Part 7

+--------------+---------------+--------------------- Plants attacked | Chewing | Character | Treatment | insects | of damage | -----------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------- Tomato, pepper, |Flea Beetles |They gnaw or |Dust or spray with eggplant, turnip,| |eat small holes|a prepared nicotine cabbage, etc. | |in the leaves. |or pyrethrum mixture. | | |Bordeaux mixture | | |sprayed, or dusting | | |for disease is also | | |effective as | | |a repellent. | | | | | | Asparagus |Asparagus |Feeds on the |Dust with either |Beetle |shoots and |arsenate of lead or | |brush. |calcium arsenate, | | |mixed with 1 part of | | |wheat flour. Spray | | |with arsenate of lead | | |or calcium arsenate, | | |1 tablespoonful if a | | |paste or 1/2 | | |tablespoonful if a | | |powder, and 1 | | |tablespoonful of lime | | |to 1 gallon of water. | | | | | | All kinds of |Mexican Bean |Eats the under |Dust with 1 part of beans |Beetle |side of leaves |magnesium arsenate | | |mixed with 3 parts of | | |lime, or dust the | | |yellow larva under | | |the leaves with a | | |pyrethrum dust. | | | | | | {|Cabbage Maggot| |Keep the ground {| | |thoroughly cultivated {| | |around the base of Early cabbage {| | |the plant or use tar and cauliflower {| | |paper discs for {| | |larger plantings. {| | | {|Common Cabbage|Feed on the |Same as for asparagus {|Worm |shoots and |beetle. Pyrethrum {|and Cabbage |brush. |dust is also very {|Looper | |effective. | | | | | | Cucumber, squash,|Striped |Eats the leaves|Protect with a and melons. |Cucumber |and the stem of|cheesecloth or do the |Beetle |the very young |same as for the | |plants. |asparagus beetle. | | | | | | Pumpkins and |Squash Vine |Kills the vines|Take a sharp squashes |Borer |by eating in |thin-bladed penknife | |the stem. |and slit the stem | | |lengthwise, opening | | |it and killing the | | |borer. Then bank the | | |ground around the | | |stem of the plant. | | | | | | Tomato, eggplant,|Potato Beetle |Eats the |Same as for Cabbage potato | |leaves. |Worm. | | | | | | Tomato |Tomato Horn |Eats the |Same as for Common |Worm |leaves. |Cabbage Worm. | | | | | | Tomato fruits |Tomato Fruit |Eats the tomato|Same as for Cabbage |Worm |fruits. |Worm. | | | Tomato, eggplant,|Cutworms |Cut the plants |Protect with paper pepper, cabbage, | |off near |collars placed and other crops. | |the surface |around the stem of | |of the ground. |the plant, extending | | |2 or 3 inches above | | |the ground, or | | |distribute poisoned | | |bran mash, placing | | |it near the plant. | | |Thoroughly mix | | |2 level | | |tablespoonfuls of | | |paris green in | | |5 pounds of dry bran, | | |then add from 4 to 6 | | |quarts of water in | | |which 1/2 pint of | | |cheap molasses has | | |been mixed. Cutworms | | |work at night, | | |therefore apply the | | |mash in the late | | |afternoon or | | |evening. -----------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------- Plants attacked | Sucking | Character | Treatment | insects | of damage | -----------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------- Tomato, potato, |Leaf Hopper |Feeds under the|Dust or spray with strawberries, | |leaf, causing |a prepared nicotine and beans. | |a whitening and|or pyrethrum mixture. | |curve of the |Bordeaux mixture is | |leaves with |also effective as | |a dying of the |a repellent. | |edges. | | | | | | | Practically all |Aphis |Sucks the |Either dust or spray garden vegetable |(plant lice) |juices on the |with a nicotine or plants. | |under side of |pyrethrum mixture as | |the leaves and |recommended on the | |on the stems. |package. Be sure to | | |hit the insects on | | |the under side of the | | |leaves. | | | | | | Cabbage group, |Red Spider |Sucks the |Apply a dusting strawberries, | |juices from the|sulfur. and beans. | |under side of | | |the leaves, | | |producing | | |a whitish cast | | |on the cabbage | | |group and | | |a brownish cast| | |on the other | | |groups. | | |Especially | | |prevalent | | |during | | |prolonged dry | | |hot spells. | -----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------------

Table III (pages 107-108) describes the character of damage done by both groups of insects, the plants attacked and the most effective methods of control.

_Do's_

Grow vegetables for health, recreation and economy.

Organize the vegetable garden for a maximum of output, variety of foods and to facilitate its care.

Use lime and chemical fertilizer or manure liberally for intensive culture.

Combat insects by stimulating plant growth and by using appropriate lethal products.

_Don'ts_

Don't plant a garden in hit-or-miss fashion, if maximum food return is expected.

Don't neglect first appearances of insect damage. Find out the cause of injury and use recommended measures for control.

_Chapter_ VIII

HOME FRUITS AND BEES

A wide variety of fruits may be grown satisfactorily for home use. Where no fruit trees are growing the best plan is to set out individual trees or bush fruits of the standard types and varieties, adding to the collection later as the needs of the family develop and the adaptability of the area for varieties manifests itself through crop production.

All fruits thrive best on a deep, well-drained soil. It is difficult to secure good results where the area is depressed and air drainage is poor. Elevation of the area planted is desirable therefore from the standpoint of both water and air drainage.

A number of questions confront the prospective grower of fruits. He needs to know, among other things, the kind of fruit to plant, the necessary distance between the trees or plants and the probable yield. The following planting guide will be found helpful in answering these questions.

HOME FRUITS AND BEES

PLANTING GUIDE[4]

+----------------+--------+--------+------------------------- Average| | | | number | | | | Estimated yield of | |Distance|Distance| at maturity plants | Kind of fruit |between |between +------------+------------ to | | rows, | plants,| Average | Average the | | feet | feet | per acre | per plant acre | | | | | -------+----------------+--------+--------+------------+------------ 27 |Apples | 40 | 40 |135 bushels | 5 bushels 90 |Pears | 22 | 22 |90 bushels | 1 bushel 200 |Quinces | 16 | 16 |100 bushels |1/2 bushel 90 |Peaches | 22 | 22 |90 bushels | 1 bushel 90 |Nectarines | 22 | 22 |90 bushels | 1 bushel 90 |Plums | 22 | 22 |90 bushels | 1 bushel 90 |Cherries (sour) | 22 | 22 |90 bushels | 1 bushel 48 |Cherries (sweet)| 30 | 30 |50 bushels | 1 bushel 6,000 |Strawberries | 3-1/2 | 2 |2,250 quarts| 3/4 pint | (matted row) | | | | per stool 1,800 |Raspberries | 8 | 3 |2,000 quarts| 1 quart 1,800 |Blackberries | 8 | 3 |2,400 quarts|1-1/4 quarts 1,200 |Dewberries | 6 | 6 |1,800 quarts| 1 quart | (hill system) | | | | 1,800 |Gooseberries | 8 | 3 |5,400 quarts| 3 quarts 1,800 |Currants | 8 | 3 |3,600 quarts| 2 quarts 680 |Grapes | 8 | 8 |4,000 pounds| 6 pounds -------+----------------+--------+--------+------------+------------

The selection of varieties of tree fruits is highly important. Some sorts are preeminently adapted to home use because of their high quality of edibility while others are preferred for commercial production on account of their good shipping qualities and high yields per acre. It is advisable for the grower to inquire of his state agricultural college regarding varieties to plant. Responsible nursery firms will also advise on varieties that will best meet the needs of the purchaser from the standpoint of family use and adaptability to soil and climatic conditions.

The following varieties are recommended for general home use in north-central areas of the United States, subject to check by local authorities. The apple and peach varieties are given in the order of ripening.

Apples: William Wealthy McIntosh Rome Stayman Peaches (all freestone): Golden Jubilee Georgia Belle Elberta J. H. Hale Pears: Bartlett Seckel Cherries: Montmorency or Early Richmond (sour) Black Tartarian (sweet) Plums: Damson (blue) Burbank (red)

About fifty strawberry plants will be needed for a row 100 feet long. Because of weed infestations in old beds, it will be more satisfactory to set a new row each year and destroy the old one. The plants during the season of setting should be trained to form a matted row about 2 feet wide. Mulching the plants after a freeze in the fall with straw or other similar material will prevent injury caused by "heaving" of the soil.

Currants and gooseberries should be pruned annually and only the one- or two-year-old wood retained for production. Thinning out in this manner will give better size and quality. Where the currant worm is troublesome the foliage should be dusted with arsenate of lead or Paris green as soon as it is well developed and before the fruit is started. About thirty currant or gooseberry plants will be needed for a 100-foot row, and they can be planted along a fence or other boundary line.

Blackberries and raspberries should be set 3 feet apart in the row, 100 feet requiring thirty to thirty-five plants. Old canes should be pruned out after fruiting and the weaker new canes should be removed when dormant, leaving 6 or 8 inches between the standing canes. Lateral branches should be cut back in early spring to about 1 foot in length and the upright canes cut back to uninjured wood, thus removing about two-thirds of the growth.

Grapes need severe pruning to produce satisfactory yields of good quality. This is best done in late winter. It is a good plan to prune so that from 15 to 30 or possibly 40 buds are left on each mature vine, depending upon the vitality of the plant. Two or three clusters of fruit will develop on the shoot that grows from each bud. A 100-foot row of grapes will require twelve plants. There are many fine varieties of grapes and several can be used in a single row.

In ordering stock for planting, care should be exercised in making sure of the reliability of the nursery. As a general rule it is better to order from a nursery in the vicinity, thus eliminating losses due to shipping great distances and also making sure that the varieties or strains were grown for use in the area in question. Upon the arrival of the stock from the nursery, it should be "heeled in" at once. That is, the roots should be covered in a trench so that they will not dry out before they can be planted in the desired location. In the case of a few trees that can be set immediately, this is not necessary.

Nearly all country places have sufficient area for planting small fruits and, as is the case with vegetables, freshness and fine-flavored varieties will compensate for the labor involved in growing them. Strawberries, currants, gooseberries, blackberries, red and black raspberries and grapes are especially desirable for home plantings. Some high-quality varieties are given for the choice of the home owner, subject to confirmation by authorities acquainted with specific conditions and intended primarily for home use.

Strawberries (in order of ripening): Howard 17 Fairfax Aberdeen Joe Chesapeake Mastodon is recommended for the everbearing type. Currants: Fay Wilder Gooseberries: Chautauqua Poorman Blackberries: Russell Ward Eldorado for bush types Black Diamond for the trailing type requiring a trellis and ripening late in the season. Red Raspberries (in order of ripening): Ranere Viking Latham Black Raspberries: Cumberland Quillen Grapes (general list, in order of ripening): Ontario (white) Fredonia (black) Delaware (red) Brighton (red) Golden Muscat (white) Concord (blue) Sheridan (black) For those desiring a succession of blue-black varieties, Fredonia, Concord and Sheridan are recommended.

_Controlling Insect and Fungous Pests._--Plant pests of various kinds infest tree fruits and small fruits. In general, the best method of controlling leaf-chewing insects is by applying arsenate of lead on the foliage. Care must be taken to avoid staining the fruit with poisonous spray or thorough washing will be necessary before it is safe to consume. The control of other insect pests and fungous plant diseases has been well worked out by agricultural experiment stations throughout the country, and these methods should be sought before attempting any campaign of suppression. A barrel spray pump, mounted on a hand truck or on a vehicle, equipped with plenty of hose will be found satisfactory for spraying plantings of modest size.

_Rejuvenating an Old Orchard._--The purchaser of an old-established farm will usually find he has acquired some apple trees of uncertain age and health. In many instances these trees can be renovated and rejuvenated so that they will again bear fruit. If the trees have several sound limbs and are making some growth each year, they may be considered worth saving. On the other hand, broken tops and limbs accompanied by large rotted cavities will create too great an expense if an attempt is made to restore them to usefulness. The varieties should be determined before serious efforts at renovation are undertaken, so that the strenuous work necessary for restoration may not be wasted on undesirable fruit.

_Steps in Renovation._--The first operation in renovation is pruning. Most of this should be done in early spring during the dormant season and supplemented in June or July when the trees are in leaf. Large broken limbs and dead wood should be removed, together with interfering branches, and those reaching too high should be headed back. At about the same time that pruning is started the loose bark should be thoroughly scraped off and burned, thus destroying insects and fungi that attack the fruit. Harboring places for further infestations are also thus removed. If the trees are badly in need of pruning, it is best to do the job over a period of two or three years rather than all at one time, due to the tendency of trees to "sucker" and develop a multiplicity of small non-bearing branches.

Spraying, fertilizing and cultivation, where that is possible, should follow the pruning and scraping jobs. Spray schedules and cultural practices best adapted to the region can be obtained without cost by applying to state or county agricultural agencies. Ordinarily two or three years are required to rejuvenate these trees and begin to secure a crop. Production will then increase in quantity and quality during succeeding years.

_Bees as Pollinators._--The production of fruits of all kinds is dependent upon pollination of their blossoms by bees and other winged insects. Bees of many species are useful in pollen distribution, but the most important is the honey bee, which is available in larger numbers just at flowering time, seeking nectar from the flowers. In large commercial orchards colonies of honey bees are set at regular intervals to insure adequate pollination, usually one hive per acre.

A practical method of adding to county life enjoyment and adding to income as well is the keeping of bees for honey production.

_Securing a Honey Crop._--Bee husbandry can be carried on successfully as a specialized side line where only small areas of land are available. Colonies can be located at one side of the garden or placed under trees where they will not be disturbed either through accident or by cultivation of the plot immediately surrounding them. The activity of the bees during the nectar-gathering season, accompanied by the well-known hum as they dart in and out of the hive, makes a genuine appeal to the country dweller. This appeal is heightened by the fact that they are working for him, in part at least, and without his having to pay for their raiding the nectar from the flowers around. He knows that his efforts in providing favorable working conditions for the bees will be repaid by a harvest of salable honey. A colony at full strength just at the right time will invariably gather a surplus.

_First Principles in Beekeeping._--The beginner in bee husbandry should purchase established colonies from a reputable business concern or from beekeepers in the neighborhood of his home. He should begin in a small way with a few colonies, learn the business with a small investment and then increase as his liking for the work develops and the market for the product expands. Being able to read the signs at the entrance to the hive is the surest way to success. Too much manipulation is just as harmful as neglect. The novice in beekeeping who is really interested and follows carefully a few details gained from a reliable bee book should harvest at least 30 pounds of honey a year from each colony. Experts get much larger yields and have been known to secure 200 pounds per colony and 200 sections of comb honey from one hive. The deciding factor in producing honey is the skill of the watchful beekeeper, assuming of course that there is a sufficient supply of nectar-secreting blossoms in the area.

The cost of engaging in bee husbandry is nominal. An established colony of the preferred Italian bees should cost about $8. The equipment should include two fitted supers for each colony in which the bees may store the honey, costing about $3 each; a veil to protect the head and face, linseed-oil-soaked canvas gloves, a bee smoker, a hive tool and a bee escape (needed for removing the bees from filled supers), each item costing less than a dollar. An additional piece of apparatus, a queen "excluder," is needed for each hive, to keep the queen in the lower chamber and prevent the mixing of stored honey surplus and developing bees.