empire and provinces, and other countries connected with it by war or commerce ib.

1st Section. From Augustus Caesar to the death of Commodus, B. C. 30-A. C. 193 411

2nd Section. From the death of Commodus to Diocletian, A. C. 193-284 437

3rd Section. From Diocletian to the overthrow of the Roman empire in the west, A. C. 284-476 454

Appendix. Chronology of Herodotus from the time of Cyrus, according to Volney 475

Genealogical Table of the reigning houses of Macedon 481

-------------------------------------------- the Seleucidae 482

-------------------------------------------- the Ptolemies 483

-------------------------------------------- the Jews 484

-------------------------------------------- the Caesars 485

-------------------------------------------- Constantine 486

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OXFORD: PRINTED BY TALBOYS AND BROWNE.

* * * * *

MANUAL

OF

ANCIENT HISTORY.

* * * * *

INTRODUCTION.

I. The sources of ancient history may be ranged under two heads; the ancient writers, and the monuments still extant. The various writers will be mentioned in their proper places, at the different divisions of this work. A general view of the ancient monuments, so far as they are sources of history, will be found in:

OBERLIN, _Orbis antiqui monumentis suis illustrati primae lineae_. Argentorati, 1790. Extremely defective, as many discoveries have been made since it was published.

II. GENERAL TREATISES ON ANCIENT HISTORY.

1. _The more voluminous works_ on the subject. These may be divided in two classes: _a._ The part appropriated to ancient history, in the general treatises on universal history; _b._ Works exclusively devoted to ancient history.

_a._ To the first class belong:

_The Universal History, ancient and modern; with maps and additions._ Lond. 1736, 26 vols. folio. Reprinted in 8vo. in 67 vols. and again in 60 vols. with omissions and additions.

This work, compiled by a society of British scholars, has been translated into German, and illustrated with remarks, by SIEGM. JAC. BAUMGARTEN. Halle, 1746, 4to. The Germans frequently designate it by the name of the Halle Universal History of the World: the first eighteen vols. comprise the ancient part.

WILL. GUTHRIE, JOHN GRAY, _etc._ _General History of the World, from the creation to the present time._ London, 1764-1767, 12 vols. 8vo. This work, of no estimation in the original, is rendered valuable and useful by the labours of the German translator, C. G. HEYNE, (_Leip._ 1766, 8vo.) who has corrected the errors, inserted the dates, and added his own observations.

_b._ To the second class belong:

ROLLIN, _Histoire ancienne des Egyptiens, des Carthaginois, des Assyriens, des Medes el des Perses, des Macedoniens, des Grecs._ Paris, 1824, 12 vols. 8vo.; revue par LETRONNE: the last and best edition. This work, which greatly promoted the study of ancient history in France, still maintains its well-earned reputation. [It was translated into English, 1768: best edition, 7 vols. 8vo.: frequently reprinted.] The above is generally accompanied by the _Histoire Romaine_ of the same author. See below, book v. first period, _Sources_.

JAC. BEN. BOSSUET, _Discours sur l'Histoire Universelle_. Paris, 1680, 3 vols. Frequently reprinted, being considered by the French one of their classics.

[English translation, by RICH. SPENCER. London, 1730, 8vo.]

MILLOT, _Elemens de l'Histoire Generale_. Paris, 1772, sq. [Translated into English, 1778, 2 vols. 8vo.: and again, an improved edition, with additions.] Edinb. 1823, 6 vols. 8vo. The ancient history is contained in the first two volumes.

# JOH. MATTH. SCHROECKH, _General History of the World_, for the use of children. Leipzic, 1779, sq. 6 vols.

# J. G. EICHHORN, _History of the Ancient World_, 1799, third edition, 1817. (First part of the History of the World.)

# DAN. G. J. HUEBLER, _Sketch of the General History of the Nations of Antiquity, from the birth of states to the end of the Roman commonwealth_. Freyberg, 1798-1802. Five parts; and a continuation: _History of the Romans under the Emperors, and of the contemporary Nations, until the great migration_, 1803; three parts. A work rendered extremely useful, by the judicious advantage taken by the author of the labours of other writers.

# H. LUDEN, _General History of Nations_. 1814; three parts.

# L. VON DRESCH, _General Political History_. 1815; three parts. In each of the above works the first part contains the ancient history, and exhibits the more modern views of the subject.

[The following is added, as well deserving the attention of the English student: RALEGH (Sir WALTER) _History of the World, Part I. extending to the end of the Macedonian Empire; with his Life and Trial, by Mr. Oldys_. Lond. 1736, 2 vols. folio. Formerly the best edition; but a new and improved one has been printed at the Clarendon press. Oxford, 1829, 8 vols. 8vo.]

# F. VON RAUMER, _Lectures on Ancient History_, parts 1, 2. Berlin, 1821.

Works furnishing illustrations of the progressive civilization, government, and commerce of early nations, although, strictly speaking, not treatises on ancient history, are nevertheless very closely connected with the subject. Among these may be mentioned:

GOGUET, _De l'Origine des Lois, des Arts, et des Sciences, et de leurs progres chez les anciens peuples; nouv. edit_. Paris, 1778. [Translated by Dr. DUNN and Mr. SPEERMAN. Edinb. 1761-1775, 3 vols. 8vo.]

# A. H. L. HEEREN, _Reflections on the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the most eminent Nations in the Ancient World_. Third edition, with many additions. Gottingen, 1815, 8vo.; the third part, 1821. Fourth edition. Gottingen, 1824. [This edition, the last, contains many improvements and additions, suggested by the great discoveries of modern travellers. Part I, Asiatic Nations, in 3 vols. Persians, Phoenicians, Babylonians, Scythians, Indians. An English translation of which is at this moment in the press. Part II, African Nations, 2 vols. Carthaginians, Ethiopians, Egyptians.