CHAPTER XVI. TECHNICAL TERMS.

Abstract names--the names of attributes.--J. S. Mill. Abstraction--fixing thought on the point of resemblance in one body.--drawing off and contemplating separately any part of an an object.

Action--a volition followed by an effect.--J. S. Mill.

Analogy--resemblance of relation.--Whately.

Analysis--the resolution of a complex whole into its component elements. --J. S. Mill.

Argument--an expression in which, from something laid down as granted, something else is deduced--Whately.

Argumentum ad hominem--appealing to an opponent's professed views.

A priori--reasoning from cause to effect.

A posteriori--arguing from effects to cause.

Body--the unknown cause of our sensations--J. S. Mill.

Cause--the invariable antecedent, or thing going before.--the stimulus of an effect.

Conclusion--a proposition proved by argument.

Connotative terms--denote a subject, and imply an attribute.---. J.S. Mill.

Consciousness--sensation of existences.

Definition--the separation of a thing, as by a boundary, from everything else.

Discovery--finding out something already existing.

Effect--the immediate, invariable consequent, or the change produced by power.

ENTHYMEME-An argument with one premiss suppressed being understood.

Experience--events which have taken place within a person's own knowledge.--Whately.

Fallacy--an apparent argument.

General Terms--express the notion of partial similarity.

Generalisation--tracing certain points of resemblance.--naming one respect in which many things agree.

Induction--universalisation of truth by inference from uniform facts.

Intuition--imaginary looking.--Whewell,

Logic--a scientific use of facts.

Logical Truth--that which admits of proof.--Chambers.

Mind--the unknown percipient of sensation.--J. S. Mill.

Necessary Truths--are those in which we not only learn that the proposition is true, but see that it must be true; in which the negative of the truth is not only false, but impossible; in which we cannot, even by an effort of the imagination, or in a supposition, conceive the reverse of that which is asserted.--Dr. Whewell: Phil. Inductive Sciences, pp. 54-5, vol. 1.*

* As 'necessary truths' are much talked of I have introduced here, from Whewell, the completest definition with which I am acquainted. For myself, I coincide on this question with J. S. Mill, as quoted pp. 22-3.

Non-connotative Terms--denote a subject only and an attribute only.--J. S. Mill.

Philosophy--the science of realities in opposition to that of mere appearances--the attempt to comprehend things as they are, rather than as they seem.--Morell.

Point at issue--the real question to be decided.

Power in logic, is the relation of circumstances to each other in time.

Premises the propositions which precede a "conclusion."--the name of the propositions from which a conclusion is deduced.

Principle--an invariable rule.

Proof--sufficient evidence; the balance of probability in favour of a proposition.

Proposition--a sentence which affirms or denies something.--Whately.--An expression in words of a judgment.--J. S. Mill, Reason--the recognition of facts.--the classification of facts.--following in the pathway of facts.--the power of discerning coherences.--a premiss placed after its conclusion.--the minor premiss--in the sense of Reason for asserting something.

Reasoning--argumentation.--process, the same always. Subject--first term of a proposition.

Syllogism--1. A general rule. 2. A fact contained under that rule. 3. A conclusion that the fact is so contained.--an argument stated regularly and at full length.--a valid argument so stated that its conclusiveness is evident from the mere form of the expression.

Technical Terms--the tools of art.--Whately.

Technical Language--regularly formed, defined, and agreed on set of expressions.

Testimony--second-hand experience. Direct evidence is that which is professedly given. Incidental, is corroboration casually introduced on one subject in the course of an evidence delivered on another.

Theory--is a system of rules intended to explain a class of facts. The rules should be precise, and rest on a rigorous induction of facts or probabilities.

Tradition--the relation of a circumstance, not committed to writing by any person who observed it, but communicated orally from one to another for a long period of time.

End of Project Gutenberg's A Logic Of Facts, by George Jacob Holyoake