Part 5

=Fredericksburg=, Virginia. 38N. 77W. Victory of Confederates under Lee, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Fredericksburg=, Penn. 40N. 76W. Bp. James Lick, to whom the observatory is due (1796-1876).

=Fredericktown=, Missouri. 38N. 90W. Defeat of Confederates, 1861 (Civil W.).

=Fredericton=, N. Brunswick. 45N. 66W. Bp. W. Bliss Carman, poet (1861).

=Frenchtown= (now Monroe), Michigan. 41N. 83W. Taken by Americans, 1813; recaptured by English two days later, when Indians massacred the sick and wounded.

=Frobisher Bay.= 62N. 65W. Named after the discoverer, 1576; Hudson off, 1610.

=Front Royal=, Virginia. 39N. 78W. Victory of Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Fulton=, Missouri. 38N. 92W. Confederates defeated, 1861 (Civil W.).

=Fundy, Bay of.= 45N. 66W. Explored by Champlain, 1604-7, during his second expedition to Canada.

=Fury and Hecla Strait.= 69N. 84W. Discovered by Parry, 1821.

=Gaines's Mill=, Chickahominy R. One of the series of engagements near Richmond (q.v.), fought between Lee and McClellan, 1862.

=Galapagos Islands=, S.A. 0S. 91W. Marked on early map of 1570; Dampier on, 1684; explored by Capt. Colnett, 1794.

=Galveston=, Texas. 29N. 95W. Surrendered to Federals, 1862; attacked and retaken by Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Gaspe=, Quebec. 48N. 64W. Cross erected on the shore by Cartier, who landed here, 1534.

George, Lake, N.Y. 43N. 73W. Sc. action during French and Indian war, 1755-9; its chief forts were William Henry (q.v.), George, and Ticonderoga (q.v.). French under Dieskau, who was mortally wounded, defeated, 1755. (Parkman, 'Conspiracy of Pontiac.')

=Georgia=, U.S. 33N. 83W. One of the 13 original states; named in honour of George II.; colony f. (for debtors and others) by Oglethorpe, 1733; Wesleys and Whitefield in, 1736, 1738; Spaniards repulsed from Frederica by Oglethorpe, 1742; Savannah in English occupation, 1778-82 (W. of Ind.); seceded, 1861; readmitted to Union, 1870.

=Georgian Bay=, Lake Huron. 45N. 81W. Reached by Jean Nicolet during expedition, 1634-9.

=Germantown=, suburb of Philadelphia, Penn. 39N. 75W. F. by Germans, 17th century; first Bible (German) printed in America, 1743; English victory over Americans, 1777.

=Gettysburg=, Penn. 39N. 77W. Battles, July 1-2, and July 3, in which the Confederates under Lee were finally defeated, 1863.

=Gibraltar=, Gulf of Maracaybo, Venezuela. 9N. 70W. Spanish ships sunk and captured by the buccaneer Morgan, 1669.

=Glendale=, see Frazier's Farm.

=Gloucester=, Cape Ann, Mass. Bay. 42N. 70W. Settled by English colonists known as Dorchester Adventurers, 1623.

=Goldsboro=, N. Carolina. 35N. 77W. Taken by the Federals, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Gorgona=, island, S.A. 2N. 78W. Pizarro on with his few followers for seven months awaiting help, 1527.

=Gracias-a-Dios=, Honduras, S.A. 15N. 33W. F. by De Chaves, 1536.

=Gracias-a-Dios=, cape, Nicaragua. 15N. 83W. Discovered and so named by Columbus, 1502.

=Granada=, Nicaragua. 12N. 85W. F. 1523 by Cordova; sacked by buccaneers, 1666, burnt by the filibuster Walker, 1856.

=Grand Gulf=, Mississippi, U.S. 32N. 91W. Forts on taken by Federals, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Grand Pré= (or Lower Horton), Nova Scotia. 44N. 63W. Expatriation of Acadians, 1755. (See Longfellow's 'Evangeline.')

=Great Bethel=, see Big Bethel.

=Great Bridge=, Elisabeth R., Dismal Swamp. 36N. 76W. British repulsed, 1775.

=Great Meadow=, near Cumberland. 39N. 78W. Washington attacked at, by French, 1754.

=Great Salt Lake=, Utah. 41N. 112W. First mention of by La Hontan, 1689; discovered by Bridger, 1825; explored by Bonneville, 1833; by Frémont and others, 1843; settlement on by Mormons under Brigham Young, 1847.

=Green Bay= (Bay of Puan), Lake Michigan. 44N. 87W. Reached by Jean Nicolet during expedition, 1634-9.

=Greenbriar=, river, Virginia. 37N. 80W. Encounter on, between Federals and Confederates, 1861 (Civil W.).

=Greenland.= 70N. 40W. Norsemen settled in, 10th-11th centuries (see saga of 'Eric the Red'); the Venetian Nicolo Zeno off, about 1390; the Cortereals off, 1501; Frobisher off, 1576, 1577, and 1578; Davis off, 1585-7 (part of the coast he named Desolation); Weymouth off, 1602; Hudson, 1607; explored and colonised by the Norwegian Hans Egede ('Apostle of the North'), 1721-35. (See Baffin's Bay.)

=Greenville=, Ohio. 40N. 84W. Treaty between Gen. Wayne and N.W. Indian tribes, after war 1793-4, 1795.

=Grenada= (Granada), Antilles. 12N. 61W. Discovered by Columbus, 1498; aborigines exterminated by French, 1650; English possession, 1762-79; retaken by French and restored to England by Treaty of Paris, 1763.

=Grenadines=, islands, Antilles. 12N. 61W. Ceded to England by Treaty of Paris, 1763.

=Greytown= (San Juan del Norte), Nicaragua. 11N. 83W. Founded by Spaniards; old town bombarded and destroyed by U.S. vessel, 1854.

=Grijalva=, river, Tabasco, N.A. 17N. 93W. Named after the explorer, who first skirted this part of the Gulf of Mexico, 1518; Cortés at mouth of, 1519.

=Griswoldville=, near Macon, Georgia. 32N. 83W. Confederates defeated, 1864.

=Groveton=, see Bull Run.

=Guadeloupe=, island, W. Indies. 16N. 61W. Discovered by Columbus during his second voyage, 1493-6; taken by French, 1635; four times captured by English, 1759-1815; finally restored to France, 1816.

=Guadalupe-Hidalgo=, Mexico. 19N. 99W. Treaty between U.S. and Mexico, whereby the former gained a large increase of territory, 1848.

=Guadino=, see Durango.

=Guamanga=, former name of Ayacucho (q.v.). F. by Pizarro; name changed after victory of A. gained at a small place near.

=Guanahani=, see San Salvador.

=Guanaja= (Bonacca), island, Honduras. 16N. 85W. Discovered by Columbus, who called it Isle of Pines, 1502.

=Guanajuato=, Cent. Mexico. 21N. 100W. Bp. Lucas Alamán, statesman, A. of 'Historia de Méjico' (1792-1853).

=Guancabamba= (Huancabamba), Peru. 5S. 79W. De Soto at when reconnoitring for Pizarro, 1532.

=Guatemala=, Cent. A. 13-17N. 88-92W. Conquered by Don Pedro de Alvarado, 1524; threw off Spanish yoke and became a republic, 1821.

=Guatemala=, city. 14N. 90W. The old city was destroyed by earthquake, 1773; present town lies to the N.E. of the old.

=Guayama=, Porto Rico. 18N. 66W. Captured by Americans, 1898.

=Guayaquil=, Gulf of, Ecuador. 2-4S. 80-81W. Pizarro sailed into, 1527.

=Guiana (British=, Dutch (Surinam), and French). 3N. 53W. Columbus off coast, 1498; coast captured by Pinzon, 1500; expeditions to by Raleigh, 1595 and 1617. (See Orinoco.)

=Guilford=, Long Island Sound, Conn. 41N. 72W. Bp. Fitzgreene Halleck, poet (1790-1867).

=Guilford Court House=, near Greensboro, N. Carolina. 36N. 79W. Victory of Americans, and end of British dominion in the Carolinas, 1781 (W. of Ind.).

=Hadley=, Mass. 42N. 72W. Saved from the Indians by Col. Goffe, the fugitive regicide, 1675.

=Hagerstown=, Maryland. 39N. 77W. Gen. Lee and Confederates in occupation, 1862-4.

=Haiti= (Hayti), island, W. Indies. 19N. 71W. Discovered by Columbus, whose ship was wrecked off, 1492; Cortes lands on, 1504; Hawkins at, trading in negroes, 1562-3; attacked by Drake, 1585; western division guaranteed to France by Treaty of Ryswick, 1697; negro revolts, 1722, 1791; surrender of Spanish possession to France, 1795; revolt of negroes under Toussaint l'Ouverture, 1801; his surrender to French, 1802; negroes again in power under a king or president, 1803-25; France recognises independence of island, 1825; Dominican republic f., 1843; continued disturbances in for some time after. (See San Domingo.)

=Hakluyt's Isle=, Baffin's Bay. 77N. 74W. Name given to by Bylot, 1616.

=Halifax=, Nova Scotia. 44N. 63W. F. on old village of Chebucto, or Chedabucto, by English, and made capital of Acadia, 1749.

=Hampton=, Virginia. 36N. 76W. British blockaders driven from, 1775, first encounter in Virginia of the W. of Ind.; entered and pillaged by the English, 1813; fired by order of the Confederate general, 1861 (Civil W.).

=Hampton Roads=, Virginia. 36N. 76W. Naval encounter between the Confederate vessel 'Merrimac' and the 'Monitor,' the latter remaining victor, 1862; meeting of President Lincoln and the Confederates, Feb. 3, 1865 (Civil W.).

=Hanging Rock=, Catawba R., S. Carolina. 34N. 45W. Encounter during W. of Ind., 1780.

=Hanover=, near Gettysburg, Penn. 39N. 77W. Confederates repulsed, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Hanover= (or Hanover Court House), Virginia. 37N. 77W. Confederates defeated, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Hardin Co.=, Kentucky. 37N. 85W. Bp. Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President U.S. (1809, ass. 1865).

=Harlem Plains=, N.Y. 40N. 74W. Desperate encounter during W. of Ind. in which Washington took part, 1776.

=Harmony=, near Pittsburg, Penn. F. by the German religious sect formed by the brothers Rapp, 1803; afterwards sold to Robert Owen, 1824.

=Harper's Ferry=, Virginia. 39N. 77W. U.S. arsenal captured by the heroic John Brown, abolitionist, who the next day was made prisoner, 1859; arsenal, etc., blown up by the U.S. garrison early in the Civil W., and Confederates entered for a while into possession; captured by 'Stonewall' Jackson, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Harrisonburg=, Virginia. 58N. 78W. Victory of Confederates under 'Stonewall' Jackson, 1862.

=Hartford=, Conn. 41N. 72W. Settled by English emigrants from Massachusetts, 1635; convention for reform of the national constitution, 1814. Bp. Noah Webster, lexicographer (1758-1843); John Fiske, mis. writer (1842-1901).

=Harvard University=, Cambridge (q.v.). F. 1636; first president, Henry Dunster, 1640-54.

=Hatchee=, river, Mississippi. 35N. 88W. Defeat of Confederates near Corinth, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Hatcher's Run=, near Petersburg, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Severe struggle, in which the Federals were repulsed, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Havana=, Cuba. 23N. 82W. Formerly Puerto de Carenas, so called by Ocampo, who here careened his vessels, 1508; f. by Velasquez, 1515; taken by buccaneers, 16th century; by English, 1762; restored to Spain, 1763; blockaded by U.S. fleet, 1898. The remains of Columbus were removed to the cathedral from San Domingo, 1795; taken to Seville, 1898.

=Haverhill=, Mass. 42N. 71W. Massacre of inhabitants by Indians, led by Hertel de Rouville, 1708. Bp. John Greenleaf Whittier poet (1807-92).

=Havre de Grace=, mouth of Susquehanna R., Maryland. 39N. 76W. Attack on by British squadron, 1813.

=Hawaii= (or Owyhee). 19N. 154W. Discovered by Cook, 1778, who was killed at, the following year; queen deposed and republic organised, 1894; annexed to U.S., 1898; organised as a territory, 1900.

=Helena=, Phillips Co., Arkansas. 34N. 90W. Defeat of Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Hispaniola=, see Haiti.

=Hobkirk's Hill=, near Camden, S. Carolina. 36N. 76W. Americans forced to retreat, 1781 (W. of Ind.).

=Hoboken=, N. Jersey. 40N. 71W. Massacre of Indians by the Dutch, 1643.

=Holly Springs=, Mississippi. 35N. 89W. Captured by Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Honda=, Bay of, Cuba. 22N. 83W. Landing place of De Soto, Spanish navigator, on his expedition for the reduction of Florida, 1538.

=Honduras=, Cent. A. 15N. 86W. Discovered by Columbus, 1502; further discovery by Avila, 1522; colony planted by Spaniards, 1524; Truxillo f., 1525; one of the states of the republic of S.A. after revolt from Spain, and finally an independent republic, 1839.

=Honduras=, British. 17N. 88W. Or Belize, name said to be derived from Scotch buccaneer Wallis; settled by English, 1667; visited by Dampier, 1674; conflicts between English and Spanish, 1754, 1779; latter repulsed, 1783.

=Horn= (Hoorn), Cape, S.A. 55S. 67W. Drake off, 1578; so named by Schouten in honour of his bp., 1616.

=Huacachula=, see Quauhquechollan.

=Huamanga=, Peru. F. by Pizarro, 1539; name changed to Ayacucho (q.v.) since battle fought near.

=Huarina=, Lake Titicaca. 15S. 69W. Fierce battle, and victory of Gonzalo Pizarro over Inca's forces lead by Centeno, 1547.

=Hudson's Bay.= 60N. 85W. Discovered by the Dane Anskold; reached possibly by Cabot, 1498; named after the discoverer Hudson, who was here cast adrift and left to perish, 1610; H.B. Company incorporated, 1670.

=Hudson River=, U.S. 41N. 73W. Verazzani on, 1524; named after the explorer Hudson, 1609; trial of first steamship in America by Robert Fulton, 1807.

=Huntingdon=, Long Island, N.Y., 40N. 73W. Bp. Walt Whitman, poet (1819-92).

=Huron=, Lake, N.A. 44N. 82W. Discovered by Champlain, 1615.

=Icy Cape=, N.A., 70N. 162W. Discovered by Cook, 1778.

=Idaho=, state. 44N. 114W. Territory created from portion of Oregon territory, 1863; the territories of Montana and Wyoming were cut off from, 1864, 1868; admitted to Union, 1890.

=Illinois=, U.S. 40N. 89W. First explored by Joliet and Marquette, 1673; French settlement at Kaskaskia, 1720; passed under English jurisdiction, 1763; separated, 1775; admitted to Union, 1818.

=Illinois River=, U.S. 40N. 80W. Joliet and Marquette on, 1673; explored by La Salle, 1682.

=Indiana=, U.S. 40N. 86W. Early colonised by French; missionary station at Vincennes, 1730; under English jurisdiction, 1763 till W. of Ind.; organised as a territory, 1800; war with Indians, who were finally crushed by victory of Tippecanoe, 1811; admitted to Union, 1816.

=Iowa=, U.S. 42N. 93W. First European colony settled by Du Buque, 1788; Burlington settled by English, 1833; originally part of Louisiana, and after having in turns belonged to other territories it was organised as a separate one, 1838; admitted to Union, 1846.

=Irwinville=, Georgia. 31N. 83W. Jefferson Davis, president of Confederate States, taken prisoner, 1865.

=Isabella=, Haiti. 19N. 71W. F. by Columbus, first European settlement in the New World, 1493.

=Island Number Ten=, near New Madrid, Mississippi R. 35N. 89W. Bombarded and surrendered by Confederates, 1862 (Civil War.).

=Ithaca=, N.Y. 42N. 76W. Cornell University organised, 1865.

=Ituzaingo=, S.A. Brazilians defeated by Argentinians, 1827. (See Crichfield, op. cit.)

=Itzolan=, near Cholula, Mexico. Stormed and taken by Cortés, 1520.

=Iztapalapan=, Mexico. 23N. 99W. Sack of by Cortés, 1521.

=Jackson=, Mississippi. 32N. 90W. Entered by Grant after defeat of Confederates near, 1863.

=Jamaica=, W. Indies. 18N. 77W. Discovered by Columbus, 1494; Spaniards settle on, 1509; taken by the English sent by Cromwell, 1655; English confirmed in possession by Treaty of Madrid, 1655; negroes in power over part of island, 1730-37; Maroon revolts, 1795, 1831; emancipation of slaves, 1834; disturbances under Gen. Eyre, 1865. Jamaica was a headquarters of buccaneers in 17th century.

=James River= (Powhatan), Virginia. 37N. 78W. Explored by John Smith, 1607.

=Jamestown=, Virginia. 37N. 76W. Colony settled by expedition under Newport, John Smith, and others, 1607; the first permanent English settlement in N.A.; Pocahontas, the saviour of John Smith, married at to John Rolfe, 1613; entered and burnt by Bacon, who died here shortly after, 1676; cap. of Virginia till 1698.

=Jan Mayen=, island, Arctic Ocean. 71N. 8W. Discovered by Dutch explorer of this name, 1611.

=Jersey City=, see Paulus Hook.

=Jimaguayú=, Cuba. Battle (Cuban insurrection), 1873.

=Jordan River=, Florida. Huguenot colony settled on by Ribault, who gave the harbour the name of Port Royal, 1562. (See Port Royal.)

=Juan Fernandez=, island, Chili. 33S. 79W. Here Alexander Selkirk, the prototype of Robinson Crusoe, was marooned, 1704, and lived for over four years.

=Juncal=, Brazil. Brazilian fleet defeated by Argentines under Admiral Brown, 1827.

=Juncal=, Playon del, near Barcelona, 10N. 64W. Defeat of Royalists under Morales by Piar, 1816 (S. A. W. Ind.).

=Kamchatka=, 55N. 158E. Coast explored by Bering, 1728.

=Kansas=, U.S. 38N. 98W. Explored by Spaniards, 1541; became property of U.S. as part of the Louisiana purchase from France, 1803; organised as a territory, 1854; admitted to the Union, 1861.

=Kaskaskia=, Illinois. 38N. 89W. Captured by Americans under Clarke, 1778 (W. of Ind.).

=Kelly's Ford=, see Rappahannock.

=Kenesaw Mountain=, Georgia, 33N. 84W. Confederates, after repulsing the enemy under Sherman, were finally forced to retreat, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Kennett Square=, Chester Co., Penn. 40N. 76W. Bp. Bayard Taylor, A. (translator of 'Faust') (1825-78).

=Kentucky=, U.S. 36N. 82W. Christopher Gist in the Blue Grass region exploring for Ohio Company, 1750-2; explored by Col. Smith, 1766; by John Finley, 1767; by Daniel Boone, 1769; and James Knox, 1770; earliest settlements in: Harrodsburg, 1774; and Boonesboro, 1775; sc. sanguinary conflicts between native tribes, and between whites and natives; admitted to Union, 1792; sc. warfare during Civil W.; parties in divided.

=King's Ferry=, Hudson River. 41N. 73W. Surrendered to Clinton, 1779 (W. of Ind.).

=King's Mountain=, between N. and S. Carolina. 35N. 81W. British defeated, 1780 (W. of Ind.).

=Kingston=, Canada. 44N. 76W. Fort built by Frontenac, 1673.

=Kingston=, N.Y. 41N. 74W. Burnt by Clinton, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

=Kingston=, Jamaica. 18N. 76W. F., 1693, after destruction of Port Royal by earthquake; earthquake at, 1907.

=Kirtland=, Ohio. 41N. 81W. Formerly occupied by the Mormons.

=Knoxville=, Tennessee. 35N. 83W. Federals besieged, and relieved by Sherman, Nov.-Dec., 1863 (Civil W.).

=Labrador=, Canada. 55N. 62W. Norsemen in, 10th-11th centuries; the Cabots off coast during voyages, 1497, 1498-9; the Cortereals off, 1500 and 1501; south coast explored by Cartier, 1534; voyage of Frobisher to, 1576.

=Laguna=, Santa Caterina, Brazil. 28S. 51W. Garibaldi helps in capture of, 1839; native town of Anita Riberas, G.'s wife.

=La Navidad=, Haiti. Fort built by Columbus, 1493, first Spanish settlement in the New World.

=Lancaster=, Ohio. 39N. 82W. Bp. W. T. Sherman, general (1820-91).

=Lancaster=, Mass. 42N. 71W. Hideous assault on by Indians, 1676 (account of by Mary Rowlandson, a survivor).

=Lancaster Sound.= 74N. 80W. So named by Baffin, 1616.

=Lapland.= 68N. 25E. Sir Hugh Willoughby and his crew starved to death, 1554.

=La Puerto=, Venezuela. Bolivar's army almost completely destroyed by the Royalist forces under Boves, 1814 (S. A. W. Ind.).

=Las Guasimas=, Cuba. Repulse of Americans, campaign of Santiago (Spanish-American W.), 1898.

=Las Piedras=, Uruguay. Spaniards severely defeated by Gen. Artigas and the Uruguayan Guachos, 1811.

=Las Salinas=, near Cuzco. 13S. 72W. Almagro's forces defeated by Hernano Pizarro, 1538. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

=Leesburg Heights=, see Ball's Buff.

=Leon=, Nicaragua. 12N. 86W. F. by Cordova, 1523.

=Lexington=, Mass. 42N. 71W. Battle of, first encounter between British and Americans (W. of Ind.), 1775. Bp. Theodore Parker, scholar and transcendentalist (1810-60).

=Lima=, cap. of Peru. 12S. 77W. F. by Pizarro as Ciudad de los Reyes, 1535; Pizarro assassinated by followers of Almagro, 1541; Vaca de Castro in command of, 1542; Blasco Nuñez, viceroy, deposed, 1544; Gonzalo Pizarro proclaimed Governor of Peru, 1544; enters town after battle of Añaquito, 1546; is forced to abandon it, 1547 (see Prescott, op. cit.); evacuated by Spaniards, 1821 (S. A. W. Ind.); taken by Chilians, who destroyed Public Library, 1881; sc. three days' hideous massacre during civil conflict, March 1895. (See 'Peru.')

=Litchfield=, Conn. 41N. 73W. Bp. Ethan Allan, a leader of the 'Green Mountain Boys' (1737-89); J. Pierpont, poet (1785-1866); H. Ward Beecher (1813-87); Mrs. Beecher Stowe (1812-96).

=Little Rock=, Arkansas. 34N. 92W. Surrendered by Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Long Island=, N.Y. 40N. 73W. Defeat of Americans by British under Howe, 1776 (W. of Ind.).

=Longwoods=, Thames R., Upper Canada. English defeated by Americans, 1814.

=Look-out Mountain=, near Chattanooga, Tennessee. 35N. 85W. Confederate position stormed, 1863. (See Chattanooga.)

=Louisburg=, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. 45N. 60W. Fortress built by French, 1713; taken by Sir W. Pepperell, 1745; restored to France by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748; surrendered after seven weeks' siege to British under Amherst and Wolfe, 1758; ceded to England by Treaty of Paris, 1763.

=Louisiana=, U.S. 31N. 92W. Taken possession of in name of Louis XIV. by La Salle, 1682; later French colonists were Iberville (who built Fort Biloxi, 1699) and Crozat; concession to English financier Law for Mississippi Company, 1717; became a Crown colony, 1733; ceded to Spain, 1762; passed back to French by secret treaty, 1800; bought by U.S., 1803; admitted to Union, 1812; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1868.

=Lucayos=, see Bahamas.

=Lundy's Lane=, near Drummondville, Ontario. 45N. 72W. British driven from the field and their battery seized; they returned next morning and took possession of lost battery; both sides claim victory, 1814 (also known as battle of Bridgewater, and Niagara Falls).

=Macaco=, Lake, Florida. Seminole Indians defeated by Col. Taylor, 1837.

=Magellan=, Straits of, S.A., 52S. 69W. Named after Magalhaes, the Portuguese discoverer, 1520, who called it the Strait of the Eleven Thousand Virgins; Drake sailed through, 1578.

=Maguaga=, near Detroit. 42N. 83W. British and Indian allies defeated by Americans, 1814.

=Macon=, Georgia. 32N. 83W. Bp. Sidney Lanier, poet (1842-81).

=McDowell=, near Staunton, Virginia. 38N. 79W. Victory of Confederates under 'Stonewall' Jackson, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Maine=, U.S. 45N. 69W. Cabot possibly off, 1498; northern limit of Verazzano's exploration of American coast, 1524; coast explored by Gosnold, 1602; by Martin Prynne, 1603; French colonists in, 1604-5; George Weymouth in, 1605; unsuccessful expedition to by Plymouth Company, 1607; coast explored by Capt. Smith, 1613; Bristol f., 1625; charter of territory in granted by Charles I. to Sir F. Gorges, and province named Maine in honour of queen; purchased by Massachusetts, 1677; suffered greatly from incursions of Indians, and during war of 1812; admitted to Union, 1820. Bp. Charles Farrar Brown (Artemus Ward) (1778-1820).

=Maipu= (Maipo) or Maypo, river, Chili. 33S. 71W. Victory on by San Martin over Spaniards securing Chilian independence, 1818 (S. A. W. Ind.).

=Maldonado=, Uruguay. 34S. 54W. Captured by British, 1806. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

=Manassas= (or Manassas Junction), see Bull Run.

=Manhattan Island=, N.Y. 40N. 72W. Verazzani on, 1524; explored by Hudson, 1609; early Dutch trading station on; purchased by Dutch from Indians, 1626. (See New Amsterdam.)

=Manitoba=, Canada. 57N. 98W. Early French and English traders in; purchased from Hudson's Bay Company and colony f. by Earl of Selkirk, 1812; repurchased by Hudson's Bay Company, 1836; became property of Imperial government, 1869; organised as a territory, 1870, when the N.-W. Provinces became part of Canada.

=Maracaibo=, town, Venezuela, 10N. 71W. Sacked by Morgan and his buccaneers, 1669; naval engagement, defeat of Spaniards and evacuation of town by Morales, 1823 (S. A. W. Ind.).

=Maracaibo=, Lake of, Venezuela, 10N. 71W. Discovered by Ojeda, 1499.

=Margarita=, island, Caribbean Sea. 11N. 64W. Sighted by Columbus, 1498; Ojeda and Vespucci on, 1499.

=Marietta=, Ohio. 39N. 81W. F. and named after Marie Antoinette by Putnam and emigrants from New England, 1788; oldest town in Ohio.

=Mariposa=, Yosemite Valley. 37N. 119W. Famous for its mammoth trees (Sequoia gigantea); the age of one now no longer standing was reckoned at 3400 years.

=Martinique=, Lesser Antilles, W. Indies. 14N. 61W. These islands were discovered by Columbus, 1493, and he was at Martinique, 1502; French refugees in, 1625; settled by French, 1635; Admiral Ruyter at Fort-de-France (Fort Royal) about 1675; ravaged by English, 1693; surrendered to Rodney, 1762; restored to France by Treaty of Paris, 1763; thrice retaken and restored finally in 1816; revolt of slaves, 1831; slaves enfranchised, 1833; destructive eruptions of Mont Pelée, May and August 1902. Bp. Joséphine Tascher de la Pagerie, first wife of Napoleon I. (1763-1814).

=Martin's Ferry=, Ohio. 40N. 80W. Bp. W. Dean Howells, A. (1837).