Part 6

=Maryland=, U.S. 39N. 76W. One of the original 13 states of the Union; first colonised by Virginians, 1631; grant to Lord Baltimore, 1632 and English colony settled, 1634; alternate property of Baltimores and Crown till 1774; constituted a state, 1776.

=Massachusetts=, U.S. 42N. 73W. One of the 13 original states of the Union. The land along the coast of Massachusetts Bay is identified as the Vinland of the old Norse saga of 'Eric the Red,' 10th-11th centuries; Cabot off coast, 1498; Verazzani, 1524; first recorded English expedition to under Gosnold, 1602; bay explored by Champlain, 1604; by John Smith, 1614; first colony planted by Puritans from the 'Mayflower', 1620; the colony of Massachusetts Bay was settled with Endicott as governor, 1628; Winthrop elected governor, 1630; first code of laws drawn up by John Cotton; New Plymouth incorporated with, 1692; religious revival in under Cotton Mather and Jonathan Edwards, 1727.

=Matamoras=, Mexico. 25N. 97W. Mexicans defeated by Americans, 1846 (Mex. W.).

=Matto Grosso=, prov., Brazil. 13S. 56W. Southern part captured by Lopez (Brazil-Paraguayan W.), 1865.

=Mechanicsville=, Chickahominy, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Sanguinary engagement between McClellan and Lee, and defeat of Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.) (battle also known as that of Ellison's Mill).

=Mecklenburg Co.=, N. Carolina. 35N. 80W. Declaration of independence, 1775.

=Medfield=, Mass. 42N. 71W. Bp. Hannah Adams ('View of Religious Opinions,' etc.), first woman in America to make literature a profession (1755-1832).

=Melville Island=, Polar Sea. 75N. 110W. Here Parry wintered, 1819-20.

=Melville Sound.= 73N. 110W. Reached by Parry, 1819.

=Mendoza=, Argentine Republic. 32S. 68W. Destroyed by terrible earthquake, 1861.

=Merida de Yucatan=, Mexico. 20N. 89W. F. by Spaniards, 1542.

=Mexico=, state, N.A. 24N. 102W. Legend of Buddhist mission to in 5th century; coasted by Cordova, 1517; coast explored by Grijalva, 1518; landing of Cortés for conquest, 1519; further exploration of coast by De Avila, 1522; Antonio de Mendoza first viceroy of Mexico, 1535; revolt under Hidalgo, 1810; under Morelos, 1811-15; Royalist commander Iturbide joins forces with revolutionary chief Guerrero, and 'Plan of Iguala' promulgated, 1821; Iturbide declared emperor, 1822; forced to abdicate, 1823, and shot, 1824; constitution under a president established, 1824; civil dissensions and Santa Ana made dictator, 1835; continuation of civil war, and war with U.S., 1847; Upper California and New Mexico ceded to U.S., 1848; continued civil dissensions, and standard of revolt raised by Juarez, 1858; forces of England, Spain, and France occupy Vera Cruz, 1861; French take possession of Mexico city and crown accepted by Archduke Maximilian, 1863; Maximilian captured and shot by Juarez, 1867; further revolutions, and Diaz made president, 1877. (See also Yucatan.) The country is rich in fine ruins dating from an earlier and later (Aztec) period.

=Mexico=, city. 25N. 99W. F. by the Aztecs (Tenoch-titlan), 1325; entry of Cortés and his army, and magnificent reception by Montezuma, 1519; Montezuma made prisoner, 1519; murder of the Aztec nobles by Alvarado during absence of Cortés, 1520; rise of natives, death of Montezuma, retreat of Spaniards amid fearful slaughter, 1520; siege of and destruction of city by Cortés, 1521; city rebuilt by Cortés; burial-place and monument of conqueror since 1629; entry of American troops, 1847; Maximilian crowned emperor, 1864. (See Mexico, state.)

=Mexico=, Gulf of, N.A. 25N. 90W. Explored by Pineda, 1519.

=Michigan=, U.S. 44N. 85W. French in, 1610; mission established by Marquette, 1668; Detroit f., 1701; passed into English possession, 1763; suffered during the Pontiac conspiracy; evacuated by English, 1796; admitted to the Union, 1837. (See Detroit.)

=Michigan, Lake=, U.S. 43N. 87W. Explored by Jean Nicolet, who reached Green Bay, 1639; Joliet and Marquette on, 1673.

=Michillimackinac=, Michigan. Slaughter of garrison by Indians, 1763. (See Parkman, 'Pontiac.')

=Milan=, Ohio. 41N. 82W. Bp. Thomas A. Edison, electrician (1847).

=Millsprings=, Kentucky. 37N. 84W. Confederates repulsed, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Minisink=, N.Y. 41N. 74W. Attack on and massacre by Mohawk Indians under Joseph Brant, and defeat of volunteer force in pursuit of, 1779 (monument at Goshen).

=Minnesota=, U.S. 46N. 94W. French explorers in, 1659; St. Paul f. by Americans, 1846; organised as a territory, 1849; admitted to Union, 1858; war with Sioux Indians under Little Crow, 1862-3.

=Miraflores=, Peru. 12N. 77W. Peruvians defeated by Chilians, 1881.

=Missionary Ridge=, see Chattanooga.

=Mississippi=, U.S. 32N. 89W. De Soto in, 1540; La Salle, 1682; the latter took formal possession of the country in name of Louis XIV.; French settlements at Biloxi and Natchez, 1712, 1716; created a territory, 1798; admitted to Union, 1817; seceded, 1861; readmitted to Union, 1870.

=Mississippi River.= 33N. 91W. Estuary of discovered by Pineda, who named it Espiritu Santo, 1519; crossed by Cabeza de Vaca during his years of wandering, which ended 1536; by De Soto, 1541, who died on its banks; partly explored by Joliet and Marquette, 1673; by Hennepin, 1680; La Salle, who named the river Colbert, descended it to the Gulf of Mexico, 1682; further explored by Le Sueur, 1700.

=Missouri=, U.S. 38N. 92W. Formerly part of Upper Louisiana; Fort Orleans f., 1719; St. Genevieve f., 1755; St. Louis, 1764; sold to U.S., 1803; 'Missouri Compromise' concerning slave holders, 1820; admitted to Union, 1821; divided in allegiance during Civil W.; World's Fair at St. Louis, 1904.

=Missouri River=, U.S. 40N. 95W. Explored by Du Tisné, 1719; by Lewis and Clarke, 1804-6.

=Mitla=, Mexico. 16N. 96W. Ruins of ancient tombs and other remains.

=Mobile=, cap. of county, Alabama, U.S. 30N. 88W. F. by French, 1702; ceded to English by Treaty of Paris, 1763; taken by Spain, 1780; evacuated by Spaniards and entered by Wilkinson and U.S. troops, 1813; besieged, and evacuated by Confederates, 1865 (Civil W.).

=Mobile Bay=, U.S. 30N. 87W. Explored by Iberville, 1700; Confederate fleet defeated, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Monhegan (Manheigin) Island=, Maine. 43N. 69W. Discovered by Capt. Weymouth, 1605.

=Monk's Corner=, Charleston. American cavalry surprised, 1780. (See Charleston.)

=Monmouth= (Court House), N. Jersey. 40N. 74W. Victory of Americans under Washington, 1778 (W. of Ind.).

=Monocacy=, river, Maryland. 39N. 77W. Confederates held in check for some hours by small force of Federals, which was finally defeated, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Monongahela=, river, branch of Ohio. 40N. 79W. Terrible defeat of Braddock by French and their Indian allies, 1755, in which encounter Washington took part as a boy. (See Parkman, 'Pontiac.')

=Monroe's Creek=, Virginia. Bp. James Monroe, President of U.S. (1758-1831).

=Montana=, U.S. 47N. 110W. Organised as separate territory, 1864; admitted to Union, 1889.

=Monte Caseros=, Uruguay. Overthrow of Rosas, 1851. (See Uruguay).

=Monterey=, Upper California. 36N. 121W. First town f. by Spaniards, 1770; destroyed by French buccaneers; capital of California till 1847, when the country was annexed by U.S.

=Monterey=, Mexico. 25N. 100W. Taken by U.S. forces after three days' assault, 1846.

=Monte Video=, Uruguay. 34S. 56W. Hill so named by Magelhaes when off coast, 1520; town f., 1726; taken by English but shortly after evacuated, 1807; revolt under Artigas against Spanish viceroy, 1811; siege of by Artigas, 1811-14; Spanish fleet destroyed and surrender of fortress to anti-Royalists, 1814; Portuguese take possession of, 1817; expelled, 1822; sanguinary war with Buenos Ayres (1843-52), when Garibaldi and his Italian legion gave help to the Montevideans, and during which the town was blockaded for several years; besieged by Flores with his Brazilian and allied forces, 1864; Flores enters and proclaims himself president, 1865; revolutionaries prepare to attack and forced to retire, 1870; in hands of revolutionaries, 1875; mutiny of garrison, 1899. (See Uruguay.)

=Montmorenci=, river, Quebec. 46N. 71W. Heights of assaulted by English under Wolfe, 1759.

=Montreal= (on site of Indian village of Hochelaga). 45N. 73W. Discovered by Cartier, 1535; Pontgravé and Champlain at, 1603; f. by French settlers in 1642; massacre by Indians, 1689; taken in turns by English and Americans, and again by England, 1760, 1775, 1776.

=Montserrat=, island, W. Indies. 16N. 62W. Discovered by Columbus, 1493; colonised by English, 1632; twice taken by French, and twice restored to England, by Treaty of Breda, 1667, and by Treaty of Versailles, 1783.

=Moore's Creek Bridge=, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Loyalist Scotch defeated, 1776 (W. of Ind.).

=Moron=, Argentine Republic. 34S. 58W. Rosas defeated, 1851.

=Morristown=, N. Jersey. 40N. 74W. Washington's headquarters, 1777-8 and 1779-80 (W. of Ind.).

=Motupe=, Peru. 5S. 80W. Pizarro at, 1532.

=Mountain Meadow=, Utah. 40N. 35W. Massacre of immigrants by Mormons and Indians, 1857.

=Mount Auburn=, near Boston, Mass. 42N. 71W. Graves of J. L. R. Agassiz, the great naturalist (1807-73), of Longfellow, Lowell, Prescott, Motley, Holmes, and many other eminent men.

=Mount Hamilton=, near San Francisco. Lick Observatory at.

=Mount Vernon=, Fairfax Co., Virginia. 38N. 77W. Home and grave of Washington.

=Mumfordsville=, Kentucky. 38N. 85W. Taken by Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Murfreesboro=, Tennessee. 35N. 86W. Fierce battle, Dec. 31-Jan. 2, 1862-3, in which success was at first to Confederates, who were finally forced to retreat (also known as battle of Stone River) (Civil W.).

=Napo=, river, Peru. 2S. 74W. Gonzalo Pizarro and his famished companions follow its course to where it joins the Amazon, during his expedition, 1540-2.

=Nashville=, Tennessee., 36N. 86W. Surrendered to Federals, 1862; Confederates defeated, 1864. (See Battle of Franklin.)

=Nassau= (formerly New Providence), Bahamas. 25N. 77W. Destroyed by French and Spaniards, 1703; resettled, 1718; used as a harbour for blockade runners, 1861-5 (Civil W.).

=Natchez=, Mississippi. 31N. 91W. F. by Bienville, 1716; garrison murdered by Indians, 1729; taken by Capt. Willing of Philadelphia, 1778 (W. of Ind.). The town is named after the Indian tribe immortalised by Chateaubriand.

=Nauvoo=, Illinois. 40N. 91W. F. by the Mormons, 1840, who some years later were expelled.

=Nebraska=, U.S. 42N. 100W. Reached by the expedition sent by the viceroy Mendoza from Mexico under Coronado, 1540; organised as a territory, 1854; admitted to Union, 1867.

=Nevada=, U.S. 39N. 117W. Ceded to U.S. by Mexico, 1848; created a territory, 1861; admitted to Union, 1864.

=Nevis=, island, Lesser Antilles. 17N. 62W. Discovered by Columbus, who christened it Nieves; colonised by English, 1628; taken by French and restored to English by Treaty of Versailles, 1783. Bp. Alex. Hamilton, statesman (1757-1804).

=New Amsterdam= (see Manhattan). Name given to the Dutch settlement on Manhattan Island by Governor Stuyvesant, 1647; surrendered to English, 1664. (See New York.)

=Newark=, N. Jersey. 40N. 74W. F. by Puritans, 1666. Bp. Aaron Burr, Vice-President of the U.S. (1756-1836).

=Newark=, Ohio. 40N. 82W. Fine remains of prehistoric mound builders.

=Newbern= (New Berne), Neuse R., N. Carolina. 35N. 77W. Confederates defeated, 1862 (Civil W.).

=New Brunswick=, Canada. 47N. 67W. Discovered by Cartier, 1534; colonised by French in 17th century; ceded to England by Treaty of Utrecht, 1713; became part of Canada, 1867.

=Newburyport=, Mass. 42N. 70W. Bp. W. Lloyd Garrison, poet, orator, and abolitionist (1805-79), and grave of George Whitefield.

=New England=, U.S. 44N. 71W. Norse settlement in, end 10th century (see the Vinland of old saga 'Eric the Red'); Sir H. Gilbert off coast, 1583; Gosnold, 1602; later exploring expeditions under Pring, 1603. George Weymouth, 1605; grant of to Plymouth Company, 1606; expedition of John Smith, 1614, to whom the name is due; landing of Pilgrim Fathers, 1620 (see New Plymouth); George Fox in, 1665; Indian war, 1674-6; war with New France, 1690; spiritual revival under Whitefield, 1740. (See Maine, Massachusetts.)

=Newfoundland=, N.A. 48N. 56W. Discovered by Norsemen end 10th century (see the Helluland of old saga of 'Eric the Red'); coasted by Cabots, 1497, 1498-9; the Cortereals off, 1500, 1501; coast explored by Cartier, 1534; Sir H. Gilbert took possession of in name of Elizabeth, 1583; he and his vessel, the 'Squirrel,' were lost off the same year; colony settled by Lord Baltimore, 1623; Lord Falkland, 1633; Sir D. Kirk, 1754; finally ceded to England by Treaty of Utrecht, 1713.

=New Granada=, S.A. 4S. 69W. Discovered by Ojeda, 1499; colony settled in by Spaniards, 1510; threw off Spanish yoke, 1811; became part of the state of Colombia, 1819; became an independent republic, 1833; united with other states which became the United States of Colombia, 1861; known as the Republic of C. since 1886.

=New Hampshire=, U.S. 42N. 70W. One of the 13 original states of the Union; coast probably discovered by Martin Pring, 1604; explored by John Smith, 1614; known as Laconia to early settlers; settlement at Little Harbour, 1623; first permanent English colony planted, 1629; joined the Massachusetts colony, 1641-79, when it became again independent; organised as a state, 1776.

=New Haven=, Conn. 41N. 72W. Colonised by English under Eaton, Davenport, and others, 1638; annexed to Connecticut, 1662; Yale College f. at Saybrook, 1701, removed to New Haven, 1717; plundered by English, 1779 (W. of Ind.).

=New Jersey=, U.S. 40N. 74W. One of the 13 original states; so named in honour of its first governor, who had been governor of Isle of Jersey; Hudson off coast, 17th century; first colonised by Dutch, who settled at Bergen in early 17th century; later English colonists were driven away by Dutch; New Netherland, of which N.J. was considered a part, became English property, 1664; bought by Penn, 1674.

=New London=, Conn. 41N. 72W. Attacked and burnt by Benedict Arnold and the British, 1781 (W. of Ind.); blockaded by Sir T. Hardy, 1813-15.

=New Madrid=, Missouri. 36N. 89W. Besieged, and evacuated by Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.).

=New Mexico=, U.S. 35N. 105W. Cabeza de Vaca in, with the scattered remains of Narvaez's expedition, about 1537; Coronado in, 1540, followed by other Spanish explorers; country taken from Spaniards by Indians, 1680; recovered by former, 1698; Santa Fé captured by U.S. forces, 1846; ceded to U.S., 1848; organised as a territory, 1850.

=New Netherland= (now New York). So named by Dutch explorers, 1614; Stuyvesant appointed governor, 1645; New Amsterdam surrendered to English, 1664, and name changed to New York; Amsterdam (Fort James) retaken by Dutch, 1673, and Dutch name of colony restored. (See New York.)

=New Orleans=, Louisiana. 30N. 90W. F. by French, 1718; English defeated by Americans, 1815; surrender of town to Federal fleet, 1862. (See Louisiana.)

=New Plymouth=, Mass. 41N. 70W. Landing of Pilgrim Fathers from the 'Mayflower,' Dec. 1620; first English colony planted in America; incorporated with Massachusetts, 1692.

=Newport=, Rhode Island. 41N. 71W. Verrazano in harbour, 1524; f. 1638; taken by English, 1776 (W. of Ind.). Bp. William Ellery Channing (1780-1842).

=New Providence=, Bahamas. 25N. 77W. Discovered by Columbus, 1492, who named it Fernandino; colonised by English, 1629; present name given by Sayle, who was wrecked off coast, 1667; buccaneers became masters of in 17th century; taken by Americans, 1776; restored to England, 1783.

=New Spain=, original name given to Mexico.

=New York=, state. 42N. 77W. One of the 13 original states. Verazzani in bay, 1524; Champlain discovers lake which bears his name, 1609; Hudson on river named after him, 1609; region explored by Dutch navigator Block, 1614; early Dutch settlements in (see New Netherland, Manhattan); first governor Cornelius May, 1624; colony received present name, 1664, when taken possession of by English; Dutch in power again, 1673-4; province formally surrendered to English by treaty, and Andros made governor, 1674; independence proclaimed, 1776; Erie Canal opened, 1825.

=New York=, city. 40N. 73W. Settled by Dutch as New Amsterdam, 1614; named by them New Orange in 1673; negro plots in, 1712 and 1741; Stamp Act riot, 1765; fighting at Golden Hill, 1770; taken by the English, 1776, and only evacuated by them at close of W. of Ind., 1783; Washington inaugurated as first President of U.S., 1789 (see Manhattan, New Amsterdam). Columbia University f. 1754. Bp. Philip Freneau, poet (from whom Campbell stole a line) (1752-1832); John Howard Payne, A. of 'Home, Sweet Home' (1792-1852); Washington Irving (1783-1859); Rodman Drake, poet (1795-1820); C. Fenno Hoffmann, poet (1806-84); W. James, psychologist (1842-1910); Henry James, novelist (1843).

=Niagara=, river. 43N. 79W. Falls discovered by French missionary, Hennepin, 1678. (See Fort Niagara.)

=Nicaragua=, Cent. A. 12N. 85W. Columbus off coast, 1502; Espinosa in, 1519; J. de Avila, 1522; towns of Granada and Leon f. by Cordova, 1523; part of the Confederation of Cent. America, 1824-38, when it was declared an independent republic; in 1856 the filibuster Walker had himself elected president, but had to surrender the following year; political disturbances since; war with Honduras, 1907.

=Nine Partners=, Duchess Co., N.Y. 41N. 73W. Bp. J. K. Paulding, A. (1779-1860).

=Nipissing, Lake=, Canada. 46N. 70W. Champlain at, 1615; Jean Nicolet at during expedition 1634-9.

=Nombre de Dios=, Panama. 9N. 78W. Pizarro embarks at, 1528; Blasco Nuñez arrives at, 1544; Drake off, 1572; seized by Drake, 1595.

=Nootka Sound=, Vancouver's Island. 49N. 126W. Discovered by Cook, 1778.

=Norfolk=, Virginia. 36N. 76W. Burnt by the English, 1776 (W. of Ind.).

=Northampton=, Mass. 42N. 72W. Jonathan Edwards preacher at, 1727-50; bp. Timothy Dwight, writer of patriotic verse (1752-1817).

=Northampton=, N. Jersey. 39N. 74W. Bp. John Woolman, Quaker preacher (1720-72). (See 'A Quakers' Meeting' in 'Essays of Elia.')

=North Point=, Baltimore. 39N. 76W. Landing of British forces, 1814. (See Fort McHenry.)

=Norwich=, Conn. 41N. 72W. Bp. Benedict Arnold (1741-1801); Mrs. Sigourney, poet and prose writer (1791-1865).

=Nova Scotia.= 45N. 64W. Discovered by Norsemen, end 10th century (see the Markland of old saga of 'Eric the Red'); the Cabots off, 1497, 1498-9; Verazzani off, 1524; coast explored by Champlain, 1604; name of Acadia changed to present one by Scotch, to whom grant was given by James I., 1622; colony restored to France by Treaty of Breda, 1667; English conquest of, 1708; finally ceded to England by Treaty of Utrecht, 1713; expatriation of French. (See Grand Pré.)

=Nova Zembla.= 71N. 55E. Discovered by Sir Hugh Willoughby, 1553; voyage to by Stephen Burroughs, 1556; by the Dutch under Barentz, 1594-6.

=Ocosingo=, Chiapas, Mexico. 16N. 91W. Famous ruins at, relics of ancient tribes.

=Ocotepeque=, Salvador, Cent. A. Troops of Carrera defeated by those of San Salvador, 1863.

=Ogdensburg=, N.Y. 44N. 75W. English repulsed by Brown, 1812; entered and plundered by English, 1813.

=Ohio=, U.S. 38N. 80W. Explored by La Salle about 1680; valley taken possession of for French by de Bienville, 1749; explored by Christopher Gist for Ohio Company, 1750-2; English settlements in destroyed by French, 1752; cause of war between the two countries, 1755; ceded to England, 1763, and Marietta settled, 1788; lost to her by W. of Ind.; admitted to Union, 1802.

=Ohio=, river. Discovered by La Salle, 1669; explored by Christopher Gist, 1750-1.

=Oklahoma= ('beautiful land'). 35N. 96W. Entered the Union (with Indian territory) as a state, 1906.

=Onoto=, Venezuela. 9N. 65W. Paez defeated by Royalists, 1818 (S. A. W. Ind.).

=Oregon=, U.S. 42N. 116W. Ferreto in, 1543; Drake off, 1579; Cook landed at Nootka Sound, to which he gave its name, 1778; mouth of Columbia R. discovered by Spaniards, 1775; named by Gray, 1792; coast explored by Vancouver, 1793; explorations in under Lewis and Clarke, 1804-6; boundary dispute between Great Britain and America settled, 1846; organised as a territory, 1848; admitted to Union, 1859. (See Astoria.)

=Orinoco=, river, S.A. 8N. 60W. Columbus at mouth of, 1498; Raleigh rowed partly up in search of the gold mines of Manoa, 1595; Kemys sent up by Raleigh, 1617, during the latter's last expedition; Kemys attacked San Tomas and Raleigh's son was killed.

=Oriskany=, near Utica, N.Y. 43N. 75W. Victory of Patriots over Mohawks and Tories, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

=Orleans, Island of=, Canada. 46N. 70-71W. Discovered by Cartier, who called it the Island of Bacchus on account of the number of its vines, 1535.

=Osawatomie=, Kansas. 38N. 96W. Fight between John Brown, the abolitionist, and his opponents, 1856.

=Oswego=, N.Y. 43N. 76W. English establish post at, 1725; forts captured by Montcalm, 1756; surrendered and in English possession till 1795; taken by English, 1814.

=Ottawa=, Canada. 45N. 75W. Made capital of Dominion, 1858; originally named Bytown after Col. By, its founder; first parliament opened, 1866.

=Ottawa=, river, Ontario and Quebec. Explored by Champlain, 1612 and 1615; by Jean Nicolet, 1634.

=Otumba=, Mexico. 19N. 99W. Victory of Cortés over Mexican Indians, 1520.

=Pachacamac=, Peru. 12S. 77W. Famous under the Incas for its great temple and shrine whence oracles were delivered; image destroyed by Hernando Pizarro, who arrived at, 1533. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

=Pacific, The.= First seen by a European when Nuñez de Balboa sighted it from the Isthmus of Darien, 1513; name given by Magalhaes, who sailed into its waters, 1520; first English boat launched on by John Oxenham (d. 1575); Drake sailed across after entering by Magellan, 1577; among the many explorers of the 18th century were Cook, 1778, and Vancouver, 1791. (See Irving, 'Companions of Columbus.')

=Paita= (Payta), Peru. 5S. 80W. Reached by Pizarro, 1527; sacked and burnt by the filibuster Anson, 1741; burnt by Lord Cochrane, 1820.

=Palenque=, Chiapas, Mexico. 17N. 91W. Famous prehistoric ruins at.

=Palmyra=, N.Y. 43N. 77W. Mormon sect at f. by Joseph Smith, 1827.

=Palo Alto=, Texas. 26N. 97W. Defeat of Mexicans by Americans, 1846.

=Paltos, Desert of=, north of Caxas. Crossed by Blasco Nunez pursued by Gonzalo Pizarro, 1545. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

=Pamlico Sound=, U.S. 35N. 76W. Discovered by Amadas and Barlow sent by Raleigh, 1584.

=Panama=, town. 8N. 79W. First town f. by Avila, 1518; destroyed by buccaneer Morgan, 1670, and rebuilt by H. de Cordova.

=Panama, Isthmus of.= 7-9N. 77-82W. Coast first sighted by the Spaniard Bastidas, 1501; coasted by Columbus, who called it Veragua, during his fourth and last voyage, 1502; town on f. by Ojeda, 1510, afterwards destroyed; Nombre de Dios and other towns settled shortly after; Pizarro here on his way to Peru. The idea of cutting a way through the isthmus was propagated as early as the 16th century. First Pacific steamboat passed through canal, 1909. (See under Darien).

=Panuco=, river, mouth of at Tampico, Mexico. 21N. 97W. Pineda attacked by natives near mouth of, 1519; colony settled on by Garay, Governor of Jamaica, 1520; De Soto at mouth of, 1539.

=Paraguay=, republic, S.A. 22S. 54W. Discovered by De Solis, 1515; by Cabot, 1526; explored and taken possession of by Mendoza, 1536; Asuncion (q.v.) f. 1536 or 1537; formerly a dependency of Peru; threw off Spanish authority, 1810; defeat of Belgrano, near Asuncion, made Paraguay definitely independent of Buenos Ayres, 1811; Dr. Francia dictator, 1816-40; Antonio Lopez in power, 1841-62; reign of terror under his son till 1870, when latter was captured and killed; constant change of presidents since.

=Paraguay=, river, Brazil. 14S. 57W. Cabot on, 1525; explored by Ayolas, who fought successfully with the natives on, 1535-7.