A Literary History of the Arabs
Part I (Leyden, 1896).
Contains masterly studies on the origins of Arabic Poetry and other matters connected with literary history.
5. _Die Rhetorik der Araber_, by A. F. Mehren (Copenhagen, 1853).
II
GENERAL WORKS ON ARABIAN HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY, LITERATURE, ETC.
6. _The Encyclopædia of Islam_ (Leyden, 1913--).
A great number of Orientalists have contributed to this invaluable work, of which the first half (A-L) is now completed.
7. _Chronique de Ṭabarí, traduite sur la version persane de... _Bel‘amí_, by H. Zotenberg, 4 vols. (Paris, 1867-74).
8. The _Murúju ’l-Dhahab_ of Mas‘údí (_Maçoudi: Les Prairies d'Or_), Arabic text with French translation by Barbier de Meynard and Pavet de Courteille, 9 vols. (Paris, 1861-77).
The works of Ṭabarí and Mas‘údí are the most ancient and celebrated Universal Histories in the Arabic language.
9. _Abulfedæ Annales Muslemici arabice et latine_, by J. J. Reiske, 5 vols. (Hafniæ, 1789-94).
10. _Der Islam im Morgen- und Abendland_, by August Müller, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1885-87).
11. _Histoire des Arabes_, by C. Huart, 2 vols. (Paris, 1912).
12. _A Short History of the Saracens_, by Syed Ameer Ali (London, 1921).
13. _Essai sur l'histoire de l'Islamisme_, by R. Dozy, translated from the Dutch by Victor Chauvin (Leyden and Paris, 1879).
14. _The Preaching of Islam, a History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith_, by T. W. Arnold (2nd ed., London, 1913).
15. _Sketches from Eastern History_, by Th. Nöldeke, translated by J. S. Black (London, 1892).
16. _The Mohammadan Dynasties_, by Stanley Lane-Poole (London, 1894).
Indispensable to the student of Moslem history.
17. _Genealogische Tabellen der Arabischen Stämme und Familien mit historischen und geographischen Bemerkungen in einem alphabetischen Register_, by F. Wüstenfeld (Göttingen, 1852-53).
18. _Ibn Khallikán's Biographical Dictionary_, translated from the Arabic by Baron MacGuckin de Slane, 4 vols. (Oriental Translation Fund, 1842-71).
One of the most characteristic, instructive, and interesting books in Arabic literature.
19. _Géographie d'Aboulféda, traduite de l'arabe_, by Reinaud and Guyard, 2 vols. (Paris, 1848-83).
20. _Travels in Arabia Deserta_, by C. M. Doughty, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1888).
Gives a true and vivid picture of Bedouin life and manners.
21. _Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to al-Madinah and Meccah_, by Sir R. F. Burton, 2 vols. (London, 1898).
22. _The Penetration of Arabia: a record of the development of Western knowledge concerning the Arabian Peninsula_, by D. G. Hogarth (London, 1905).
23. Ḥájjí Khalífa, _Lexicon bibliographicum et encyclopædicum_, Arabic text and Latin translation, by G. Flügel, 7 vols. (Leipzig and London, 1835-58).
24. _Die Geschichtschreiber der Araber und ihre Werke_ (aus dem xxviii. und xxix. Bande der Abhand. d. Königl. Ges. d. Wiss. zu Göttingen), by F. Wüstenfeld (Göttingen, 1882).
25. _Litteraturgeschichte der Araber bis zum Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts der Hidschret_, by J. von Hammer-Purgstall, 7 vols. (Vienna, 1850-56).
A work of immense extent, but unscientific and extremely inaccurate.
26. _Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur_, by Carl Brockelmann, 2 vols. (Weimar, 1898-1902).
Invaluable for bibliography and biography.
27. _A Literary History of Persia_, by E. G. Browne, vol. i from the earliest times to Firdawsí (London, 1902), and vol. ii down to the Mongol Invasion (London, 1906).
The first volume in particular of this well-known work contains much information concerning the literary history of the Arabs.
28. _A History of Arabic Literature_, by Clement Huart (London, 1903).
The student will find this manual useful for purposes of reference.
29. _Arabic Literature: an Introduction_, by H. A. R. Gibb (London, 1926).
A trustworthy outline of the subject.
30. _Arabum Proverbia_, Arabic text with Latin translation, by G. W. Freytag, 3 vols. (Bonn, 1838-43).
31. _Arabic Proverbs_, by J. L. Burckhardt (2nd ed., London, 1875).
III
PRE-ISLAMIC HISTORY, LITERATURE, AND RELIGION.
32. _Essai sur l'histoire des Arabes avant l'Islamisme_, by A. P. Caussin de Perceval, 3 vols. (Paris, 1847-48).
Affords an excellent survey of Pre-islamic legend and tradition.
33. _Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden_, translated from the Annals of Ṭabarí, by Th. Nöldeke (Leyden, 1879).
The ample commentary accompanying the translation is valuable and important in the highest degree.
34. _Fünf Mo‘allaqát übersetzt und erklärt_, by Th. Nöldeke (Vienna, 1899-1901).
The omitted _Mu‘allaqas_ are those of Imru’u ’l-Qays and Tarafa.
35. _The Seven Golden Odes of Pagan Arabia_, translated from the original Arabic by Lady Anne Blunt and done into English verse by Wilfrid Scawen Blunt (London, 1903).
36. _Hamâsa oder die ältesten arabischen Volkslieder übersetzt und erläutert_, by Friedrich Rückert, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1846).
Masterly verse-translations of the old Arabian poetry.
37. _Translations of ancient Arabian poetry, chiefly Pre-islamic_, with an introduction and notes, by C. J. Lyall (London, 1885).
38. _Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Poesie der alten Araber_, by Th. Nöldeke (Hannover, 1864).
39. _Studien in arabischen Dichtern_, Heft iii, _Altarabisches Beduinenleben nach den Quellen geschildert_, by G. Jacob (Berlin, 1897).
40. _Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia_, by W. Robertson Smith (2nd ed., London, 1903).
41. _Lectures on the Religion of the Semites_, First Series, by W. Robertson Smith, 3rd ed., revised by S. A. Cook (London, 1927).
42. _Reste Arabischen Heidentums_, by J. Wellhausen (2nd ed., Berlin, 1897).
IV
MUḤAMMAD AND THE KORAN.
43. _Das Leben Mohammed's_, translated from the Arabic biography of Ibn Hishám by G. Weil, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1864).
44. _Muhammed in Medina_, by J. Wellhausen (Berlin, 1882).
An abridged translation of Wáqidí's work on Muḥammad's Campaigns.
45. _Das Leben und die Lehre des Moḥammad_, by A. Sprenger, 3 vols. (Berlin, 1861-65).
46. _Life of Mahomet_, by Sir W. Muir, ed. by T. H. Weir (Edinburgh, 1923).
47. _Das Leben Muhammed's nach den Quellen populär dargestellt_, by Th. Nöldeke (Hannover, 1863).
48. _The Spirit of Islam_, by Syed Ameer Ali (London, 1922).
49. _Mohammed_, by H. Grimme, 2 vols. (Münster, 1892-95).
50. _Die weltgeschichtliche Bedeutung Arabiens: Mohammed_, by H. Grimme (Munich, 1904).
51. _Mohammed and the Rise of Islam_, by D. S. Margoliouth in 'Heroes of the Nations' Series (London and New York, 1905).
52. _Mohammed and Islam_, by A. A. Bevan in _The Cambridge Mediæval History_, vol. ii, ch. 10 (Cambridge, 1913).
53. _Die Person Muhammeds in Lehre und Glauben seiner Gemeinde_, by Tor Andrae (Uppsala, 1918).
54. _The origin of Islam in its Christian environment_, by R. Bell (London, 1926).
55. _Annali dell' Islām_, by Leone Caetani, Principe di Teano, vol. i (Milan, 1905).
Besides a very full and readable historical introduction this magnificent work contains a detailed account of Muḥammad's life during the first six years after the Hijra (622-628 A.D.).
56. _The Koran_, translated into English with notes and a preliminary discourse, by G. Sale (London, 1734).
Sale's translation, which has been frequently reprinted, is still serviceable. Mention may also be made of the English versions by J. M. Rodwell (London and Hertford, 1861) and by E. H. Palmer (the best from a literary point of view) in vols. vi and ix of 'The Sacred Books of the East' (Oxford, 1880); reprinted in _The World's Classics_, vol. 328.
57. _Geschichte des Qorâns_, by Th. Nöldeke, 2nd ed., revised by F. Schwally (Leipzig, 1909-19).
_Cf._ Nöldeke's essay, 'The Koran,' in _Sketches from Eastern History_, pp. 21-59, or his article in the _Encyclopædia Britannica_ (11th ed.).
58. _The Teaching of the Qur’ān_, by H. W. Stanton (London, 1920).
V
THE HISTORY OF THE CALIPHATE.
59. _The Caliphate_, by T. W. Arnold (Oxford, 1924).
60. _Geschichte der Chalifen_, by G. Weil, 3 vols. (Mannheim, 1846-51).
Completed by the same author's _Geschichte des Abbasiden-Chalifats in Egypten_, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1860-62).
61. _Annals of the Early Caliphate_, by Sir W. Muir (London, 1883).
62. _The Caliphate, its rise, decline, and fall_, by Sir W. Muir (2nd ed., London, 1924).
63. _The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the last thirty years of Roman dominion_, by A. J. Butler (London, 1902).
64. _Das Arabische Reich und sein Sturz_, by J. Wellhausen (Berlin, 1902).
An excellent history of the Umayyad dynasty based on the Annals of Tabarí.
65. _The Eclipse of the Abbasid Caliphate_, by H. F. Amedroz and D. S. Margoliouth, 7 vols. (Oxford, 1920-1).
Arabic texts and translations valuable for the history of the fourth century A.H.
66. _The life and times of ‘Alí b. ‘Ísá, the Good Vizier_, by H. Bowen (Cambridge, 1928).
67. _Geschichte der Fatimiden-Chalifen, nach arabischen Quellen_, by F. Wüstenfeld (Göttingen, 1881).
VI
THE HISTORY OF MOSLEM CIVILISATION.
68. _Prolégomènes d'Ibn Khaldoun_, a French translation of the _Muqaddima_ or Introduction prefixed by Ibn Khaldún to his Universal History, by Baron MacGuckin de Slane, 3 vols. (in _Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Impériale_, vols. xix-xxi, Paris, 1863-68).
69. _Culturgeschichte des Orients unter den Chalifen_, by A. von Kremer, 2 vols. (Vienna, 1875-77).
70. _Culturgeschichtliche Streifzüge auf dem Gebiete des Islams_, by A. von Kremer (Leipzig, 1873).
This work has been translated into English by S. Khuda Bukhsh in his _Contributions to the History of Islamic Civilization_ (Calcutta, 1905; 2nd ed., 1929).
71. _Geschichte der herrschenden Ideen des Islams_, by A. von Kremer (Leipzig, 1868).
A celebrated and most illuminating book.
72. _La civilisation des Arabes_, by G. Le Bon (Paris, 1884).
73. _Muhammedanische Studien_, by Ignaz Goldziher (Halle, 1888-90).
This book, which has frequently been cited in the foregoing pages, should be read by every serious student of Moslem civilisation.
74. _Islamstudien_, vol. i, by C. H. Becker (Leipzig, 1924).
75. _Umayyads and ‘Abbásids_, being the Fourth Part of Jurji Zaydán's _History of Islamic Civilisation_, translated by D. S. Margoliouth (E. J. W. Gibb Memorial, vol. iv, 1907).
76. _Die Renaissance des Islams_, by A. Mez (Heidelberg, 1922).
77. _Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate_, by G. le Strange (Oxford, 1900).
78. _A Baghdad Chronicle_, by R. Levy (Cambridge, 1929).
79. _The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate_, by G. le Strange (Cambridge, 1905).
80. _Palestine under the Moslems_, by G. le Strange (London, 1890).
81. _Painting in Islam_, by T. W. Arnold (Oxford, 1928).
82. _Moslem Architecture_, by G. T. Rivoira, translated by G. M. Rushforth (Oxford, 1919).
83. _Arabian Society in the Middle Ages_, by E. W. Lane, edited by Stanley Lane-Poole (London, 1883).
84. _Die Araber im Mittelalter und ihr Einfluss auf die Cultur Europa's_, by G. Diercks (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1882).
85. _An account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians_, by E. W. Lane (5th ed., London, 1871).
VII
MUḤAMMADAN RELIGION, THEOLOGY, JURISPRUDENCE, PHILOSOPHY, AND MYSTICISM.
86. _Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence, and Constitutional Theory_, by Duncan B. Macdonald (London, 1903).
The best general sketch of the subject.
87. _Asch-Schahrastâni's Religionspartheien und Philosophen-Schulen_, translated by T. Haarbrücker (Halle, 1850-51).
88. _The Traditions of Islam_, by A. Guillaume (Oxford, 1924).
See also No. 73, Pt. ii.
89. _Les traditions islamiques trad. de l'arabe_, by O. Houdas and W. Marçais (Paris, 1903-14).
A translation of the celebrated collection of Traditions by Bukhárí.
90. _A Handbook of early Muhammadan Tradition_, by A. J. Wensinck (Leyden, 1927).
91. _Mohammedanism_, by C. Snouck Hurgronje (American lectures on the history of religions, 1916).
92. _Vorlesungen über den Islam_, by I. Goldziher (Heidelberg, 1910; 2nd ed., 1925).
93. _The Early Development of Mohammedanism_, by D. S. Margoliouth (London, 1914; re-issued, 1927).
94. _L'Islam, croyances et institutions_, by H. Lammens (Beyrout, 1926); translation by E. Denison Ross (London, 1929).
95. _The Islamic Faith_, by T. W. Arnold (Benn's Sixpenny Library, No. 42).
96. _The History of Philosophy in Islam_, by T. J. de Boer, translated by E. R. Jones (London, 1903).
97. _Die Mutaziliten oder die Freidenker im Islam_, by H. Steiner (Leipzig, 1865).
98. _Die Philosophie der Araber im X. Jahrhundert n. Chr. aus den Schriften der lautern Brüder herausgegeben_, by F. Dieterici (Berlin and Leipzig, 1861-79).
99. _Averroes et l'Averroisme_, by E. Renan (Paris, 1861).
100. _Mélanges de Philosophie Juive et Arabe_, by S. Munk (Paris, 1859).
101. _Fragments, relatifs à la doctrine des Ismaélîs_, by S. Guyard (Paris, 1874).
102. _Exposé de la Religion des Druzes_, by Silvestre de Sacy, 2 vols. (Paris, 1838).
103. _The Mystics of Islam_, by R. A. Nicholson (London, 1914).
104. _The Religious Attitude and Life in Islam_, by D. B. Macdonald (Chicago, 1909).
105. _Essai sur les origines du lexique technique de la mystique musulmane_, by L. Massignon (Paris, 1922).
106. _La Passion d'al-Halláj_, by L. Massignon, 2 vols. (Paris, 1922).
107. _Al-Ḳuschairîs Darstellung des Ṣûfîtums_, by Richard Hartmann (Berlin, 1914).
108. _Kleinere Schriften des Ibn al-‘Arabī_, by H. S. Nyberg (Leiden, 1919).
109. _Studies in Islamic Mysticism_, by R. A. Nicholson (Cambridge, 1921).
110. _The Idea of Personality in Ṣúfism_, by R. A. Nicholson (Cambridge, 1923).
111. _The Dervishes or Oriental Spiritualism_, by John P. Brown, ed. by H. A. Rose (London, 1927).
112. _Les Confréries religieuses musulmanes_, by O. Depont and X. Coppolani (Algiers, 1897).
VIII
THE HISTORY AND LITERATURE OF THE MOORS.
113. _Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne jusqu'à la conquête de l'Andalusie par les Almoravides_ (711-1110 A.D.), by R. Dozy, 4 vols. (Leyden, 1861). Translated into English under the title _Spanish Islam_ by F. G. Stokes (London, 1913).
114. _History of the Moorish Empire in Europe_, by S. P. Scott, 3 vols. (New York, 1904).
115. _The Moriscos of Spain, their conversion and expulsion_, by H. C. Lea (Philadelphia, 1901).
116. _History of the Mohammedan dynasties of Spain_, translated from the _Nafḥ al-Ṭíb_ of Maqqarí by Pascual de Gayangos, 2 vols. (London, Oriental Translation Fund, 1840-43).
117. _The History of the Almohades_, by ‘Abdu ’l-Wáḥid al-Marrákoshí, translated by E. Fagnan (Algiers, 1893).
118. _Recherches sur l'histoire et la littérature de l'Espagne pendant le moyen âge_, by R. Dozy, 2 vols. (3rd ed., Leyden, 1881).
119. _Poesie und Kunst der Araber in Spanien und Sicilien_, by A. F. von Schack, 2 vols. (2nd ed., Stuttgart, 1877).
120. _Moorish remains in Spain_, by A. F. Calvert (London, 1905).
121. _Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia_, by M. Amari (Firenze, 1854-72). A revised edition is in course of publication.
IX
THE HISTORY OF THE ARABS FROM THE MONGOL INVASION IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT DAY.
122. _Histoire des Sultans Mamlouks de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe par Taki-eddin Ahmed Makrizi, traduite en français ... par_ M. Quatremère, 2 vols. (Oriental Translation Fund, 1845).
123. _The Mameluke or Slave dynasty of Egypt_, by Sir W. Muir (London, 1896).
124. _Histoire de Bagdad depuis la domination des Khans mongols jusqu'au massacre des Mamlouks_, by C. Huart (Paris, 1901).
125. _History of the Egyptian revolution from the period of the Mamelukes to the death of Mohammed Ali_, by A. A. Paton, 2 vols. (London, 1870).
126. _The Shaikhs of Morocco in the XVI^h century_, by T. H. Weir (Edinburgh, 1904).
127. _The Arabic Press of Egypt_, by M. Hartmann (London, 1899).
128. _Neuarabische Volkspoesie gesammelt und uebersetzt_, by Enno Littmann (Berlin, 1902).
INDEX
In the following Index it has been found necessary to omit the accents indicating the long vowels, and the dots which are used in the text to distinguish letters of similar pronunciation. On the other hand, the definite article _al_ has been prefixed throughout to those Arabic names which it properly precedes; it is sometimes written in full, but is generally denoted by a hyphen, _e.g._ -‘Abbas for al-‘Abbas. Names of books, as well as Oriental words and technical terms explained in the text, are printed in italics. Where a number of references occur under one heading, the more important are, as a rule, shown by means of thicker type.
A
Aaron, 215, 273
‘Abbad, 421
‘Abbadid dynasty, the, 414, 421-424, 431
-‘Abbas, 146, 249, 250, 251
-‘Abbas b. -Ahnaf (poet), 261
‘Abbása, 261
‘Abbasid history, two periods of, 257
‘Abbasid propaganda, the, 249-251
‘Abbasids, the, xxviii, xxix, xxx, 65, 181, 182, 193, 194, 220, +249-253+, +254-284+, 287-291, +365-367+, 373
‘Abdullah, father of the Prophet, xxvii, 146, 148, 250
‘Abdullah, brother of Durayd b. -Simma, 83
‘Abdullah, the Amir (Spanish Umayyad), 411
‘Abdullah b. -‘Abbas, 145, 237, 249
‘Abdullah b. Hamdan, 269
‘Abdullah b. Ibad, 211
‘Abdullah b. Mas‘ud, 352
‘Abdullah b. Maymun al-Qaddah, 271-274, 363
‘Abdullah. b. Muhammad b. Adham, 423
‘Abdullah b. -Mu‘tazz. See _Ibnu ’l-Mu‘tazz_
‘Abdullah b. Saba, 215, 216
‘Abdullah b. Tahir, 129
‘Abdullah b. Ubayy, 172
‘Abdullah b. Yasin al-Kuzuli, +430+
Abdullah b. -Zubayr, 198, 199, 200, 202
‘Abdu ’l-‘Aziz (Marinid), 436
‘Abdu ’l-‘Aziz, brother of ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, 200
‘Abdu ’l-‘Aziz, son of Muhammad b. Sa‘ud, 466
‘Abdu ’l-Ghani al-Nabulusi, 402
‘Abdu ’l-Hamid, 267
‘Abdu ’l-Malik (Umayyad Caliph), +200-202+, 206, 209, 224, 240, 242, 244, 247, 349, 407
‘Abd Manaf, 146
‘Abdu, ’l-Mu’min (Almohade), 432
‘Abdu ’l-Muttalib, 66-68, 146, 148, 154, 250
‘Abdu ’l-Qadir al-Baghdadi, 131
‘Abdu ’l-Qadir al-Jili, 393
‘Abd al-Qays (tribe), 94
‘Abdu ’l-Rahman I, the Umayyad, 253, 264, +405-407+, 417, 418
‘Abdu ’l-Rahman II (Spanish Umayyad), 409, 418
‘Abdu ’l-Rahman III (Spanish Umayyad), +411-412+, 420, 425
‘Abdu ’l-Rahman V (Spanish Umayyad), 426
‘Abdu ’l-Rahman b. ‘Awf, 186
‘Abdu ’l-Razzaq-Kashani, 402
‘Abd Shams, 146
‘Abd Shams Saba, 14
‘Abdu ’l-‘Uzza, 159
‘Abdu ’l-Wahhab, founder of the Wahhabite sect. See _Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab_.
‘Abdu ’l-Wahhab al-Sha‘rani. See _-Sha‘rani_
‘Abdu ’l-Wahid of Morocco (historian), 431, 433
‘Abid b. -Abras (poet), 39, 44, 86, 101
‘Abid b. Sharya, 13, 19, 247
‘Abida b. Hilal, 239
‘Abir, xviii
‘Abla, 115
-Ablaq, (name of a castle), 84
Ablutions, the ceremonial, incumbent on Moslems, 149
-Abna, 29
Abraha, 6, 15, +28+, +65-8+
Abraham, xviii, 22, 62, 63, 66, 149, 150, 165, 172, 177
Abraham, the religion of, 62, 149, 177
‘Abs (tribe), xix, 61, 88, 114-117
Absal, 433
Abu ’l-‘Abbas (Marinid), 436
Abu ’l-‘Abbas Ahmad al-Marsi, 327
Abu ’l-‘Abbas al-Nami (poet), 270
Abu ’l-‘Abbas-Saffah, 182, 253. See _-Saffah_
Abu ‘Abdallah Ibnu ’l-Ahmar (Nasrid), 437
Abu ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami, 338
Abu Ahmad al-Mihrajani, 370
Abu ’l-‘Ala al-Ma‘arri, 166, 167, 206, 271, 289, 291, 296, 308, +313-324+, 375, 448
Abu ‘Ali al-Qali, 131, 420
Abu ‘Ali b. Sina, 265. See _Ibn Sina_
Abu ‘Amir, the Monk, 170
Abu ‘Amr b. al-‘Ala, 242, 285, +343+
Abu ’l-Aswad al-Du’ili, 342, 343
Abu ’l-‘Atahiya (poet), 261, 291, +296-303+, 308, 312, 324, 374
Abu Ayman (title), 14
Abu Bakr (Caliph), xxvii, 142, 153, 175, 180, +183+, 185, 210, 214, 215, 257, 268, 297
Abu Bakr b. Abi ’l-Azhar, 344
Abu Bakr Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi of Seville, 399
Abu Bakr b. Mu‘awiya, 420
Abu Bakr al-Nabulusi, 460
Abu Bakr al-Razi (physician), 265. See _-Razi_
Abu Bakr b. ‘Umar, 430
Abu ’l-Darda, 225
Abu Dawud al-Sijistani, 337
Abu ’l-Faraj of Isfanan, 32, 123, 131, 270, +347+, 419. See _Kitabu ’l-Aghani_
Abu ’l-Faraj al-Babbaghá (poet), 270
Abu ’l-Fida (historian), 308, 316, 331, +454+
Abu Firas al-Hamdani (poet), 270, 304
Abu Ghubshan, 65
Abu Hanifa, 222, 284, 402, 408
Abu ’l-Hasan ‘Ali b. Harun al-Zanjani, 370
Abu ’l-Hasan al-Ash‘ari, 284. See _-Ash‘ari_
Abu Hashim, the Imam, 220, 251
Abu Hashim, the Sufi, 229
Abu Hudhayl -‘Allaf, 369
Abu ’l-Husayn al-Nuri, 392
Abu ‘Imran al-Fasi, 429
Abu Ishaq al-Farisi. See _-Istakhri_
Abu Ja‘far -Mansur, 258. See _-Mansur, the Caliph_
Abu Jahl, 158
Abu Karib, the Tubba‘, 12, 19. See _As‘ad Kamil_
Abu Lahab, 159, 160
Abu ’l-Mahasin b. Taghribirdi (historian), 257, 262, 267, 268, 350, 369, +454+
Abu Marwan Ghaylán, 224
Abu Ma‘shar, 361
Abu Mihjan (poet), 127
Abu Mikhnaf, 210
Abu Musa al-Ash‘ari, 192, 377
Abu Muslim, 220, +251-252+, 375
Abu Nasr al-Isma‘ili, 339
Abu Nasr al-Sarraj, 393
Abu Nu‘aym al-Isfahani, 338
Abu Nuwas (poet), 261, 277, +286+, 290, 291, _292-296_, 303, 308, 345, 375
Abu Qabus, _kunya_ of -Nu’man III, 45
Abu ’l-Qasim Ahmad. See _-Mustansir_
Abu ’l-Qasim Muhammad, the Cadi, 421
Abu ’l-Qasim b. -Muzaffar, 312
Abu ’l-Qasim al-Zahrawi, 420
Abu Qays b. Abi Anas, 170
Abu Qurra, 221
Abu Sa’id b. Abi ’l-Khayr, 391, 394
Abu Salama, 257
Abu Salih Mansur b. Ishaq (Samanid), 265
Abu ’l-Salt b. Abi Rabi’a, 69
Abu Shaduf, 450
Abu Shamir the Younger, 50
Abu Shamir, _kunya_ of -Harith b. ’Amr Muharriq, 50
Abu Shuja’ Buwayh, 266
Abu Sufyan, 124, 175, 195
Abu Sulayman al-Darani, 384, 386, 388
Abu Sulayman Muhammad b. Ma‘shar al-Bayusti, 370
Abu Talib, uncle of the Prophet, 146, 148, 154, 157, 183, 250
Abu Talib al-Makki, 338, 393
Abu Tammam, author of the _Hamasa_, 79, _129-130_, 288, 316, 324, 331. See _-Hamasa_
Abu ’Ubayda (philologist), 94, 242, 261, 280, 343, _344_, _345_, 459
Abu ‘Ubayda b. al-Jarrah, 51
Abu ’l-Walid al-Baji, 428
Abu Yazid al-Bistami, 391. See _Bayazid of Bistam_
Abu Yusuf, the Cadi, 283
Abu Zayd of Saruj, 330, 331, 332, 335
Abu Zayd Muhammad al-Qurashi, 130
Abusir, 326
Abyssinia, 53, 155, 156
Abyssinians, the, xxi; in -Yemen, 5, 6, 26-29; invade the Hijaz, 66-68
Academy of Junde-shapur, the, 358
Academy of Sabur, the, 267, 314
‘Ad (people), +1+, +2+, 3
_adab_, 283, 346
_Adabu ’l-Katib_, 346
Adam, xxvi, 62, 63, 244, 398
‘Adana (river), 15
‘Adawi dervishes, the, 393
Adharbayjan, 17
‘Adi (tribe), 233
‘Adi b. ‘Amr, 94
‘Adi al-Hakkari, 393
‘Adi b. Marina, 244
‘Adi b. Nasr, 35
‘Adi b. Zayd, 40, +45-48+, 49, +138+, 244
‘Adiya, 85
Adler, 316
‘Adnán, xviii, xix, xx, 64
‘Adudu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 266, 307
Ælius Gallus, 9
Æthiopic language, the, xvi, xxi
Afghanistan, 268, 275
Africa, xv, xvi
Africa, North, 53, 203, 253, 271, 274, 405, 419, 423, 424, 429, 430, 434, 437, 439, 442, 443, 468
Afshin, 375
-Afwah al-Awdi (poet), 83
_-Aghani._ See _Kitabu ’l-Agfhani_
Aghlabid dynasty, the, 264, 274, 441
Aghmat, 424
-Ahlaf, at -Hira, 38
Ahlu ’l-Kitab, 341
Ahlu ’l-Taswiya, 280. See _Shu‘ubites, the_
Ahlu ’l-tawhid wa-’l-‘adl, a name given to the Mu‘tazilites, 224
Ahlwardt, W., 76, 101, 125, 128,133, 136, 286, 293, 294, 304, 349, 454
Ahmad (Buwayhid), 266
Ahmad, brother of Ghazali, 339
Ahmad, father of Ibn Hazm, 426
Ahmad b. Hanbal, 284, 369, 376, 402
Ahmad al-Nahhas, 102
Ahmad b. Tulun, 354
Ahmar of Thamud, 3
Ahnum, 19
Ahqafu ’l-Raml (desert), 1
_Ahsanu ’l-Taqasim fi ma‘rifati ’l-Aqalim_, 357
_ahwal_, mystical term, 231, 391
-Ahwas (poet), 237
-Ahwaz, 271, 293
A‘isha, 151, 183
_‘Aja ’ibu ’l-Maqdur_, 454
-‘Ajam (the non-Arabs), 277. See _-Mawali_
-‘Ajjaj (poet), 138
_-Ajurrumiyya_, 456
Akbar (Mogul Emperor), xxx
_Akhbaru ’l-Zaman_, 353
-Akhtal (poet), 221, 238, +239-242+, 285
_akhu ’l-safa_, 370
Akilu ’l-Murar (surname), 42
-A‘lam (philologist), 128
Alamut, 445
‘Ala’u ’l-Din Muhammad Khwarizmshah, 444
Albategnius, 361
Albucasis, 420
Albumaser, 361
Alchemists, the, 361, 387
Alchemy, works on, translated into Arabic, 358
Aleppo, 269, 270, 275, 291, 303, 305, 313, 360, 415, 446, 451, 460, 461
Alexander the Great, 17, 276, 358, 457
Alexandria, 340
Alexandrian Library, the, 435
_Alf Layla wa-Layla_, 456, 459. See _Thousand Nights and a Night_ and _Arabian Nights_
_-Alfiyya_, 456
Alfraganus, 361
Algeria, 430
Algiers, 468
Alhambra, the, 435
‘Ali (Buwayhid), 266
‘Ali, grandson of ‘Umar Ibnu ’l-Farid, 394
‘Ali b. Abi Talib, the Prophet's son-in-law, xxvii, xxviii, 105, 153, 181, 183, +190-193+, 194, 196, 205, 207-211, +213-218+, 220-222, 243, 249, 250, 251, 264, 267, 273, 274, 342, 343, 349, 377, 432, 442
‘Ali b. Abi Talib, public cursing of, 205
‘Ali b. -Mansur, Shaykh, 319
‘Ali b. Musa b. Ja‘far al-Rida, 262, 385
‘Alids, the, 258, 259, 337. See _‘Ali b. Abi Talib_ and _Shi‘ites, the_
Allah, 62, 134, 135, 164, 231, 392
Allah, the Muhammadan conception of, 225, 231
Almaqa, 18
Almeria, 421
Almohades, the, 217, 429, +431-434+
Almoravides, the, 423, 429-431
Alp Arslan (Seljuq), 275, 276, 340, 379
Alphabet, the South Arabic, 6, 8, 12
Alphonso VI of Castile, 422, 423, 431
‘Alqama b. ‘Abada (poet), 121, +125+, 128
‘Alqama b. Dhi Jadan (poet), 12
Alvaro, Bishop of Cordova, 414
Amaj, 22
-Amali, 420. See _Kitabu ’l-Amali_
-Amaliq (Amalekites), 2, +3+, 63
‘Amidu ’l-Mulk al-Kunduri, 379
-Amin, the Caliph, 255, +262+, 293, 343
Amina, mother of the Prophet, 146
‘Amir b. Sa‘sa‘a (tribe), 119
‘Amir b. Uhaymir, 87
Amiru ’l-Mu‘minin (Commander of the Faithful), 185
Amiru ’l-Umara (title), 264
‘Amr, the Tubba‘ 25, 26
‘Amr b. ‘Adi b. Nasr, 35, 36, 37, 40
‘Amr b. Amir (tribe), 94
‘Amr b. ‘Amir Ma’ al-Sama al-Muzayqiya, 15, 16, 49
‘Amr b. -‘As, 192
‘Amr b. -Harith (Ghassanid), 50, 54, 122
‘Amr b. Hind (Lakhmite), 44, 107, 108, 109, 112
‘Amr b. Kulthum (poet), 44, 82, 102, +109-113+, 128, 269
‘Amr b. Luhayy, 63, 64
‘Amr b. Ma‘dikarib, 82
‘Amr b. Mas‘ud, 43
‘Amr b. ‘Ubayd, 223, 374
‘Amr b. Zarib, 35
Amul, 350
Anas, 88
_‘anatira_, 459
‘Anaza (tribe), xix
-Anbar, 38
-Anbari (philologist), 128
-Anbat, xxv. See _Nabatæans, the_
Ancient Sciences, the, 282
-Andarin, 111
Angels, the Recording, 161
Angora, 104
-Ansar (the Helpers), 171, 241
_‘Antar, the Romance of_, 34, 459
‘Antara (poet), 76, 109, +114-116+, 128, 459
_‘antari_, 459
Anthologies of Arabic poetry, 128-130, 289, 325, 343, 347, 348, 417
Anthropomorphism, 369, 376, 379, 432
Antioch, 43
Anushirwan (Sasanian king). See _Nushirwan_
Anushirwan b. Khalid, 329
Aphrodite, 43
_-‘Aqida_, by ‘Izzu ’l-Din b. ‘Abd al-Salam, 461
‘Aqil, 35
Arab horses, the training of, 226
Arab singers in the first century A.H., 236
_a‘rabi_ (Bedouin), 210
Arabia, in the ‘Abbasid period, 276
Arabia Felix, xvii, 4. See _-Yemen_
Arabian History, three periods of, xxvi
_Arabian Nights, the_, 238, 256, 261, 292, 421, +456-459+
Arabic language, the, xvi, xvii, xxi-xxv, 6, 77, 201, 203, 239, 265, 277-280, 336, 342, 344
Arabic literature, largely the work of non-Arabs, xxx, xxxi, 276-278
Arabic Press, the, 469
Arabic writing, 201; oldest specimens of, xxi, xxii
Arabs, the Ishmaelite, xviii
Arabs of Khurasan, the, thoroughly Persianised, 250
Arabs, the Northern. See _Arabs, the Ishmaelite_
Arabs, the Northern and Southern, racial enmity between, xx, 199, 200, 252, 405, 406
Arabs, the Southern, xvii, xviii, xx, 4. See _Arabs, the Yemenite_
Arabs, the Yemenite, xvii, xviii, xx, 38, 55, 199, 252, 405, 406. See _Sabæans, the_; _Himyarites, the_
Arabs, the Yoqtanid, xviii. See _Arabs, the Yemenite_
Aramæans, the, xv, xxv
Aramaic language, the, xvi, xxv, 279, 375
-Araqim, 113, 114
Arbela, 451
Ardashir Babakan, founder of the Sasanian dynasty, 34, 38
Ἀρέθας τοῦ Γαβάλα, 51
Arhakim, 11
_‘arif_ (gnostic), 386
‘Arifu ’l-Zanadiqa, 373
Aristocracy of Islam, the, 188, 190
Aristotle, 358, 359, 360
-‘Arji (poet), 237
Armenia, xv, 352
Arnaud, Th., 9, 15, 17
Arnold. F. A., 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 114
Arnold, T. W., 184, 223, 224, 360, 448
Arsacids, the, 21, 38
Aryat, 27, 28
-‘Asa (name of a mare), 36
_‘asabiyya_, 440
Asad (tribe), xix, 104
Asad Kamil, the Tubba‘, 12, +19-23+, 25, 26, 137
Asad b. Musa, 247
Asal, 433
_asalib_, 289, 315
Ascalon, 456
Ascension of the Prophet, the, 169, 403
Asd (tribe), 19
-A‘sha (poet), 16, 101, 121, +123-125+, 128, 138, 139
-Ash‘ari (Abu ’l-Hasan), 284, +376-379+, 431
Ash‘arites, the, 379, 380, 460
_Ash‘aru ’l-Hudhaliyyin_, 128
-Ashram (surname of Abraha), 28
Asia, xv, 275, 352, 414
Asia, Central, 255
Asia Minor, 269, 399, 434, 446
Asia, Western, xvi, xxix, 358, 442, 444, 446
Asin Palacios, 404
_aslama_, 153
-Asma‘i (philologist), 261, 343, 344, +345+, 459
Assassins, the, 272, 371, 372, 381, 445
Assyrian language, the, xvi
Assyrians, the, xv
Astrologers and Astronomers, 361
Astronomy, 276, 283
Aswad b. -Mundhir, 47
_-Athar al-Baqiya_, 361
_Atharu ’l-Bilad_, 416
Athens, 240, 358
‘Athtar, ‘Athtor (Sabæan divinity), 11, 18
_Atlal_, 286
‘Attar (Persian mystic). See _Faridu’ddin ‘Attar_
‘Atwada, 28
Aurelian, 34
Aurora, 412
Avempace. See _Ibn Bajja_
Avenzoar, 434
Averroes. See _Ibn Rushd_
Avicenna. See _Ibn Sina_
_awa’il_ (origins), 247
_‘Awarifu ’l-Ma‘arif_, 230, 338
-‘Awfi, 370
_awliya_ (saints), 393
Awrangzib (Mogul Emperor), xxx
Aws (tribe), 170
Aws b. Hajar (poet), 131
Awwam Dhú ‘Iran Alu, 11
_a‘yan thabita_, 402
_ayat_ (verse of the Koran, sign, miracle), 166
Ayatu ’l-Kursi (the Throne-verse), 176
Aybak, 447
-Ayham b. -Harith (Ghassanid), 50
‘Ayn Jalut, battle of, 446
‘Ayn Ubagh, battle of, 52
_ayyamu ’l-‘Arab_, 55, 356
Ayyubid dynasty, the, 275, 447, 453
Azd (tribe), 79, 374
-Azhar, the mosque, 395
Azraqites (-Azariqa), the, 208, 239
B
Baalbec, 111
Bab al-Mandab, 5
Babak, 258, 375
Babur (Mogul Emperor), xxix, 444
Babylon, xxv, 38
Babylonia, 34, 38, 138, 253, 255, 307. See _-‘Iraq_
Babylonian and Assyrian inscriptions, the, xvi, xxv
Babylonians, the, xv
Badajoz, 421, 423
Badis, 428
Badi‘u ’l-Zaman ai-Hamadhání, 328, 329, 331
Badr, battle of, 158, 174, 175
Badr, freedman of ‘Abdu ’l-Rahman the Umayyad, 405, 406
-Baghawi, 337
Baghdad, xxviii, xxix, 131, 182, 254, +255-256+, 290-293, 303, 307, 313, +314+, 315, 326, 338, 340, 345, 346, 347, 350, 351, 352, 355, 357, 359, 362, 365, 369, 376, 380, 382, 385, 387, 392, 399, 412, 415, 418, 431, 441, +444-446+, 447, 449, 450, 458, 461, 465, 466
Baghdad, history of its eminent men, by -Khatib, 355
Baha’u ’l-Dawia (Buwayhid), 267, 314
Bahdala (tribe), 87
Bahira, the monk, 148
Bahman (Sasanian), 457
Bahram Gor (Sasanian), 40, 41
-Bahrayn (province), 107, 108, 186
Bahri Mamelukes, the, 447
Baju, 445
-Bakharzi, 348
Bakil (tribe), 12
Bakr (tribe), xix, 55-60, 61, 69, 70, 76, 93, 107, 109, 113, 114, 242
-Bakri (geographer), 357, 428
Balaam, 73
-Baladhuri (historian), 280, 349
_-balagh al-akbar_, 371
Balak, 73
-Bal‘ami, 265, 352
Balaq (mountain), 17
Balkh, 232, 233, 259, 361, 385
-Balqa, 63
_Banat Su‘ad_, the opening words of an ode, 119, 127, 327
Banu ’l-Ahrar, 29
Banu Hind, 58
Banu Khaldun, 437
Banu Musa, 359
Banu Nahshal, 243
Baptists, name given to the early Moslems, 149
_baqa_, mystical term, 390
Baqqa, 36
-Baramika, 259. See _Barmecides, the_
Barbier de Meynard, 13, 15, 37, 195, 259, 350, 352, 353, 380, 457
Bardesanes, 364
Barmak, 259
Barmakites, the. See _Barmecides, the_
Barmecides, the, 255, +259-261+, 262, 293
Barquq, Sultan (Mameluke), 452
Bashama, 119
Bashshar b. Burd, 245, 277, 290, +373-374+, 375
_-basit_ (metre), 75
-Basra, xxiv, 127, 133, 134, 186, +189+, 195, 202, 209, 210, 215, 222, 223, 225, 226, 233, 242, 243, 246, 273, 281, 293, 294, 329, 331, 336, 341, 342, +343+, 345, 346, 369, 370, 374, 377, 378
Basset, R., 327
-Basus, 56
-Basus, the War of, +55-60+, 61, 76, 107, 114
-Batiniyya (Batinites), 381, 382, 402. See _Isma‘ilis, the_
-Battani, 361
_-bayan_, 283
_-Bayan al-Mughrib_, 407
Bayard, 191
Bayazid of Bistam, 391, 460. See _Abu Yazid al-Bistami_
Baybars, Sultan (Mameluke), 447, 448
-Baydawi, 145, 179
_bayt_ (verse), 74, 77
Baytu ’l-Hikma, at Baghdad, 359
-Bazbaz, 60
Bedouin view of life, the, 136
Bedouin warfare, character of, 54, 55
Bedouin women, Mutanabbi's descriptions of, 310
Benu Marthadim, 11
Berber insurrection in Africa, 405
Berbers, the, 204, 274, 405-409, 413, 420, 423, 424, 429-432, 442, 443
Berbers, used as mercenaries, 407
Berlin Royal Library, 8, 12
Bevan, Prof. A. A., 46, 80, 129, 151, 166, 168, 199, 205, 239, 244, 253, 356, 373, 374, 375
Beyrout, 238, 469
_Bibliographical Dictionary_, by Hajji Khalifa, 456
_Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum_, 356
_Bidpai, the Fables of_, 330, 346
Bilqis, 18
-Bimaristan al-‘Adudi, 266
Biographies of poets, 346, 347, 348
Birnam Wood, 25
-Biruni (Abu Rayhan), 269, 280, +361+
Bishr b. Abi Khazim (poet), 86
Bishr al-Hafi, 228
Bishr b. -Mu‘tamir, 369
Bistam, 391
Blick, J. S., 184, 249, 258
Black, the colour of the ‘Abbasids, 220, 262
Black Stone in the Ka‘ba, the, 63, 274, 319, 467
Blunt, Lady Anne, 88, 101
Blunt, Wilfrid, 88, 101
Bobastro, 410
Boer, T. J. de, 433
Bohlen, 308, 312
Bokhara, 203, 265, 275, 360
_Book of Examples, the_, by Ibn Khaldun, 437
_Book of Sibawayhi, the_, 343
_Book of the Thousand Tales, the._ See _Hazar Afsan_
_Book of Viziers, the_, 458
Books, the Six Canonical, 337
Boswell, 144, 313, 452
Brethren of Purity, the, 370-372
British Museum, the, 12, 402
Brockelmann, C., 205, 236, 237, 308, 328, 339, 346, 349, 449, 459, 468, 469
Browne, Prof. E. G., 29, 42, 185, 217, 218, 230, 247, 251, 258, 265, 272, 275, 290, 329, 346, 362, 375, 381, 383, 394, 399, 445
Brünnow, R. E., 32, 35, 49, 51, 209, 210
Brutus, 252
Bu‘ath, battle of, 170
Buddha, 297, 298
Buddhism, 373, 375, 390, 391. See _Nirvana_
-Buhturi (poet), 130, 316, 324
Bujayr b. ‘Amr, 58
Bukhara. See _Bokhara_
-Bukhari, 144, 146, 151, 337
Bulaq, 469
Bunyan, 212
Burckhardt, 95, 465, 466, 467
Burd, 373
_-Burda_, 326, 327
_-burda_ (the Prophet's mantle), 327, 366
Burji Mamelukes, the, 447
Burns, Robert, 450
_burnus_, the, a mark of asceticism, 210
Burton, Sir Richard, 459
Busir, 326
-Busiri (poet), 326, 327
Buthayna, 238
Butrites, the, a Shi‘ite sect, 297
Buwayhid dynasty, the, 264, +266-268+, 271, 275, 303, 338
Byzantine Empire, the, 3, 29, 46, 171, 255, 261, 269, 359
C
Cadiz, 405
Cæsar, 252
Cætani, Prince, 149, 155, 156, 171
Cairo, 275, 350, 394, 395, 437, 447, 448, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 458, 461, 464, 469
Caliph, the, must belong to Quraysh, 207
Caliph, name of the, mentioned in the Friday sermon, 263, 264; stamped on the coinage, 264; title of, assumed by the Fatimids, 271; by the Umayyads of Spain, 412
Caliphs, the, -Mas‘udi's account of, 354
Caliphs, the ‘Abbasid. See _‘Abbasids, the_
Caliphs, the Orthodox, xxiii, xxvii, 181-193
Caliphs, the Umayyad. See _Umayyad dynasty, the_
Calpe, 204
Campbell, D., 360
Canaanites, the, 3
Canonical Books, the Six, 337
Capuchins, the, 228
Carmathians, the, 272, +274+, 322, 324, 371, 375, 381, 467. See _Fatimid dynasty_; _Isma‘ilis_
Carmona, 437
Casanova, P., 371
Caspian Sea, the, xxviii, 21, 264, 266, 350, 352, 391
Castile, 422, 437
Castles of -Yemen, the, 24
Catharine of Siena, 233
Cathay, xxv
Caussin de Perceval, 32
Cave-dwellers of Khurasan, the, 232
Celibacy condemned by Muhammad, 224
Cemetery of the Sufis, the, at Damascus, 463
Ceuta, 405, 412, 423, 434
Ceylon, 352
Chagar Beg, 275
Charles the Hammer, 204
Charter, the, drawn up by Muhammad for the people of Medina, 173
Chaucer, 289
Chauvin, Victor, 214
Chenery, T., 244, 328, 332, 333, 336
Chihrazad, 457
China, 203, 352, 419, 444
Chingiz Khan, 444
Christian poets who wrote in Arabic, 138, 139
Christianity in Arabia, 117, 137-140; in Ghassán, 51, 54, 123; at -Hira, 39, 41, 43, 44, 46, 49, 123, 124, 138; in Najran, 26, 27, 124, 137; in Moslem Spain, 407, 411, 412, 413, +414-415+, 431, 435, 441
Christianity, influence of, on Muhammadan culture, xxii, 176, 177, 216, 221, 231, 389, 390
Christians, Monophysite, 51
Christians, supposed by Moslems to wear a girdle, 461
Christians at the Umayyad court, 221, 240, 241
_Chronology of Ancient Nations, the_, by -Biruni, 361
Church and State, regarded as one by Moslems, 170, 182, 197
Chwolsohn, 363
Classicism, revolt against, 287-289
Cleopatra, 34
Coinage, Arabic, introduced by ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, 201
Commercial terms derived from Arabic, 281
Companions of the Prophet, biographies of the, 144, 356, 456
Confession of faith, the Muhammadan, 403
Conquests, the early Muhammadan, work on the, 349
Constantinople, xxix, 29, 45, 52, 84, 104, 318, 362, 412
Cordova, 131, 341, 347, 406-411, +412+, 413-415, 418, 420-426, 428, 434, 435
Cordova, the University of, 420
Courage, Arabian, the nature of, 82
Criticism of Ancient and Modern Poets, 283-289
Cromwell, 189
Crusade, the Third, 275
Crusaders, the, 331, 447
Cruttenden, 8
Ctesiphon, 47, 48, 210. See _-Mada’in_
Cureton, 211, 216, 341
D
Dabba (tribe), xix
-Dahab al-‘Ijli, 44
Dahis (name of a horse), 61
Dahis and -Ghabrá, the War of, 61, 62, 114, 116
_-dahriyyun_, 381
_da‘i_ (missionary), 249, 272
-Daja‘ima, 50
-Dajjal (the Antichrist), 216
_dakhil_, 95
Damascus, xxi, xxviii, 13, 46, 51, 53, 54, 111, 181, 104, 195, 202, 203, 207, 235, 240, 241, 242, 244, 247, 252, 255, 274, 304, 313, 335, 340, 374, 386, 399, 408, 451, 462, 463
_-Damigh_, 375
Daniel, 162
Dante, 360, 404
_dapir_ (Secretary), 257
Daqiqi, Persian poet, 265
Daraya, 386
Darius, 256
Darmesteter, J., 217
Daru ’l-Rum (Constantinople), 362
Daughters, the birth of, regarded as a misfortune, 91, 156
Daughters of Allah, the, 135, 156
Davidson, A. B., 82
_dawidar_ (_dawadar_), 445
Daws Dhu Tha‘laban, 27
-Daylam, 266
Dead Sea, the, 249
Decline of the Caliphate, 257, 263
Derenbourg, H., 54, 122, 123, 194, 260, 331, 445, 454
Dervish orders, the, 393
Desecration of the tombs of the Umayyad Caliphs, 205
-Dhahabi (Shamsu ’l-Din), historian, 339, 446, 454
Dhamar‘ali Dhirrih, 10
Dhu ’l-Khalasa, name of an idol, 105
Dhu ’l-Khursayn (name of a sword), 96
Dhu ’l-Majaz, 114
Dhu Nafar, 66, 67
Dhu ’l-Nun al-Misri, 386-388, 389, 460
Dhu ’l-Nusur (surname), 2
Dhu Nuwas, 12, +26-27+, 137, 162
Dhu Qar, battle of, 69, 70
Dhu l-Qarnayn, 17, 18
Dhu ’l-Quruh (title), 104
Dhu Ru‘ayn, 25, 26
Dhu ’l-Rumma (poet), 246
Dhu ’l-‘Umrayn, nickname of Ibnu ’l-Khatib, 436
Dhu ’l-Wizaratayn (title), 425
Dhubyan (tribe), xix, 61, 62, 116, 117, 121
Diacritical points in Arabic script, 201
Di‘bil (poet), 261, 375
Dictionaries, Arabic, 343, 403, 456
Didactic poem by Abu ’l-‘Atahiya, 300
Diercks, 360
Dieterici, F., 270, 305, 307, 308, 310, 312, 313, 371
_dihqan_, 291
Diminutives, 396, 449
_din_ (religion), 178, 287
Dinarzad, 457
Dinarzade, 457
-Dinawar, 346
-Dinawari (historian), 251, 349
Dinazad, 457
Diodorus Siculus, 3
Dionysius the Areopagite, 387, 389
-Dira‘iyya, 466
Dirge, the Arabian, 126
_dithar_, 152
_Divan-i Shams-i Tabriz_, 298
Divine Right, the Shi‘ite theory of, 214, 271
_diwan_ (collection of poems), 127, 128
Diwan (Register) of ‘Umar, the, 187, 188
_Diwans of the Six Poets, the_, 128
_diya_ (blood-wit), 93
-Diyárbakri (historian), 445
Dog, the, regarded by Moslems as unclean, 445
Doughty, E. M., 3
Dozy, 214, 399, 407, 410, 411, 413, 414, 415, 420, 422, 424, 428, 429, 431, 465, 467
Drama, the, not cultivated by the Semites, 328
Drinking parties described in Pre-islamic poetry, 124, 125, 167
Droit du seigneur, le, 4
_dubayt_ (a species of verse), 450
Dubeux, 352
Duka, T., 390
Dumas, 272
_Dumyatu ’l-Qasr_, 348
Duns Scotus, 367
Durayd b. -Simma, 83
Durayd b. Zayd b. Nahd, 75
_Durratu ’l-Ghawwas_, 336
_Duwalu ’l-Islam_, 446
Dvorak, R., 304
Dyke of Ma’rib, the, 2, 5, +14-17+, 50, 63
Dynasties of the ‘Abbasid period, 264-276
E
Eber, xviii
Ecbatana, 129, 328. See _Hamadhan_
Ecstasy, 387, 393, 394
Edessa, 331, 358
Egypt, xxiv, xxix, xxx, 4, 5, 132, 184, 186, 193, 215, 268, 274, 275, 307, 323, 326, 327, 350, 354, 355, 358, 387-390, 399, 419, 432, 434, 442, 443, 447, 448, 450, 451, 454, 460, 461, 464, 466, 468
Egypt, conquest of, by the Moslems, 184
_Egypt, History of_, by Ibn Taghribirdi, 454
Eichhorn, xv
Elegiac poetry, 126, 127
_Elephant, the Sura of the_, 68
Elephant, the year of the, 28, 66, 146
Eloquence, Arabian, 346, 347
Emanation, Plotinus's theory of, 393
Emessa, 304
Emigrants, the. See _-Muhajirun_
Encomium of the Umayyad dynasty, by -Akhtal, 242
Epic poetry not cultivated by the Arabs, 325
Equality of Arabs and non-Arabs maintained by the Shu‘ubites, 279, 280
Equites Thamudeni, 3
Erotic prelude, the. See _nasib_
Erpenius, 355
Essenes, the, 224
Euphrates, the, xv, 33, 36, 37, 38, 41, 53, 110, 113, 186, 189, 192, 196, 256, 418, 443, 449
Euting, Julius, 9
F
Fables of beasts, considered useful and instructive, 330
-Fadl, the Barmecide, 260
-Fadl b. al-Rabi‘, 293
-Fahl (surname), 125
Fahm (tribe), 81
Fairs, the old Arabian, 135
_-Fakhri_, 187, 188, 194, 203, 260, 331, 445, +454+
Fakhru ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 267
Fakhru ’l-Mulk, 340
Falcon of Quraysh, the, 407, 417
_-falsafa_ (Philosophy), 283
_fana_ (dying to self), 233, 390, 391
_fanak_, 53
_faqih_, 464
_faqir_ (fakir), 230, 464
_faqr_ (poverty), 230
Farab, 360
-Farábi (Abu Nasr), 270, +360+, 393
-Farazdaq (poet), 196, 238, 239, 240, +242-244+, 245, 246
-Farghani, 361
Faridu’ddin ‘Attar, 226, 228, 386
-Farqadan (name of two stars), 35
-Farra, 343
Farrukh-mahan, 45
Fars (province), 266
Fathers, the Christian, 341
_-Fatiha_, 143
Fatima, daughter of -Khurshub, 88
Fatima, daughter of the Prophet, 183, 218, 250, 251, 258, 267, 274
Fatima (mother of Qusayy), 64
Fatima, a woman loved by Imru’u ’l-Qays, 106
Fatimid dynasty, the, 217, 265, 268, 269, +271-275+, 322, 371, 412
-Fatra, 152
_Fawatu ’l-Wafayat_, 449, 452
Fayiasufu ’l-‘Arab (title), 360. See _-Kindi_
Faymiyun (Phemion), 26
Ferdinand I of Castile, 422
Ferdinand III of Castile, 434
Ferdinand V of Castile, 441
Fez, 436
Fihr (tribe), xix
_-Fihrist_, 13, 142, 345, 359, +361-364+, 387, 457
-Find, 58, 60, 84
_-fiqh_ (Jurisprudence), 283; denoting law and theology, 339, 420, 465
Firdawsi, Persian poet, 265, 269
Firuz (Firuzan), father of Ma‘ruf al-Karkhi, 385
Firuz, a Persian slave, 189
-Fírúzábádí (Majdu ’l-Din), 403, 456
Fleischer, 400, 404
Flint, Robert, 441
Fluegel, G., 142, 297, 362, 364, 459
Folk-songs, Arabic, 238, 416-417, 449-450
_Fons Vitæ_, 428
Foreigners, Sciences of the, 282, 283
Forgery of Apostolic Traditions, 145, 146, 279
Forgery of Pre-islamic poems, 133, 134
France, 9, 412, 469
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, 434, 441
Free schools, founded by Hakam II, 419
Free-thought in Islam, 283, 284, 298, 345, 460. See _Mu‘tazilites_ and _Zindiqs_
Free-will, the doctrine of, 223, 224
Freytag, G. W., 16, 31, 48, 50, 55, 73, 89, 91, 109, 129, 292, 373
Friedlaender, I., 428
Frothingham, 389
-Fudayl b. ‘Iyad, 232, 233, 385
_-fuhul_, 138
Fukayha, 89
_-funún al-sab‘a_ (the seven kinds of poetry), 450
Fuqaym (tribe), 28
_-Fusul wa-’l-Ghayat_, 318
_Fususu ’l-Hikam_, 400, 401, 402
_-Futuhat al-Makkiyya_, 400, 464
Future life, Pre-islamic notions of the, 166
G
Gabriel, 63, 141, 150, 267
Galen, 358
Galland, 458
Gallienus, 33
Gaulonitis, the, 53
Gaza, 5
Geber, 361
Geiger, 162
Genealogy, Muhammadan, xx
Genealogy, treatise on, by Ibn Durayd, 343
_Genesis, Book of_, xv
Geographers, the Moslem, 356, 357
George -Makin, 355
Georgians, the, 445
Germany, 8, 412
Gesenius, 8
-Ghabrá (name of a mare), 61
-Gharid, 236
-Ghariyyan, 43
Ghassán, xxii, 33, 37, 38, 42, 43, 121, 122, 138, 139, 158, 332
Ghassanid court, the, described by Hassan b. Thabit, 53
Ghassanids, the, 33, +49-54+, 122
Ghatafan (tribe), xix, 61
-Ghawl, 119
_ghayba_ (occultation), 216
Ghayman (castle), 24
Ghayz b. Murra, 117
Ghazala, 339
-Ghazali, 230, 234, 277, +338-341+, +380-383+, 393, 431, 463
Ghazan, 446
Ghaziyya (tribe), 83
Ghazna, 268-269, 355
Ghaznevid dynasty, the, 265, +268-269+, 271, 275
_ghiyar_, 461
Ghiyathu ’l-Din Mas‘ud (Seljuq), 326, 329
_-Ghulat_ (the extreme Shi‘ites), 216
Ghumdán (castle), 24
Gibb, E. J. W., 443, 460
Gibb, H. A. R., 470
Gibbon, 439
Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq), 204, 414
Glaser, E., 9, 15
Gnosis, the Sufi doctrine of, 386, 387
Gnosticism, 389, 390
Gobineau, Comte de, 320
Goeje, M. J. de, 179, 180, 253, 256, 257, 287, 322, 349, 350, 351, 353, 354, 356, 366, 371, 409
Goethe, 97
Gog and Magog, 18
_Golden Meadows, the._ See _Muruju ’l-Dhahab_ and -Mas‘udi
Goldziher, Ignaz, xx, xxii, 10, 18, 30, 73, 90, 119, 145, 177, 178, 199, 200, 221, 225, 246, 278, 279, 280, 285, 287, 289, 297, 298, 315, 344, 345, 366, 368, 370, 372, 374, 379, 390, 409, 431, 433, 466
Gospel, the, 165, 171
Grammar, Arabic, the origin of, 202, 278, 282, 341-343, 363
Grammars, Arabic, 343, 456
Granada, 421, 424, 428, 431, 434, +435-437+, 441, 442, 447
Gray, T., 77
Greece, 131, 296, 361, 434
Greece, the influence of, on Muhammadan thought, 220, 221, 229, 266, +358-361+, 363, 369, 370, 386, 388
Greek Philosophers, the, 341, 363
Green, the colour of the ‘Alids, 262
Grimme, H., xv, 10
Grünert, M., 346
Guadalquivir, the, 422
Guest, A. R., 453
Guillaume, A., 360
Guirgass, 251
Guyon, Madame, 233
H
Haarbrücker, 220, 221, 223, 224, 297
Habib b. Aws. See _Abu Tammam_
_hadarat_, mystical term, 402
-Hadi, the Caliph, 260, 373
_Hadiqatu ’l-Afrah_, 449
_-hadith_ (Traditions of the Prophet), 132, 134, +143-146+, 201, 247, 258, 348. See _Traditions of the Prophet_
Hadramawt (province), 1, 5, 42
Hadrian, 137
Hafsa, 142
Hafsid dynasty, the, 442
Hagar. See _Hajar, wife of Abraham_
Hajar (in -Bahrayn), 94, 96
Hajar, wife of Abraham, xviii, 63
-Hajjaj b. Yusuf, 200, +201-203+, 209, 213, 244
Hajji Khalifa, 456
-Hakam I (Spanish Umayyad), 409
-Hakam II (Spanish Umayyad), 412, 419
_hakim_ (philosopher), 387
_hal_, mystical term, 387
_Halbatu ’l-Kumayt_, 417
Halévy, Joseph, 9
Halila, 56
Halima, daughter of -Harith al-A‘raj, 50
Halima, the battle of, 43, 50, 51, 125
Halima, the Prophet's nurse, 147
-Hallaj. See _-Husayn b. Mansur_
Halle, 8
Ham, xv
_hama_ (owl or wraith), 94, 166
Hamadhan (Ecbatana), 129, 292, 328, 333
-Hamadhání, 328. See _Badi‘u ’l-Zaman_
Hamal b. Badr, 61, 88
_-Hamasa_, of Abu Tammam, 55, 57-61, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 92, 93, 98, 100, 126, +129-130+, 136, 137, 199, 213, 324, 331
_-Hamasa_, of -Buhturi, 130, 324
_hamasa_ (fortitude), 79, 326
Hamat, 454
-Hamaysa‘ b. Himyar, 12
Hamdan, 19
Hamdan Qarmat, 274
-Hamdani (geographer), 6, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 20, 24
Hamdanid dynasty, the, 268, +269-271+, 291, 303
Hamilton, Terrick, 459
Hammad al-Rawiya, 103, 113, 128, +132-134+, 344
Hammer, J. von, 308, 316, 396, 459
Hamza of Isfahan (historian), 14, 280
Hanbalites, the, 376, 462
_handasa_ (geometry), 283
Hani’, a chieftain of Bakr, 69
Hanifa (tribe), 183
Hanifs, the, 69, +149+, +150+, 170, 318
Hanzala of Tayyi’, 44
_haqiqat_, mystical term, 392
_haqiqatu ’l-haqa’iq_, mystical term, 403
_-haqiqatu ’l-Muhammadiyya_, mystical term, 403
_-haqq_, mystical term, 392
Haram (tribe), 331
Harim b. Sinan, 61, 116, 117, 288
-Hariri, author of the _Maqamat_, 329-336
-Harith al-Akbar. See _-Harith b. ‘Amr Muharriq_
-Harith b. ‘Amr (Kindite), 42, 44, 103, 104
-Harith b. ‘Amr Muharriq (Ghassanid), 50
-Harith al-A‘raj (Ghassanid), 43, 50, 54, 125. See _-Harith b. Jabala_
-Harith b. ‘Awf, 61, 116, 117
-Harith b. Hammam, 330, 331, 333
-Harith b. Hilliza (poet), 44, 100, 109, 113-114, 128
-Harith b. Jabala (Ghassanid), 43, 50, +51+, +52+. See _-Harith al-A‘raj_
-Harith al-Ra’ish, 17
-Harith b. Surayj, 222
-Harith b. ‘Ubad, 58, 50
-Harith the Younger (Ghassanid), 50
-Harith b. Zalim, 85
_-harj_, 249
Harran, 221, 358, 361, 462
Harran, the bilingual inscription of, xxii
Hartmann, M., 450, 468
Harun al-Rashid, the Caliph, xxix, 255, 258, 259, +260-261+, 262, 277, 283, 292, 293, 296, 298, 343, 345, 347, 366, 367, 368, 373, 385, 388, 458, 459
Harura, 208
Harwat, 11
_hasab_, 100
Hasan (Buwayhid), 266
-Hasan of -Basra, 208, 222, 223, +225-227+, 230, 243, 244, 294
-Hasan b. Ahmad al-Hamdani, 11. See _-Hamdani_
-Hasan b. ‘Ali, the Nizamu ’l-Mulk, 276. See _Nizamu ’l-Mulk_
-Hasan b. ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, 216, 297
-Hasan al-Burini, 396
-Hasan b. -Sabbah, 445
Hashid (tribe), 12
Hashim, 65, 146, 250
-Hashimiyya (Shi‘ite sect), 220, 251
Hassan b. Thabit (poet), 18, 52, 53, 54, 127
Hassan (son of As‘ad Kamil), the Tubba‘, 19, 23, 25
Hatim of Tayyi’, +85-87+, 288
Hawazin (tribe), xix
_Hayy b. Yaqzan_, 433
Hayyum, 19
_Hazar Afsan_ (_Hazar Afsana_), 363, 457-458
-Haziri (Abu ’l-Ma‘ali), 348
_Hazzu ’l-Quhuf_, 450
Hebrew language, the, xvi
Hebrews, the, xv
Hellespont, the, xxix
Helpers, the. See _-Ansar_
Hengstenberg, 102
Heraclius, 52
Heresies of the Caliph -Ma’mun, 262
Herodotus, 353
Hierotheus, 389
hija (satire), 73, 294
-Hijaz, xvii, 3, 21, +62+, 63, 64, 69, 137, 149, 150, 215, 340, 395, 398, 399, 465, 466
-Hijr, the inscriptions of, xxi, 3
-Hijra (Hegira), xxv, 158, 171
-Hilla, 449
_Hilyatu ’l-Awliya,_ 338
_himaq_ (a species of verse), 450
Hims, 304
Himyar (person), 14
Himyar (people), xxv, 1, 6, 10, 17, 24, 25, 26, 429
Himyarite kings, the, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17-27. See _Tubba‘s, the_
Himyarite language, the, xvi, xvii, xxi, 6-11
_Himyarite Ode, the_, 12, 13
Himyarites, the, xviii, xx, xxi, 4, +5+, +6+, 7, 12, 17, 23, 26
Hind, mother of Bakr and Taghlib, 58
Hind (a Bedouin woman), 46
Hind, daughter of -Nu‘man III, 46, 47
Hind, wife of -Mundhir III, 44, 45, 110
Hinwam (hill), 20
-Hira, xxii, xxiii, 29, 33, 34, +37-49+, 51, 52, 53, 54, 60, 69, 70, 85, 87, 103, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 114, 121, 122, 124, 138, 139, 189, 244, 439
Hira, Mount, 150
Hirran, 11
Hirschfeld, H., 151
Hisham (Umayyad Caliph), 200, 206, 224, 243
Hisham I (Spanish Umayyad), 347, 409
Hisham II (Spanish Umayyad), 412, 421
Hisham b. Muhammad al-Kalbi, 38, 39, 40, 348
Hisn Ghurab, 8
Historians, Arab, +11-14+, 144, 247, +348-356+, 420, 428, 435-440, +452-454+
Historical studies encouraged by the Umayyads, 247
History, the true purpose of, 437; subject to universal laws, 438; evolution of, 439, 440
_History of the Berbers_, by Ibn Khaldun, 429, 435
_History of the Caliphs_, by -Suyuti, 455
_History of Islamic Civilisation_, by Jurji Zaydan, 435
_History of Old and New Cairo_, by -Suyuti, 455
Holy Ghost, the, 150
Holy War, the, enjoined by the Koran, 174
Homer, the Iliad of, translated into Arabic verse, 469
Homeritæ, the, 5
Hommel, F., xv, 1
Honour, Pre-islamic conception of, 82-100
Horace, 326
Hospitality, the Bedouin ideal of, 85
House of the Prophet, the, 250. See ‘_Ali b. Abi Talib_; _‘Alids_; _Shi‘ites_.
Houtsma, Th., 193, 242, 329, 349
Huart, C., 468
Hubal (name of an idol), +64+
Hubba, 64
Hud (prophet), 2
Hudhalites (Hudhaylites), 22, 128. See _Hudhayl_
Hudhayla b. Badr, 61
Hudhayta b. al-Yaman, 142
Hudhayl (tribe), xix, 64, 98, 99, 100
Hughes, G., 80
Hujr (Kindite), 42
Hujr, father of Imru’u ’l-Qays, 104
Hulagu, xxix, 182, 444-446
Hulayl b. Hubshiyya, 64
_-Hullat al-Siyara_, 418
Hulton, 8
_hulul_ (incarnation), 396, 402
Hulwan, 292
Humani, 457
-Humayma, 249
Hunayn b. Ishaq, 359
_hur_ (houris), 167
Hurmuz (Sasanian), 47
Hurufis, the, 460
-Husayn, son of ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, +196+, +197+, 198, 216, 218, 243, 466
-Husayn b. Damdam, 117
-Husayn b. Mansur -Hallaj, 363, 375, 399
_Husnu ’l-Muhadara_, 455
-Hutay’a (poet), 127, 131, 261
Huzwa, 398
Hypocrites, the. See _-Munafiqun_
I
Iamblichus, 389
‘Ibad, the, of -Hira, 38, 39, 138
Ibadites (a Kharijite sect), the, 211
_-‘Ibar_, by -Dhahabi, 339
Ibnu ’l-Abbar, 418, 424
Ibn ‘Abdi Rabbihi, 102, +347+, +420+
Ibn Abi Du’ad, 376
Ibn Abi Usaybi‘a, 266, 355
Ibn Abi Ya‘qub al-Nadim, 362
Ibn Abi Zar‘, 429
Ibnu ’l-Ahmar (Nasrid), 435
Ibn ‘A’isha, 236
Ibnu ’l-‘Alqami, 445
Ibnu ’l-‘Amid, 267
Ibn ‘Ammar (poet), 422, 424
Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi. See _Muhyi ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi_
Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi, the Cadi, of Seville, 399
Ibnu ’l-A‘rabi (philologist), 128
Ibn ‘Arabshah, 454
Ibnu ’l-Athir, 203, 205, 253, +355-356+, 376, 379, 420, 429
Ibn Bajja, 361, 434
Ibn Bashkuwal, 426, 434
Ibn Bassam, 422, 434
Ibnu ’l-Baytar, 434
Ibn Durayd, 253, 280, +343+
Ibnu ’l-Farid. See _‘Umar Ibnu ’l-Farid_
Ibn Hajar, 456
Ibnu ’l-Hanafiyya. See _Muhammad Ibnu ’l-Hanafiyya_
Ibn Hani (poet), 419, 420
Ibn Hawqal, 356
Ibn Hayyan, 428
Ibn Hazm, 222, 341, 402, +423-428+
Ibn Hisham, 17, 22, 23, 63, 64, 69, +144+, 147, 150, 151, 152, 154, 156, 158, 166, 170, 173, 175, +349+
Ibn Humam, 105
Ibnu ’l-‘Idhari, 407, 428, 429
Ibn Ishaq, 69, +144+, 146, 149, 156, 247, +349+
Ibn Jahwar, 424
Ibnu ’l-Jawzi, 355
Ibn Jubayr, 357, 434
Ibn Kabsha, nickname of Muhammad, 166
Ibn Khalawayh, 271
Ibn Khaldun, 32, 228, 229, 277, 278, 288, 289, 350, 353, 429, 435, +437-440+, 443, 452
Ibn Khallikan, 129, 132, 190, 213, 224, 234, 245, 261, 266, 267, 276, 288, 295, 308, 312, 326, 343, 344, 346, 348, 355, 357, 359, 360, 377, 378, 387, 408, 422, 425, 427, +451-452+
Ibn Khaqan, 425, 434
Ibnu ’l-Khatib, the Vizier, 413, 435, 436, 437
Ibn Khidham, 105
Ibn Khurdadbih, 356
Ibn Maja, 337
Ibn Malik of Jaen, 456
Ibn Mukarram (Jamalu ’l-Din), 456
Ibn Muljam, 193
Ibnu ’l-Muqaffa‘, 330, +346+, 348, 358
Ibnu ’l-Mu‘tazz (poet), 325
Ibn Nubata (man of letters), 61
Ibn Nubata, the preacher, 271, 328
Ibnu ’l-Qifti, 355, 370, 387
Ibn Qutayba, xviii, 35, 49, 50, 51, 75, 77, 105, 117, 145, 202, 223, 257, 277, 280, +286+, +287+, 288, 289, 293, 294, 345, +346+
Ibnu ’l-Qutiyya, 420
Ibn Quzman, 417
Ibn Rashiq, 71, 288
Ibnu ’l-Rawandi, 375
Ibn Rushd, 341, 361, 432, 434
Ibn Sab‘in, 434
Ibn Sa‘d, 144, 256, 349
Ibnu ’l-Sammak, 261
Ibnu ’l-Sikkit, 343
Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 265, 266, 341, +360+, +361+, 393
Ibn Sirin, 244
Ibn Surayj, 236
Ibn Taymiyya, 371, +462+, +463+, 465, 466
Ibnu ’l-Tiqtaqa, 454
Ibn Tufayt, 361, 432, 433, 434
Ibn Tumart, 431-432
Ibnu ’l-Wahshiyya, xxv
Ibnu ’l-Wardi, 455
Ibn Zaydun (poet), 419, 424-426
Ibn Zuhr, 434
Ibrahim (Abraham), xviii, 63. See _Abraham_
Ibrahim (‘Alid), 258
Ibrahim b. Adham, 232
Ibrahim b. Hilal al-Sabi, 328
Ibrahim of Mosul, 261
Idol-worship at Mecca, 62-64
Idris, 264
-Idrisi (geographer), 357, 434
Idrisid dynasty, the, 264
_Ihya’u Ulum al-Din_, 230, 234, 338, 340
-Iji (Adudu ’l-Din), 456
_ijma‘_, 460
_ikhlas_, 164
Ikhmim, 387
_-Ikhtiyarat_, 128
Ikhwánu ’l-Safa, 370-372, 388
_-Iklil_, 6, 12, 13, 24
_-ilahiyyun_, 382
_Iliad, the_, xxii, 325, 469
Il-Khans, the, xxix, 446
Il-Makah, 11
_‘ilmu ’l-hadith_ (Science of Apostolic Tradition), 283
_‘ilmu ’l-kalam_ (Scholastic Theology), 283
_‘ilmu ’l-nujum_ (Astronomy), 283
_‘ilmu ’l-qira’at_ (Koranic Criticism), 283
_‘ilmu ’l-tafsir_ (Koranic Exegesis), 283
_‘ilq_, 101
‘Imadu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 266
‘Imadu ’l-Din al-Katib al-Isfahani, 348, 355
Imam (head of the religious community), 210
Imam, the Hidden, 216-217, 371; the Infallible, 220, 432
Imam-Husayn, a town near Baghdad, 466. See _Karbala_
_-imam al-ma‘sum_, 432
Imamites, the, 251
Imams, the Seven, 217, 273
Imams, the Shi‘ite, 214-220
Imams, the Twelve, 217
Imamu ’l-Haramayn, 339, 379
_iman_ (faith), 222
Imru’u ’l-Qays (poet), 42, 84, 85, 101, 102, +103-107+, 128, 136, 246, 289
India, 4, 17, 268, 341, 352, 361, 389
+India, History of+, by -Biruni, 361
India, the influence of, on Moslem civilisation, 361, 389, 390
India, Moslem conquests in, 203, 268
Indian religion, described by -Shahrastani, 341
Indus, the, xxiv, 203, 264
Infanticide, practised by the pagan Arabs, 149, 243
Initiation, the Isma‘ilite degrees of, 273
Inquisition (_mihna_) established by -Ma’mun, 368, 369
_-Insan al-Kamil_, the Perfect Man, 402
Inscriptions, the Babylonian and Assyrian, xxv, 4
Inscriptions, Himyarite. See _Inscriptions, South Arabic_
Inscriptions, Nabatæan, xxv, 3
Inscriptions, South Arabic, xvi, xxi, xxvi, +6-11+
Inspiration, views of the heathen Arabs regarding, 72, 73, 152, 165
Intellectual and Philosophical Sciences, the, 282
Ionia, the dialect of, xxiii
_-‘Iqd al-Faríd_, 102, 131, +347+, 420
Iram, 1
-‘Iraq, 34, 38, 42, 123, 132, 142, 201, 202, 207, 208, 243, 244, 255, 262, 266, 273, 303, _350_, 419, 445. See _Babylonia_
_-Isaba fi tamyiz al-Sahaba_, 456
Isabella of Castile, 441
Isaiah, 151
Isfahan, 14, 131, 268, 280, 326, 347, 355, 419
Isfandiyar, 330, 363
Ishaq b. Ibrahim al-Mawsili, 261, 362, 418
Ishaq b. Khalaf, 92
Ishmael. See _Isma‘il_
Isidore of Hispalis, 198
Islam, meaning of, 153; cardinal doctrines of, 163-168; formal and ascetic character of, 168, 224; derived from Christianity and Judaism, 176, 177; pagan elements in, 177; opposed to the ideals of heathendom, 177, 178; identified with the religion of Abraham, 62, 177; a world-religion, 184
Isma‘il (Ishmael), xviii, 63, 64
Isma‘il (Samanid), 265
Isma‘il b. ‘Abbad, 267. See _-Sahib Isma‘il b. ‘Abbad_
Isma‘il b. Naghdala, 428
Isma‘ilis, the, 217, +272-274+, 363, +371+, +372+, 381, 420, 445
+isnad+, 144, 278, 352
-Isnawi, 339
Israel, 73
Istakhr, 356
-Istakhri, 356
_istifa_, 228
Italy, 412, 414, 441
Ithamara (Sabæan king), 4
-Ithna -‘ashariyya (the Twelvers), 217
I‘timad, name of a slave-girl, 422
_-Itqan_, 145, 455
_ittihad_, 402
_‘iyar_, 297
Iyas b. Qabisa, 53
‘Izzu ’l-Din b. ‘Abd al-Salam, 461
J
Jabal Tariq (Gibraltar), 204
Jabala b. -Ayham (Ghassanid), 50, 51, 52, 53, 54
-Jabariyya (the Predestinarians), 224
Jabir b. Hayyan, 361, 387
_jabr_ (compulsion), 224, 297
Jacob, G., 74, 76
Jadala (tribe), 429
Jadhima al-Abrash, 34, 35, 36, 40
Jadis (tribe), 4, 25
Jaen, 456
Ja‘far, the Barmecide, 260
Ja‘far, son of the Caliph -Hadi, 260
Jafna, founder of the Ghassanid dynasty, 50
Jafnites, the. See _Ghassanids, the_
Jaghbub, 468
Jahdar b. Dubay‘a, 59
_-jahiliyya_ (the Age of Barbarism), xxvi, +30+, 31, 34, 71, 90, 158, 287
-Jahiz, 267, 280, +346-347+, 375
_jahiz_, 346
-Jahiziyya (Mu‘tazilite sect), 346
_jahl_, meaning 'barbarism', 30
Jahm b. Safwan, 222
-Jahshiyari (Abu ‘Abdallah Muhammad b. ‘Abdus), 458
Jalalu ’l-Din Khwarizmshah, 444
Jalalu ’l-Din al-Mahalli, 455
Jalalu ’l-Din Rumi, Persian poet, 298, 393, 404
Jallaban, 293
_-Jamhara fi ’l-Lugha_, 343
_Jamharatu Ash‘ari ’l-‘Arab_, 130
-Jami (‘Abdu ’l-Rahman), Persian poet, 229, 284, 386, 433
_-Jami‘_, by -Tirmidhi, 337
_-Jami‘a_, 371
Jamil, 238
Jandal, 245
Janissaries, the, 413
-Jannabi, 375
-Jaradatan (name of two singing girls), 2
Jarir (poet), 205, 238, 239, 240, 242, +244-246+
Jassas b. Murra, 56, 57
-Jawf, 9
Jawhar, 429
-Jawlan, 54
Jerusalem, 169, 177, 233, 275, 340, 355, 357
Jesus, 215, 216
Jews, the, 341. See _Judaism_
-Jibal (province), 292, 356, 445
Jibril (Gabriel), 150
_jihad_, 430
Jinn, the, 72, 112, 119, 152, 165
_jinni_ (genie), 165
Jirjis -Makin (historian), 355
John of Damascus, 221
John of Ephesus, 52
Johnson, Dr., 286, 313
Joktan, xviii
Jones, E. R., 433
Jones, Sir William, 102, 452
Jong, P. de, 366
Jordan, the, 446
-Jubba’i, 377, 378
Judaism, established in -Yemen, 23, 137; zealously fostered by Dhu Nuwas, 26; in Arabia, 137-140, 149, 158, 170-172, 173, 176, 177; in Spain, 415, 428, 429; in Sicily, 441
Judaism, influence of, on Muhammadan thought, 176, 177, 215, 216
_-ju‘iyya_ (the Fasters), 232
Juliana of Norwich, 233
Junayd of Baghdad, 228, 230, 392, 465
Junde-shapur, 358
Jurhum (tribe), xviii, 63, 117
Jurjan, 339
Jurji Zaydan, 435
Justinian, 43, 51, 104, 358
Justinus (Byzantine Emperor), 27, 52
-Juwayni (Abu ’l-Ma‘ali), 339, 379
Juynboll, 257, 262, 268, 350, 369
K
Ka‘b (tribe), 246
Ka‘b b. Zuhayr (poet), 119, 127, 327
-Ka‘ba, +63+, +64+, +65+, +67+, 101, 117, 154, 155, 157, 164, 169, 177, 198, 319, 400, 403, 467
Ka‘bu ’l-Ahbar, 185
-Kadhdhab (title of Musaylima), 183
Kafur (Ikhshidite), 306, 307
Kahlan, 14
-Kalabadhi, 338
_-kalam_ (Scholasticism), 363, 378
Kalb (tribe), 199, 405
_kalb_, 445
_Kalila and Dimna, the Book of_, 346, 363
-Kamala (title), 88
_-kamil_ (metre), 75
_-Kamil_ of Ibnu ’l-Athir, 355, 379, 429. See _Ibnu ’l-Athir_
_-Kamil_ of -Mubarrad, 92, 131, 202, 226, 227, 237, 244, 343
_kanwakan_ (a species of verse), 450
Karbala, 196, 198, 208, 216, 218, 243, 466
Kariba’il Watar, 10
-Karkh, a quarter of Baghdad, 267, 385
_kasb_, 379
_Kashfu ’l-Zunun_, 456
_-Kashshaf_, 145
_katib_ (secretary), 257, 326
Kawadh (Sasanian), 42
Kerbogha, 446
Khadija, 148, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157
_-khafif_ (metre), 75
Khalaf, 421
Khalaf al-Ahmar, 97, 134, 293, 344
Khalid b. -Mudallil, 43
Khalid b. -Walid, 184
Khalid b. Yazid, 358
_khalifa_ (Caliph), xxvii, 175
-Khalil b. Ahmad, 75, 285, +343+
Khamir (village), 19
_-Khamriyya_, by Ibnu ’l-Farid, 396
_khamriyyat_, 294
_khanaqah_ (monastery), 229
-Khansa (poetess), 126, 127
_Kharidatu ’l-Qasr_, 348
_khariji_ (Kharijite), 209
Kharijites, the, 193, 207, +208-213+, 221, 222, 239, 248, 259, 428
Kharmaythan, 360
-Khasib, 373
_khatib_, 271
-Khatib, of Baghdad, 355
-Khatim b.‘Adi, 94, 96
-Khawarij. See _Kharijites, the_
-Khawarnaq (castle), 40, 41
-Khaybar, 50
-Khayf, 237
Khazaza, battle of, 5
-Khazraj (tribe), 170
Khedivial dynasty, the, 468
Khidash b. Zuhayr, 95, 96
Khindif, xix
_-Khitat_, by -Maqrizi, 453
Khiva, 361, 444
_Khizanatu ’l-Adab_, 131
Khuda Bukhsh, S., 279
_Khuday-nama_, 348
Khulafa al-Rashidun, xxvii. See _Caliphs, the Orthodox_
Khurasan, xxviii, 129, 132, 220, 221, 232, 233, 239, +249+, +250+, 251, 254, 256, 258, 263, 265, 266, 275, 303, 339, 341, 379, 390, 391, 419, 444
Khurasan, dialect of, 339
_khuruj_ (secession), 209
Khusraw Parwez. See _Parwez_
_khutba_, 263, 328
Khuza‘a (tribe), 63, 64, 65
Khuzayma (tribe), xix
Khuzistan, 266, 274, 293, 358
Khwarizm, 357, 361, 444
-Khwarizmi (Abu ‘Abdallah), 361
_-kibrit al-ahmar_, 399
Kilab (tribe), 246
Kilab b. Murra, 64
_-kimiya_ (the Philosophers' Stone), 401
_Kimiya’u ’l-Sa‘adat_, 340
_-kimiya’un_ (the Alchemists), 364
Kinana (tribe), xix, 64
Kinda (tribe), xviii, 42, 43, 69, 85, 103, 104, 360
-Kïndi, 288, 360
-Kisa’i (philologist), 261, 343
Kisra (title), 45
_Kitabu ’l-Aghani_ (the Book of Songs), 19, 26, 31, +32+, 37, 43, 44, 46, 47, 53, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 94, 102, 104, 109, 110, 123, 124, 131, 134, 138, 139, 150, 200, 205, 216, 236, 237, 239, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, +270+, 279, 291, 292, 297, 345, +347+, 374, +419+
Kitabu ’l-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya_, 338
Kitabu ’l-Akhbar al-Tiwal_, 349
_Kitabu ’l-Amali_, 131
_Kitabu Ansabi ’l-Ashraf_, 349
_-Kitab al-Awsat_, 353
_Kitabu ’l-‘Ayn_, 343
_Kitabu ’l-Badi‘_, 325
_Kitabu ’l-Bayan wa-’l-Tabyin_, 347
_Kitabu ’l-Falahat al-Nabatiyya_, xxv
_Kitabu Futuhi ’l-Buldan_, 349
_Kitabu ’l-Hayawan_, 346, 375
_Kitabu ’l-‘Ibar_, by Dhahabi, 339
_Kitabu ’l-‘Ibar_, by Ibn Khaldun, 437
_Kitabu, ’l-Ibil_, 345
_Kitabu ’l-Ishtiqaq_, 343
_Kitabu ’l-Kamil fi ’l-Ta’rikh_, 355. See _-Kamil of Ibnu ’l-Athir_
_Kitabu Khalq al-Insan_, 345
_Kitabu ’l-Khayl_, 345
_Kitabu ’l-Luma‘_, 393
_Kitabu ’l-Ma‘arif_, xviii, 202, 223, 224, 345, +346+
_Kitabu ’l-Maghazi_, by Musa b. ‘Uqba, 247
_Kitabu ’l-Maghazi_, by -Waqidi, 144
_-Kitab al-Mansuri_, 265
_Kitabu ’l-Masalik wa-’l-Mamalik_, 356
_Kitabu ’l-Milal wa-’l-Nihal_, by Ibn Hazm, 341, 427, 428
_Kitabu ’l-Milal wa-’l-Nihal_, by -Shahrastani, 341. See _-Shahrastani_
_Kitabu ’l-Muluk wa-akhbar al-Madin_, 13
_Kitabu ’l-Shi‘r wa-’l-Shu‘ara_, 75, 78, 105, 117, 257, 293, 346
_Kitabu ’l-Ta‘arruf li-Madhhabi ahli ’l-Tasawwuf_, 338
_Kitabu ’l-Tabaqat al-Kabir_, 144
_Kitabu ’l-Tanbih wa-’l-Ishraf_, 353, 354
_-Kitab al-Yamini_, 355
_Kitabu ’l-Zuhd_, 247
_Koran, the_, xvii, xx, xxii-xxv, xxvi, xxvii, 1, 2, 3, 15, 17, 18, 27, 68, 74, 91, 102, 119, 132, 134, +141-143+, 144-152, 154-156, 158, +159-168+, 169, 172, 174, +175+, +176+, 178, 179, 183, 184, 185, 187, 192, 201, 203, 207-212, 215, 221, 223, 225, 231, 234, +235+, 237, 247, 249, 273, 277, 278, 279, 282, 284, 287, 294, 318, 327, 329, 330, 342, 343, 344, 363, 365, 368, 369, 375, 378, 379, 397, 398, 403, 408, 417, 433, 449, 454, 455, 460, 461, 462, 463, 467
_Koran, the_, derivation of, 159; collection of, 142; historical value of, 143; arrangement of, 143, 161; style of, 159, 318, 368; not poetical as a whole, 160; held by Moslems to be the literal Word of God, 159, 235; heavenly archetype of, 151, 163, 368; revelation of, 150-152, 159; designed for oral recitation, 161; commentaries on, 144, 145, 351, 455; imitations of, 318, 368, 375; dispute as to whether it was created or not, 262, 368, 369
Koran-readers (_-qurra_), the, 209, 210, 277
Kosegarten, 128
Krehl, L., 151, 360
Kremer, Alfred von, 13, 14, 18, 19, 23, 24, 101, 139, 140, 220, 221, 225, 233, 279, 281, 302, 304, 316, 318, 321, 323, 324, 360, 373, 379, 383, 399, 439
-Kufa, xxiv, 38, 70, 127, 133, 134, 186, +189+, 193, 196, 198, 202, 207-210, 215, 218, 219, 229, 250, 253, 291, 293, 296, 304, 342, +343+, 344
-Kulab, battle of, 253
Kulayb (tribe), 244, 245
Kulayb b. Rabi‘a, 5, 55, 56, 57, 76, 93
Kulayb b. Wa’il, 110. See _Kulayb b. Rabi‘a_
Kulthum b. Malik, 110
-Kumayt (poet), 138
_kunya_ (name of honour), 45, 50, 112
-Kusa‘i, 244
Kuthayyir (poet), 216
_-kutub al-sitta_ (the Six Books), 337
-Kutubi, 449, 452
L
La Fontaine, 469
Labid (poet), 50, 109, +119-121+, 128, 139, 140
Lagrange, Grangeret de, 396, 417
Lahore, 268
Lakhmites, the, of -Hira, 33, 38, +39-49+, 54, 69
Lamis (name of a woman), 82
_Lamiyyatu ’l-‘Ajam_, 326
_Lamiyyatu ’l-‘Arab_, +79+, +80+, 89, 134, 326
Lamta (tribe), 429
Lamtuna (tribe), 429
Lane, E. W., 53, 164, 448, 459
Lane-Poole, Stanley, 264, 275, 371, 432
-Lat (goddess), 135, 155
_Lata’ifu ’l-Minan_, 464
Latifi (Turkish biographer), 460
Laus duplex (rhetorical figure), 311
Law, Muhammadan, the schools of, 283, 284, 363, 465; the first corpus of, 337
_Lawaqihu ’l-Anwar_, 225, 226, 392
-Lawh al-Mahfuz, 163, 378
Layla, mother of ‘Amr b. Kulthum, 44, 109, 110
Layla, the beloved of -Majnun, 238
Le Strange, G., 256, 356, 357
Learning, Moslem enthusiasm for, 281
Lees, Nassau, 386
Leo the Armenian, 359
Letter-writing, the art of, 267
Lexicon, the first Arabic, 343
Library of Nuh II, the Samanid, 265, 266; of Hakam II, the Spanish Umayyad, 419
Linguistic Sciences, the, 282
Lippert, 370
_Lisanu ’l-Arab_, 456
Lisanu ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-Khatib. See _Ibnu ’l-Khatib_
Literary culture despised by the Arabs, 278
_litham_, 423
Littmann, Enno, 73
Logos, the, 403
Lollards, the, 374
Longland, 450
Loth, O., 1
Lourdes, 382
Love, Divine, the keynote of Sufiism, 231; two kinds of, 234; an ineffable mystery, 387; hymn of, 396; in Sufi poetry, 234, 397, 398, 402, 403
Loyalty, as understood by the heathen Arabs, 83-85
Lucian, 319
_-lugha_ (Lexicography), 283
Luhayy, 63
Lull, Raymond, 404
Lu’lu’, 304
Luqman b. ‘Ad (king), 2, 14
_-Luzumiyyat_, 315, 316, 319, 323, 324
_Luzumu ma la yalzam_, 315. See _-Luzumiyyat_
Lyall, Sir Charles, 32, 54, 71, 75, 82, 89, 92, 97, 101, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 125, 129, 139, 140, 149
M
Ma’ al-Sama (surname), 41
Ma’ab, 63
_ma‘ad_ (place of return), 215
Ma‘add, xix, xx, 112
Ma‘arratu ’l-Nu‘man, 313, 314, 323
-Ma‘arri (Abu ’l-‘Ala), 448. See _Abu ’l-‘Ala al-Ma‘arri_
Ma‘bad (singer), 236
Ma‘bad al-Juhani, 224
_Macbeth_, Arabian parallel to an incident in, 25
Macdonald, D. B., 273, 378, 382, 433
Macedonia, 276
Machiavelli, 439
Macoraba, 5, 62
Madagascar, 352
-Mada’in (Ctesiphon), 29, 33, 46, 47, 48. See _Ctesiphon_
Mada’in Salih, 3
_-madh al-muwajjah_, 311
_-madid_ (metre), 98
_madih_ (panegyric), 78, 294
Madinatu ’l-Salam, 255. See _Baghdad_
Madrid, 420
_mafakhir_, 100
_maghazi_, 247
-Maghrib, 460
Magi (Magians), the. See _Zoroastrians, the_
Magian fire-temple at Balkh, the, 259
Mahaffy, J. P., 82
Mahdi, the, +216+, +217+, 248, 249, 274, 431
-Mahdi, the Caliph, 103, 128, 257, 258, 296, 343, 367, 373, 374, 418
-Mahdiyya, 274
Mahmud (Ghaznevid), 268-269, 355
Mahra, dialect of, xxi
Maimonides, 434
Majdu ’l-Din al-Fírúzábádí. See _-Fírúzábádí_
_-Majmu‘ al-Mubarak_, 355
-Majnun, 238
_majnun_, 165
Malaga, 410, 421, 428, 434
Malik (boon companion of Jadhima), 35
Malik (brother of Qays b. Zuhayr), 61
Malik the Azdite, 34
Malik, the slayer of -Khatim b. ‘Adi, 94, 95
Malik b. Anas, 284, +337+, +366+, 408
-Malik al-Dillil (title of Imru’u ’l-Qays), 104
-Malik al-Kamil (Ayyubid), 395, 434
-Malik al-Salih Najmu’l-Din (Ayyubid), 447
Malik Shah (Seljuq), 275, 276, 326, 340
-Malik al-Zahir (Ayyubid), 275
-Malik al-Zahir Baybars. See _Baybars, Sultan_
Malikite books burned by the Almohades, 433
Malikite school of Law, the, 408
Mameluke dynasty, the, xxix, 442, 446, +447+, +448+, 453, 464
Mamelukes, the, 413
_mamluk_, 447
-Ma’mun, the Caliph, 92, 129, 255, 257, +262+, +283+, 284, 302, 343, +358-359+, 361, +368+, 369, 373, 388
Manat (goddess), 135, 155
Mandeville, Sir John, xxv
Manfred, 441
-Manfuha, 124
Mani (Manes), 364, 375
Manichæans, the, 218, 297, 341, 372-375. See _Zindiqs, the_
-Mansur, the Caliph, 128, 206, 252, 253, 255, 257, +258-259+, 291, 314, 337, 346, 349, 358, 373, 407
Mansur I (Samanid), 265, 352
-Mansur Ibn Abi ‘Amir, 412, 413, 426
_Mantle Ode (-Burda), the_, 326, 327
_maqama_, 328
_-Maqamat_, of Badi‘u ’l-Zaman al- Hamadhani, 328, 329
_-Maqamat_, of -Hariri, 329-336
Maqamu Ibrahim, 63
-Maqdisi. See _-Muqaddasi_
-Maqqari, 399, 401, +413+, 418, 419, 427, 436, 454
-Maqrizi (Taqiyyu ’l-Din), 453
_-Maqsura_, 343
Marabout, modern form of _murabit_, 430
_Marasidu ’l-Ittila‘_, 357
_marathi_, 294
Marathon, battle of, 174
Marcion, 364
Margoliouth, Prof. D. S., xxiv, 183, 267, 314, 316, 317, 319, 357, 469
Mariaba, 5
Ma’rib, 2, 5, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 50. See _Dyke of Ma’rib_
Maridin, 449
_ma‘rifat_ (gnosis), 386
Marinid dynasty, the, 442
Mariya, mother of -Mundhir III, 41
Mariya (name of a handmaiden), 46, 47
Mariya of the Ear-rings, 50
Marj Rahit, battle of, 199
Marr al-Zahran, 95
Marriage, a loose form of, prevailing among the Shi‘ites, 262
Ma‘ruf al-Karkhi, 385, 386, 388
Marwan I (Umayyad Caliph), 199
Marwan II (Umayyad Caliph), 181, 251, 253, 347
-Marzuqi (philologist), 128
_Masabihu ’l-Sunna_, 337
_Masaliku ’l-Mamalik_, 356
_-mashaf_, 294
Mashhad -Husayn, 466
Maslama b. Ahmad, 420
Masruq, 28
Mas‘ud, Sultan, 329. See _Ghiyathu ’l-Din Mas‘ud_
-Mas‘udi, 13, 15, 37, 195, 203, 205, 206, 259, 260, 267, 349, +352-354+, 387, 456
_Materia Medica_, by Ibnu ’l-Baytar, 434
_mathalib_, 100, 280
_Mathnawi, the_, by Jalalu ’l-Din Rumi, 404
_-Matin_, 428
_matla‘_, 309
_matn_, 144
Mauritania, 412
_-Mawa‘iz wa ’l-I‘tibar fi dhikri ’l-Khitat wa ’l-Athar_, 453
-Mawali (the Clients), 198, 207, +219+, 222, +248+, 250, +278+, +279+, 373
-Mawali (the Clients), coalesce with the Shi‘ites, 198, 219, 220, 250; treated with contempt by the Arabs, 219, 248, 278, 279; their culture, 248; their influence, 278, 279
_mawaliyya_, a species of verse, 450
-Mawardi, 337, 338
Mawiyya, mother of -Mundhir III, 41
Mawiyya, wife of Hatim of Tayyi’, 87
-Maydani, 31. See _Proverbs, Arabic_
Maymun b. Qays. See _-A‘sha_
Maysun, 195
Mazdak, 42, 258, 364
Mazyar, 375
Mecca, xviii, xxiii, xxvi, xxvii, 2, 3, 5, 6, 22, 28, 53, +62+, 63, 64, 65-68, 101, 102, 114, 117, 146, 150, 154-156, 158, 169, 171, 174, 175, 196, 198, 202, 236, 249, 274, 319, 339, 340, 395, 396, 429, 431, 434, 439, 466, 468
Mecca, Pre-islamic history of, 62; attacked by the Abyssinians, 66-69; submits to the Prophet, 64, 175
Mecca, the dialect of, xxiii
_Meccan Revelations, the_, 464. See _Futuhat al-Makkiyya_
Meccan _Suras_ of the Koran, the, 160-168
Media, 356
Medina (-Madina), xxvi, xxvii, 3, 21, 22, 49, 50, 52, 62, 71, 84, 150, 157, 158, 169, 170, 171, 173, 175, 176, 177, 181, 185, 186, 188, 198, 208, 209, 236, 241, 243, 337, 339, 365, 466, 468
Medina, _Suras_ of the Koran revealed at, 175, 176
Mediterranean Sea, the, 5, 255, 275, 404, 412, 444
Merv, 252, 346
Merx, A., 384, 389
Mesopotamia, 35, 186, 238, 240, 269, 355, 358, 385, 388, 411, 446
Messiah, Moslem beliefs regarding the, 215-217, 248, 249. See _Mahdi, the_
Metempsychosis, the doctrine of, 267
Metres, the Arabian, 74, 75
Mevlevi dervish order, the, 393
_mihna_, 368
-Mihras, 124
Mihrgan, Persian festival, 250
Milton, 212
Mina, 119
Minæan language, the, xxi
Minæans, the, 7
_minbar_ (pulpit), 199
Minqar, 57
Miqlab (castle), 24
Miracles demanded by the Quraysh from Muhammad, 165; falsely attributed to Muhammad, 166
_-Mi‘raj_ (the Ascension of the Prophet), 169, 403
_Mir’atu ’l-Zaman_, 355
_Mishkatu ’l-Masabih_, 337
_Misr_ (Old Cairo), 394
_misra‘_ (hemistich), 74
_-Mishar_, 455. See _-Muzhir_
Moguls, the Great, xxix, 444
Moliere, 469
Monasticism, alien to Islam, 225
Mongol Invasion, the, xxiv, xxix, xxx, 272, 277, 326, 443, +444-446+
Mongols, the, 254, 264, 275, 442, 443, 462. See _Mongol Invasion, the_
_Monte Cristo_, 469
Montrose, 191
Mordtmann, 9
Morocco, 264, 341, 423, 424, 430, 431, 442
Moses, 165, 172, 185, 215, 273, 397
Moslem, meaning of, 153
Moslems, the first, 153
Moslems, the non-Arabian. See _-Mawali_
Mosul (-Mawsil), 261, 269, 281, 326, 355, 362, 399, 445, 454
_-Mu‘allaqat_, 77, 82, +101-121+, 128, 131, 416, 459
Mu‘awiya b. Abi Sufyan (Caliph), xxviii, 13, 119, 181, 191, 192, 193, +194-195+, 196, 206, 207, 208, 213, 214, 222, 256, 377, 407, 426
Mu‘awiya b. Bakr (Amalekite prince), 2
Mu‘awiya, brother of -Khansa, 126
Mu’ayyidu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 267
-Mubarrad (philologist), 92, 131, 202, 226, 237, 244, +343+, +344+
Mudar b. Nizar, xix, 252
Mudar, the tribes descended from, xix
_-Mudhhabat, -Mudhahhabat_, 101
-Mutaddal al-Dabbi (philologist), +128+, 133, +343+
Mufaddal b. Salama, 31
_-Mufaddaliyyat_, 90, +128+, 343
-Mughammas, 69
_muhajat_ (scolding-match), 238
-Muhajirun (the Emigrants), 171, 209
Muhalhil b. Rabi‘a, 58, 76, 109, 110
-Muhallab b. Abi Sufra, 239
-Muhallabi, the Vizier, 267, 347
Muhammad, the Prophet, xxiii, xxvi-xxviii, 3, 10, 15, 18, 27, 30, 51, 62, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 74, 86, 87, 105, 124, 132, 134, 135, 137, 139, +141-180+, 181-183, 186-188, 190-193, 201, 202, 207-209, 213-218, 223, 224, 229, 231, 233, +235+, 237, 249, 250, 251, 257, 258, 267, 273, 274, 277, 278, 279, 280, 318, 327, 330, 341, 342, 348, 349, 355, 356, 380, 383, 392, 400, 403, 420, 428, 433, 449, 455, 462, 463, 465, +467+
Muhammad, question whether he could read and write, 151; his attitude towards the heathen poets, 159, 212, 235; his aim in the Meccan _Suras_, 160; his death, 175; his character, 179, 180; biographies of, 144, 146, 247, 349; poems in honour of, 124, 127, 326, 327, 449; mediæval legend of, 327; identified with the Logos, 403; pilgrimage to the tomb of, 463; his tomb demolished by the Wahhabis, 467
Muhammad (‘Alid), 258
Muhammad (Seljuq), 326
Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab, 465-467
Muhammad b. ‘Ali (‘Abbasid), 251
Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha, 466, 468
Muhammad b. ‘Ali b. -Sanusi, 468
Muhammad Ibnu ’l-Hanafiyya, 216, 218, 220
Muhammad b. -Hasan, the Imam, 217
Muhammad b. Isma‘il, the Imam, 217, 272-274
Muhammad al-Kalbi, 348
Muhammad b. Sa‘ud, 466
-Muhtadi, the Caliph, 264
Muhyi ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi, +399-404+, 434, 462
Muhyi ’l-Maw’udat (title), 243
Muir, Sir W., 142, 143, 146, 156, 184, 197, 338
-Mu‘izz (Fatimid Caliph), 420
Mu‘izzu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 266, 267, 347
-Mujammi‘ (title), 65
_Mu‘jamu ’l-Buldan_, 17, 357
_Mu‘jamu ’l-Udaba_, 357
Mukarrib (title), 10
-Mukhadramun (a class of poets), 127
-Mukhtar, 198, +218-220+, 250
_-Mukhtarat_, 128
-Muktafi, the Caliph, 257, 269, 325
-Mulaththamun, 423
Müller, A., 5, 101, 261, 266, 355, 429
Müller, D. H., 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 18, 24
Multan, 203
Muluku ’l-Tawa’if (the Party Kings of Spain), 414
-Munafiqun (the Hypocrites), 171, 172, 176
-Munakhkhal (poet), 49
-Mundhir I (Lakhmite), 41
-Mundhir III (Lakhmite), +41-44+, 45, 50, 51, 60, 87, 103, 104
-Mundhir IV (Lakhmite), 45, 47
-Mundhir b. -Harith (Ghassanid), 50, 52
-Mundhir b. Ma’ al-sama, 50, 51. See _-Mundhir III_
-Munjibat (title), 88
Munk, S., 360
_-Munqidh mina ’l-Dalal_, 340, 380
_munshi_, 326
-Muqaddasi (geographer), 356, 357, 409
_-Muqaddima_, of Ibn Khaldun, 32, 229, 278, 289, +437-440+. See _Ibn Khaldun_
-Muqanna‘, 258
-Muqattam, Mt., 394, 396
_-Muqtabis_, 428
-Muqtadir, the Caliph, 325, 343, 399
_-murabit_, 430
-Murabitun, 433. See _Almoravides, the_
_murid_, 392
_murji’_ (Murjite), 221
Murjites, the, 206, 220, +221-222+, 428
Murra, 56, 57, 58
Mursiya (Murcia), 399
_Muruju ’l-Dhahab_, 13, 15, 37, 195, 203, 205, 206, 259, 260, 267, +349+, +353+, +354+, 387, 457
_muruwwa_ (virtue), 72, 82, 178, 287
Musa b. Maymun (Maimonides), 434
Musa b. Nusayr, 203, 204, 405
Musa b. ‘Uqba, 247
Mus‘ab, 199
Musaylima, 183
_-Mushtarik_, 357
Music in Pre-Isiamic Arabia, 236
Musicians, Arab, 236
_-musiqi_ (Music), 283
Muslim (Moslem), meaning of, 153
Muslim (author of _-Sahih_), 144, 337
Muslim b. ‘Aqil, 196
Muslim b. -Walid (poet), 261
_musnad_ (inscriptions), 6
-Mustakfi (Spanish Umayyad), 424
-Mustakfi, ‘Abbasid Caliph, 266
-Mustansir (‘Abbasid), 448
-Mustarshid Billah, the Caliph, 329
-Musta‘sim, the Caliph, 254, 445
-Mustawrid b. ‘Ullifa, 210
_-mut‘a_, 262
-Mu‘tadid (‘Abbadid), 421, 425
-Mu‘tadid (‘Abbasid Caliph), 325
-Mu‘tamid (‘Abbadid), 421-424
-Mutajarrida, 49, 122
-Mutalammis (poet), 107, 108, 138
Mutammim b. Nuwayra, 127
-Mutanabbi (poet), 266, 269, +270+, 289, 290, 291, 292, +304-313+, 315, 316, 324, 396, 416, 448
_mutasawwifa_ (aspirants to Sufiism), 229
-Mu‘tasim, the Caliph, 129, 257, 263, 369, 375
-Mutawakkil, the Caliph, 257, 264, 284, 344, 350, 369, +375+, +376+, 388
_mutawakkil_, 233
Mu‘tazilites, the, 206, 220, +222-224+, 225, 230, 262, 268, 284, 346, +367-370+, 376, 377, 378, 392, 409, 428, 431
-Mu‘tazz, the Caliph, 325
-Muti‘, the Caliph, 353
Muti‘ b. Iyas (poet), 291, 292
_muwahhid_, 432
-Muwalladun, 278, 408
_muwashshah_, verse-form, 416, 417, 449
_-Muwatta’_, 337, 408, 409
Muzaffar Qutuz (Mameluke), 446
Muzayna (tribe), 116
-Muzayqiya (surname), 15
_-Muzhir_, 71, 455
Mystical poetry of the Arabs, the, 325, 396-398, 403
Mysticism. See _Sufiism_
N
-Nabat, the Nabatæans, xxv, 279
Nabatæan, Moslem use of the term, xxv
_Nabatæan Agriculture, the Book of_, xxv
Nabatæan inscriptions, xxv, 3
-Nabigha al-Dhubyam (poet), 39, 49, 50, +54+, 86, 101, +121-123+, 128, 139
_nadhir_ (warner), 164
Nadir (tribe), 170
-Nadr b. -Harith, 330
_Nafahatu ’l'Uns_, by Jami, 386
_Nafhu ’l-Tib_, by -Maqqari, 399, 413, 436
Nafi‘ b. -Azraq, 208
-Nafs al-zakiyya (title), 258
-Nahhas (philologist), 102
-Nahrawan, battle of, 208
_-nahw_ (grammar), 283
Na’ila, 35
-Najaf, 40
-Najashi (the Negus), 26, 27, 28
Najd, xvii, 62, 107, 466
Najda b. ‘Amir, 209
Najdites (a Kharijite sect), the, 208
Najran, 26, 27, 105, 124, 136, 137, 162
Na‘man, 11
Namir (tribe), xix
Napoleon, 468
_-Naqa’id_, of -Akhtal and Jarir, 240
_-Naqa’id_, of Jarir and -Farazdaq, 239
Naqb al-Hajar, 8
-Nasafi (Abu ’l-Barakat), 456
-Nasa’i, 337
Nashwan b. Sa‘id al-Himyari, 12, 13
_nasib_ (erotic prelude), 77, 310
Nasim, a place near Baghdad, 461
-Nasimi (the Hurufi poet), 460, 461
Nasir-i Khusraw, Persian poet, 323
Nasiru ’l-Dawla (Hamdanid), 269, 411
Nasr b. Sayyar, 251
Nasr II (Samanid), 265
Nasrid dynasty of Granada, the, 435, 442
_nat‘_, 257
-Nawaji (Muhammad b. -Hasan), 417
Nawar, wife of -Farazdaq, 243, 244
Nawar, the beloved of Labid, 121
Nawruz, Persian festival, 250
Naysabur, 232, 276, 338, 339, 340, 348
_Nazmu ’l-Suluk_, 396
-Nazzam, 369
Neo-platonism, 360, 384, 389, 390
Neo-platonist philosophers welcomed by Nushirwan, 358
Nero, 325
Nessus, 104
Nicephorus, 261
Niebuhr, Carsten, 7
Night journey of Muhammad, the, 169, 403
Night of Power, the, 150
_Nihayatu ’l-Aráb_, 455
Nile, the, xxviii, 264, 354, 455
Nirvana, 233, 391
-Nizamiyya College, at Baghdad, 276, 340, 380, 431
-Nizamiyya College, at Naysabur, 276, 340
Nizamu ’l-Mulk, 276, 340, 379
Nizar, xix
Noah, xv, xviii, 165
Nöldeke, Th., xv, xx, xxxiii, xxv, 5, 27, 29, 38, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57-60, 66, 70, 78, 80, 83, 101, 102, 103, 109, 113, 122, 123, 126, 127, 130, 134, 145, 151, 160, 167, 172, 184, 195, 228, 237, 238, 249, 252, 258, 288
Nomadic life, characteristics of, 439, 440
Nominalists, 367
Normans, the, 441
Nubia, 387
Nuh I (Samanid), 265
Nuh II (Samanid), 265
_-Nujum al-Záhira_, 257, 262, 268, 369, +454+
-Nu‘man I (Lakhmite), 40, 41, 139
-Nu‘man III (Lakhmite), +45-49+, 50, 53, 54, 69, 86, 121, 122
-Nu‘man al-Akbar. See _Nu‘man I_
-Nu‘man al-A‘war (Lakhmite). See _-Nu‘man I_
-Nu‘man b. -Mundhir Abu Qabus. See _-Nu‘man III_
Numayr (tribe), 245, 246
-Nuri (Abu ’l-Husayn), 392
Nushirwan (Sasanian king), 29, 42, 45, 358
-Nuwayri, 15, 455
Nyberg, H. S., 404
O
Occam, 367
Ockley, Simon, 433
Ode, the Arabian, 76-78. See _qasida_
Odenathus, 33, 35
_Odyssey, the_, xxii
O'Leary, De Lacy, 360
Ordeal of fire, the, 23
Orthodox Caliphs, the, xxiii, xxvii, 181-193
Orthodox Reaction, the, 284, 376. See _-Ash‘ari_
Osiander, 9
Ottoman Turks, the, xxix, 442, 447, 464-467
Oxus, the, xxviii, 341, 444
P
Pahlavi (Pehlevi) language, the, 214, 330, 346, 348, 358
Palermo, 441
Palestine, 52, 104, 137, 229
Palmer, E. H., 172, 176, 260
Palms, the Feast of, 54
Palm-tree, verses on the, by ‘Abd al-Rahman I, 418
Palm-trees of Hulwan, the two, 292
Palmyra, 33, 53
Panegyric, two-sided (rhetorical figure), 311
Panjab (Punjaub), the, 203, 268
Pantheism, 231, 233, 234, 275, 372, +390+, +391+, 394, +402+, +403+, 460
Paracelsus, 388
Paradise, the Muhammadan, burlesqued by Abu’l -‘Ala al-Ma‘arri, 318, 319
Parthian kings, the, 457
Parwez, son of Hurmuz (Sasanian), 48, 69
Passion Play, the, 218
_Paul and Virginia_, 469
Pavet de Courteille, 349
Pearl-fishing in the Persian Gulf, 354
Pedro of Castile, 437
Penitents, the (a name given to certain Shi‘ite insurgents), 218
Pentateuch, the, 165, 171, 323
Perfect Man, doctrine of the, 402
Persecution of the early Moslems, 154, 155, 157; of heretics, 224, 368, 369, 372-375, 376, 436, 460, 461
Persepolis, 356
Persia, xxiv, xxvii, xxix, 21, 29, 33, 34, 38, 41, 42, 48, 113, 169, 182, 184, 185, 188, 208, 214, 247, 255, 258, 265, 266, 274, 279, 328, 348, 349, 390, 394, 404, 444, 446, 454, 457
Persia, the Moslem conquest of, 184
Persia, the national legend of, 349
Persian divines, influence of the, 278
Persian Gulf, the, 4, 107, 354, 357
Persian influence on Arabic civilisation and literature, xxviii, xxix, 182, 250, 256, 265, 267, +276-281+, 287, 288, 290, 295, 418
Persian influence on the Shi‘a, 214, 219
_Persian Kings, History of the_, translated by Ibnu ’l-Muqaffa‘, 348
Persian literature, fostered by the Samanids and Buwayhids, 265, 303
Persian Moslems who wrote in Arabic, xxx, xxxi, 276-278
Persians, the, rapidly became Arabicised, 280, 281
Persians, the, in -Yemen, 29
Petra, xxv, 5
Petrarch, 425
Pharaoh, 162, 403
Pharaohs, the, 4, 5
Philip III, 441
Philistines, the, 3
Philologists, the Arab, xxiv, 32, 127, 128, 133, 246, +341-348+
Philosophers, the Greeks 341, 363
Philosophers, the Moslem, 360, 361, 381, 382, 432-434
_Philosophers and scientists, Lives of the_, by Ibnu ’l-Qifti, 355
_Philosophus Autodidactus_, 433
Phœnician language, the, xvi
Phœnicians, the, xv
_Physicians, History of the_, by Ibn Abi Usaybi‘a, 266, 355
Piers the Plowman, 450
Pietists, the, 207, 208
Pilgrimage to Mecca, the, 63, 65, 135, 136, 319
Pilgrimage, of the Shi‘ites, to the tomb of -Husayn at Karbala, 218, 466
_pir_ (Persian word), 392
Plato, 204
Plutarch, 363
Pocock, E., 433
_Poems of the Hudhaylites, the_, 128
Poems, the Pre-islamic, xxii, xxiii, 30, 31, +71-140+, 282, 285-289, 290; chief collections of, 127-131; the tradition of, 131-134; first put into writing, 132
_Poems, the Suspended._ See _-Mu‘allaqat_
Poetics, work on, by Ibnu ’l-Mu‘tazz, 325
Poetry, Arabian, the origins of, 72-75; the decline of, not due to Muhammad, 235; in the Umayyad period, 235-246; in the ‘Abbasid period, 285-336; in Spain, 415-417, 425, 426; after the Mongol Invasion, 448-450
Poetry, conventions of the Ancient, criticised, 286, 288, 315
Poetry, Muhammadan views regarding the merits of, 308-312; intimately connected with public life, 436; seven kinds of, 450
Poetry, the oldest written Arabic, 138
_Poetry and Poets, Book of_, by Ibn Qutayba. See _Kitabu ’l-Shi‘r wa-’l-Shu‘ara_
Poets, the Modern, 289-336; judged on their merits by Ibn Qutayba, 287; pronounced superior to the Ancients, 288, 289
Poets, the Pre-islamic, character and position of, 71-73; regarded as classical, xxiii, 72, 285, 286
Politics, treatise on, by -Mawardi, 337, 338
Portugal, 416
Postal service, organised by ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, 201
Postmaster, the office of, 45
Prætorius, F., 10
Prayers, the five daily, 149, 168
Predestination, 157, 223, 224, 378, 379
Preston, Theodore, 330
Prideaux, W. F., 11, 13
Primitive races in Arabia, 1-4
Proclus, 389
Procreation, considered sinful, 317
Prophecy, a, made by the Carmathians, 322
Prose, Arabic, the beginnings of, 31
Proverbs, Arabic, 3, 16, +31+, 50, 84, 91, 109, 244, 292, 373
Ptolemies, the, 276
Ptolemy (geographer), 3, 358
Public recitation of literary works, 314
Pyramids, the, 354
Pyrenees, the, xxviii, 204
Pythagoras, 102
Q
Qabus (Lakhmite), 44, 45, 52
_qadar_ (power), 224
-Qadariyya (the upholders of free-will), 224
_qaddah_ (oculist), 271
_qadí ’l-qudat_ (Chief Justice), 395
Qadiri dervish order, the, 393
-Qahira, 275, 394. See _Cairo qahramana_, 457
Qahtan, xviii, 12, 14, 18, 200
_Qala’idu ’l-‘Iqyan_, 425
_-Qamus_, 403, 456
_-Qanun_, 361
_qara’a_, 159
-Qarafa cemetery, 396
-Qaramita, 274. See _Carmathians, the_
_qarawi_, 138
_qarn_, meaning 'ray', 18
_qasida_ (ode), 76-78, 105, 288
_qasida_ (ode), form of the, 76, 77; contents and divisions of the, 77, 78; loose structure of the, 134; unsuitable to the conditions of urban life, 288
_Qasidatu ’l-Burda_. See _-Burda_
_Qasidatu ’l-Himyariyya,_ 12
Qasir, 36, 37
Qasirin, 111
Qasiyun, Mt., 399
-Qastallani, 455
Qatada, 294
Qatari b. -Fuia’a, 213
-Qayrawan, 264, 429
Qays ‘Aylan (tribe), xix, 199, 293, 405
Qays b. -Khatim, 94-97, 137
Qays b. Zuhayr, 61, 62
Qaysar (title), 45
Qazwin, 445
-Qazwini (geographer), 416
Qift, 355
_qiyas_, 297
Qoniya, 404
Quatremère, M., xxv, 437, 445, 453
Qudar the Red, 3
Qumis (province), 391
_-Qur’an_, 159. See _Koran, the_
Quraysh (tribe), xix, xxiii, xxvii, 22, +64+, 65-68, 117, 124, 134, 142, 146, 153-158, 164, 165, 170, 174, 175, 183, 207, 216, +237+, 241, 279, 330, 347, 375, 407, 417
Quraysh, the dialect of, xxiii, 142; regarded as the classical standard, xxiii, 134
Qurayza (tribe), 21, 170
_qurra_ (Readers of the Koran), 277. See _Koran-readers, the_
Qusayy, 64, 65, 146
-Qushayri, 226, 227, 228, 230, +338+, 379
Quss b. Sa‘ida, 136
_qussas_, 374
Qusta b. Luqa, 359
_Qutu ’l-Qulub_, 338, 393
R
_rabad_, 409
Rabi‘, son of Fatima, the daughter of -Khurshub, 88
Rabi‘a al-‘Adawiyya, 227, 232, +233-234+
Rabi‘a b. Nizar, xix, 5
Rabi‘a (b. Nizar), the descendants of, xix
Racine, 469
-Radi, the Caliph, 376
Radwa, Mount, 216
Rafidites, the, 268. See _Shi‘ites, the_
Ra‘i ’l-ibil (poet), 245, 246
_raj‘a_ (palingenesis), 215
_-rajaz_ (metre), 74, 75, 76, 77
Rakhman, 126
Rakusians, the, 149
Ralfs, C. A., 327
Ramadan, the Fast of, 224, 450
Ramla, 229
Raqqada, 274
_Rasa’ilu Ikhwan al-Safa_, 370, 371
Rasmussen, 61
Rationalism. See _Mu‘tazilites_ and _Free-thought_
-Rawda, island on the Nile, 455
_rawi_ (reciter), 131
Rawis, the, 131-134
Raydan, 10
-Rayy, 258, 259, 268, 333, 350, 361, 420, 445
-Rayyan, 120
-Razi (Abu Bakr), physician, 361. See _Abu Bakr al-Razi_
-Razi (Abu Bakr), historian, 420
Reading and writing despised by the pagan Arabs, 39
Realists, 368
Red Sea, the, 4, 5, 62
Reformation, the, 468
Reforms of ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, 201; of ‘Umar b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 205
Register of ‘Umar, the, 187, 188
Reiske, 15, 102, 308, 312, 316, 331
Religion, conceived as a product of the human mind, 317
Religion of the Sabæans and Himyarites, 10, 11; of the Pagan Arabs, 56, 135-140, 164, 166; associated with commerce, 135, 154
Religions and Sects, Book of, by -Shahrastam, 341; by Ibn Hazm, 341. See _Kitabu ’l-Milal wa-’l-Nihal_
Religious ideas in Pre-islamic poetry, 117, 119, 123, 124, 135-140
Religious literature in the ‘Abbasid period, 337-341
Religious poetry, 298-302
Renaissance, the, 443
Renan, xv, 432
Renegades, the, 408, 415, 426
Resurrection, the, 166, 215, 297, 299, 316
Revenge, views of the Arabs concerning, 93, 94; poems relating to, 97
Rhages. See _-Rayy_
Rhapsodists, the, 131
Rhazes, 265, 361. See _Abu Bakr al-Razi_
Rhetoric, treatise on, by -Jahiz, 347
Rhinoceros, the, 354
Rhymed Prose. See _saj‘_
Ribah b. Murra, 25
_ribat_, 276, 430
Richelieu, 195
Rifa‘i dervish order, the, 393
-Rijam, 119
_Risalatu ’l-Ghufran_, 166, 167, 206, +318+, +319+, +375+
_-Risalat al-Qushayriyya_, 226, 227, 338
Roderic, 204, 405
Rödiger, Emil, 8
Roger II of Sicily, 434
Rome, 33, 34, 41, 43, 50, 52, 113, 252, 314. See _Byzantine Empire, the_
Ronda, 410
Rosary, use of the, prohibited, 467
Rosen, Baron V., 375
Rothstein, Dr. G., 37, 53
-Rub‘ al-Khali, xvii
Rubicon, the, 252
Rückert, Friedrich, 93, 97, 104, 292, 332
Rudagi, Persian poet, 265
Ruhu ’l-Quds (the Holy Ghost), 150
_-rujz_, 152
Ruknu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 266, 267
-Rumaykiyya, 422
Rushayyid al-Dahdah, 394, 396
Rustam, 330, 363
Ruzbih, 346. See _Ibnu ’l-Muqaffa‘_
S
-Sa‘b Dhu ’l-Qarnayn, 17
_-Sab‘ al-Tiwal_ (the Seven Long Poems), 103
Saba (Sheba), xxv, 1, +4+, +5+, 6, 10, 16, 17. See _Sabæans, the_
Saba (person), 14
Sabæan language, the, xvi. See _South Arabic language, the_
Sabæans, the, xv, xvii, xviii, xx, xxi, 1, +4+, +5+, 7, 14, 17
Saba’ites, the, a Shi‘ite sect, 215, 216, 217, 219
Sabians, the, 149, 341, 354, 358, 363, 364, 388
-Sab‘iyya (the Seveners), 217
Sabota, 5
Sabuktagin, 268
Sabur I, 33
Sabur b. Ardashir, 267, 314
Sachau, E., xxii, 361
Sacy, Silvestre de, 8, 80, 102, 353, 354
Sa‘d (client of Jassas b. Murra), 56, 57
Sa‘d (tribe), 147
Sa‘d b. Malik b. Dubay‘a, 57
_sada_ (owl or wraith), 94, 166
Sa‘d-ilah, 11
_sadin_, 259
-Sadir (castle), 41
Sadru ’l-Din of Qoniya, 404
_safa_ (purity), 228, 370
Safa, the inscriptions of, xxi
-Safadi, 326, 456
_Safar-Nama_, 324
Safawid dynasty, the, xxix
-Saffah, 253, 254, 257, 259
-Saffah b. ‘Abd Manat, 253
-Saffah, meaning of the title, 253
-Saffar (title), 265
Saffarid dynasty, the, 265
_safi_ (pure), 228
Safiyyu ’l-Din al-Hilli (poet), 449, 450
_sag_ (Persian word), 445
-Sahaba (the Companions of the Prophet), 229
Sahara, the, 423, 429, 468
-Sahib Isma‘il b. ‘Abbad, 267, 347
Sahibu ’l-Zanadiqa (title), 373
_-Sahih_, of -Bukhari, 144, 146, 337
_-Sahih_, of Muslim, 144, 337
Sahl b. ‘Abdallah al-Tustari, 392
Sa‘id b. -Husayn, 274
St. John, the Cathedral of, 203
St. Thomas, the Church of, at -Hira, 46
Saints, female, 233
Saints, the Moslem, 386, 393, 395, 402, 403, 463, 467
_saj_ (rhymed prose), 74, 75, 159, 327, 328
Sakhr, brother of -Khansa, 126, 127
Sal‘, 398
Saladin, 275, 348, 355
Salahu ’l-Din b. Ayyub, 275. See _Saladin_
Salama b. Khalid, 253
Salaman, 433
Salaman (tribe), 79
Salamya, 274
Salih (prophet), 3
Salih (tribe), 50
Salih b. ‘Abd al-Quddus, 372-375
Salim al-Suddi, 204
Saltpetre industry, the, at -Basra, 273
Sam b. Nuh, xviii. See _Shem, the son of Noah_
_sama‘_ (oral tradition), 297
_sama‘_ (religious music), 394
Samah‘ali Yanuf, 10, 17
-Sam‘ani 339
Samanid dynasty, the, +265+, +266+, 268, 271, 303
Samarcand, 203, 268, 447
Samarra, 263
-Samaw’al b. ‘Adiya, 84, 85
Samuel Ha-Levi, 428, 429
San‘a, 8, 9, 17, 24, 28, 66, 215
_sanad_, 144
-Sanhaji, 456
Sanjar (Seljuq), 264
-Sanusi (Muhammad b. Yusuf), 456
Sanusiyya Brotherhood, the, 468
-Saqaliba, 413
_Saqtu ’l-Zand_, 313, 315
Sarabi (name of a she-camel), 56
Sargon, King, 4
Sari al-Raffa (poet), 270
Sari al-Saqati, 386
Saruj, 330, 331, 332
Sa‘sa‘a, 242
Sasanian dynasty, the, 34, 38, 40, 41, 42, 214, 256, 358, 457
Sasanian kings, the, regarded as divine, 214
Satire, 73, 200, 245, 246
Saturn and Jupiter, conjunction of, 322
Sa‘ud b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz b. Muhammad b. Sa‘ud, 466
Sawa, 333
Sayf b. Dhi Yazan, 29
-Sayfiyya College, the, in Cairo, 395
Sayfu ’l-Dawla (Hamdanid), +269-271+, +303-307+, 311, 313, 360
Saylu ’l-‘Arim, 14
Schack, A. F. von, 360, 416, 436, 441
Schefer, C., 324
Scheherazade, 457
Scholasticism, Muhammadan, 284, 363, 460. See _-Ash‘ari_; _Ash‘arites_; _Orthodox Reaction_
Schreiner, 379
Schulthess, F., 87
Sciences, the Foreign, 282, 283, 358-364
Sciences, the Moslem, development and classification of, +282+, +283+
Scripture, People of the, 341
Sea-serpent, the, 354
Sédillot, 360
Seetzen, Ulrich Jasper, 8
Seleucids, the, 276
Self, dying to (fana), the Sufi doctrine of, 233
Selim I (Ottoman Sultan), 448
Seljuq dynasty, the, 264, 265, 268, +275+, +276+, 326, 445
Seljuq b. Tuqaq, 275
Seljuq Turks, the, 275, 444
Sell, Rev. E., 468
Semites, the, xv, xvi, 1, 328
Semitic languages, the, xv, xvi
Senegal, 430
Seville, 399, 406, 416, 420, 421, 422, 424, 425, 427, 431, 435, 437, 447
Shabib, 209
Shabwat, 5
Shaddad (king), 1
Shaddad b. -Aswad al-Laythi, 166
_Shadharatu ’l-Dhahab_, 339, 399, 436, 460
-Shadhili (Abu ’l-Hasan), 461
Shadhili order of dervishes, 393, 461
-Shafi‘i, 284, 409
Shafi‘ite doctors, biographical work on the, 339
_Shahnama, the_, by Firdawsi, 265, 325
-Shahrastani, 211, 216, 220, 221, 223, 224, 297, +341+, 388
Shahrazad, 457
_sha‘ir_ (poet), 72, 73
Shakespeare, 252
Shamir b. Dhi ’l-Jawshan, 196, 197, 198
Shams (name of a god), 11
Shams b. Malik, 81
Shamsiyya, Queen of Arabia, 4
_Shamsu ’l-‘Ulum_, 13
-Shanfara, +79-81+, 89, 97, 134, 326
Shaqiq (Abu ‘Ali), of Balkh, 232, 233, 385
Sharahil (Sharahbil), 18
-Sha‘rani, 225, 226, 392, 400, 403, 443, 460, 462, +464-465+
_shari‘at_, 392
-Sharif al-Jurjani, 456
-Sharif al-Radi (poet), 314
Sharifs, of Morocco, the, 442
Sharik b. ‘Amr, 44
Shas, 125
Shayban (clan of Bakr), 58
-Shaykh al-Akbar, 404. See _Muhyi ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi_
Sheba, 4
Sheba, the Queen of, 18
Shem, the son of Noah, xv, xviii
_shi‘a_ (party), 213
Shi‘a, the, 213. See _Shi‘ites, the_
_-Shifa_, 361
Shihabu ’l-Din al-Suhrawardi. See _-Suhrawardi_
-Shihr, dialect of, xxi
Shi‘ites, the, xxviii. 207, 208, +213-220+, 222, 248, 249, 250, 262, 267, 268, 271-275, 297, 379, 409, 428, 432, 445, 466
_shikaft_ (Persian word), 232
_-shikaftiyya_ (the Cave-dwellers), 232
Shilb, 416
Shiraz, 266, 307
Shirazad, 457
-Shirbini, 450
_-shurat_ (the Sellers), 209
Shu‘ubites, the, 279-280, 344, 372
Sibawayhi, 343
Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi, 355
Sicily, xvi, 52, 441
_siddiq_, meaning of, 218, 375
-Siddiq (title of Abu Bakr), 183
Sidi Khalil al-Jundi, 456
_Sifatu Jazirat al-‘Arab_, 12, 18, 20
Siffin, battle of, 192, 208, 377
_-sihr wa-’l-kimiya_ (Magic and Alchemy), 283
_-Sila fi akhbari a’immati ’l-Andalus_, 426
Silves, 416
Simak b. ‘Ubayd, 210
Sinbadh the Magian, 258
_Sindbad, the Book of_, 363
Sinimmar, 40
Siqadanj, 252
_Siratu ‘Antar_, 459
_Siratu Rasuli ’llah_, 349
_siyaha_, 394
_Siyaru Muluk al-‘Ajam_, 348
Slane, Baron MacGuckin de, 32, 104, 129, 132, 136, 190, 213, 224, 229, 245, 261, 267, 278, 288, 289, 295, 326, 343, 344, 348, 355, 357, 359, 360, 371, 377, 378, 387, 408, 422, 425, 427, 429, 435, 437, 438, 440, 451
Slaves, the, 413
Smith, R. Payne, 52
Smith, W. Robertson, 56, 199
Snouck Hurgronje, 217
Socotra, dialect of, xxi
Solecisms, work on, by -Hariri, 336
Solomon, xvii
Solomon Ibn Gabirol, 428
Soothsayers, Arabian, 72, 74, 152, 159, 165
South Arabic inscriptions, the. See _Inscriptions, South Arabic_
South Arabic language, the, xvi, xxi, 6-11
Spain, xvi, xxx, 199, 203, 204, 253, 264, 276, 399, +405-441+, 442, 443, 449, 454
Spain, the Moslem conquest of, 203, 204, 405
Spencer, Herbert, 382
Spitta, 378
Sprenger, A., 143, 145, 149, 153, 456
Steiner, 369
Steingass, F., 328
Stephen bar Sudaili, 389
Stones, the worship of, in pagan Arabia, 56
Stories, frivolous, reprobated by strict Moslems, 330
Street-preachers, 374
Stylistic, manual of, by Ibn Qutayba, 346
-Subki (Taju ’l-Din), 461
Suetonius, 354
_suf_ (wool), 228
Sufi, derivation of, 227, 228; meaning of, 228, 229, 230
Sufiism, +227-235+, 382, +383-404+, 460, 462, 463-465
Sufiism, Arabic works of reference on, 338
Sufiism, origins of, 228-231, 388-389; distinguished from asceticism, 229, 230, 231; the keynote of, 231; argument against the Indian origin of, 233; composed of many different elements, 389, 390; different schools of, 390; foreign sources of, 390; principles of, 392; definitions of, 228, 385, 392
Sufis, the, 206, 327, 339, 381, 460-465. See _Sufiism_
Sufyan b. ‘Uyayna, 366
Suhaym b. Wathil (poet), 202
-Suhrawardi (Shihabu ’l-Din Abu Hafs ‘Umar), 230, 232, 338, 396
-Suhrawardi (Shihabu ’l-Din Yahya), 275
-Sukkari, 128, 343
-Sulayk b. -Sulaka, 89
Sulaym (tribe), xix
Sulayma, 34
Sulayman (Umayyad Caliph), 200, 203
Sulayman al-Bistani, 469
-Suli, 297
_-Suluk li-ma‘rifati Duwali ’l-Muluk_, 453
-Sumayl b. Hatim, 406
Sumayya, 195
_-Sunan_, of Abu Dawud al-Sijistani, 337
_-Sunan_, of Ibn Maja, 337
_-Sunan_, of, -Nasa’i, 337
_-sunna_, 144, 234
_-sunna_, collections of traditions bearing on, 337
Sunnis, the, 207
Sunnis and Shi‘ites. not between the, 445
_sura_, 143, 159
_Sura of Abu Lahab, the_, 160
_Sura of Coagulated Blood, the_, 151
_Sura of the Elephant, the_, 68
_Sura of the Enwrapped, the_, 152
_Sura of the Morning, the_, 152
_Sura, the Opening_, 143, 168
_Sura of Purification, the_, 164. See _Suratu ’l-Ikhlas_
_Sura of the Severing, the_, 161
_Sura of the Signs, the_, 162
_Sura of the Smiting, the_, 163
_Sura of the Unbelievers, the_, 163
_Suratu ’l-Fatiha_ (the opening chapter of the Koran), 168. See _Sura, the Opening_
_Suratu ’l-Ikhlas_, 461. See _Sura of Purification, the_
_Suratu ’l-Tahrim_, 454
Surra-man-ra’a, 263
Surushan, 391
-Sus, 431
Suwayqa, 398
Suyut, 454
-Suyuti (Jalalu ’l-Din), 55, 71, 145, 403, +454+, +455+
Syria, xxiv, xxvii-xxx, 3, 5, 26, 33, 35, 43, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 63, 73, 84, 123, 132, 142, 148, 170, 184, 185, 186, 191, 193, 199, 207, 215, 232, 240, 247, 255, 262, 268, 269, 271, 274, 275, 303, 304, 350, 355, 358, 382, 386, 388, 390, 405, 418, 419, 442, 443, 446, 448, 451, 461, 468
Syria, conquest of, by the Moslems, 184
T
Ta’abbata Sharran (poet), 79, +81+, +97+, 107, 126
Tabala, 105
_Tabaqatu 'l-Atibba_, 266
_Tabaqatu ’l-Sufiyya_, 338
Tabaran, 339
-Tabari, 1, 27, 35, 37, 38, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 66-68, 70, +145+, 155, 156, 158, 185, 186, 187, 189, 210, 212, 215, 218, 219, 256, 258, 259, 265, 277, +349+, +352+, 355, 356, 373, 376
-Tabari's _Annals_, abridgment of, by -Bal‘ami, 265, 352
Tabaristan, 350
_tabi‘iyyun_, 381
-Tabi‘un (the Successors), 229
Table, the Guarded, 163
Tabriz, 461
Tacitus, 194
_Tadhkiratu ’l-Awliya_, by Faridu’ddin ‘Attar, 226, 228, 387
_tadlis_, 145
_Tafsiru ’l-Jalalayn_, 455
_Tafsiru ’l-Qur‘an_, by -Tabari, 1, 145, 351
-Taftazani, 456
Taghlib (tribe), xix, 44, 55-60, 61, 76, 93, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113, 240, 253, 269
_Tahafutu ’l-Falasifa_, 341
Tahir, 262, 263
Tahirid dynasty, the, 263, 265
_tahrimu ’l-makasib_, 297
Ta’if, 158
_-Ta’iyyatu ’l-Kubra_, 396, 397, 402
_-Taiyyatu ’l-Sughra_, 397
_tajrid_, 394
Talha, 190
Ta‘limites, the, 381, 382
_Talisman, the_, 469
Tamerlane, 437. See _Timur_
Tamim (tribe), xix, 125, 242, 293
Tamim al-Dari, 225
_tanasukh_ (metempsychosis), 267
Tanukh (tribe), xviii, 34, 38
_taqlid_, 402
Tarafa (poet), 44, 101, +107-109+, 128, 138, 308
_tardiyyat_, 294
_Ta’rikhu ’l-Hind_, 361
_Ta’rikhu ’l-Hukama_, 355, 370
_Ta’rikhu ’l-Khamis_, 445
_Ta'rikhu ’l-Khulafa_, 455
_Ta'rikhu ’l-Rusul wa-’l-Muluk_, 351
_Ta'rikhu ’l-Tamaddun al-Islami_, 435
Tariq, 204, 405
_Tarjumanu ’l-Ashwaq_, 403
Tarsus, 361
Tartary, 444
_tasawwuf_ (Sufiism), 228
Tasm (tribe), 4, 25
_tawaf_, 117
_tawakkut_, 233
_tawhid_, 401
_ta’wil_ (Interpretation), the doctrine of, 220
_-tawil_ (metre), 75, 80
-Tawwabun (the Penitents), 218
Tayma, 84
Tayyi’ (tribe), xviii, 44, 53, 115
_ta‘ziya_ (Passion Play), 218
Teheran, 361
Temple, the, at Jerusalem, 169, 177
Tennyson, 79
Teresa, St., 233
Testament, the Old, 161, 179
-Tha‘alibi, 267, 271, 288, 290, 303, 304, +308-312+, +348+
Thabit b. Jabir b. Sutyan, 81, 126. See _Ta’abbata Sharran_
Thabit b. Qurra, 359
Thabit Qutna, 221
Tha‘lab, 344
Thales, 363
Thamud, x, +3+, 162
_thanawi_, 374
Thapsus, 274
Thaqif (tribe), 69
Theodore Abucara, 221
Theologians, influence of, in the ‘Abbasid period, 247, 283, 366, 367
Thoma (St. Thomas), 46
Thomas Aquinas, 367
Thorbecke, H., 55, 90, 114, 129, 336, 459
_Thousand and One Nights, the_, 34, 456-459. See _Arabian Nights, the_
_-tibb_ (medicine), 283
Tiberius, 194
-Tibrizi (commentator), 55, 130
Tibullus, 425
Tides, a dissertation on, 354
Tigris, the, 189, 238, 256, 446
-Tihama, 62
Tihama, the, of Mecca, 3
Tilimsan, 454
Timur, xxix, 444, 454. See _Tamerlane_
Timur, biography of, by Ibn ‘Arabshah, 454
_tinnin_, 354
-Tirimmah (poet), 138
-Tirmidhi (Abu ‘Isa Muhammad), 337
Titus, 137
Tobacco, the smoking of, prohibited, 467
Toledo, 204, 421-423
Toleration, of Moslems towards Zoroastrians, 184; towards Christians, 184, 414, 441
Torah, the, 403. See _Pentateuch_
Tornberg, 203, 205, 253, 355, 429
Tours, battle of, 204
Trade between India and Arabia, 4, 5
Trade, expansion of, in the ‘Abbasid period, 281
Traditional or Religious Sciences, the, 282
Traditions, the Apostolic, collections of, 144, 247, 337
Traditions of the Prophet, +143-146+, 237, 277, 278, 279, 282, 337, 356, 378, 462, 463, 464, 465, 467
Trajan, xxv
Translations into Arabic, from Pehlevi, 330, 346, 348, 358; from Greek, 358, 359, 469; from Coptic, 358; from English and French, 469
Translators of scientific books into Arabic, the, 358, 359, 363
Transoxania, 203, 233, 263, 265, 266, 275, 360, 419, 444
Transoxania, conquest of, by the Moslems, 203
Tribal constitution, the, 83
Tribes, the Arab, xix, xx
Tripoli, 468
Tubba‘s, the (Himyarite kings), 5, 14, +17-26+, 42
Tudih, 398
_tughra_, 326
_tughra’i_ (chancellor), 326
-Tughra’i (poet), 326
Tughril Beg, 264, 275
_tului_, 286
Tumadir, 126
Tunis, 274, 428, 437, 441
Turkey, xvi, 169, 394, 404, 448, 466
Turkey, the Sultans of, 448
Turks, the, 263, 264, 268, 325, 343. See _Ottoman Turks_; _Seljuq Turks_
Tus, 339, 340
Tuwayli‘, 398
Tuways, 236
_Twenty Years After_, by Dumas, 272
U
‘Ubaydu’llah, the Mahdi, 274
‘Ubaydu’llah b. Yahya, 350
‘Ubaydu’llah b. Ziyad, 196, 198
Udhayna (Odenathus), 33, 35
Uhud, battle of, 170, 175
‘Ukaz, the fair of, 101, 102, 135
-‘Ulama, 320, 367, 460, 461
Ultra-Shi‘ites, the, 258. See _-Ghulat_
‘Uman (province), 4, 62
‘Umar b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz (Umayyad Caliph), 200, 203, +204-206+, 283
‘Umar b. Abi Rabi‘a (poet), 237
‘Umar Ibnu ’l-Farid (poet), +325+, +394-398+, 402, 448, 462
‘Umar b. Hatsun, 410
‘Umar b. al-Khattab (Caliph), xxvii, 51, 105, 127, 142, 157, 183, +185-190+, 204, 210, 214, 215, 242, 254, 268, 297, 435
‘Umar Khayyam, 339
‘Umara, 88
Umayma (name of a woman), 90, 91, 92
Umayya, ancestor of the Umayyads, 65, 146, 181, 190
Umayya b. Abi ’l-Salt (poet), 69, +149-150+
Umayyad dynasty, the, xxviii, 65, 154, 181, 190, +193-206+, 214, 222, 264, 273, 274, 278, 279, 282, 283, 347, 358, 366, 373, 408
Umayyad literature, 235-247
Umayyads (descendants of Umayya), the, 190, 191. See _Umayyad dynasty, the_
Umayyads, Moslem prejudice against the, 154, 193, 194, 197, 207
Umayyads of Spain, the, 253, 264, 347, +405-414+
_-‘Umda_, by Ibn Rashiq, 288
Umm ‘Asim, 204
Umm Jamil, 89
Unays, 67
-‘Urayd, 398
Urtuqid dynasty, the, 449
_Usdu ’l-Ghaba_, 356
‘Usfan, 22
_ustadh_, 392
Ustadhsis, 258
Usyut, 454
‘Utba, a slave-girl, 296
-‘Utbi (historian), 269, 354
‘Uthman b. ‘Affan, Caliph, xxvii, 142, 185, +190+, 191, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 221, 236, 297
_‘Uyunu ’l-Akhbar_, 346
_‘Uyunu ’l-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba_, 355. See _Tabaqatu ’l-Atibba_
-‘Uzza (goddess), 43, 135, 155
V
Valencia, 421
Valerian, 33
Van Vloten, 221, 222, 250
Vedanta, the, 384
Venus, 18
Vico, 439
Victor Hugo, 312
Villon, 243
Vizier, the office of, 256, 257. See _wazir_
Viziers of the Buwayhid dynasty, the, 267
Vogué, C. J. M. de, xxii
Vollers, 450
Vowel-marks in Arabic script, 201
W
Wadd, name of a god, 123
Wadi ’l-Mustad‘afin, 394
_Wafayatu ’l-A‘yan_, 451, 452. See _Ibn Khallikan_
_-Wafi bi ’l-Wafayat_, 456
_-wafir_ (metre), 75
Wahb b. Munabbih, 247, 459
_wahdatu ’l-wujud_, monism, 402
Wahhabis, the, 463, 465-468
Wahhabite Reformation, the, 465-468
-Wahidi (commentator), 305, 307
_-wa‘id_, 297
Wa’il, xix, 56, 57
_wajd_, mystical term, 387, 394
Wajra, 398
-Walid b. ‘Abd al-Malik (Umayyad Caliph), 200, +203+, 405
-Walid b. Yazid (Umayyad Caliph), 132, +206+, 291, 375
Wallada, 424, 425
-Waqidi (historian), 144, 261, 349
Waraqa b. Nawfal, 149, 150
_wasi_ (executor), 215
Wasil b. ‘Ata, 223, 224, 374
Wasit, 385, 386
Water-diviners, honoured by the pagan Arabs, 73
-Wathiq, the Caliph, 257, 369
_wazir_, an Arabic word, 256. See _Vizier_
Wellhausen, J., 56, 128, 135, 139, 140, 149, 173, 198, 205, 207, 209, 210, 215, 218, 219, 222, 250, 365
Well-songs, 73
Wellsted, J. R., 8
West Gothic dynasty in Spain, the, 204
Weyers, 425
Wine-songs, 124, 125, 138, 206, 325, 417
Witches, Ballad of the Three, 19
Women famed as poets, 89, 126, 127; as Sufis, 233
Women, position of, in Pre-islamic times, 87-92
Woollen garments, a sign of asceticism, 228, 296
Wright, W., 202, 226, 343
Writing, Arabic, the oldest specimens of, xxi
Writing, the art of, in Pre-islamic times, xxii, 31, 102, 131, 138
Wüstenfeld, F., xviii, 17, 129, 132, 190, 213, 245, 253, 275, 295, 357, 378, 408, 416, 452, 459
X
Xerxes, 256
Ximenez, Archbishop, 435
Y
-Yahud (the Jews), 171
Yahya b. Abi Mansur, 359
Yahya b. Khalid, 259, 260, 451
Yahya b. Yahya, the Berber, 408, 409
Yaksum, 28
-Yamama, 25, 111, 124
-Yamama, battle of, xxii, 142
Ya‘qub b. -Layth, 265
Ya‘qub al-Mansur (Almohade), 432
-Ya‘qubi (Ibn Wadih), historian, 193, 194, 349
Yaqut, 17, 357
Ya‘rub, 14
Yatha‘amar (Sabæan king), 4
Yatha‘amar Bayyin, 10, 17
Yathrib, 62. See _Medina_
Yathrippa, 62
_-Yatima._ See _Yatimatu ’l-Dahr_
_Yatimatu ’l-Dahr_, 267, 271, 304, +308+, +348+
_-Yawaqit_, by -Sha‘rani, 403, 460
Yazdigird I (Sasanian), 40, 41
Yazid b. ‘Abd al-Malik (Umayyad Caliph), 200
Yazid b. Abi Sufyan, 426
Yazid b. Mu‘awiya (Umayyad Caliph), +195-199+, 208, 241
Yazid b. Rabi‘a b. Mufarrigh, 19
-Yemen (-Yaman), xvii, 2, 5, 7, 11, 12, 15, 17, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 42, 49, 65, 68, 87, 99, 103, 137, 215, 247, 252, 274, 405
Yoqtan, xviii
Yoqtanids, the, xviii, 4. See _Arabs, the Yemenite_
Yusuf b. ‘Abd al-Barr, 428
Yusuf b. ‘Abd al-Mu’min (Almohade), 432
Yusuf b. ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, 406
Yusuf b. Tashifin (Almoravide), 423, 430, 431
Z
Zab, battle of the, 181, 253
Zabad, the trilingual inscription of, xxii
-Zabba, 35, 36, 37. See _Zenobia_
Zabdai, 34
_zaddiq_, 375
Zafar (town in -Yemen), 7, 8, 17, 19, 21
Zafar (tribe), 94
_zahid_ (ascetic), 230
Zahirites, the, 402, 427, 433
-Zahra, suburb of Cordova, 425
_zajal_, verse-form, 416, 417, 449
Zallaqa, battle of, 423, 431
-Zamakhshari, 145, 280, 336
_zandik_, 375
-Zanj, 273
Zanzibar, 352
_Zapiski_, 375
Zarifa, 15
Zarqa’u ’l-Yamama, 25
Zayd, son of ‘Adi b. Zayd, 48
Zayd b. ‘Ali b. -Husayn, 297
Zayd b. ‘Amr b. Nufayl, 149
Zayd b. Hammad, 45
Zayd b. Haritha, 153
Zayd b. Kilab b. Murra, 64. See _Qusayy_
Zayd b. Rifa‘a, 370
Zayd b. Thabit, 142
Zaydites, the, 297
Zaynab (Zenobia), 35, 36
Zaynab, an Arab woman, 237
Zaynu ’l-‘Abidin, 243
Zenobia, 33, 34, 35
_Zinatu ’l-Dahr_, 348
Zindiqs, the, 291, 296, 319, 368, +372-375+, 387, 460
Ziryab (musician), 418
Ziyad, husband of Fatima, the daughter of -Khurshub, 88
Ziyad ibn Abihi, 195, 256, 342
Ziyad b. Mu‘awiya. See _-Nabigha al-Dhubvani_
Ziyanid dynasty, the, 442
Zone, the, worn by Zoroastrians, 461
Zoroaster, 184, 258
Zoroastrians, the, 184, 341, 354, 373, 461
Zotenberg, H., 352
Zubayda, wife of Harun al-Rashid, 262
-Zubayr, 190
-Zuhara, 18
Zuhayr b. Abi Sulma (poet), 62, +116-119+, 128, 131, 137, 140, 312
_zuhd_ (asceticism), 229, 230. 299
_zuhdiyyat_, 294
Zuhra b. Kilab b. Murra, 64
-Zuhri (Muhammad b. Muslim b. Shihab), 153, 247, 258
_zunnár_, 461